1. Subject, methods, sources of studying history
Sample test topics:
1 .What is the name of the most complete source covering the history of Ancient Rus'?
a) Novgorod First Chronicle;
b) “The Tale of Bygone Years”;
c) Ostromir Gospel.
The most complete source for studying the history of Ancient Rus' is The Tale of Bygone Years. It is a chronicle collection compiled in Kyiv at the beginning of the 18th century. monk of the Kiev-Pechersk Monastery Nestor and later supplemented by Abbot Sylvester. This document was, in essence, the first historical work in Rus', in which the history of the Old Russian state is shown against the broad background of events in world history.
2 . Which of the following principles is applied when studying Russian history?
a) the principle of large numbers;
b) the principle of alternativeness;
c) the principle of balance.
One of the main principles of studying Russian history is the principle of alternativeness. This is not simply pitting one option against another, as often happens in discussions. The alternative cannot be a speculative proposal not based on facts. An alternative is to determine the degree of probability based on an analysis of the existing objective, real possibilities. The use of this principle allows us to see the polyvariance of the historical process and to trace possible but failed paths of development.
3 . Name a science that helps to better study history?
a) architectonics;
b) archaeography;
c) biogeography
Archaeography is an auxiliary historical discipline that studies the issues of publishing written historical sources. The principles and methods of publication, the organization of publishing work, the history of publication of documents are the main problems being developed by archaeography. The task of archaeographers also includes the work of publishing sources.
4. What linguistic community do the Slavs belong to?
a) Turkic;
b) Indo-European;
c) Ural.
The Slavs belong to the ancient Indo-European linguistic community, which includes such peoples as Germanic, Greek, Iranian, Indian and others. The geographical center of the original Indo-European massif 5-4 thousand years BC. was the northeastern part of the Balkan Peninsula and Asia Minor. At the turn of the 4th-3rd millennium BC. The Indo-Europeans developed pastoralism and spread widely throughout Europe. By the middle of the 2nd millennium BC. Agriculture comes first in their economy. In connection with this, related Indo-European tribes, which switched to sedentary life, gradually disintegrate into large ethnic massifs. One of these ethnic massifs were the Proto-Slavs, who settled in the territory from the Middle Dnieper in the east to the Oder in the west, from the northern slope of the Carpathians in the south to the river. Pripyat in the north.
5. Is there a relationship (and what kind) between the method of agriculture and the social development of the Eastern Slavs of the 8th-19th centuries?
a) there is no relationship;
b) cutting method - more progressive;
c) more progressive arable farming.
Arable farming made it universally accessible for independent farming by a separate small family, and therefore contributed to the replacement of the patriarchal family community with a territorial community; shifting agriculture required a large amount of work, collective organization of labor and communal property - therefore, it preserved primitive relations.
6. What are the objective prerequisites for the formation of the Old Russian state?
a) the calling of the Varangians to Rus' by the Ilmen Slavs;
b) the emergence of private property among the Eastern Slavs and the beginning of the stratification of social society.
The formation of the Old Russian state is an objective process generated by the emergence of private property and the stratification of society into classes. The Eastern Slavs were engaged not only in gathering, fishing and hunting, but also in grazing cattle. However, the main occupation of the Eastern Slavs is agriculture and crafts. The transition from an appropriating to a producing economy led to the emergence of a surplus product, which gradually began to accumulate among representatives of power (princes). Moreover, the princes and warriors enriched themselves mainly as a result of the robbery of neighboring tribes. Property differentiation gradually undermined the clan system with its egalitarian institutions and led to the emergence of the basic institutions of class society.
a) Norman;
b) German;
c) East Slavic;
d) Baltic.
German scientists of the 18th century G.Z. Bayer and G.F. Miller, who worked in Russia, created the so-called “Norman theory”. This theory was based on a literal reading of the oldest Russian chronicle - “The Tale of Bygone Years,” edited by the monk Nestor. The “Tale” reported on the calling of the Varangians by the Ilmen Slavs to Rus' to rule the Novgorod land. In the Middle Ages in Rus', the Norman or northern peoples living in Scandinavia were called Varangians. Based on the “Norman theory”, German scientists made a far-reaching conclusion about the inferiority of the Russian people,
unable to form his own state. It is quite obvious that this conclusion has a political orientation.
The great scientist M.V. Lomonosov first criticized this theory. His evidence that the Slavs had all the data to independently form their own state looks quite convincing. Domestic historians, both pre-revolutionary and Soviet, were unanimous in criticizing the “Norman theory”. Modern Russian scientists believe that the formation of the Old Russian state is an objective process generated by the decomposition of communal relations and the emergence of the main institutions of class society among the Eastern Slavs.
8. Why did Kyiv become the main political center of the Old Russian state?
a) Kyiv was located in the geographical center of the Old Russian state;
b) Kyiv was the religious center of the Slavic tribes;
c) Kyiv was the oldest political and cultural center of the Eastern Slavs and occupied an extremely advantageous military-strategic position.
Kyiv became the capital of the Old Russian state because it was the oldest political and cultural center of the Eastern Slavs and occupied a very advantageous military-strategic position. Kyiv was the political center of the most economically and culturally developed tribal union of the Eastern Slavs - the Polyans. It opened up a convenient waterway from the Slavic lands to the most developed part of Europe - Byzantium.
9 . Why did Christianity become the state religion of Ancient Rus' under Vladimir 1 Svyatoslavich?
a) Vladimir Svyatoslavich was fascinated by the beauty of services in Christian churches;
b) accepting Christianity, Vladimir Svyatoslavich was primarily guided by the state interests of Rus';
c) Vladimir Svyatoslavich miraculously believed in Christian religious truths.
In baptizing Rus', Vladimir Svyatoslavich was guided not by some religious and mystical considerations, but by very real state interests: the main foreign policy partners of Rus' in Europe had already adopted Christianity by this time, which gave them access to the cultural achievements of advanced countries. At that time, a single religion and a single church organization greatly facilitated economic and political relations within the Christian world. Christian rulers abandoned dynastic marriages with pagans. Russian merchants in Christian countries were discriminated against on religious grounds. The geographical location and long-standing historical ties predetermined the adoption of Christianity for Rus', as well as for other European countries.
10. What impact did the Mongol yoke have on the historical development of Rus'?
a) the Mongol yoke contributed to a faster overcoming of feudal fragmentation and the formation of a centralized state;
b) the Mongol yoke slowed down the economic, political and cultural development of Rus' and was one of the main factors determining its relative historical lag behind Western Europe;
c) the Mongol yoke did not have a significant impact on the development of Rus'.
The Mongol yoke left a heavy mark on the history of Rus' from 1237 to 1480; it slowed down the economic, political and cultural development of Rus', and was one of the main factors that determined its relative historical lag behind the countries of Western Europe. And even after 1480, when the Mongol yoke was ended, the fight against the devastating raids of the Mongol-Tatars continued to distract the forces of the nation and state from solving other problems. Only three hundred years later, the conquest of the Crimean Khanate under Catherine II ensured the safety of the population of the forest-steppe and steppe regions of Russia.
11 .What were the reasons for the rise of Moscow and its transformation into the center of the Russian state?
a) Moscow was the most ancient and developed center of Rus';
b) the weakness of other principalities;
c) advantageous geographical location, political flexibility of Moscow princes, support of Moscow by the church.
The advantageous geographical position of Moscow, the flexibility of the policies of the Moscow princes, the support of Moscow by the church. Moscow occupied a central position and was protected on all sides by other principalities from external enemies. The presence of a dense river network allowed it to connect the entire region together and contributed to the development of crafts, production and trade. The policy of the Moscow princes was purposeful, flexible and far-sighted. It consisted of using various methods of expanding and strengthening one’s principality: boredom of land, diplomatic seizure with the help of the Horde, winning over princes with the aim of their voluntary entry into the Moscow principality, resettlement of the population from the Moscow region to sparsely populated areas with their subsequent annexation, etc. d. In the confrontation between Russian cities for the grand-ducal table, Moscow was supported by the Russian Orthodox Church. In 1326, the first stone Assumption Cathedral was built in Moscow, into which Metropolitan Peter moved at the invitation of Ivan Kalita. From that time on, Moscow became the center of the metropolis.
12. What was the territory of the present Voronezh region like by the time the formation of the Russian centralized state was completed?
a) it was a densely populated area with a large number of cities;
b) the territory was a “Wild Field” - a depopulated region with a completely destroyed economy;
c) these lands were subordinate to the Crimean Khan.
The Voronezh region was a “Wild Field” - a depopulated territory with an economy completely destroyed during the years of the Horde yoke. But even after the expulsion of the conquerors, the invasion of the Crimean Tatars into Russian lands continued. In order to strengthen and protect the southern borders of Russia, by decree of Ivan 1U in the 50-60s. 19th century The construction of the Belgorod defensive line, 800 km long, begins. Within this line, the city of Voronezh was founded in 1586
13 . Which Moscow prince is called the first collector of the Russian land?
a) Ivan III;
b) Dmitry Donskoy;
c) Ivan Kalita;
d) Vasily III.
The Moscow prince Ivan Kalita (1325-1340) is called the first collector of the Russian land. He laid the foundations for the power of the Moscow Principality. Moreover, the Moscow principality expanded significantly: most of the lands of north-eastern Rus' were annexed to it, including the Kostroma, Pereyaslav, Rostov and Yuryev principalities. In 1327, having suppressed the uprising in Tver against the Horde, Ivan Kalita received from the khan a label for the Principality of Vladimir, who henceforth almost never left Moscow. In relation to the Horde, the Moscow prince pursued a flexible policy: outwardly observing obedience to the khans, regularly paying tribute to the Horde, he carried out the unification of Russian lands around Moscow, the restoration and rise of the Russian economy, and accumulated strength for the upcoming struggle against the foreign yoke.
14 . Which Moscow prince completed the unification of Russian lands around Moscow?
a) Ivan III;
b) Alexander Nevsky;
c) Dmitry Donskoy;
d) Vasily III.
The prince who managed to finally complete the unification of Russian lands around Moscow was Vasily III. He annexed to Moscow the last principalities independent from Moscow, which included Ryazan, Novgorod-Seversky, Pskov and Smolensk. During the reign of Vasily III, the territory increased more than six times and amounted to 2800 km. Russia included about 100 cities.
15 . What was the name of the main form of boyar feudal land use in the 15th - mid-16th centuries.
a) patrimony;
c) estate.
The main form of boyar feudal land use in the 15th-16th centuries was the estate. The votchina was a hereditary land holding that could be taken away from the boyar only for treason against the Grand Duke. The estate could be sold and passed on by inheritance. As the boyars became more stratified, a significant part of them became landless. Representatives of the landless boyars moved to new lands in order to serve the sovereign and receive an allotment of land. As a reward for service at the princely court, landless boyars were given estates. This is where the names “landowner” and “nobleman” came from. Manorial lands were not inherited until 1714, but could be transferred to the son only with the consent of the sovereign and on the condition that the son accepted the position of his father.
16 . What were the consequences of the reforms carried out by the Elected Rada and Ivan the Terrible in the middle of the 16th century?
a) the Russian Empire was formed;
b) decentralization of government was carried out;
c) there was an increase in the centralization of power in the Russian state.
Under Ivan IV the Terrible, there was an increase in the centralization of power in the Russian state. The increase in the prestige of the central government was facilitated by the crowning of Ivan IU as tsar in 1547. Previously, the khan of the Golden Horde was called tsar. The Boyar Duma played an increasingly smaller role in the state.
With the help of a group of people close to him (the Elected Rada), Ivan IV carried out comprehensive reforms aimed at strengthening the central government. A command system—the state administration apparatus—has emerged. They existed until the reign of Peter I. Local government developed, the main function of which was the allocation, collection and delivery of direct taxes to Moscow. “Feeding” was cancelled. Instead, a tax was introduced in favor of the state. This contributed to the centralization of finance. During the reforms, localism was limited - the system of distribution of official places among feudal lords, which took into account, first of all, the origin and official position of their ancestors. A permanent Streltsy army was created - the support of the power of the tsar and the state.
In 1549, an all-class legislative body, the Zemsky Sobor, was convened for the first time. Unlike Western European class-representative bodies, it limited the power of the tsar to a much lesser extent. During the church reform, unified church holidays and a pantheon of saints were established. In 1550, a new Code of Law was adopted. He reflected the increasing serfdom of the peasants by increasing the “elderly”.
All transformations in the middle of the 16th century. had as their goal the strengthening of the power of the state and royal power.
17 . Which Moscow prince first promulgated written laws called the Code of Laws?
a) Vasily the Dark;
b) Vasily III;
c) Ivan III;
d) Ivan the Terrible.
The first Moscow prince to promulgate written laws was Ivan III. In 1497, on the advice of the Boyar Duma, Ivan III published a new Code of Law. This document legally enshrined the centralization of the Russian state. 68 articles of the Code of Laws summarized and legally consolidated the orders emerging within the lands and principalities, as well as within the framework of a single state. Under Ivan 1U in 1550, a new Code of Law was prepared and approved by the Zemsky Sobor and approved by the tsar. It largely retained the structure of the Code of Laws of 1497, but its 101 articles expanded the interpretation of many issues.
18 . Did Russia have in the second half of the 15th - mid-16th centuries? diplomatic, trade relations with countries from the West and East?
a) broad relations were developed with a number of countries in Europe and Asia;
b) Russia was in diplomatic isolation;
c) Russia restored broken relations with the countries of the East and West and began to develop new ones.
Russia restored diplomatic and trade relations with a number of countries of the East and West and began to develop new ones. During the Horde yoke, Rus'’s connections with the countries of the East and West were practically interrupted (except for Novgorod). After gaining political independence, diplomatic isolation was broken, Ivan III became the first Moscow sovereign to resume relations with foreign countries (Italy, Germany, Hungary, Denmark, Turkey, Iran, India). Not only political, but also trade and cultural ties with the countries of the East and West expanded. During this period, the interest of foreigners in Russia increased, the flow of people coming to our country exceeded the number of people leaving it. Ivan III himself married the heir to the Byzantine throne, Sophia Paleologus.
Handicraft products, timber, hemp, and furs were exported from Russia; weapons, metal, and cloth were imported into Russia from the West, and fabrics, porcelain, and jewelry from the East. Foreign craftsmen were used in mining, foundry, weapons manufacturing, and construction. In 1584, a sea route opened from Arkhangelsk through the White Sea to England, which satisfied the interests of both countries.
Ivan IV had personal correspondence with the heads of many states: with the emperors of the “Holy Roman Empire” Charles W and Ferdinand 1, with the English Queen Elizabeth 1, with the kings of Poland Sigismund Vasa and Stefan Batory, with the kings of Denmark, Sweden, with the khans of Kazan, Astrakhan, Crimea.
19. Choose the correct chronological order of the succession of pretenders to the Russian throne during the Time of Troubles (1598 – 1613):
a) Fyodor Godunov, False Dmitry 1, Vladislav, False Dmitry P, Boris Godunov, Vasily Shuisky;
b) False Dmitry I, Boris Godunov, Fyodor Godunov, False Dmitry P, Vladislav, Vasily Shuisky;
c) Boris Godunov, Fyodor Godunov, False Dmitry I, Vasily Shuisky, False Dmitry P, Vladislav.
20. Why did the Zemsky Sobor in 1613 choose Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov to the Russian throne?
a) the boyars wanted a strong king;
b) it was a compromise between different political camps of Russian society;
The election of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov was the result of a compromise between different political camps in Russian society. After the Troubles, the country needed a government of social reconciliation. The candidate from the Romanov family suited various strata and classes. For the boyars, the Romanovs were their own by origin. In addition, they believed that the young and narrow-minded Mikhail would be “infatuated” with them. Those who were close to the oprichnina court and those who suffered from the oprichnina did not object to the Romanovs, since the Romanovs were among both. Philaret, the father of the future monarch, was supported by supporters of False Dmitry I, because. the impostor - Grigory Otrepyev - was the slave of Fyodor Romanov. Supporters of Vasily Shuisky could not be against it either, because with him, Filaret participated in the ceremony of transferring the relics of the innocently murdered Tsarevich Dmitry. And for the main opponents of Vasily Shuisky - the Tushino Cossacks - Filaret was one of their own, because The “Tushino” thief (False Dmitry P) called him patriarch.
21 . When did the formation of absolutism begin in Russia?
a) under Ivan III;
b) under Ivan IV;
c) under Mikhail Fedorovich;
d) under Alexei Mikhailovich;
d) under Peter I.
The beginning of the formation of absolutism in Russia dates back to the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich, i.e. to the second half of the XVIII century. This was expressed in the decline of the role of institutions characteristic of the estate-representative monarchy - the Boyar Duma and Zemsky Councils, as well as in the victory of secular power over church power (the case of Patriarch Nikon). Absolutism in Russia was formed on the basis of the undivided dominance of the feudal-serf system. During the years of aggravated social contradictions, all layers of the ruling class rallied around the tsar, which contributed to the strengthening of autocracy and centralization of government.
The theoretical postulates of autocracy were reinforced by the Council Code of 1649, two chapters of which were devoted to maintaining the prestige of royal power. Under Alexei Mikhailovich, the royal title changed. Instead of the previous “sovereign, tsar and grand prince of all Rus'” after the reunification of Ukraine with Russia, it began to sound like this: “By the grace of God, the great sovereign, tsar and grand prince of all Great and Small and White Russia is an autocrat.”
22. How can we characterize public policy after the Troubles?
a) as liberal;
b) as conservative;
c) as democratic.
After the Time of Troubles, the conservative tendency prevailed. None of the alternatives to the Time of Troubles took place. Society was incredibly tired of the political struggle that lasted a decade and a half and was striving for traditional order, for the usual old times. The first Romanovs were able to ensure this: Mikhail Fedorovich, Alexey Mikhailovich, Fedor Alekseevich. After the Time of Troubles, it was necessary to almost rebuild the state and restore the borders. This required a strong central authority, the bearer of which was the king. All actions of the authorities were carried out in the name of the king and by his decree. Already the first tsar from the Romanov dynasty, chosen by the Zemsky Sobor in 1613, was not given any conditions. Power acquired an autocratic-legitimate character.
23. What is a “policy of protectionism”?
a) the monarch’s patronage of random people and their promotion to court and government positions not on the principle of “state benefit”, but on the basis of qualities that attract the monarch himself (personal devotion, physical beauty, etc.;
b) economic policy of the state aimed at supporting the national economy.
“Protectionism” is the economic policy of the state, carried out with the help of trade and industrial barriers that protect the domestic market from the import of foreign goods. Financial incentives for the national economy are typical. Appears for the first time in Russia under Peter 1. A number of decrees before 1717. – transfer of state-owned factories to merchants on preferential terms. After 1717 - the state renounced its monopoly on the sale of marketable goods abroad; exemption of factory owners from service; 1721 – granting the owners of manufactories the right to purchase enterprises; 1722 - decree on the right of manufacturers not to return runaways who have mastered the craft to the landowners. The pinnacle of the policy of protectionism was the customs tariff of 1724: the amount of duties levied on foreign goods began to depend on the ability of domestic enterprises to satisfy the needs of the domestic market (the more goods Russian manufactories produce, the higher duties are levied on the same goods imported from abroad). boundaries).
24. Thanks to what document could people from the “vile” classes count on receiving a title of nobility in Russia?
a) “Certificate granted to the nobility”;
b) General Regulations;
c) “Table of Ranks”;
d) the statute of the Chief Magistrate;
e) the Council Code of 1649
Thanks to the Table of Ranks. Adopted in 1722. Introduced a new procedure for serving. The career ladder consisted of 14 steps, or ranks - from field marshal and admiral general or chancellor to warrant officer or collegiate registrar. Receiving rank 14 gave personal nobility, 8 - hereditary.
25. What replaced the orders of the 16th – 17th centuries?
a) ministries;
b) the Supreme Privy Council;
c) collegiums;
d) State Council;
e) Council of Ministers.
Collegiums. Collegiums were introduced by the government of Peter 1 in order to delimit functions between departments. They obeyed the emperor and the Senate. 1717 – 1721 – states were established, presidents were appointed and the functions of 12 boards were determined: the Board of Foreign Affairs, the Military Board, the Admiralty Board, the Chamber Board, the State Office Board (government expenditure management), the Audit Board (monitoring the expenditure of budget funds in the center and locally), Berg Collegium, Manufactory Collegium (industrial management), Commerce Collegium, Patrimonial Collegium and Chief Magistrate (management of city magistrates). Each board consisted of a presence (president, vice-president, 4 councilors, 4 assessors and a secretary) and staff (officials and clerks). The collegium had a fiscal officer (later a prosecutor) who controlled its activities. In the 80s XVIII century The State Office, Revision, and Justice Collegiums were abolished. The rest were preserved until the beginning of the 19th century. and were replaced by the ministries of Alexander I.
26. In 1719, a museum and a library attached to it were opened to the public in St. Petersburg. What was it called?
a) Hermitage;
b) Artillery Museum;
c) Kunstkamera;
d) Russian Museum;
d) Naval Museum.
.1. Subject, methods, sources of studying history. The importance of studying the course “National History”.
Story- the science of the past of humanity. The past of humanity is not identical to history. History studies the past, but historical work will never correspond to the past. To successfully study the past you need methodology historical research, i.e. a set of methods and principles by which historical facts are selected and interpreted. Story- this is a set of specific and diverse actions of individual people, their communities, the real process of development of society as a whole.
Story is the activity of a person pursuing his goals.
The ancestor - Herodotus: "History is the teacher of life."
The main goal of the story– explain the past, present, help look into the future, develop, form historical consciousness among the broad masses.
I. forms historical consciousness. I.s.- this is the aggregate view of society as a whole and its individual groups about its past and about the past of a person.
Source levels consciousness:
1. Ordinary (household)
2. Level of stereotypes. Stereotypes are formed under the influence of art. literature does not always objectively reflect reality. Distortions of history may occur when using thin. method for the sake of political expediency for personal or financial reasons.
3. “School” - knowledge systematized in chronological order.
4. Professional - analysis of sources based on scientific methodology; makes it possible to identify trends and forecasts.
Ch. history's task- based on the study of the past, understand the current situation and transform it taking into account the achievements and miscalculations of previous generations.
Source- a document that directly reflects the historical process (laws, government records, statistics, personal documents).
Source study- an auxiliary historical discipline that studies historical sources.
The main sources on the history of Russia 12-17th centuries. serve as chronicles, from the 18th century. - state office work, in the 20th century. watered documents appear. parties.
Literature: Tatishchev (1st 5-volume history of R., “Apolagetics of Petrine rule”), Lomonosov (Criticism of the Norman theory), Karamzin (history of the Russian state), Klyuchevsky (Course of Russian history).
Tasks The course can be considered in a narrow and broad sense. In a narrow– acquaintance with the latest conceptual ideas on the history of the Fatherland from ancient times to the end of the 20th century, taking into account the multidimensionality of the historical process, to form in students a certain system of theoretical ideas and knowledge, to reveal the history of Russia.
In a broad sense– education through the history of the formation in the minds of students of patriotic and humanistic principles: national self-awareness, respect for the past of the Fatherland and pride in one’s people, the formation of a new generation of Russian intelligentsia.
Course value
1. Comprehension of general patterns in the history of the world, the direction of the historical development of the world and Russia.
Regression? Decline? Heyday?
2. Local stories are difficult to understand outside the global context:
The history of Russia is connected with the History of the Slavs, the History of Sweden, Germany, England, Mongolia, Greece and Other countries
3. Gives an idea of the cultural and historical typology of peoples and countries.
4.World experience.
Course value(still):
1. Awakening and development of the national spirit. National identity. Perception of oneself as Russian.
2. Understanding the historical roots of the country's problems.
3. Development of historical culture. Understanding the historical context of certain events. The ability to use historical material in your activities.
Participation in elections - analysis of political programs, conscious reading of the press.
Parenting…
4. Prognostic function.
Pre-literary history, sources:
Linguistics - linguistics,
Archeology, ethnography, onomastics - the study of proper names,
anthropology - the science of the origin and evolution of man,
Folkloristics.
Topic 1. Methodology and theory of historical science. Russia in the world historical process.
The subject of history as a science, the purpose and objectives of its study, the functions of historical knowledge; Methods and sources of the study of history; problems of historical knowledge. Formational and civilizational approaches to history are their essence. Historical types of civilizations. Characteristic features of Eastern and European civilizations. The meaning of the East-West dichotomy. The history of Russia is an integral part of world history.
Topic 2. The place of the Middle Ages in the world historical process. History of Russia from ancient times to the end of the 17th century. The main stages of the formation of statehood.
Discussions about the chronological boundary of antiquity and the Middle Ages. The content of the concept of “Middle Ages”; origin of the Slavs. Early political associations of the Eastern Slavs. The process of formation of Old Russian statehood and its main stages. The role of Norman influence. Modern interpretations of the “Norman question” (“Normanism”). The problem of the political and cultural influence of Byzantium on the development of ancient Rus'. The role of Orthodoxy in the formation of Russian medieval society. Rus' during the period of feudal fragmentation. Rus' and the Horde. North-Eastern Rus' between the Crusaders and the Horde. Alexander Nevsky and his foreign policy priorities; formation of the Moscow Principality and the reasons for its rise. The beginning of the unification of Russian lands around Moscow. The beginning of the formation of the class system of organizing society, its evolution, the formation of autocracy; Moscow state at the beginning of the 16th century. Features of the socio-political structure. Beginning of the reign of Ivan IV. Reforms of the “Chosen Rada” and their assessment. Oprichnina its causes and consequences. Time of Troubles in the history of Russia: causes, essence, manifestations, results. The main directions of the political and socio-economic development of the country in the 17th century. Strengthening the centralization of the state, new phenomena in the economic life of the country.
Topic 3. World history - transition to a new time. XVIII century in Western European and Russian history: modernization and enlightenment, features of Russian modernization.
Modernization theory. Technological changes in society and new phenomena in economic life. European Enlightenment; ideas of the enlighteners. The beginning of modernization and Europeanization of Russia. Objective need for change. Imperial modernization, its features. Social, economic and cultural reforms of Perth I: content, nature, relationship, consequences. Russia in the era of Catherine II. “Enlightened absolutism” in Russia, its features. Attempts to regulate social relations and legislative activity. Catherine II’s “mandate” is the legal basis for enlightened absolutism. Work of the Legislative Commission. Development of social thought in Russia in the 18th century. Russian enlighteners.
Topic 4. Main trends in the development of world history in the 19th century. Russian Empire in the 19th century. Problems of modernization of the country.
XIX century in world history. Formation of an industrial society. Formation of civil society and the rule of law. Russia in the first half of the 19th century. Conservative and liberal trends in the public life of the country. The first reforms of the 19th century, the difficulties and contradictions of their implementation. Activities of M. Speransky. Patriotic War of 1812. Change of course in the early 20s: causes and consequences. Revolutionary trends: ideas and political practice of Decembrism. Ideological struggle of the 30s-50s of the 19th century. The theory of official nationality. Westerners Slavophiles. A. I. Herzen and the theory of “Russian socialism”. Prerequisites for the abolition of serfdom. Manifesto and position of February 17, 1861: main provisions, purpose and nature of the reform, its inconsistency and half-heartedness, liberal reforms of the 60s - 70s; their role in the democratization of the country in joining the pan-European process of creating civilized forms of statehood. Results and consequences of the reforms of the 60s - 70s. Features of the post-reform development of Russia. The beginning of the stage of capitalist modernization of the country. Catching up modernization. Capitalization of the Russian economy and its specifics. The role of the state in the country's economy. S. Yu. Witte and his role in the implementation of emerging capitalism. Social and political struggle around the problem of historical choice. Russian communal socialism. Populism and its evolution. Marxism and its spread in Russia. The emergence of Russian Social Democracy. Features of the first political parties. Russia and the world at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries: uneven and contradictory development. Exacerbation of the problem of dividing spheres of influence and redividing the world. Military-political union in Europe. Russia and the countries of the Triple Alliance and the Entente. The aggravation of the crisis of autocracy at the turn of the century.
Topic 5. The place of the 20th century in the world historical process. Russia at the beginning of the century revolution or reform?
Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. Contradictions and crisis of the Russian version of capitalist modernization at the beginning of the century. Bourgeois-democratic revolution in Russia (1905 - 1907). And its consequences. Political struggle in the State Duma and its impact on society. Russia after the revolution Stolypin reforms, their essence, results, consequences. Causes and nature of the First World War. Russia in the system of international relations in the pre-war years. Confrontation between coalitions. Progress of military operations. The growing split in Russian society, the socio-political crisis in the country, the forms of its manifestation. The February Revolution and its results. The problem of historical choice after February.
Topic 6. Socio-economic and political development of the country in the first decade of Soviet power.
Revolution of 1917. The Bolshevik Party is in power. The doctrine of the world proletarian revolution. Peace of Brest-Litovsk. Formation of the Bolshevik regime: transition to harsh forms of emergency dictatorship, strengthening the role of state coercive bodies. The struggle around the constituent assembly and its dispersal. The first socio-economic transformations of the new government. "Red Guard attack" on capital. Civil war in Russia, its stages. War communism: politics, ideology, practice. The transition from emergency to totalitarianism. The crisis of the Bolshevik power system at the end of 1920 - beginning of 1921. The objective need to change the strategic course. The transition to NEP, its concept. Development of the country on the path of the NEP: difficulties, main contradictions. The ideological and political struggle in the party in the 20s, the victory of supporters of I.V. Stalin, the establishment of a regime of personal power.
Topic 7. Soviet society in the 30s.
The course for building socialism. The need to create an industrial structure of the economy in the USSR. Forced development strategy. Forced industrialization. Strict centralization of economic management, administrative control, disabling market levers. Collectivization of peasant farms. Elimination of the kulaks. Political system of the 30s. The origins and essence of totalitarianism, the fusion of the party and the state. Introduction of the cult of personality. Mass terror. Results of the economic and political development of the USSR by the end of the 30s. International relations on the eve of the Second World War.
Topic 8. World War II and the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet people. Post-war world 1945-1953.
The outbreak of the Second World War. USSR in the conditions of the outbreak of war. The Great Patriotic War: beginning, character, goals, main periods, events. The Soviet totalitarian system and society during the war years. Historical
the role of the USSR in the defeat of fascism. Results of the Second World War and the Great Patriotic War. The price of victory. The new alignment of political forces in the world after the end of the Second World War. Polarization of the post-war world. "Cold War" as a form of interstate confrontation. Alternatives to post-war development. Post-war economy: main problems. Tightening of the “Cult of Personality”. A new wave of repressions in the second half of the 40s-50s.
Topic 9. Soviet society of the 50s-80s. Attempts at liberalization and the global crisis.
Scientific and technological revolution and its influence on the course of social development. USSR in the mid-60s-80s: growing crisis phenomena. Social policy, foreign policy of the USSR. 1964 coup. Economic reform of the mid-60s and its failures. The crisis of the Soviet industrial system. Contradictions in the socio-economic and socio-political development of Soviet society. The emergence and development of the dissident human rights movement. USSR in the system of international relations of the 70s - 80s.
Topic 10. System restructuring. Changing the model of social development.
Soviet Union 1985-1991 The USSR is on the path to radically reforming the socio-economic development of society. Perestroika concept. Publicity. The beginning of "radical economic reform". Reform of the political system. Philosophy of “new thinking”. The failure of attempts to reform socialism. The reason for the failure of perestroika. Search for new solutions. August events and their political consequences. Belovezhskaya agreements. The beginning of radical liberal modernization. A course towards the formation of a new property system. The beginning of a new stage of reforms: concept, results. Economic and social price for the “shock option of modernization. The crisis of power and its resolution in October 1993. The president's victory, the decision to strengthen power structures. Constitution, transition to a presidential republic. Socio-economic modernization, culture and modernity, the spiritual state of society of the period, foreign policy activity in the new geopolitical situation (1993-1999)
____________________
Note. This program (discipline content) was offered to students
until 2007.
TEST TASKS in the discipline "Domestic History".
1. Determine which period of the Middle Ages:
a) early Middle Ages;
b) classical Middle Ages;
c) late Middle Ages
The following forms of feudal statehood correspond to:
a) absolute monarchy; V
b) early feudal monarchy; A
c) centralized monarchy with class representation b
2. Place the following events in historical order:
a) Battle of Kulikovo;
b) the baptism of Rus';
c) overthrow of the Mongol-Tatar yoke:
d) the emergence of Kievan Rus;
match them with the corresponding date:
a) 988; b
b) 1327;
c) 1480
d) 1380; A
e) 882; G
f) 911;
g) 1097;
h) 1223;
i) 1240
and with the name of the prince under whom this event took place:
a) Ivan Kalita;
b) Oleg; G
c) Ivan III
d) Dmitry Donskoy; A
e) Vladimir the Holy b
3. Place the following historical actions and events in chronological order:
a) Troubles; 3
b) Oprichnina; 2
c) reforms of the Elected Rada; 1
d) the actions of the first kings of the Romanov dynasty to strengthen
royal power 4
4. Define activities that mean:
a) pursuing a policy of mercantilism;
b) creation of a centralized
administrative system-
assertions of absolutism;
c)implementation of the policy of enlightened absolutism;
1. Decree on single inheritance,
2. Introduction of the poll tax.
3. State monopoly on some goods, certificates a
4. Convening of the Statutory Commission. V
5. Establishment of manufactories. A
6. Strengthening the jurisdiction of merchants. A
7. Establishment of a system of collegiums. b
8. Introduction of conscription. b
9. Letter of grant to the nobility. V
10. Manifesto of February 19, 1861.
11. Establishment of the Holy Synod. b
12. Introduction of the title of emperor. b
5. Match dates and events:
a) 1775-1783
6)1767
c) 1789-1794
d)1721
d)1785
1. The Great French Revolution in
2. Letter of grant to the nobility d
3. Convening of the Statutory Commission. b
4. The War of Independence in North America. A
5. Proclamation of Russia as an empire. G
6. Identify the common features characteristic of the modernizations carried out by Peter I and Alexander II:
a) the reforms were aimed at solving the problems of military-political expansion, defense against external enemies, and maintaining the status of a great power; V
b) the purpose of modernization was to increase people's well-being and stimulate people's initiative;
c) the transformations set the task of creating a civil society;
d) reforms were carried out “from above”; V
e) the social support of the modernizers was the broad masses;
f) as a result of reforms, serfdom strengthened;
g) the consequence of the reforms was the creation of a wide layer of private owners;
h) reforms meant the establishment of an industrial society in Russia;
i) the reforms were carried out on the initiative of the ruling stratum, which was not interested in a radical transformation of all spheres of public life. V
7. Identify steps to reform the country related to names:
a) Alexander II; b, d, g
b) SY. Witte; a, c, h.
c) A.P. Stolypin. d, f, i.
Set of answers:
a) steps aimed at making the industrial structure heavier (industrialization);
b) abolition of serfdom in Russia;
c) financial reform, ensuring the country’s transition to gold circulation;
d) judicial and zemstvo reforms;
e) a course towards the destruction of the peasant community and the transfer of land plots to the personal property of the peasants;
f) mass resettlement of peasants beyond the Urals;
g) military, urban reforms;
h) use of foreign loans, raising the issue of switching to foreign direct investment, introducing a series of indirect taxes;
i) preparation of decisions on freedom of religion, personal integrity, on state insurance of workers, on the reform of local government, on the reform of the education system.
8. Identify the political trends of the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries.
a) conservatives; b, h.
b) liberals; in, f, m.
c) revolutionary populists; a, d, l.
d) Marxists g, e, k.
who could express the following views, ideas, demands:
a) a view of community organization, connecting personal interests with the social nature of production, as the starting point of the future socialist system;
b) adherence to the formula “Orthodoxy, autocracy, nationality”;
c) orientation towards the Western path of development, pan-European civic values;
d) the assertion that capitalism represents a necessary stage in the evolution of mankind, while socialism is the result of revolutionary struggle
would be the proletariat;
e) desire to protect the people, admiration for the people, awareness of the “guilt” and “unpaid” debt of the educated strata of society to the people;
f) the assertion that the ultimate goal of the revolutionary struggle is the establishment of the dictatorship of the proletariat and the construction of socialism;
g) protection of the idea of the absolute value of the human person, the legal order, the priority of the law over political power;
h) defending the inviolability of the estate-monarchical system;
i) the requirement of freedom of conscience, transparency, independence of the court, freedom of expression of private initiative;
j) defense of the thesis about the working class as the main transformative force of society;
k) the possibility of non-capitalist development of Russia from the peasant community to socialism;
m) an attempt to find a middle path of development between reaction and revolution.
9. Using the concepts below, determine what was
1) the same a, d, d, h.
2) various b, c, f, g.
in the first Russian revolution of 1905 - 1907. and the February revolution of 1917?
a) the nature of the revolution;
b) the depth of economic difficulties and the degree of oppositional sentiment before the revolution;
c) the degree to which the ruling regime was discredited on the eve of the revolution;
d) the driving forces of the revolution;
e) the main goals of the revolution;
f) resolving the issue of power during the revolution;
g) duration of the revolution;
h) the ability of workers for rapid political self-organization.
10. Select from the following decisions, actions, signs those that characterize:
a) “emergency”; 2,3,6,
b) military “totalitarianism”. 1,4,5,7.
1) resolution of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee on the transformation of the Soviet Republic into a single military camp;
2) mass terror as the physical destruction of opponents, intimidation of the population;
3) uncontrollability of the committees;
4) creation of the Council of Workers' and Peasants' Defense;
5) renunciation of terror against the masses;
6) emergency bodies that acted outside the law, using special powers and dictatorial methods;
7) limiting the actions of governing bodies within the framework of revolutionary legality.
11. Place the following in historical order
models for building socialism:
a) NEP; 2 (c, d, g, l)
b) strategy of accelerated development; 3 (a, d, h, j)
c) war communism. 1 (b, f, i, m)
Relate them to their corresponding economic measures:
a) “stimulating the country” using administrative and order methods;
b) the introduction of universal labor conscription;
c) allowing free trade;
d) admission of capitalist elements into the economy while maintaining commanding economic heights in the hands of the state;
e) complete collectivization in the grain-producing regions of the country;
f) liquidation of commodity-money relations, introduction of direct product exchange;
g) establishment of a fixed tax in kind from peasant farms;
h) widespread use of forced labor;
i) introduction of an equalization system for the distribution of food and consumer goods;
j) liquidation of the kulaks as a class in the grain-producing regions of the country;
k) transfer of state enterprises to self-financing;
l) carrying out total nationalization of industry and trade.
12. The emergence of the state among the Eastern Slavs dates back to the next period of the Middle Ages...
a) early Middle Ages; V
b) classical Middle Ages;
c) late Middle Ages
d) the Renaissance
13. The Tale of Bygone Years connects the origins of the ruling dynasty
in Rus' with...
a) Askold;
b) Dirom;
c) Rurik. V
d) Rogvolod.
14. In his policy towards the Horde conquerors, Alexander Nevsky believed that it was necessary...
a) provide immediate armed resistance to the Horde and ensure independence by force of arms;
b) recognize dependence on the Horde khans, taking into account the danger posed by Rus'’s northwestern neighbors, and gradually accumulate forces. V
c) defended his personal interests in strengthening personal power and enrichment.
d) maintained a neutral position, balancing between the Horde and the ruling elite.
15. During the formation of the Russian centralized state
the following appears and becomes increasingly widespread
a form of feudal land tenure...
a) patrimony;
b) estate; V
c) state lands.
d) allotments
16. The first bearer of the royal title in Russia was...
a) Ivan III; V
b) Vasily III;
c) Ivan IV;
d) Peter I.
17. A new phenomenon in the economic life of the country in the 17th century. it became...
a) the emergence of feudal land ownership;
b) the development of new territories by the Russian peasantry;
c) the formation of the all-Russian market, the emergence of manufactories. V
d) strengthening and centralization of power
18. One of the reasons for the reforms of Peter I was the desire of the king...
a) create a rule of law state in Russia;
b) establish capitalist relations;
c) promote Russia to the ranks of great powers. V
d) all of the above
19. Changes in the public consciousness of Russia in the 18th - first half
wine of the 19th century were associated with the spread of ideas...
a) Renaissance;
b) Reformation;
c) Enlightenment. V
d) Late Middle Ages
20. P. Pestel wrote in “Russkaya Pravda” that...
a) Russia will be a constitutional monarchy with a People's Assembly, a State Council;
b) Russia will be a republic with a People's Assembly, a State Duma, and a Supreme Council. V
c) absolute monarchy
d) constitutional monarchy with the State Duma
21. The theory of peasant communal socialism was first substantiated...
a) Social Revolutionaries;
b) A. I. Herzen; V
c) Slavophiles.
d) Bolsheviks
d) Mensheviks
22. Widespread public support for the reforms of the 60s. XIX century was
provided thanks to...
a) the Decembrist uprising;
b) dissemination in society of the values of the theory of “official nationality”;
c) the activities of representatives of social thought in Russia in the 30s and 40s. XIX century V d) all of the above
23. In the 70s of the XIX century. There were such organizations of populists...
a) “Union of Salvation”, “Union of Welfare”, “Northern” and “Southern” societies;
b) “Land and Freedom”, “Black Redistribution”, “People's Will”; V
c) “Emancipation of Labor”, “Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class”.
d) “Union of Salvation”, “Narodnaya Volya”;
24. The main goal of P.A. Stolypin’s agricultural policy was...
a) strengthening traditional village structures that help
the peasant to survive under the conditions of capitalism imposed from above
and the industrial system, the ruin of the countryside;
b) creation of a labor market for the developing Russian
industry;
c) the creation of a wide layer of peasant farmers, the expansion of the social support of the autocracy in the countryside. V
d) Russia's transition from the agricultural sector of the economy to the industrial one.
25. The circumstance indicating the collapse of the June Third political system was...
a) the murder of P.A. Stolypin in September 1911;
b) formation of the Progressive Bloc in the Duma in August 1915; V
c) February revolution of 1917
d) revolution of 1905
26. Activities used by Western countries during the years
World War I and state coercion
regulation of economic relations were...
a) restriction of private property and the market, control of exchange and prices, rationing of the distribution of raw materials and human consumption; V
b) centralization of economic life, deprivation of enterprise
independence, economic management using orders,
directives, the power of the party-state bureaucracy;
c) surplus appropriation, nationalization of industry and transport,
transition to direct trade exchange regulated by the state,
equalization system of distribution, introduction of universal
labor service.
d) all of the above
27. A number of historians believe that the alternative to the October Revolution of 1917 was the so-called “third way” - achieving civil harmony by creating a coalition...
a) Mensheviks, Socialist Revolutionaries, Cadets; V
b) Mensheviks, Socialist Revolutionaries, Bolsheviks;
c) left Socialist Revolutionaries and Bolsheviks.
d) left Socialist Revolutionaries and Bolsheviks, Mensheviks.
28. The “Red Guard attack on capital” undertaken by the Bolsheviks in 1917-1918 meant...
a) accelerated nationalization of large, medium and small enterprises; V
b) the beginning of mass repressions against the bourgeoisie;
c) “export” of the world revolution.
d) all of the above
29. An attempt by right-wing socialist forces to act during the civil war
the war under the banner of “pure democracy” was doomed because...
a) the Socialist Revolutionaries and Mensheviks only covered up their true goals
(gaining power) with democratic slogans;
b) in a civil war, the choice is strictly determined and
acting as a third force is futile;
c) the Socialist Revolutionaries and Mensheviks had already lost the support of the broad masses in the previous period of the revolution. V
d) all of the above
30. Further continuation of the policy of “war communism” and
delaying the introduction of the NEP would lead...
a) to get out of the economic crisis and directly
transition to communist relations;
b) to strengthen the dictatorship of the proletariat;
c) to the collapse of the Bolshevik regime. V
d) to the bleeding of the intervention economy and civil war.
31. The establishment of a totalitarian regime in the USSR in the 30s was associated...
a) with the country’s leadership searching for a modernization strategy for
the basis of market relations;
b) using such socialist mobilization
a model that provided for the democratic practice of forming public opinion and making appropriate decisions through the mechanisms of power;
c) with the adoption of a strategy of accelerated development, which required a sharp increase in government intervention in the life of society and the widespread use of administrative command levers of control. V
d) with strict centralization of power and widespread use of administrative command levers of control
32. Famine in the USSR in 1932-1933. was called...
a) excessive seizure of grain from collective farms in grain regions during agricultural procurement, an increase in the export of grain abroad for the purchase of industrial equipment; V
b) increasing funds for the development of healthcare, carrying out
general education revolution;
c) increasing funds for a wide range of
social rights of workers and employees proclaimed in the country in
30s.
d) all of the above
33. One of the reasons for the failures of the Soviet Army at the beginning of the Great Patriotic War is...
a) the indecisiveness of the border garrisons, who were unable to provide worthy resistance to the enemy;
b) the betrayal of General A. A. Vlasov, who surrendered his army to the enemy;
c) the incompetence of I.V. Stalin and the indecisiveness of the high command. V
d) previously signed agreements with the German side.
34. A radical turning point during the Second World War and the Great Patriotic War occurred...
a) September 1, 1939 - June 22, 1941;
b) 1944-May 1945;
c) November 19, 1942 - 1943 V
d) August 30, 1942 – 1944
35. After the end of the Second World War, changes occurred in international relations and the transition from the anti-fascist coalition to the Cold War because...
a) the war against fascism strengthened ideological differences between countries;
b) the war against fascism increased mutual rejection of each other
opposite systems;
c) the disappearance of the general threat of fascism contributed to the growth of contradictions initially inherent in the anti-Hitler coalition and a new split into opposing blocs. V
d) all of the above.
36. Our country has returned to the pre-war economic model of the 30s because...
a) there were no forces in the country raising the question of the need to reorganize the economic management system; V
b) society was dominated by the idealization of the pre-war past;
c) the pre-war economic model proved its high mobilization capabilities.
d) this is due to the incompetence of the party’s leadership.
37. N.S. Khrushchev decided to expose the “cult of personality”
Stalin because...
a) wanted to strengthen his position in the struggle for power, to earn “political capital”;
b) sincerely wanted to correct Stalin’s “mistakes”, to eliminate some “deformations” that were generally not characteristic of socialism; V
c) he himself suffered because of Stalin’s cruelty and had his own personal scores to settle with him.
d) decided to put the country on the path of liberalization and modernization.
38. L. I. Brezhnev continued to remain in power for a long time because...
a) rejected numerous offers to resign;
b) was a symbol of the power, prosperity and authority of the USSR, and the people did not want another leader;
c) was very convenient for the highest partyocracy as a harmless and faceless manager of the country. V
d) pursued a competent foreign and domestic policy.
39. The transition to a “liberal revolution”, to a course towards intensive
formation of market relations, formation of a new system
ownership began...
a) since April 1985, when the concept of acceleration was put forward
socio-economic development of the country;
b) since 1987, when economic reform began to be implemented,
aimed at expanding the boundaries of independence
enterprises, transferring them to self-financing and self-financing;
c) since January 1992, when free prices were introduced, trade liberalization took place, and privatization began. V
d) since the events of 1993
40. "New Russians" are...
a) former communists who converted to Orthodoxy;
b) entrepreneurs, a new class of modern Russian society; V
c) political emigrants who returned to Russia.
d) people engaged in shadow business.
41. In modern Russia, which is in conditions of strategic instability, it prevails...
a) movement towards a developing country of the “third world”;
b) worldwide strengthening of the social state through its improvement;
c) the process of changing the model of social development, the creation of a “mixed type” state, the stage of the transition to capitalism with Russian specifics. V
d) all of the above.
42. What is the name of the most complete source covering the history of Ancient Rus'?
a) Novgorod First Chronicle;
b) “The Tale of Bygone Years”; V
c) Ostromir Gospel.
43. Which of the following principles is applied when studying Russian history?
a) the principle of large numbers;
b) the principle of alternativeness; V
c) the principle of balance.
44. Name a science that helps to better study history?
a) architectonics;
b) archaeography; V
c) biogeography
45. To what linguistic community do the Slavs belong?
a) Turkic;
b) Indo-European; V
c) Ural.
46. Is there a relationship (and what kind) between the method of agriculture and the social development of the Eastern Slavs in the 8th-9th centuries?
a) there is no relationship;
b) cutting method - more progressive;
c) more progressive arable farming. V
47. The authors of which historical theory are German scientists of the 18th century G.Z. Bayer and G.F. Miller?
a) Norman; V
b) German;
c) East Slavic;
d) Baltic.
48. Why did Kyiv become the main political center of the Old Russian state?
a) Kyiv was located in the geographical center of the Old Russian state;
b) Kyiv was the religious center of the Slavic tribes;
c) Kyiv was the oldest political and cultural center of the Eastern Slavs and occupied an extremely advantageous military-strategic position. V
49. Why did Christianity become the state religion of Ancient Rus' under Vladimir 1 Svyatoslavich?
a) Vladimir Svyatoslavich was fascinated by the beauty of services in Christian churches;
b) accepting Christianity, Vladimir Svyatoslavich was primarily guided by the state interests of Rus'; V
c) Vladimir Svyatoslavich miraculously believed in Christian religious truths.
50. What were the reasons for the rise of Moscow and its transformation into the center of the Russian state?
a) Moscow was the most ancient and developed center of Rus';
b) the weakness of other principalities;
c) advantageous geographical location, political flexibility of Moscow princes, support of Moscow by the church. V
51. What was the territory of the present Voronezh region like by the time the formation of the Russian centralized state was completed?
a) it was a densely populated area with a large number of cities;
b) the territory was a “Wild Field” - a depopulated region with a completely destroyed economy; V
c) these lands were subordinate to the Crimean Khan.
52. Which Moscow prince is called the first collector of the Russian land?
a) Ivana Sh; V
b) Dmitry Donskoy;
c) Ivan Kalita;
d) Vasily Sh.
53. Which Moscow prince completed the unification of Russian lands around Moscow?
a) Ivan Sh;
b) Alexander Nevsky;
c) Dmitry Donskoy;
d) Vasily Sh. V
54. What was the name of the main form of boyar feudal land tenure in the 15th - mid-16th centuries.
a) patrimony; V
b) feud;
c) estate.
55. What were the consequences of the reforms carried out by the Elected Rada and Ivan IV the Terrible in the middle of the 16th century?
a) the Russian Empire was formed;
b) decentralization of government was carried out;
c) there was an increase in the centralization of power in the Russian state. V
56. Which Moscow prince first promulgated written laws called the Code of Laws?
a) Vasily the Dark;
b) Vasily Sh;
c) Ivan Sh; V
d) Ivan the Terrible.
57. Did Russia have in the second half of the 15th - mid-16th centuries. diplomatic, trade relations with countries from the West and East?
a) broad relations were developed with a number of countries in Europe and Asia;
b) Russia was in diplomatic isolation;
c) Russia restored broken relations with the countries of the East and West and began to develop new ones. V
58. Choose the correct chronological order of the change of pretenders to the Russian throne during the Time of Troubles (1598 - 1613):
a) Fyodor Godunov, False Dmitry 1, Vladislav, False Dmitry P, Boris Godunov, Vasily Shuisky;
b) False Dmitry 1, Boris Godunov, Fyodor Godunov, False Dmitry P, Vladislav, Vasily Shuisky;
c) Boris Godunov, Fyodor Godunov, False Dmitry 1, Vasily Shuisky, False Dmitry P, Vladislav. V
59. When did the formation of absolutism begin in Russia?
a) under Ivan Sh;
b) under Ivan 1U;
c) under Mikhail Fedorovich;
d) under Alexei Mikhailovich; V
d) under Peter 1.
60. How can you characterize public policy after the Troubles?
a) as liberal;
b) as conservative; V
c) as democratic.
61. Thanks to what document could people from the “vile” classes count on receiving a title of nobility in Russia?
a) “Certificate granted to the nobility”;
b) General Regulations;
c) “Table of Ranks”; V
d) the statute of the Chief Magistrate;
e) the Council Code of 1649
62. In 1719, a museum and a library attached to it were opened for free visits in St. Petersburg. What was it called?
a) Hermitage;
b) Artillery Museum;
c) Kunstkamera; V
d) Russian Museum;
d) Naval Museum.
63. What is the main goal of Peter 1?
a) strengthening the personal power of the monarch;
b) the desire to modernize Russian society; V
c) strengthening the country’s defense capability;
d) ensuring total control by states over both the activities and personal lives of subjects.
64. What places and architectural structures of Voronezh are associated with the stay of Peter 1 and the construction of the navy?
a) the so-called “Arsenal”;
b) “Petrovsky Island” and the Assumption Church; V
c) the so-called “Travel Palace”;
65. What direction of Russian foreign policy was the main one in the last years of the reign of Peter 1?
a) Far Eastern (related to the preparation of V. Bering’s expedition);
b) Balkan (rapprochement between Russia and Montenegro);
c) Southern. V
66. What phenomenon in Russian history is called the policy of “enlightened absolutism”?
a) reforms of Peter 1;
b) the policy of the government of Catherine II; V
c) liberation of peasants from serfdom by Alexander P;
67. Who was called “temporarily obligated” in post-reform Russia?
a) a breeder who leased a state-owned enterprise for a period of time;
b) a soldier who retired to the reserve after military service;
c) land tenant;
d) peasant. V
68. Which of the bourgeois reforms of the 60-70s. Х1Х century turned out to be the most radical and consistent?
a) zemstvo;
b) urban;
c) military;
d) judicial; V
e) financial;
e) in the field of education.
69. Name the longest bourgeois reform of the 19th century.
a) zemstvo;
b) urban;
c) military; V
d) judicial.
70. Name the features of the development of capitalism in Russia.
a) accelerated comprehensive development of the country; V
b) economic development only at the expense of Russian capital;
c) capitalism in Russia did not have its own characteristics.
71. Select three opposing socio-political movements that emerged in Russia at the turn of the 19th - 20th centuries.
a) governmental, liberal, revolutionary democratic; V
b) liberal-monarchist, populist;
c) reactionary, constitutional, anarchic;
72. What are the goals of the revolution of 1905-1907? were the basis for the unification of the parties of the “left bloc”?
a) the implementation of the bourgeois-democratic revolution and the destruction of the autocracy;
b) the implementation of the bourgeois-democratic revolution and its development into a socialist revolution;
c) the implementation of the bourgeois-democratic revolution and the destruction of the autocracy. The highest ideal of the struggle is the replacement of capitalism with socialism. V
73. Have there been any positive changes in Russia after the revolution of 1905 - 1907?
a) the revolution was defeated and therefore did not lead to any changes in society;
b) some improvement was achieved in the economic situation of workers and peasants;
c) despite the defeat of the revolution, its outcome was a partial modernization of the state system and its further evolution towards transformation into a bourgeois monarchy. V
74. The main provisions of which party’s program included the “Decree on Land”?
a) the Bolshevik Party;
b) the Socialist Revolutionary Party; V
c) the cadet party.
75. Why did the Bolsheviks need power in the country?
a) physically destroy all representatives of the bourgeoisie;
b) enrich the members of his party by robbing the entire people;
c) abolish capitalist ownership of land, factories, factories and other basic means of production in order to build socialism. V
76. One of the most important steps in the transition to peaceful life after the civil war in Russia was the decision to:
a) replacing the surplus appropriation system with a tax in kind; V
b) return of land to landowners;
c) allowing the activities of the Cadets and Octobrist parties;
d) denationalization of large industry.
77. Why is December 30, 1922 considered the day of the formation of the USSR?
a) on this day the 1st Congress of Soviets of the USSR began its work; V
b) on this day, a union treaty was signed by all Soviet republics;
c) on this day at the congress of the RCP (b) a decision was made on the formation of the USSR.
78. What kind of society was built in the 30s?
a) a socialist society has been built; V
b) an industrial society was built;
c) a post-industrial society has been built.
79. What events completed the radical turning point during the Great Patriotic War?
a) the entry of Soviet troops to the state border of the USSR;
b) Moscow battle;
c) Battle of Kursk; V
d) Battle of Stalingrad.
80. When was Voronezh liberated from the Nazi invaders?
a) November 19, 1942;
b) August 23, 1943;
c) January 25, 1943; V
d) July 18, 1943
81. How can you evaluate the activities of N.S. Khrushchev?
a) only positive;
b) only negative;
c) his activities were controversial. As a result of his leadership, certain successes were achieved in our country, but miscalculations were also made. V
82. What does Khrushchev’s “thaw” mean after Stalin’s death?
a) a number of important government measures aimed at partial democratization of social life;
b) a number of measures on a state scale aimed at the complete liberalization of the country;
c) revitalization of the cultural life of the country. V
83. What was characteristic of our country in the period from 1964 to the early 70s?
a) the scale and intensity of work to find ways to renew society, establish a scientific approach and the economy; V
b) reform of political structures;
c) major transformations in the social and spiritual development of society.
84. What were the results of the economic reform of 1965?
a) the reform did not bring the expected results; V
b) the reform gave a certain impetus to the economic development of the country and unleashed the initiative of industrial enterprises;
c) the reform caused changes in the industrial and construction management system;
d) the reform resulted in great successes in the development of the country.
85. What characterizes the stagnant period in the development of Soviet society (1970-1985)?
a) a sharp weakening of innovative aspirations, conservation of principles and forms of social structure; V
b) the struggle for radical changes in all spheres of life of societies
c) Soviet society did not have a period of stagnation at all.
86. When was the final act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe signed?
a) in 1975; V
b) in 1979;
c) in 1982
87. What were the reasons for our country’s lag behind the leading countries of the world in the conditions of the growing influence of scientific and technological revolution?
a) lack of an effective management mechanism; V
b) shortcomings in the scientific and technological progress management system;
c) insufficient number and competence of scientific personnel;
d) low level of activity and responsibility of the working masses.
Tests on "History of the Fatherland"
for distance education system
(IDO MESI)
28.01.02
1. During the formation of the Russian centralized state, the following form of feudal land ownership appears and becomes increasingly widespread...
A) patrimony +
b) estate
c) state lands
2. The origin of the ruling dynasty in Rus' is associated with the name...
A) Askold
b) Dira
c) Rurik +
3. A new phenomenon in the economic life of the country In the 17th century it became...
A) the emergence of feudal land ownership
b) development of new territories by the Russian peasantry
c) the formation of the all-Russian market, the emergence of manufactories +
4. Identify the common features characteristic of the modernizations of Peter 1 and Alexander 2
A) the reforms were aimed at resolving the problems of maintaining the status of a great power, expansion and defense +
b) reforms meant the creation of a civil and industrial society in Russia
5. Changes in the public consciousness of Russia in the 18th and 19th centuries were associated with the spread of ideas...
A) Renaissance
b) Reformation
c) Enlightenment +
6. The name of which reformer was associated with the abolition of serfdom in Russia,
judicial, zemstvo, military, urban reforms?
A) Alexandra 2 +
b) S.Yu.Witte
c) A.P. Stolypina
7. Russia’s course aimed at creating a wide layer of peasant farmers, expanding the social support of the autocracy in the countryside is associated with the name...
A) P.A. Stolypina +
b) S.Yu.Witte
8. The theory of peasant communal socialism was first substantiated...
A) Social Revolutionaries
b) A.I. Herzen +
c) Slavophiles
9. The alternative to the October coup of 1917 was the so-called “third way”, that is, achieving civil harmony through a coalition...
A) Mensheviks, Socialist Revolutionaries, Cadets
b) Mensheviks, Socialist Revolutionaries and Bolsheviks +
Domestic history: Cheat sheet Author unknown
2. METHODS AND SOURCES FOR STUDYING THE HISTORY OF RUSSIA Methods for studying history:
1) chronological– consists in the fact that historical phenomena are studied strictly in temporal (chronological) order. Used in compiling chronicles of events, biographies;
2) chronologically problematic- provides for the study of Russian history by periods, and within them - by problems. It is used in all general studies, including various courses of lectures on history;
3) problem-chronological– is used when studying any one aspect of the activity of a state, society, or politician in its consistent development. This approach allows us to more fully trace the logic of the development of the problem, as well as most effectively extract practical experience;
4) periodization– is based on the fact that society as a whole and any component of it go through various stages of development, separated from each other by qualitative boundaries. The main thing in periodization is the establishment of clear criteria, their strict and consistent application in study and research;
5) comparative-historical– is based on the recognition of the known repeatability of historical events in world history. Its essence lies in comparing them to establish both general patterns and differences;
6) retrospective– is based on the fact that past, present and future societies are closely interconnected. This makes it possible to recreate a picture of the past even in the absence of all sources relating to the time being studied;
7) statistical– consists of studying important aspects of the life and activities of the state, a quantitative analysis of many homogeneous facts, each of which individually is not of great importance, while together they determine the transition of quantitative changes into qualitative ones;
8) sociological research used in the study of modernity. It makes it possible to study phenomena mainly in political history. Among the techniques of this method are questionnaires, surveys, interviews, etc.
Sources for studying Russian history very significant and complex. There appear to be no exact boundaries for the range of sources due to the integrity and indivisibility of the historical process and the interconnectedness of people’s activities at various stages of historical and political development. Approximate classification of sources: 1) archaeological sources; 2) chronicles and chronicle codes; 3) ethnographic sources; 4) archival documents 5) documents of state bodies and public organizations of the Russian state; 6) documents of political parties and movements of Russia 7) works of state and public figures of Russia; 8) periodicals; 9) memoirs; 10) museum documents; 11) photo, sound and film documents; 12) electronic media.
authorThe scientific task of studying local history The practical interest that prompts us to study the history of Russia specifically, isolating it from the composition of general history is understandable: after all, this is the history of our fatherland. But this educational one, i.e. practical, interest does not exclude scientific,
From the book Course of Russian History (Lectures I-XXXII) author Klyuchevsky Vasily OsipovichConvenience of Russian history for sociological study The history of Russia presents some methodological conveniences for a separate sociological study. These conveniences consist of: 1) the comparative simplicity of the processes prevailing in it, which helps sufficiently
From the book Course of Russian History (Lectures I-XXXII) author Klyuchevsky Vasily OsipovichThe practical goal of studying Russian history From the general task of historical study, we derived the scientific goal of studying local history, and this goal gave us the basis for the course plan and indicated the order and methods of studying Russian history. In connection with the same problem, it is solved
From the book Psychology of War in the 20th Century. Historical experience of Russia [Full version with applications and illustrations] author Senyavskaya Elena SpartakovnaOn the history of studying the problem “Man at war” is a special phenomenon, not only social, but also psychological. However, unlike a “civilian” person, a person in peaceful life, he has clearly not been studied enough. Military art, technology, other “applied”
From the book Theory and History. Interpretation of socio-economic evolution author Mises Ludwig von From the book History of the Book: Textbook for Universities author Govorov Alexander AlekseevichChapter 2. METHODS OF STUDYING THE HISTORY OF BOOKS 2.1. GENERAL AND SPECIAL METHODS OF KNOWLEDGE AND HISTORY OF THE BOOK Science with all its attributes - a system of evidence, internal subordination, external connections - has become an independent type of human activity
From Herolda’s book “Heritages of Ancestors” author Vasilchenko Andrey Vyacheslavovich From the book Nobility, Power and Society in Provincial Russia of the 18th Century author Team of authors author§ 2. Theory of historical knowledge and methods of historical study Based on the considerations outlined above, it is easy to come to the conclusion that the methodology of science pursues two tasks - the main and the derivative; the main one is to establish those grounds, due to
From the book Methodology of History author Lappo-Danilevsky Alexander SergeevichPart II Methods of historical study
From the book Methodology of History author Lappo-Danilevsky Alexander Sergeevich§ 1. Methods of historical study In the previous part I tried to outline the general theory of historical knowledge; I examined how the point of view from which it is constructed is justified, and the study of any object becomes historical; I also found out
From the book Methodology of History author Lappo-Danilevsky Alexander Sergeevich§ 2. Methods of historical study in modern literature In the general outline of the development of the methodology of history, I have already pointed out the most important periods that can be distinguished in it, and the most important of the works, the authors of which partly touched upon the theory of historical knowledge,
From the book Oral History author Shcheglova Tatyana KirillovnaOral History Methods Oral history methods are based on “questioning technology” or “questioning technology.” As you know, you can interview or question a person during a casual conversation, during a strictly structured or free interview, during
From the book History of British Social Anthropology author Nikishenkov Alexey Alekseevich author Team of authors1.1.1. Chronicles as a historical source and methods for their study Defining chronicles as a special type of historical sources raises serious difficulties. First of all, this is due to the complex composition of the chronicles. Being compilations of previous texts, they can
From the book Source Studies author Team of authors1.3.1. Actual material as a historical source and methods of its study. General characteristics of the act material Old Russian acts represent an extensive complex of sources. According to V. A. Kuchkin’s calculations, only eight acts of the 12th century have survived to this day, 15 acts
The test includes several multiple choice questions. The student just needs to choose one of the proposed answers. If a student answers all test questions correctly, he receives a grade of “5.” If you answered 80%, then you get a grade of “4”; if you answer 50%, then you get a grade of “3”.
1. What is the name of the most complete source covering the history of Ancient Rus'?
a) Novgorod First Chronicle;
b) “The Tale of Bygone Years”;
c) Ostromir Gospel.
2. Which of the following principles is applied when studying Russian history?
a) the principle of large numbers;
b) the principle of alternativeness;
c) the principle of balance.
3. Name a science that helps to better study history?
a) architectonics;
b) archaeography;
c) biogeography
4. To what linguistic community do the Slavs belong?
a) Turkic;
b) Indo-European;
c) Ural.
5. Is there a relationship (and what kind) between the method of agriculture and the social development of the Eastern Slavs in the 8th-9th centuries?
a) there is no relationship;
b) cutting method - more progressive;
c) more progressive arable farming.
6. What are the objective prerequisites for the formation of the Old Russian state?
a) the calling of the Varangians to Rus' by the Ilmen Slavs;
b) the emergence of private property among the Eastern Slavs and the beginning of the stratification of social society.
a) Norman;
b) German;
c) East Slavic;
d) Baltic.
8. Why did Kyiv become the main political center of the Old Russian state?
a) Kyiv was located in the geographical center of the Old Russian state;
b) Kyiv was the religious center of the Slavic tribes;
c) Kyiv was the oldest political and cultural center of the Eastern Slavs and occupied an extremely advantageous military-strategic position.
9. Why did Christianity become the state religion of Ancient Rus' under Vladimir I Svyatoslavich?
a) Vladimir Svyatoslavich was fascinated by the beauty of services in Christian churches;
b) accepting Christianity, Vladimir Svyatoslavich was primarily guided by the state interests of Rus';
c) Vladimir Svyatoslavich miraculously believed in Christian religious truths.
10. What impact did the Mongol yoke have on the historical development of Rus'?
a) the Mongol yoke contributed to a faster overcoming of feudal fragmentation and the formation of a centralized state;
b) the Mongol yoke slowed down the economic, political and cultural development of Rus' and was one of the main factors determining its relative historical lag behind Western Europe.
11. What were the reasons for the rise of Moscow and its transformation into the center of the Russian state?
a) Moscow was the most ancient and developed center of Rus';
b) the weakness of other principalities;
c) advantageous geographical location, political flexibility of Moscow princes, support of Moscow by the church.
12. What was the territory of the present Voronezh region like by the time the formation of the Russian centralized state was completed?
a) it was a densely populated area with a large number of cities;
b) the territory was a “Wild Field” - a depopulated region with a completely destroyed economy;
c) these lands were subordinate to the Crimean Khan.
13. Which Moscow prince is called the first collector of the Russian land?
a) Ivana Sh;
b) Dmitry Donskoy;
c) Ivan Kalita;
d) Vasily Sh.
14. Which Moscow prince completed the unification of Russian lands around Moscow?
a) Ivan Sh;
b) Alexander Nevsky;
c) Dmitry Donskoy;
d) Vasily Sh.
15. What was the name of the main form of boyar feudal land tenure in the 15th - mid-16th centuries.
a) patrimony;
c) estate.
16. What were the consequences of the reforms carried out by the Elected Rada and Ivan IV the Terrible in the middle of the 16th century?
a) the Russian Empire was formed;
b) decentralization of government was carried out;
c) there was an increase in the centralization of power in the Russian state.
17. Which Moscow prince first promulgated written laws called the Code of Laws?
a) Vasily the Dark;
b) Vasily Sh;
c) Ivan Sh;
d) Ivan the Terrible.
18. Did Russia have in the second half of the 15th - mid-16th centuries. diplomatic, trade relations with countries from the West and East?
a) broad relations were developed with a number of countries in Europe and Asia;
b) Russia was in diplomatic isolation;
c) Russia restored broken relations with the countries of the East and West and began to develop new ones.
19. Choose the correct chronological order of the change of pretenders to the Russian throne during the Time of Troubles (1598 - 1613):
a) Fyodor Godunov, False Dmitry I, Vladislav, False Dmitry P, Boris Godunov, Vasily Shuisky;
b) False Dmitry I, Boris Godunov, Fyodor Godunov, False Dmitry P, Vladislav, Vasily Shuisky;
c) Boris Godunov, Fyodor Godunov, False Dmitry I, Vasily Shuisky, False Dmitry P, Vladislav.
20. Why did the Zemsky Sobor in 1613 choose Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov to the Russian throne?
a) the boyars wanted a strong king;
b) it was a compromise between different political camps of Russian society;
21. When did the formation of absolutism begin in Russia?
a) under Ivan Sh;
b) under Ivan IV;
c) under Mikhail Fedorovich;
d) under Alexei Mikhailovich;
d) under Peter I.
22. What is a “policy of protectionism”?
a) the monarch’s patronage of random people and their promotion to court and government positions not on the principle of “state benefit”, but on the basis of qualities that attract the monarch himself (personal devotion, physical beauty, etc.;
b) economic policy of the state aimed at supporting the national economy.
23. Thanks to what document could people from the “vile” classes count on receiving a noble title in Russia?
a) “Certificate granted to the nobility”;
b) General Regulations;
c) “Table of Ranks”;
d) the statute of the Chief Magistrate;
e) the Council Code of 1649
24. What replaced the orders of the 16th – 15th centuries?
a) ministries;
b) the Supreme Privy Council;
c) collegiums;
d) State Council;
e) Council of Ministers.
25. In 1719, a museum and a library attached to it were opened to the public in St. Petersburg. What was it called?
a) Hermitage;
b) Artillery Museum;
c) Kunstkamera;
d) Russian Museum;
d) Naval Museum.
26. What is the main goal of Peter I?
a) strengthening the personal power of the monarch;
b) the desire to modernize Russian society;
c) strengthening the country’s defense capability;
d) ensuring total control by states over both the activities and personal lives of subjects.
27. What places and architectural structures of Voronezh are associated with the stay of Peter I and the construction of the navy?
a) the so-called “Arsenal”;
b) “Petrovsky Island” and the Assumption Church;
c) the so-called “Travel Palace”;
28. What direction of Russian foreign policy was the main one in the last years of the reign of Peter I?
a) Far Eastern (related to the preparation of V. Bering’s expedition);
b) Balkan (rapprochement between Russia and Montenegro);
29. What phenomenon in Russian history is called the policy of “enlightened absolutism”?
a) reforms of Peter I;
b) the policy of the government of Catherine II;
c) liberation of peasants from serfdom by Alexander P;
30. At the end of the 18th century. Three divisions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth were carried out. Which of them did Russia participate in?
a) in the first and second;
b) in the third;
c) in all three.
31.To whom was the throne transferred according to the Law on Succession to the Throne, issued by Paul I in 1797?
a) eldest son;
b) the emperor's wife;
c) the emperor's brother by seniority.
32. What is a “Secret Committee”?
a) the censorship committee, which appeared at the beginning of the nineteenth century;
b) the close circle of Alexander I, who influenced his policy;
c) secret police.
a) Alexander I died suddenly;
b) the unification of the Southern and Northern societies took place and a decision was made to perform;
c) the plan for the uprising was ready, and members of society did not want to waste time.
34. What did the “Eastern Question” mean for Russia in the second half of the 19th century?
a) the Caucasian War for the annexation of the North Caucasus;
b) inclusion of Central Asian peoples into the empire;
c) resolving the problem of the Black Sea and the Black Sea straits, supporting the liberation movement of the Balkan peoples.
35. Who was called “temporarily obligated” in post-reform Russia?
a) a breeder who leased a state-owned enterprise for a period of time;
b) a soldier who retired to the reserve after military service;
c) land tenant;
d) peasant.
36. Which of the bourgeois reforms of the 60-70s. XIX century turned out to be the most radical and consistent?
a) zemstvo;
b) urban;
c) military;
d) judicial;
e) financial;
e) in the field of education.
37. Name the longest bourgeois reform of the 19th century.
a) zemstvo;
b) urban;
c) military;
d) judicial.
38. Name the features of the development of capitalism in Russia.
a) accelerated comprehensive development of the country;
b) economic development only at the expense of Russian capital;
c) capitalism in Russia did not have its own characteristics.
39. Select three opposing socio-political movements that emerged in Russia at the turn of the 19th - 20th centuries.
a) governmental, liberal, revolutionary democratic;
b) liberal-monarchist, populist;
c) reactionary, constitutional, anarchic;
40. Was there an attempt by the tsarist government to resolve the acute political, economic and social problems that faced Russia at the beginning of the twentieth century? through reforms without revolutionary upheavals?
41. What are the goals of the revolution of 1905-1907? were the basis for the unification of the parties of the “left bloc”?
a) the implementation of the bourgeois-democratic revolution and the destruction of the autocracy;
b) the implementation of the bourgeois-democratic revolution and its development into a socialist revolution;
c) the implementation of the bourgeois-democratic revolution and the destruction of the autocracy. The highest ideal of the struggle is the replacement of capitalism with socialism.
42. Have there been any positive changes in Russia after the revolution of 1905 - 1907?
a) the revolution was defeated and therefore did not lead to any changes in society;
b) some improvement was achieved in the economic situation of workers and peasants;
c) despite the defeat of the revolution, its outcome was a partial modernization of the state system and its further evolution towards transformation into a bourgeois monarchy.
43. Do you agree with the point of view that Stolypin’s agrarian reform failed?
44. Determine the attitude of the main parties in Russia to the First World War?
a) all parties refused to support the foreign policy of tsarism during the war;
b) the parties of the revolutionary democratic camp refused to support the foreign policy of tsarism during the war;
c) only the RSDLP refused to support the foreign policy of tsarism during the war;
d) only the Bolsheviks refused to support the foreign policy of tsarism during the war.
45. Did the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 have any special features?
a) there were no special features. The February bourgeois-democratic revolution occurred like bourgeois revolutions in the West and the bourgeoisie came to power;
b) The February Revolution in Russia had its own characteristics and was strikingly different from the bourgeois revolutions in the West.
a) coup;
b) revolution.
47. Was there an alternative to the October Revolution in 1917?
48. The main provisions of which party’s program included the “Decree on Land”?
a) the Bolshevik Party;
b) the Socialist Revolutionary Party;
c) the cadet party.
49. What were the reasons for the rapid establishment of Soviet power throughout the country?
a) the establishment of Soviet power throughout the country was not necessary. It was enough to convene the Constituent Assembly and confirm the establishment of Soviet power;
b) in order to win to the end, the October Socialist Revolution must go beyond the capital.
50. What is a civil war?
a) mass demonstrations of hooligans on city streets;
b) an armed form of struggle for state power between classes and social groups within the country;
c) mass strikes with political demands.
51. Why did the Bolsheviks need power in the country?
a) physically destroy all representatives of the bourgeoisie;
b) enrich the members of his party by robbing the entire people;
c) abolish capitalist ownership of land, factories, factories and other basic means of production in order to build socialism.
52. One of the most important steps in the transition to peaceful life after the civil war in Russia was the decision to:
a) replacing the surplus appropriation system with a tax in kind;
b) return of land to landowners;
c) allowing the activities of the Cadets and Octobrist parties;
d) denationalization of large industry.
a) on this day the First Congress of Soviets of the USSR began its work;
b) on this day, a union treaty was signed by all Soviet republics;
c) on this day at the congress of the RCP (b) a decision was made on the formation of the USSR.
54. Name the reasons for the collapse of the NEP.
a) NEP did not justify itself economically;
b) the impossibility of long-term maneuvering between the market and the directive; economic changes were not complemented by political ones;
55. How was Stalin’s regime of personal power formed?
a) a positive assessment of Lenin;
b) party support.
56. What kind of society was built in the 30s?
a) a socialist society has been built;
b) an industrial society was built;
c) a post-industrial society has been built.
57. Did the USSR take part in the Munich Agreement of 1938?
b) partially;
59. What events completed the radical turning point during the Great Patriotic War?
a) the entry of Soviet troops to the state border of the USSR;
b) Moscow battle;
c) Battle of Kursk;
d) Battle of Stalingrad.
60. When was Voronezh liberated from the Nazi invaders?
61. What factors contributed to the successful recovery of the USSR economy in the post-war period?
a) the enthusiasm of the Soviet people and internal economic factors;
b) US assistance in accordance with the Marshall Plan;
c) help from other allies in the anti-Hitler coalition.
62. What was the new balance of power in the world after the end of World War II?
a) Germany continued to pose a danger to the world;
b) there was a movement of the political, military and economic center from Europe to the USA;
c) Europe maintained its leading position in the world.
63. How can you assess the political situation of Soviet society after the war?
a) society was in a state of apathy;
b) the situation was contradictory;
c) the country was immediately returned to political repression.
64. How can you evaluate the activities of N.S. Khrushchev?
a) only positive;
b) only negative;
c) his activities were controversial. As a result of his leadership, certain successes were achieved in our country, but miscalculations were also made.
65. What does Khrushchev’s “thaw” mean after Stalin’s death?
a) a number of important government measures aimed at partial democratization of social life;
b) a number of measures on a state scale aimed at the complete liberalization of the country;
c) revitalization of the cultural life of the country.
66. What was characteristic of our country in the period from 1964 to the early 70s?
a) the scale and intensity of work to find ways to renew society, establish a scientific approach and the economy;
b) reform of political structures;
c) major transformations in the social and spiritual development of society.
67. What were the results of the economic reform of 1965?
a) the reform did not bring the expected results;
b) the reform gave a certain impetus to the economic development of the country and unleashed the initiative of industrial enterprises;
c) the reform caused changes in the industrial and construction management system;
d) the reform resulted in great successes in the development of the country.
68. What characterizes the stagnant period in the development of Soviet society (1970-1985)?
a) a sharp weakening of innovative aspirations, conservation of principles and forms of social structure;
b) the struggle for radical changes in all spheres of life of societies
c) Soviet society did not have a period of stagnation at all.
69. When was the final act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe signed?
a) in 1975;
b) in 1979;
70. What were the reasons for our country’s lag behind the leading countries of the world in the conditions of the growing influence of scientific and technological revolution?
a) lack of an effective management mechanism;
b) shortcomings in the scientific and technological progress management system;
c) insufficient number and competence of scientific personnel;
d) low level of activity and responsibility of the working masses.
71. How has the foreign policy of our country changed since the mid-80s?
a) led to an aggravation of the international situation;
b) contributed to the easing of international tension;
72. What is the purpose of the reforms that began in 1992?
a) improve the state economic system;
b) carry out the transition to a market economy and, in accordance with this, transform social relations.
Highly dispersed systems (true solutions) All substances are soluble in water
Population of the Altai Territory
Odessa region old photos Maps of Kherson province