100 million years ago there were already people. Once the earth was unlike itself

The high complexity of operation and the catastrophes that accompany the flights of reusable ships have reduced their effectiveness, which, apparently, is the reason for the decision to terminate the operation of the Shuttle in 2010. This has become one of the serious deterrents in the exploration of outer space and the development of new types of space transport. For this reason, the relevance of developing fundamentally new flight methods is quite high.

At the beginning of the 21st century, interest in fundamentally new vehicles, using, in particular, previously unknown effects of interaction with HP, has sharply increased in the world.

A wide range of patents for the invention of anti-gravity engines and devices is known.

Even a simple enumeration of the names of inventions is of interest: a gravitational engine, a gravitational accumulator, a gravitational energy source, a gravitational turbine, a B-YULA step laser generator device on a gravitational cushion, an electrogravitational engine, a paramagnetic gravitational or antigravitational generator, a method for controlling the magnitude of the gravitational interaction, a gravitational inductor, a method for controlling the EMGP of a material body, a gravitational device and a method for its formation, a gravitationally polarized substance, a method for controlling the magnitude of the gravitational interaction.

As a rule, such inventions are based only on an intuitive understanding of the principles of gravity, which often leads inventors to make mistakes that make their devices inoperable. At the same time, the authors should be paid tribute, as they were not afraid to cross the powerful psychological barrier of prohibitions imposed by the theory of relativity on the problem of antigravity.

Intuitive understanding by gifted people of some principles of the universe, as a rule, precedes scientific knowledge, so individual solutions are of particular interest. (Let the attentive reader forgive us for a certain reinsurance, this will be done solely for the purpose of an objective assessment of the situation).

Let's start in order. In terms of design, the inventions according to US application No. 20020018333 and RF application No. 2001102622 can be considered closest to the proposed solution.

According to US application No. 20020018333, the invention includes "a source of fundamental particles, including electrons and means for imparting negative curvature to fundamental particles." It is assumed that the attraction of bodies is carried out by particles of positive curvature, and opposite curvatures provide a mutually repulsive antigravitational force, therefore, negative curvature is given to electrons so that they form pseudospherical electrons, provide the intersection of the electron beam and the neutral beam of atoms. The emerging beam of negatively curved electrons, according to the inventor's intention, should experience an anti-gravitational force.

To use this invention to lift the vehicle, the anti-gravity force of the electron beam is transferred to a negatively charged plate. As a result, the Coulomb repulsion between the electron beam and the negatively charged plate causes it to rise. The apparatus contains a cyclically rotated structure having a moment of inertia, and means for applying a reactive force to such a structure. The angular momentum vector of said structure is parallel to the central gravitational force vector produced by the above gravitating body. The device contains means that change the orientation of the acceleration angular momentum vector along the trajectory parallel to the surface of the specified mass. The device includes a source of electrons and an accelerator module: electron gun, electrostatic accelerator (radio frequency or microtron). The beam is compressed using a magnetic or electrostatic lens, a solenoid, a quadrupole magnet, or a laser beam. The electron beam is directed to the output channel by means of magnets.

The description of this invention to the uninitiated may seem delusional. However, the right to judge this belongs only to those of our descendants who will reveal the secrets of gravity. Judging by the erudition of the author and the thoroughness of the patent, it is possible that he noticed something that constantly escapes the attention of scientists.

According to the application of the Russian Federation No. 2001102622, the device contains "two coaxial cylindrical electrodes, which are energized and a plasma cord is created, closing them, while the plasma is accelerated in the MF created by the electrodes."

It should be noted that plasma is a special aggregate state of matter and contains, along with electrons, protons and neutrons, i.e. bipolar charged and electrically neutral particles. Despite the presence of free electrons, plasma is an electrically neutral conductor. When the plasma ring rotates as a whole, all its differently charged particles rotate along the same orbital trajectories. In this case, the anti-gravity effect from the movement of some particles is compensated by the additional gravitational effect of other particles, and the total anti-gravity effect is zero, as well as from the rotation of an ordinary solid body, so the device is inoperable.

Note: if you simply rotate a solid macroscopic body around its axis as a whole, gravitational effects do not appear, since both protons and electrons with different signs of charges will rotate in it in the same orbits. Since the number of protons and electrons in an atom (taking into account their number in neutrons) is equal, the generated HP is fully compensated, and its total effect is zero.

A weak gravitational effect of weight change can be observed during the rotation of charged bodies with a small excess of electrons on the surface, which is observed in atmospheric vortices and in the effect discovered by the Russian scientist E.A. Podkletnov (the network has a lot of information on this effect).

Based on the hypotheses outlined in Chap. 5 and 6, it can be concluded that the development of anti-gravity devices, after all, is possible. To do this, it is necessary to create a rotating object formed by charged particles of only one sign, and properly orient it relative to the earth's field of gravity. The simplest thing is to form such an object from electrons in the form of a rotating ring, the GP of which interacts with the resulting GP of the Earth, also created by charged particles orbitally moving in the atoms of the planet's matter. This ring is repelled from the Earth's GP and can be used to create promising aircraft that do not expend energy to compensate for their weight. On fig. 24 shows a variant of the aircraft, and in fig. 25 is its working chamber, in which the electrons move in a spiral towards the center of the chamber.

Rice. 24.

Rice.

Rice. 26.

On fig. 24 and 25 center electrode 6 acts as an anode and is located in the center of the annular chamber 1. Sources and accelerators of electrons in the form of pump electron guns 7 are located on the outer circumference of this chamber.

On fig. 26 shows the deflection and support-steering coils of the apparatus.

On fig. 27 functions of the anode are performed by the ring electrode 9. Central electrode 6 - cathode - emits electrons.

During the operation of the installation, a cloud of electrons arises 8 between the central and ring electrodes. Power supply for deflection coils 10 connected to deflection coils 3, radiation system power supply // - to the central and ring electrodes. On-board computer 12 connected to the control unit and to the steering coils 5.

Rice. 29.

Rice. 27. Left: apparatus with electrons moving from the center of the chamber to the annular anode; right: device working chamber arrangement

Rice. 28.

The devices in fig. 27-29 consist of a sealed annular chamber 1, coated inside with a layer of ceramic insulator 2. A deep vacuum is maintained inside the chamber. Deflecting coils are installed in the upper and lower parts of it. 3, closed on top with biological protection in the form of a magnetic circuit and an EM radiation shield 4. Steering coils 5 located above the deflection coils.

On fig. 27-29: 13 - the trajectory of electrons in the electron cloud (ring); 8 - electron cloud (ring); 14 - EP direction; 15 - EGP radiation direction; 16 - lifting force of the device; 17 - the reaction of the support-steering coils.

The device works as follows. For deflection coils 3 a current is applied that creates a magnetic field inside the chamber / directed along the vertical axis of the apparatus. Katu in to and are located at an angle to the axis of the apparatus, creating a magnetic field, the intensity of which decreases as it approaches the center. Electron sources 7, for example, in the form of powerful electron guns, emit, accelerate and direct electrons towards the center of the chamber radially or tangentially. Acceleration is carried out in two stages. The generation of the flow and the preliminary acceleration of electrons are carried out using electron guns 7, and the subsequent acceleration in a cylindrical chamber 1 - using a radial EP. In the center of the camera 1 a positively charged electrode 6 is placed, and a negatively charged ring electrode is placed around the circumference 9. The interior of this structure must be electrically insulated, e.g. with ceramic material. 2, and evacuated.

MF created by deflecting coils 3, spins electrons around the central electrode 6, which under these conditions should move along a spiral trajectory 13.

After that, the ratio between the strength of the magnetic field and the electric field and the positive voltage on the central electrode 6 is set in such a way that an electron ring of increasing density is formed, i.e. electrons before reaching the anode 6, must create an electronic ring 8. With a properly selected mode, this ring will shield the negative field of electrode 9, pushing away from it and shrinking towards the center. Therefore, the emitted electrons must be sufficiently accelerated to overcome the resistance of the electron ring and fly into it with an increase in their concentration. Additional compression of the ring is provided by the configuration of the MP coils 3, the intensity of which should decrease as it approaches the center of the apparatus. When electrons move along the ring, the centrifugal force acting on them will tend to overcome the magnetic field and electric field. It throws electrons away from the central electrode and makes them move in circular orbits.

When a certain value of the charge density is reached, the magnetic field of the electron ring should become so strong that a pinch effect (narrowing of the discharge) occurs. The magnetic compression of the current channel of the ring will be counteracted by the forces of electrostatic repulsion of electrons, so it is important at the initial stage of formation to ensure that the ring is compressed by external MFs and EFs. Upon reaching the pinch effect, the ring should become stable. If this is not achieved, the existence of the electron ring must be maintained by feeding it with electrons from guns 7.

This design completely imitates the rotation of electrons along the orbit of the simplest atom. Electrons are attracted by the electric field of the central positively charged electrode, but cannot fall on it, since centrifugal forces keep them in a stationary orbit. Since electrons do not radiate electromagnetic energy when moving along stationary quantized circular orbits, the ring must be stable, and energy is spent only on its formation. The electrons of the ring after some time of operation of the device will settle down in quantized orbits and stop emitting.

Since the ring of electrons 8, moving around the central positive charged electrode, completely copies their movement in atoms, tornadoes and atmospheric vortices, where gravitational effects are intensely manifested, it should be expected that it will generate HP. Depending on the direction of rotation, it will be attracted or repelled by the Earth's GP.

If it is possible to achieve a high density of electrons in the ring and it goes into a stable existence mode, then it will not be necessary to spend a lot of energy to maintain the operation of the device. Since the MS does no work, then to create a constant antigravitational force, it will not be necessary to expend energy to lift the body in the MS. As a result, the action of the ring of electrons will become similar to the action of the lifting force of an airship.

To remove lifting force from such a ring, support-steering electromagnetic coils 5 can be used, creating an MF that will be repelled from the electron ring 8 and lift the entire structure of the aircraft. Considering that such a ring can have a powerful gyroscopic effect, the control coils should be located with mutual overlap, as shown on the left in Fig. 26, so that it is possible to create a control MF running along the circumference of the ring with its precession frequency. By controlling the running MP of the steering coils 5, it is possible to carry out a stable inclination of the apparatus relative to the ring and inclinations of the ring to move the apparatus in the desired direction. Reaction 17 steering coils is shown in fig. 27 and 29. By creating a traveling force field, while maneuvering the apparatus, it is possible to change the position of the gyroscopic ring (Fig. 29).

To change the lifting force, it is enough to change the density of the ring, the radius or the speed of the electrons in it. The density can be changed by removing or adding electrons to the ring. The radius of the ring and the speed of the electrons can be varied by changing the potential difference applied to the coaxial electrodes. To do this, you can also use the change in the magnetic field of the deflecting electromagnets and pumping electron guns.

To change the direction of the main thrust vector, it is necessary to change the direction of rotation of the electrons in the ring by changing the polarity of the MF deflecting electromagnets.

Under ideal conditions, an electron ring created once could exist for a long time, constantly generating a gravitational field. In real conditions, the vacuum in the chamber and the shielding will not be ideal. Therefore, it is necessary to compensate for energy losses by feeding the ring. But such expenditures of energy are incomparable with the expenditures now incurred in rocket launches and even in aircraft flights.

There is no need to explain the benefits of antigravity. This was done by great science fiction writers and great Hollywood directors. And yet the impact of antigravity on the development of civilization is impressive. After the first flying saucer is made, all modern modes of transport will become morally obsolete. The appearance of cities will change: smoke and fumes, highways and traffic jams will disappear. People will fly in their own comfortable auto saucers. Mankind will finally go into space and begin to master it confidently.

To define such a concept as "antigravity", first of all, an understanding of the phenomenon itself is required. There are many theories of gravity, which can be divided into several types.

Theories of gravity

• The classical theory of gravity originates as far back as 1666 with the pen of Isaac Newton. It describes the gravitational interaction of two massive bodies, namely, their mutual gravitational attraction.
• The general theory of relativity (GR) was created in 1915 by Albert Einstein. It is a generalization of Newton's classical theory and takes into account the gravitational effects that occur in strong gravitational fields. The most famous of them is the curvature of space-time. Einstein defined gravity not as one of the types of interaction, but as a measure of the curvature of space-time.
• Quantum theories of gravity are generally aimed at expanding . Within the framework of this model, each of the three interactions is represented as a field, and the interaction itself occurs through particles, which are called interaction carriers. According to this theory, the carrier of interaction in the gravitational field should be a massless particle - the graviton. However, the graviton has not yet been discovered, and the theory itself still has some problems and contradictions.

Gravity and antigravity

According to general relativity, gravitational effects are a consequence of the curvature of space-time itself. Actually, Einstein's equations relate the curvature of space-time to the matter located in it. From this we can draw a somewhat rough conclusion, according to which, the positive mass of some body bends the space-time surrounding it, as a result of which another massive body, interacting with the curved space-time, changes its behavior.

Since the curvature of space-time, in other words, its curvature, arises as a result of the impact of a body with a positive mass on it, a negative curvature of space-time is required for the occurrence of anti-gravitational phenomena. In turn, to create a negative curvature, you will need a body with a negative mass, the presence of which is prohibited by the general theory of relativity itself. For this reason, within the framework of general relativity, such a phenomenon as antigravity does not make sense.

It is quite difficult to talk about antigravity within the framework of other gravitational theories, for the reason that gravity itself is described in them in an insufficiently acceptable way.

Experimental searches

In addition to theoretical research into the nature of gravity and anti-gravity, a number of experiments are being carried out in order to detect anti-gravity effects. Experimental results are considered satisfactory only if they can be replicated by other experimenters. In order to determine the reliability of the results of some experiments, according to which certain groups of scientists discovered antigravity, many attempts were made at the Göde Scientific Institute for the Study of Gravity to recreate the results. None of the verified experiments produced the previously stated results, leading the Göde Scientific Foundation to announce a one million euro award for the successful conduct of a reproducible detection experiment.
antigravity.

David PrattPart 1

1. Gravity and mass

Gravity and antigravity. It is said to have been the sight of an apple falling from a tree, which gave Isaac Newton the idea around 1665 that the force that pulls the apple to the earth is the same as the force that keeps the moon in its orbit around the earth. The reason the Moon doesn't fall to earth is because of the counteracting effect of its orbital motion. If the Moon were to stop its orbital motion and fall to Earth, the acceleration due to gravity it would experience on the Earth's surface would be 9.8 m/s² - the same as an apple or any other object in free fall would experience. .

Newton's universal law of gravity states that the gravitational force between two bodies is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. To calculate the gravitational force (F), their masses (m1 and m2) and the gravitational constant (G) are multiplied together and the result is divided by the square of the distance (r) between them: F = Gm1m2 / r².

According to Newtonian theory, the gravitational force between two or more bodies depends on their mass. However, the gravitational acceleration of an attracted body is independent of its mass: when falling off the tower at the same time and ignoring air resistance, the tennis ball and the cannonball fall to the ground at the same time. This is explained using Newton's second law of motion, which states that the force applied to a body is equal to the body's mass times its acceleration (F = ma); this means that gravity pulls larger masses more strongly.

If we combine the two equations of Newton's force (F = ma = Gm1m2 / r²), we can conclude that in order to balance the equation, the gravitational constant (G) must have rather curious dimensions m³ / kg.s² (volume divided by mass times the square of time) .

Complex Newton

In his book "The Gravitational Force of the Sun" 1 Pari Spolter criticizes the orthodox theory that gravity is proportional to the amount or density of inertial mass. She goes so far as to say that there is no reason to include any term for mass in any of the force equations.

She points out that in order to deduce from the Earth-Moon system that gravity obeys the inverse square law (that is, that its strength decreases by the square of the distance from the attracting body), Newton did not need to know or estimate the masses of the earth and moon.

He only needed to know the acceleration caused by gravity on the surface of the Earth, the radius of the Earth, the orbital speed of the Moon, and the distance between the Earth and the Moon. And, as already mentioned, the gravitational acceleration of a body in free fall does not depend on its mass, which has been verified with a high degree of accuracy. 2

Spolter dismisses Newton's second law (F = ma) as an arbitrary definition or convention, and argues that it is not a force, which equals mass times acceleration, but weight. Her equation for a "linear" force is F = ad (acceleration distance). Its equation for the "circular" force (including gravity) is F = aA, where a is the acceleration and A is the area of ​​a circle with a radius equal to the average distance of the orbiting body from the central body.

She believes that the acceleration of gravity decreases per square of distance, but the gravitational force of the sun, earth, etc. is constant for any body orbiting it. In the Newtonian theory, on the contrary, it varies both depending on the mass of the orbiting body and on its distance from the central body.

Spolter's theory contains several shortcomings. First, her attempt to deny any connection between force and mass is unconvincing. It does not call into question the equation for the momentum of a body (momentum = mass-velocity), but momentum with a repetition rate represents a force, which therefore cannot be independent of mass. Moreover, weight is a type of force, not a separate phenomenon.

Secondly, Spolter would have us believe that there are two types of force and energy - one linear and one circular - with different dimensions: it gives a "linear" force of measurement in square meters per second squared, while "circular" force sets the dimensions of meters cube per second squared. But there is no justification for inventing two forms of force and energy and for abandoning homogeneous dimensions in this way.

Third, defining a "circular" force in such a way that the gravitational force of a star or planet remains the same, no matter how far we are from it, is illogical, if not absurd. Also, Spolter disingenuously says that her equation implies that acceleration is inversely proportional to the square of distance.

If it were true that a = F / A, with force (F) proportional to r 3 (see below) and area (A = πr 2) proportional to r 2 , the acceleration would in fact be directly proportional to r 3 / r 2 = g!

spolter believes that her equation of gravity solves the riddle of Kepler's third law of planetary motion: this law states that the ratio of the cube of the average distance (r) of each planet from the Sun to the square of its period of rotation (T) is always the same number (r³ / T² = constant ). Its gravity equation can be rewritten: F = 22π 3 r 3 / T 2 . As explained elsewhere, the 22π3 factor is completely arbitrary, and Spolter simply concealed the real value of Kepler's constant. 3

Gravity does not involve the acceleration of some (average) area around the Sun, as Spolter's equation suggests. Rather, it involves the relationship between the mass-energy of the Sun and the planets, as well as the associated massless gravitational energy. And he does not act through empty space, but through the energy ether - something that is so lacking in Spolter's physics, and in orthodox physics (see Section 3).

As shown in the following sections, the net gravitational force need not be directly proportional to the inertial mass, since characteristics such as rotation and charge can change the gravitational properties of a body.

Spolter proposes that it is the rotation of a star, planet, etc. that somehow generates the gravitational force and causes other bodies to revolve around it - an idea put forward by a 17th century astronomer Johannes Kepler . 4 But she doesn't offer a mechanism to explain how it might work, or what makes a celestial body spin in the first place.

It shows that the average distance of successive planetary orbits from the center of the Sun or successive lunar orbits from the center of the planet is not random, but follows an exponential law, indicating that gravity is quantized at the macro level, just as electron orbits in an atom are quantized at the micro scale. . There is no generally accepted theory to explain this key fact.

Devil's Dictionary defines gravity as:

"The tendency of all bodies to approach each other with a force proportional to the amount of matter they contain - the amount of matter they contain is determined by the strength of their desire to approach each other." 5

Such is the seemingly circular logic underlying the standard theory of gravity. The figures given for the masses and densities of all planets, stars, etc. are purely theoretical; no one has ever put one on the scales and weighed! However, it should be kept in mind that weight is always a relative measure, since one mass can only be weighed in relation to some other mass.

The fact that the observed speeds of the artificial satellite match the predictions is usually taken as evidence that the foundations of Newtonian theory must be correct.

The masses of celestial bodies can be calculated from the so-called Newton's form of Kepler's third law, which assumes that Kepler's constant ratio r³ / T² is equal to the body's inertial mass times the gravitational constant divided by 4π² (GM = 4π²r³ / T² = v²r [if we replace 2πr / v on T]). Using this method, the average density of the earth is found to be 5.5 g/cm3.

Since the average density of the Earth's outer crust is 2.75 g/cm3, scientists have concluded that the density of the Earth's inner layers must increase substantially with depth. However, there are good reasons to question the standard earth model.
6

Gravitational anomalies

gravitational anomalies. The official CODATA (1998) value for the gravitational constant (G) is 6.673 +/- 0.010 x 10 -11 m3 kg -1 s -2 . While the values ​​of many "fundamental constants" are known to eight decimal places, the experimental values ​​of G often diverge only after three, and sometimes do not even agree about the first; this is considered an embarrassment in the age of precision. 1

Assuming the correctness of Newton's gravitational equation, G can be determined in Cavendish-type experiments by measuring a very small angle of deviation of the torsion balance from which large and small metal spheres are suspended, or a very small change in the oscillation period. Such experiments are extremely sensitive and difficult to perform.

For example, electrostatic attraction between metal spheres can affect the results: in one experiment in which a small mass of platinum was coated with a thin layer of lacquer, consistently lower G values ​​were obtained. 2 Note that changes in experimental G values ​​do not necessarily mean that G itself changes; they probably mean that the local manifestation of G, or terrestrial gravity (g), varies with environmental conditions.

Scientists have sometimes speculated about whether G is indeed constant over very long periods of time, but no conclusive evidence has been found of a gradual increase or decrease. 3

In 1981, a paper was published showing that measurements of G in deep mines, wells, and underwater gave values ​​about 1% higher than those currently accepted.4 In addition, the deeper the experiment, the greater the discrepancy. However, no one paid much attention to these results until 1986, when E. Fischbach and colleagues reanalyzed data from a series of experiments by Atvos in the 1920s that were supposed to show that gravitational acceleration is independent of mass or composition. attracted body.

Fischbach et al. discovered that there was a persistent anomaly hidden in the data, which was dismissed as a random error. Based on these laboratory results and observations in the mines, they announced that they had found evidence of a near-field, composition-dependent "fifth force." Their work caused a lot of controversy and caused a storm of experimental activity in physics laboratories around the world. 5

Most of the experiments did not find any evidence of composition dependence; one or two, but this is usually due to experimental error. Several earlier experimenters found anomalies inconsistent with Newtonian theory, but the results have long since been forgotten.

For example, Charles Brush did very precise experiments, showing that metals with very high atomic mass and density tend to fall very slightly faster than elements with lower atomic mass and density, even if the same mass of each metal is used.

He also reported that the constant mass or amount of certain metals could be greatly altered in weight by changing their physical state. 6 His work was not taken seriously by the scientific community, and the very precise spark photography technique he used in his free-fall experiments was never used by other researchers.

Experiments by Victor Crémier have shown that the gravity measured in water on the surface of the Earth seems to be one-tenth greater than that calculated by Newtonian theory.
7

Unexpected anomalies keep appearing. Mikhail Gershtein showed that "G" varies by at least 0.054% depending on the orientation of the two test masses relative to the fixed stars. 8

Gary Vezzoli found that the strength of gravitational interactions varies from 0.04 to 0.05% depending on the temperature, shape and phase of the object. 9 Donald Kelly demonstrated that if the absorptive power of a body is reduced by magnetization or electrical stress, it is attracted to the earth at a speed less than g. 10

Physicists usually measure g in a controlled manner, which includes not changing the absorptive capacity of bodies from their normal state. A team of Japanese scientists found that a right-spinning gyroscope falls slightly faster than when it's not spinning. 11 Bruce DePalma discovered that rotating objects falling in a magnetic field accelerate faster than g. 12

As mentioned above, gravity measurements below the earth's surface are invariably higher than predicted based on Newton's theory. Skeptics simply assume that hidden stones of unusually high density must be present.

However, measurements in mines, where the densities are very well known, gave the same anomalous results as measurements at a depth of 1673 meters in a uniform ice sheet in Greenland, well above the underlying rock. Harold Aspden notes that in some of these experiments Faraday cage-type enclosures are placed around two metal spheres for electrical shielding purposes.

He claims that this can cause an electrical charge to be induced and held onto the spheres, which in turn can cause the "vacuum" (or rather aether) to rotate, causing an influx of aether energy that is lost as excess heat. , resulting in errors of 1 or 2% in G measurements.

All freely falling bodies - individual atoms as well as macroscopic objects - experience a gravitational acceleration (g) of about 9.8 m/s² near the Earth's surface.

The value of g varies little across the Earth due to its deviation from the ideal sphere (i.e. equatorial bulge and local topography) and - in the traditional theory - to local changes in the density of the crust and upper mantle. It is believed that these "gravitational anomalies" are fully explainable in the context of Newtonian theory.

However, the net gravitational force is not necessarily proportional to the inertial mass. Section 2 will present evidence for gravitational shielding, gravity abolition, and antigravity.

Based on Newtonian gravity, one would expect the gravitational pull over continents and especially mountains to be higher than over oceans. In reality, gravity on top of large mountains is less than expected based on their apparent mass, while over the ocean surface it is unexpectedly high.

To explain this, the concept of isostasy was developed: it was postulated that low-density rock exists 30–100 km below the mountains, which supports them, while denser rock exists 30–100 km below the ocean floor. However, this hypothesis is far from proven. Physicist Maurice Allais commented: “There is an excess of gravity over the ocean and a shortage over the continents. The theory of isostasis only provided a pseudo explanation for this.”

The standard simplified theory of isostasy contradicts the fact that in areas of tectonic activity, vertical movements often amplify gravitational anomalies rather than restore isostatic equilibrium. For example, the Greater Caucasus has a positive gravity anomaly (usually interpreted to mean that it is overloaded with excess mass), but it is rising rather than falling.

Newton's theory of gravity is being questioned by various aspects of the behavior of the planets in our solar system. The rings of Saturn, for example, present a big problem. 16

There are tens of thousands of rings and curls, separated by the same number of gaps, in which the substance is either less dense or practically absent. The complex, dynamic nature of the rings seems to defy Newtonian mechanics. The gaps in the asteroid belt present a similar puzzle.

Another anomaly concerns deviations in the orbits of the outer planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune). "Planet X" beyond Pluto has been hypothesized; it should be two to five times more massive than Earth and 50 to 100 times farther from the Sun than Earth (currently Pluto is 30 times farther from the Sun than Earth).

The largest object outside Pluto discovered thus far (July 2005), known as Xena, is about 30% larger than Pluto (which is only two-thirds of the Moon). It has a highly elongated orbit and is currently three times farther from the Sun than Pluto. Two other minor planets about 70% the size of Pluto were seen at about the same distance as Xena. Whether there is enough mass beyond Pluto to account for all the orbital deviations remains to be seen.

1. Pari Spolter, The Gravitational Force of the Sun, Granada Hills, CA: Orb Publishing, 1993.
2. Ibid, p. 39-40, 141-147; "Equivalence principle passes atomic test", physicsweb.org/articles/news/8/11/8/1.
3. "Etometry and Gravity: An Introduction", section 10, davidpratt.info.
4. Johannes Kepler, "The Epitomy of Copernican Astronomy" (1618–21), in The Great Books of the Western World, Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc., 1952, vol. 16, p. 895-905.
5. Quoted in Meta Research Bulletin, 5:3, 1996, p. 41.
6. See Secrets of the Inner Earth, davidpratt.info.

Gravitational anomalies

1. D. Kestenbaum, "The Legend of G.", "The New Scientist", January 17, 1998, pp. 39–42; Vincent Kiernan, "The Gravitational Constant in Air," New Scientist, April 26, 1995, p. eighteen.
2. Spolter, The Gravitational Force of the Sun, p. 117; Pari Spolter, "Problems with the Gravitational Constant", Infinite Energy, 10:59, 2005, p. 39.
3. Rupert Sheldrake, Seven Experiments That Could Change the World, London: The Fourth Estate, 1994, p. 176-178.
4. F. D. Stacy and G. J. Tuck, "Geophysical Evidence for Non-Newtonian Gravity", Nature, v. 292, 1981, pp. 230-232.
5. Seven experiments that could change the world, p. 174-176; Gravitational force of the Sun, s. 146-147.
6. Charles F. Brush, "Some New Experiments in Gravity," Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 63, 1924, p. 57-61.
7. Victor Cremier, "The Study of Gravity", Comptes Rendus de l'académie des Sciences, December 1906, pp. 887-889; Victor Kremier, "The Problem of Gravity", prof. Pur. et Appl., v. 18, 1907, pp. 7-13.
8. Mikhail L. Gershtein, Lev I. Gershtein, Arkady Gershtein and Oleg V. Karagioz, "Experimental Evidence that the Gravitational Constant Changes with Orientation", Infinite Energy, 10:55, 2004, p. 26-28.
9. G. K. Vezzoli, “Properties of water materials associated with electrical and gravitational interactions”, Infinite Energy, 8:44, 2002, p. 58-63.
10. Stephen Mooney, From the Cause of Gravity to the Revolution of Science, Apeiron, 6:1-2, 1999, p. 138-141; Josef Hassleberger, "Comments on Gravity Drop Tests Performed by Donald A. Kelly," Nexus, December 1994-January 1995, pp. 48–49.
11. H. Hayasaka et al., “The possibility of antigravity: Evidence from a free-fall experiment using a spinning gyroscope,” Speculations in Science and Technology, v. 20, 1997, pp. 173-181; keelynet.com/gravity/gyroag.htm.
12. S. C. Holding and G. J. Tuck, "Newtonian Gravitational Constant Shaft Redefined," Nature, v. 307, 1984, pp. 714-716; Mark A. Zumberge et al., "Results from Experiment G in Greenland 1987", Eos, v. 69, 1988, p. 1046; R. Poole, "The Fifth Force Update: More Trials Needed", Science, v. 242, 1988, p. 1499; Ian Anderson, "Ice Tests Provide Stronger Evidence for Fifth Force," New Scientist, 11 August 1988, p. 29.
13. Harold Aspden, "Gravity and Its Thermal Anomaly", Infinite Energy, 7:41, 2002, p. 61-65.
14. MFC Allais, "Should the Laws of Gravity Be Revisited?", Part 2, Aero/Space Engineering, v. 18, Oct 1959, p. 52.
15. WR Corliss (Comp.), Moon and Planets, Glen Arm, MD: Digest Project, 1985, p. 282-284.
16. Tom Van Flandern, Dark Matter, Missing Planets & New Comets, Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books, 1993, pp. 315-325.
17. Jeff Hecht, "Our solar system just got bigger," New Scientist, August 6, 2005, p. 10-11; "The Tenth Planet", New Scientist, February 4, 2006, p. twenty.

2. Shielding, electrogravity, antigravity

Both gravity and electromagnetism obey the inverse square law, that is, their strength decreases by the square of the distance between the interacting systems. In other respects, however, they appear to be very different.

For example, the gravitational force between two electrons is 42 orders of magnitude (10 42) weaker than their electrical repulsion. The reason why electromagnetic forces do not completely suppress gravity in the world around us is that most things are made up of an equal amount of positive and negative electrical charges, the forces of which cancel each other out.

While the electrical and magnetic forces are clearly bipolar, gravity is generally considered to be always attractive, so that similar contractions do not occur.

Another difference is that the presence of a substance can change or shield electrical and magnetic forces and electromagnetic radiation, while the weakening of gravity was supposedly not measured by placing a substance between two bodies, and this is assumed to be true regardless of the thickness of the substance. discussed.

However, some experiments have found evidence that can be interpreted in terms of either gravitational shielding or deviations from the inverse square law.
Gravity shielding

In a long series of very sensitive experiments in the 1920s Kirino Majorana found that placing mercury or lead under a suspended lead sphere acts as a screen and slightly reduces the Earth's gravitational pull. No attempt has been made to reproduce his results using the same experimental techniques.

Other researchers, based on other data, have concluded that if gravitational absorption exists, it must be at least five orders of magnitude smaller than Majorana's experiments suggest. 1

Tom Van Flandern argued that anomalies in the motion of some artificial Earth satellites during eclipse seasons could be caused by shielding the Sun's gravity. 2

Some researchers have found gravitational anomalies that are inconsistent with Newtonian and Einsteinian models of gravity during solar eclipses, but others have found no such anomalies. During solar eclipses in 1954 and 1959, the physicist Maurice Allais(who received the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1988) discovered perturbations in the swing direction of a paraconic pendulum (that is, one suspended from a ball). 3

Erwin Sacks and Mildred Allen confirmed the effect Allais when they measured significant changes in the period of a torsion pendulum during a solar eclipse in 1970. One interpretation is that such anomalies are due to the moon pulling on the Sun's gravity, resulting in a slight increase in Earth's gravity. Allais and Saxl also found unexpected daily and seasonal swings in the pendulum. 4

A similar gravity anomaly was measured using a dual pendulum system during the formation of the Earth-Sun-Jupiter-Saturn line in May 2001. 5 During a total solar eclipse in 1997, a Chinese team took measurements with a high-precision gravimeter. However, unlike the Allais effect, they found a decrease in the Earth's gravity.

Moreover, the effect occurred immediately before and after the eclipse, but not at its height. 6 In the course of observations carried out since 1987, Shu-wen Zhou and his collaborators confirmed the occurrence of an anomalous force of horizontal oscillations when the Sun, Moon and Earth are aligned, and showed that this affects the nature of the graininess in crystals - the spectral wavelengths of atoms and molecules and the speed of atomic clocks. 7

Various conventional explanations have been proposed to explain gravitational anomalies during eclipses, such as instrument errors, gravitational effects of denser air due to cooling of the upper atmosphere, seismic disturbances caused by observers moving to and from a location where the eclipse is visible, and the tilt of the earth. due to cooling.

In a recent review (2004), the physicist Chris Duif argued that none of them is convincing. He believes that gravitational shielding cannot explain the results either, as it would be too weak (if it exists at all). Independent Researcher Thomas Goody plans to conduct a series of rigorous eclipse experiments over the next few years in the hope of shedding more light on the subject. 8

Possible evidence for gravity is provided by experiments reported by Evgeny Podkletnov and his colleagues in 1992 and 1995.

When a ceramic superconductor was magnetically lifted and rotated at high speed in the presence of an external magnetic field, objects placed above the spinning disc changed weight. * A weight reduction of 0.3-0.5% was achieved, and when the rotation speed was slowly reduced from 5000 rpm to 3500, the maximum weight loss was about 2% within about 30 seconds. recorded, although not with the same frequency.

* The weight of a body is equal to its mass multiplied by the acceleration due to gravity (W = mg). Strictly speaking, an object with a mass of 1 kg weighs 9.8 Newtons on the ground. However, weights are usually given in kilograms, and a gravitational acceleration of 9.8 m/s² at the earth's surface is taken for granted. If the force of gravity acting on a body decreases, its weight also decreases, but its mass (in the sense of "amount of matter") remains the same.

Note that the apparent weight of a body will change if it is accelerated by non-gravitational forces that either counteract or reinforce the local gravitational field; for example, an electrodynamic force can be used to suppress gravity.

Other researchers have found that Podkletnov's experiment is extremely difficult to fully reproduce in full (Podkletnov did not disclose the exact recipe for making his superconductors), but stripped-down versions produced small effects (on the order of one part in 104). 10

From 1995 to 2002, NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center attempted a full experimental replication of the Podkletnov configuration, but ran out of resources. A privately funded replication was completed in 2003 but showed no signs of gravity. NASA concluded that this approach was not a viable candidate for a breakthrough. 11

Gravity and electromagnetism

Various experimental results point to a connection between electromagnetism and gravity.

For example, Erwin Saxl found that when the torsion pendulum was positively charged, it took longer to complete its arc than when it was negatively charged. Maurice Allais conducted experiments in 1953 to investigate the effect of a magnetic field on the motion of a glass pendulum oscillating inside a solenoid and concluded that there was a relationship between electromagnetism and gravity. 1

Bruce DePalma conducted numerous experiments showing that rotation and rotating magnetic fields can have anomalous gravitational and inertial effects. 2 Podkletnov's experiments seem to confirm this.

A controversial researcher of electrogravity is John Searle, English electronics technician. 2 In 1949, he discovered that a small voltage (or electromotive force) was induced in rotating metal objects. The negative charge was outside and the positive charge was around the center of rotation. He reasoned that free electrons were ejected by centrifugal force, leaving a positive charge at the center.

In 1952, he built a generator about three feet in diameter based on this principle. When tested outdoors, it reportedly produced a powerful electrostatic effect on nearby objects, accompanied by crackling sounds and the smell of ozone.

The generator then lifted off the ground, continuing to accelerate, and rose to a height of about 50 feet, breaking communication with the engine. He briefly hovered at that altitude, still accelerating. A pink halo appeared around him, indicating the ionization of the surrounding atmosphere. It also made the local radios work on their own.

Finally, it reached another critical rotational speed, quickly gained altitude and disappeared from view.

Rice. 2.1. Searl disk.

Searle said that he and his colleagues subsequently created over 50 versions of their "frivolity disc" in various sizes and learned how to manage them. He claims that the authorities harassed him, resulting in wrongful imprisonment and the destruction of much of his work, so he had to start over.

His claim that one of his ships circled the world several times in the early 1970s without being detected does nothing to enhance his credibility.

Although Searl was fired as scammer, there are indications that the "Searl effect" may involve a real anomaly. Two Russian scientists V.V. Roshchin and CM. Godin, conducted an experiment with a Searle-type generator and observed a 35% weight reduction, a glow, an ozone smell, anomalous magnetic field effects, and a drop in temperature. They concluded that orthodox physics without aether could not explain these results. 4 However, separating genuine gravitational anomalies from electrodynamic artifacts in such experiments is not an easy task.

In the 1980s, an electrical engineer Floyd Sweet developed a device consisting of a set of specially prepared magnets wrapped in wires, known as a vacuum triode amplifier (VTA), which is designed to excite oscillations in magnetic fields. He could give out much more energy than he consumed, capturing energy from the "vacuum" (that is, the energy of the ether).

In one experiment, he lost 90% of his original weight before the experiment was stopped for safety reasons. Later, Sweet managed to get the VTA to hover and accelerate upwards, with the device tethered. He became very paranoid after the alleged assassination attempt and died without revealing the full secrets of his invention. 5

The "Hutchison effect" refers to a set of phenomena discovered by accident by inventor John Hutchison in 1979. Electromagnetic effects caused by a combination of power equipment, including Tesla coils, have caused heavy objects to levitate (including the canonical 60-pound ball), melting of dissimilar materials such as metal and wood, abnormal heating of metals without burning adjacent materials, spontaneous destruction of metals, and changes in the crystal structure and physical properties of metals.

The effects have been well documented on film and videotape and have been witnessed numerous times by chartered scientists and engineers, but are difficult to reproduce consistently. 6

Team Pentagon spent several months investigating the Hutchison effect in 1983. Four investigators ran away, which is real, while the fifth simply dismissed everything that happened as "smoke and mirrors". Many phenomena were noted: a heavy-duty molybdenum rod was bent into an S-shape, as if it were soft metal; a piece of high-carbon steel ground at one end and reduced to lead at the other; a piece of PVC plastic vanished into thin air; pieces of steel wood are inserted in the middle of pieces of aluminum; and all sorts of objects levitated.

Two aerospace companies (Boeing and McDonnell Douglas) have also investigated the Hutchison effect. The problem is its randomness and unpredictability. Indeed, some researchers believe that this is at least partly due to Hutchison's own unconscious psychokinetic abilities. 7

Podkletnov says that a 2% weight loss was achieved with his superconducting device, which is about 10 billion times more than is allowed in general relativity. Unknown, Podkletnov claimed that if superconductors spin 5-10 times faster than normal around 5000 rpm, the disc experiences so much weight loss that it takes off. 8

Joe Parr and Dan Davidson they say they have measured weight losses of up to 50% in a "gravity wheel" - a small wheel with copper triangles around the circumference, which is rotated on a shaft by a high-speed motor between permanent magnets. installed on both sides. 9

Aether scientists Paulo and Alexandra Correa have also demonstrated that gravity can be controlled by electromagnetic means. In one experiment, a 43 milligram piece of gold suspended from a bracket of a wooden beam connected to a sensitive electronic balance (far away) was rapidly reduced in weight by 70%.

This was achieved by superimposing an electrical frequency adjusted to match that of the golden anti-graviton (as it is called in Correas etherometry models). This method is able to provide 100% weight reduction for objects of known composition in the range of 100 milligrams.

It is estimated that between 2,000 and 3,000 experimenters worldwide are conducting unorthodox research on technologies that go beyond currently accepted scientific paradigms, including gravity control devices and "free energy". 11 Correas are known for their rigorous, experimental approach.

They say they observed weight loss with their PAGD (Pulsed Abnormal Glow Discharge) reactors, but the fact that the observations were difficult to reproduce led them to believe that they did not adequately shield the experiments from electrodynamic artifacts found in the input wires or in the arrangement of liquid conductors. Not all alternative researchers are as cautious and self-critical as this one, and the standard of research is not the same.
Biefeld-Brown effect

Region electrogravity was first developed by physicist and inventor Thomas Townsend Brown (1905-1985) starting in the mid-1920s. He discovered that if an electrical capacitor* using a heavy dielectric material with a high charge storage between its plates is charged between 75,000 and 300,000 volts, it will move towards its positive pole - this later became known as Biefeld-Brown effect ,

He found that the thrust grew exponentially with increasing voltage, and that the greater the mass of dielectric material between the plates, the greater the effect. He attributed this force to an electrostatically induced artificial gravitational field acting between the capacitor's plates. He received several patents for his devices, and some of his results have been replicated by other researchers. 1

Capacitors are devices that store electrical charge in the space between two separate, oppositely charged electrodes. Their ability to store electrical energy can be greatly increased by introducing a solid dielectric material into the space separating the electrodes. Dielectrics are materials that conduct electricity poorly (such as ceramics).

Brown's work aroused the interest of the US military. In 1952, an Air Force Major General witnessed a demonstration in which Brown operated a pair of 18-inch disc profiles suspended at opposite ends of a rotating arm. With electricity of 50,000 volts, they traveled at a speed of 12 miles per hour.

However, in the same year, a Naval Administration researcher wrote a report concluding that the disks were driven by the pressure of negative ions hitting the positive electrode (ionic wind) rather than by changing gravity.

Rice. 2.1 Installing Brown's Electrokinetic Flying Disc.
Patent No. 2,949,550 August 16, 1960

Paul LaViolette considers Brown's discovery to support his theory that negative charges such as electrons generate an anti-gravity field (see Section 3). He's writing:

Brown's disks were charged with a high positive voltage on a wire running along their leading edge and a high negative voltage on a wire running along their trailing edge. When the wires ionized the air around them, a dense cloud of positive ions would form in front of the ship, and a corresponding cloud of negative ions would form behind the ship.

Brown's research showed that, like the charged plates of his capacitors, these ion clouds induced a gravitational force from minus to plus.

As the disk moved forward in response to its self-generated gravitational field, it carried clouds of positive and negative ions with it, with a corresponding electrogravity gradient. Hence, the discs will ride their advancing gravity wave like surfers ride an ocean wave. 2

Rice. 2.2 Side view of one of Brown's circular flying discs showing the location of its ionic charges and induced gravitational field - from LaViolette data.

At the end of 1954 Brown operated a set of 3-foot-diameter saucers for military officials and representatives of a number of major aviation companies. When 150,000 volts were applied, the disks rotated around a course of 50 feet in diameter so rapidly that the object was immediately classified. Later Interavia magazine reported that the speed of the disk reached several hundred miles per hour at a voltage of several hundred thousand volts.

A declassified aviation industry intelligence report indicates that by September 1954 years Pentagon began a secret government program to develop a manned anti-gravity craft of the type that Brown had proposed two years earlier.

However, Brown was not officially involved in this project. In 1955 and the following years, he conducted tests in a vacuum chamber that proved that his devices continued to experience thrust even in the absence of ionic wind. By 1958, he had succeeded in developing a 15-inch-diameter domed saucer that, when energized between 50,000 and 250,000 volts, rose and hung in the air, supporting an additional mass equal to 10% of its mass. the weight.

Rice. 2.3 Brown's setup to test a device capable of withstanding levitation.

In the mid-1950s, more than ten major aviation companies were actively involved in electrogravity research.

Since then, there has been no information about any anti-gravity work done by the US military. LaViolette suggests that covertly developed electrogravity technology was applied to a bomber- invisible B-2 to provide an auxiliary driving mode. His opinion is based on the disclosure of the fact that B-2 electrostatically charges both the leading edge of its wing-shaped body and the jet exhaust stream to a high voltage.

Positive ions emitted from its wing leading edge will create a positively charged parabolic ion canopy ahead of the craft, while negative ions injected into its exhaust stream will form a trailing negative space charge with a potential difference in excess of 15 million volts. . [This] will create an artificial gravitational field that will induce a non-reactive force on the aircraft in the direction of the positive pole.

An electrogravity drive of this type could allow the B-2 to operate at greater than unity thrust efficiency when cruising at supersonic speeds. 4

Rice. 2.4 B-2 stealth bomber.
Each plane costs more than two billion dollars.

Rice. 2.5 Side view of the B-2 showing the shape of its electrically charged Mach-2 supersonic shock wave and exhaust flow. Solid arrows show the direction of the ion flow; dashed arrows show the direction of the gravity gradient induced around the ship - according to LaViolette.

B-2 pilots and engineers openly ridiculed LaViolette's assumptions. The official explanation is that encasing the B-2 in a static electricity shield is designed to reduce its radar and thermal signature and make it ultra-stealthy. Some authors claim that this also reduces air resistance and thereby improves its lift, but this is achieved aerodynamically rather than electrogravitationally. 5

Nature effect Biefeld-Brown

Thomas Bader and Chris Fasi

Biefeld-Brown(BB) continues to cause controversy. According to the classical BB effect, the greatest force on an asymmetric capacitor (that is, a force in which the two electrodes are of different sizes) is in the direction from the negative (larger) electrode to the positive (smaller) electrode.

Thomas Bader and Chris Fasi from the US Army Research Laboratory confirmed that when a high voltage of about 30,000 volts is applied to an asymmetrical capacitor (in the form of a "lifter"), the capacitor experiences a net force towards the smaller electrode, but they found that the force is independent of the polarity of the applied voltage.

They calculate that the contribution of the ion wind is at least three orders of magnitude too small to explain the entire effect, and say that more experimental and theoretical work is needed to find an explanation.

They do not believe that the BB effect has anything to do with anti-gravity or that it demonstrates an interaction between gravity and electromagnetism. 6 Bader suspects that the asymmetric electric fields created by an asymmetric capacitor cause the charge of ions to flow around the capacitor, and the force of the back reaction "propels" it forward.

In 1996, a research group at the Honda Research and Development Institute in Japan conducted experiments that confirmed the BB effect. Here, too, an upward force was created (so that the capacitor seemed to lose weight) regardless of the polarity of the applied voltage.

Takaaki Musha believes that the effect may involve the creation of a new gravitational field within the atom by a high potential electric field due to an interaction between electricity and gravity, the mechanism of which is not yet understood. 7

The BB effect is said to be exhibited by cheap, lightweight devices known as "hoists" made of aluminum foil, balsa wood, and thin wire, and powered by a ground-based high-voltage power source. 8 Hundreds of independent researchers around the world are experimenting with these devices. The lower and larger electrode is a strip of aluminum foil stretched between balsa wood spacers.

The smaller electrode is a thin strip of wire set about one inch above the aluminum foil. When a charge of 30,000 volts is applied, a hissing noise is heard, and the athlete rises into the air to the level at which his cable reaches. Pull also occurs when the lifter is oriented horizontally, indicating that the effect is not due to gravity shielding.

The lift works whether the positive or negative lead is connected to the wire (leading electrode), although the thrust is slightly greater if a positive voltage is applied.

Rice. 2.6

NASA argues that the movement of ionized air molecules from one electrode to another explains the explosive effect and excludes it from the search for exotic new propulsion technologies.

So, if the B-2 did use anti-gravity technology based on the BB effect, NASA doesn't seem to know anything about it! However, in 2002 he received a patent for a tubular version of Brown's asymmetric capacitor motor, although he did not mention Brown's name. Such devices certainly create an ionic wind, as the breeze can be felt.

More stringent tests are required to determine to what extent the effect persists in a vacuum, as experiments to date have not been conclusive. An experiment with a lifter conducted at Purdue University in a vacuum building gave positive results, but tests by other researchers gave negative results. 9 It has not yet been proven that the "lifter" phenomenon involves more than electrostatic and electrodynamic effects.

Paulo and Alexandra Correa(see above and section 3), whose experimental and observational skills are clearly demonstrated by the various aether energy technologies they have developed, are planning to publish their own findings on the BB effect in the near future.

They have already made their position clear: experimental work T.T. Brown and his followers is extremely imperfect, since the initial effect of the explosive was confused with anomalous phenomena associated with the emission of electrons and cathodic reaction forces;

Assumptions LaViolette widespread; the charges trapped in ordinary capacitors do not have an anti-gravity effect, but the BB effect masks the true anti-gravity phenomenon associated with repulsion between like charges.

Gyroscopes: Newton in Spin

Rotating flywheels or gyroscopes can cause an "anti-gravity" effect. In 1989, Japanese scientists H. Hayasaka and S. Tackeuchi reported in a major journal that a gyroscope rotating around a vertical axis in vacuum experienced a slight weight loss directly proportional to the rotation speed. The effect was observed only for clockwise rotation (when viewed from above in their laboratory in the northern hemisphere).

The anomaly was buried in an avalanche of hasty criticism and misguided attempts to replicate the experiment. 1 In 1997, Hayasaka's group reported an experiment that confirmed their earlier results: when a gyroscope fell 63 inches in a vacuum between two laser beams, it took more than 1/25,000 of a second to cover that distance while spinning at 18,000 rpm. min clockwise (when viewed from above), which corresponds to a weight loss of 1 part per 7000. 2

If the flywheel or gyroscope is forced to precess* very significant weight loss can occur. Electrical engineering professor Erica Lightwaite (who died in 1997) once gave a demonstration at London's Imperial College of Science and Technology involving an 8-kg flywheel on a 2.7 kg prop shaft, which he could barely lift off the ground with his right hand,

After the flywheel was forced to precess, he was able to lift it easily on his little finger with less than 1kg of force. In another experiment, a young boy was tied to a pole on a turntable and handed a 1-meter rod, at the end of which was a rotating gyroscope weighing 20.4 kg.

When the turntable accelerated, the gyroscope flew up into the air as easily as if a boy were opening an umbrella, and when it was slowed down, the gyroscope dropped to the ground. In whatever direction the gyroscope moved, the boy could easily support it.

Another remarkable effect is that if a vertical pencil is placed in the path of the precessing flywheel shaft, it can stop the precessional movement of the flywheel without causing a lateral force on the pencil; In other words, the flywheel generates little or no centrifugal force.

"Force pretreated" means that the gyroscope precesses faster than normal gravity. "Precession" means, for example, that while one end of the shaft is held stationary by the hand, the end carrying the rotating flywheel passes in a circle so that the shaft sweeps out the cone.

Rice. 2.7. One of Eric Laithwaite's gyroscope demonstrations. The top rotates at 2000 rpm and rises in a spiral path quite quickly. 3

Because there is no generally accepted theory to explain this phenomenon, most scientists tend to either ignore it or try to discredit it.

Leithweight was ostracized by the scientific establishment, especially after he used a lecture before the Royal Institution in 1974 to demonstrate that a pre-forced gyroscope becomes lighter and produces lift without any counterbalancing reaction force - contrary to Newton's third law of motion.

Royal Institute was not surprised: for the first time in 200 years, a guest lecture was not published, and Leithwaite was denied communication with the Royal Society. He continued to experiment with various complex gyroscopic setups and believed he had discovered an entirely new thrustless thrust system known as "mass transfer" which was covered by two patents.

Several other inventors such as Sandy Kidd and Scott Strahan, have created gyroscopic thrusters that develop reactionless thrust. For a time, Kidd received financial backing from an Australian company (until it went bankrupt) and British Aerospace, and his prototypes showed little anomalous strength under rigorous independent testing. He is still developing his devices and says they can now produce 7kg of thrust. 4

Harold Aspden States that unbalanced the linear force is generated by using the spin energy of the gyroscope, so conservation of energy is preserved. He explains this phenomenon with his model of aether physics: the rotation of the aether separates the flywheel from the flow of aether particles, which usually give it weight. 5

His theory can also explain the amount of lift measured in the Japanese gyroscope experiments. If the theory is correct, it would be more correct to say that gyroscopes can cause degravity or weight neutralization, rather than antigravity in the strict sense of the word.

1. V. Majorana, “On gravity. Theoretical and experimental studies”, Phil. Mag., Vol. 39, 1920, p. 488-504; Q. Majorana, "Sur l'abissionption de la gravitation," Comptes Rendus de l'académie des Sciences, v. 173, 1921, pp. 478-479; Q. Majorana, "Quelques restores the natural absorption of gravity", "Journal of Physique et le Radium", I, 1930, pp. 314-324; Matthew R. Edwards (ed.), Pushing Gravity: New Perspectives on Le Sage's Theory of Gravity, Montreal, Quebec: Apeiron, 2002, p. 219-238, 259-266.
2. Tom Van Flandern, "Possible new properties of gravity", Astrophysics and Space Science, v. 244, 1996, pp. 249-261.
3. MFC Allais, "Should the Laws of Gravity Be Revisited?", Parts 1 and 2, Aero/Space Engineering, v. 18, Sep. 1959, pp. 46-52, and v. 18, Oct 1959, pp. 51-55 , http://allais.maurice.free.fr/English/media10-1.htm ; http://www.allais.info/allaisdox.htm.
4. EJ Saxl, "The Electrically Charged Torque of a Pendulum", Nature, v. 203, 1964, p. 136-138; E. J. Saxl and M. Allen, "Solar Eclipse of 1970 'as Seen' by a Torsion Pendulum", Physical Review D, v. 3, 1971, pp. 823-825; Journal of Scientific Exploration (www.scientificexploration.org), 10:2, p. 269-279, and 10:3, p. 413-416, 1996.
5. Gary C. Vezzoli, "Gravity Data During the May 18, 2001 Syzygy and Related Studies", Infinite Energy (www.infinite-energy.com), 9:53, 2004, p. 18-27.
6. Qian-shen Wang et al., "Accurate measurement of gravity changes during a total solar eclipse", Physical Review D, v. 62, 2000, 041101, http://home.t01.itscom.net/allais/blackprior/wang/wangetal.pdf; Xin-She Yang and Qian-Shen Wang, "A gravitational anomaly during the Mohe total solar eclipse and a new constraint on the gravitational shielding parameter", Astrophysics and Space Science, v. 282, 2002, pp. 245-253, www.eclipse2006.boun.edu.tr/sss/paper02.pdf.
7. Shu-wen Zhou, "Unusual Physical Phenomena Observed in the Alignment of the Sun, Moon, and Earth," Science and Technology of the 21st Century, Fall 1999, p. 55-61.
8. Chris P. Duif, "Review of conventional explanations for anomalous observations during solar eclipses", www.space-time.info/duifhome/duifhome.html; Govert Schilling, "The Shadow Over Gravity," New Scientist, November 27, 2004, p. 28-31; www.allais.info.
9. HER. Podkletnov, "Weak Gravity Shielding Properties of the YBa2Cu3O7-x Composite Bulk Superconductor at Temperatures Below 70 K in an Electromagnetic Field", 1995, www.gravity-society.org/msu.htm ; American Antigravity, americanantigravity.com/podkletnov.html.
10. Edwards, pushing gravity, r. 315.
11. Mark J. Millis, "Prospects for a Breakthrough Movement in Physics", 2004, www.lerc.nasa.gov/WWW/bpp/TM-2004-213082.htm.

Gravity and electromagnetism

1. EJ Saxl, "The Electrically Charged Torque of a Pendulum", Nature, v. 203, 1964, p. 136-138; Maurice Allais, "The action of a magnetic field on the movement of a pendulum", Science and Technology of the 21st Century, Summer 2002, p. 34-40.
   Primal Energy House (Bruce DePalma), www.depalma.pair.com; Gene Manning, The Coming Energy Revolution: The Quest for Free Energy, New York: Avery, 1996, p. 82-86.
2. Ro Sigma (Rolf Schaffranke), Ether-Technology: A Rational Approach to Controlling Gravity, Lakemont, GA: CSA Printing & Bindery, 1977, p. 73-82, 87-88, 108; John Davidson, "The Secret of the Creative Vacuum", Saffron Walden, Essex: Daniel Company, 1989, p. 200-216; Searle effect, www.searleffect.com.
3. V.V. Roshchin, S.M. Godin, "Experimental study of magnetic-gravity effects", www.rexresearch.com/roschin/roschin.htm .
4. The Coming Energy Revolution, p. 74-76; Thomas E. Bearden, Energy from a Vacuum, Santa Barbara, CA: Cheniere Press, 2002, pp. 305-321, 436-468, 455, 459-464, 502-503.
5. Mark A. Solis, "The Hutchison Effect - Explained", www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/Thinktank/8863/HEffect1.html .
6. Nick Cook, Zero Point Hunt, London: Arrow, 2002, p. 377-387.
7. Ibid, p. 342.
8. Dan A. Davidson, Free Energy, Gravity, and Ether, 1997, www.keelynet.com/davidson/npap1.htm; Dan A.
9. Davidson, Shape Power, Sierra Vista, AR: RIVAS, 1997, p. 98-104.
10. Eugene F. Mullov, "A Matter of Gravity", Infinite Energy, 8:45, 2002, p. 6-8, aetherometry.com/mallove_letter2.html; Massfree Energy Technologies, www.massfree.com (Technologies).
11. Dan A. Davidson, Free Energy, Gravity, and Aether, 1997, www.keelynet.com/davidson/npap1.htm.

Biefeld-Brown effect

1. Paul LaViolette, Subquantum Kinetics: A Systems Approach to Physics and Cosmology, Alexandria, VA: Starlane Publications, 2nd ed., 2003, p. 243-259 (www.etheric.com); Paul LaViolette, "American Anti-Gravity Squadron", Thomas Valone (ed.), "Electrogravity Systems: Papers on a New Propulsion Technique", Washington, DC: Integrity Research Institute, 1999, p. 82-101; Thomas Townsend Brown website, www.soteria.com/brown; Rho-Sigma, Ether-Technology, p. 25-49.
2. US Anti-Gravity Squadron, p. 85.
3. Electrogravity systems, p. 8-44.
4. US Anti-Gravity Squadron, p. 82.
5. Cook, The Hunt for the Zero Point, p. 194-200.
6. Thomas B. Bauder and Chris Fasi, "Force on an Asymmetric Capacitor", Infinite Energy, 9:50, 2003, p. 34-44, http://jlnlabs.imars.com/lifters/arl_fac/index.html.
7. Takaaki Musha, "Possibility of a strong connection between electricity and gravity", Infinite Energy, 9:53, 2004, p. 61-64.
8. Infinite Energy, 8:45, 2002, pp. 6-8, 13-31, www.infinite-energy.com/iemagazine/issue45/thelifterphen.html; Jean-Louis Naudin, http://jnaudin.free.fr/lifters/main.htm; American Antigravity, http://tventura.hypermart.net.
9. Gravitec Inc, foldedspace.com/corporate.html ; Blaze Labs Research, www.blazelabs.com/l-vacuum.asp ; Tim Ventura, "Inertial reversal in lifters", americanantigravity.com.

Gyroscopes: Newton in the back

1. H. Hayasaka and S. Tackeuchi, "Anomalous Weight Loss During Rotation of a Gyroscope on the Ground", Physical Review Letters, 63:25, 1989, pp. 2701-2704; Vezzoli, "Gravity data during the May 18, 2001 syzygy and related studies", p. eighteen.
2. H. Hayasaka et al., “The possibility of antigravity: Evidence from a free-fall experiment using a spinning gyroscope,” Speculations in Science and Technology, v. 20, 1997, pp. 173-181; keelynet.com/gravity/gyroag.htm.
3. Alex Jones, Electronics & Wireless World, 93, 1987, p. 64.
4. Davidson, The Secret of the Creative Vacuum, p. 258-274; www.gyroscopes.org/propulsion.asp; Sandy Kidd, Per 2001: Revolutionizing the Laws of Physics, London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1990.
5. H. Aspden, "Antigravity Theory", Physics Essays, 4:1, 1991, p. 13-19, in: Harold Aspden, Aether Science Papers, Southampton: Sabberton Publications, 1996, p. 2., p. 69, paper 13; H. Aspden, "Antigravity Electronics", Electronics & Wireless World, January 1989, p. 29–31.

3. Explaining gravity

Empty space, curved space and ether

Newton's theory of gravity suggests that gravity propagates instantaneously through empty space, meaning it is thought to be a form of action at a distance. However, in a personal letter, Newton himself dismissed the idea:

This gravity must be innate, inherent and essential to matter, so that one body can act upon another at a distance through a vacuum, without the mediation of anything else by which their action and force can be transmitted from one to another. the other is so great absurdity for me that I believe that not a single person who has competent thinking in philosophical questions will ever be able to get into it. 1

Newton periodically toyed with the idea of ​​an all-pervading ether filling his "absolute space" and thought that the cause of gravity must be a spiritual factor, which he understood to mean "God."

The need to postulate the ether emphasizes G. de Puruker :

We must either accept the existence of the ether or ethers, i.e., that extremely rarefied and ethereal substance that fills all space, whether it be interstellar or interplanetary or interatomic and intraatomic, or take action at a distance - action at a distance without the intervention of an intermediary or means transfers; and such action in remote areas is apparently impossible by all known scientific standards. Reason, common sense, logic. , to demand the existence of such an all-penetrating medium, whatever name we may call it. , 2

Logically, each type of force must ultimately be produced by the activity of material, though not necessarily physical, agents moving at a finite, though perhaps superluminal, speed.

In 1905, Albert Einstein dismissed the ether as "superfluous". However, he acknowledged that gravitational fields were present in all regions of space, and for a while he spoke of the "gravitational aether", but he turned it into an empty abstraction, denying it any energetic properties.

The fact that space has over 10 different characteristics - permittivity, elastic modulus, magnetic permeability, magnetic susceptibility, conductance modulus, electromagnetic wave impedance, etc. - is a clear indication that it is far from empty. But it is more reasonable to consider space as consisting of energy-matter, and not just "filled" with it.

But while Newton attributed gravitational attraction to the density of matter, Einstein suggested that the same amount of matter ("gravitational mass") somehow deformed the hypothetical four-dimensional "space-time continuum" and that this deformation caused the planets to revolve around the Sun.

In other words, gravity is not seen as a force that propagates, but is ostensibly the result of masses somehow miraculously distorting the "fabric of space-time" in their vicinity. Thus, instead of being pulled by the sun, the Earth is supposed to follow the closest equivalent of a straight line available to it through curved space-time around the Sun.

Relativists attribute the bending of starlight as it passes near the Sun mainly to the curvature of space. At Jupiter's distance, the curvature would be only 0.00078 arcseconds - and we have to believe that this slight "space-time" warp could cause a planet the size of Jupiter to revolve around the Sun! Moreover, "curved spacetime" is just a geometric abstraction - or rather a mathematical monster - and can in no way be considered an explanation for gravity.

While it is commonly claimed that relativity has been confirmed by observational data, there are alternative—and much more reasonable—explanations for all the experiments cited in its rationale.

General relativity states that matter, regardless of its electrical charge, creates only an attractive gravitational force and allows only very slight gravitational shielding or anti-gravity effects.

Also, it does not predict any relationship between electrostatic and gravitational fields. In fact, Townsend Brown's groundbreaking 1929 paper reporting the possible discovery of electrogravity was rejected by Physical Review because it contradicted general relativity.

Fields, strings, branes

According to quantum field theory, the four recognized forces — gravity, electromagnetism, and the weak and strong nuclear forces — arise from particles of matter constantly emitting and absorbing various types of force-bearing "virtual" particles (known as bosons) that are constantly flickering in and out of existence.

It is assumed that the gravitational force is mediated by gravitons - hypothetical massless uncharged infinitesimal particles moving at the speed of light. Since gravitons would presumably be identical to their antiparticles, this theory also seems to rule out antigravity, and also doesn't explain electrogravity.

Experimental support for these particle exchange theories is lacking, and it is not clear how they can explain attractive as well as repulsive forces. It is sometimes said that bosons carry a "message" telling matter particles to approach or move apart - but that doesn't explain anything at all.

Moreover, in the Standard Model, force-bearing particles, such as particles of fundamental matter, are treated as infinitesimal zero-dimensional point particles, which is clearly absurd. As a result of these idealized representations, quantum computing tends to suffer from infinities that must be eliminated through a trick known as "renormalization".

Einstein spent the last 40 years of his life trying to expand the geometric concepts of general relativity to include electromagnetic interactions, and to unify the laws of gravity and the laws of electromagnetism into a unified field theory. Many other mathematicians also worked on this subject, and some of these theories introduced a fourth, folded dimension. None of these attempts have been successful, and the search for a unified theory continues.

Some scientists believe that string (or superstring) theory, which first appeared in the 1970s, is an important step towards a "theory of everything". String theory postulates that all material and force particles, and even space (and time!),

Also arise from vibrating one-dimensional strings, about a billion trillion trillion centimeters (10-33 cm) long, but with zero thickness, inhabiting a ten-dimensional universe in which six extra spatial dimensions are folded so small that they cannot be detected! This theory has no experimental support; indeed, detecting individual strings would require a particle accelerator at least as large as our galaxy.

Moreover, the mathematics of string theory is so complex that no one knows the exact equations, and even approximate equations are so complex that they have only been partially solved so far.

Some scientists believe that outside of string theory lies M-theory, which postulates a universe of 11 dimensions, populated not only by one-dimensional strings, but also by two-dimensional membranes, three-dimensional drops (tribranes), and higher one-dimensional objects, up to nine dimensions (nine bran).

It is even assumed that the fundamental components of the universe can be zero. 2 Such crazy ideas do not contribute to our understanding of the real world and just show what surreal purely mathematical speculations can become.

Zero point field

According to quantum theory, electromagnetic fields (and other force fields) are subject to constant, completely random* fluctuations even at the theoretical temperature of absolute zero (-273°C), when all thermal mixing ceases. As a result, "empty space" is believed to be teeming with zero-temperature energy in the form of fluctuating fields of electromagnetic radiation (zero-point field) and short-lived virtual particles (the "Dirac Sea"). 1

Formally, each point in space must contain an infinite amount of zero point energy. Assuming the minimum wavelength of electromagnetic oscillations, the energy density of the "quantum vacuum" has been reduced to an astronomical figure of 10108 joules per cubic centimeter!

Blavatsky writes:

“It is impossible to imagine anything without a reason; trying to do this makes the mind blank. 2

This implies that there must be a lot of scientists walking around with empty minds!

The reason we don't usually notice this energy is said to be due to its uniform density, and most scientists are happy to ignore it entirely. However, many experiments have been carried out, the results of which are widely regarded as being consistent with the existence of a zero point energy.

The presence of surfaces changes the vacuum energy density and can lead to the emergence of vacuum forces, for example, the Casimir effect - the force of attraction between two parallel conducting plates. However, much more experimental work is needed to test the theory and alternative explanations.

Center for Space Flights. Marshall, NASA is exploring the possibility of using zero-point energy to propel a spacecraft as part of its breakthrough propulsion physics program. 3

While conventional quantum electrodynamics infers a zero point field ( ZPF) - sometimes called "quantum aether" - from quantum theory and suggesting that it is generated by physical matter-energy, there is a competing approach (stochastic electrodynamics) that treats the ZPF as a very real, internal substratum of the universe.

Some scientists suggest that mass, inertia and gravity are related to the fluctuating electromagnetic energy of the ZPF. 4 Inertia (the resistance of a body to a change in its state of motion) is called an acceleration-dependent electromagnetic drag force resulting from the interaction between a charged particle and a ZPF.

ZPF fluctuations are also said to cause charged particles to emit secondary electromagnetic fields, which cause a residual force of attraction, gravity. In this theory, gravity is considered as a manifestation of electromagnetism. It is assumed that by changing the configuration of the ZPF surrounding the body, it is possible to change its inertia or "inertial mass" and control gravity.

Some ZPF researchers suggest that there is no such thing as mass - only charges that interact with the all-pervading electromagnetic field, creating the illusion of matter. 5 However, since they do not present a concrete picture of what they mean by "charge" or "charged particle", this theory does not take us very far.

In the standard model of particle physics, "fundamental" charged particles such as electrons and quarks are modeled as infinitesimal particles with no internal structure, which is clearly a physical impossibility.

pushing gravity
According to the theory of the effect of gravity, created mainly by the 18th century scientist Georges-Louis Le Sage, gravity is caused by physical matter being continuously bombarded with extremely tiny, unobservable particles ("gravitons" - a word for different things in different theories), which travel through space in all directions much faster than the speed of light.

The particles must be so small that they only occasionally hit the material constituents in the bodies they pass through, so that each constituent has an equal chance of hitting.

Any two bodies in space will shadow each other from some graviton impacts, causing them to "pull" (i.e. push) towards each other with a force that obeys the inverse square law. Several competing versions of Le Sage theory are currently being proposed.

They fall into two main groups: those that chase the approach of particles (or corpusculars) and those that replace the sea of ​​gravitons with very high or low frequency electromagnetic radiation that fills all of space.

Collisions between gravitons and matter must be inelastic, otherwise the gravitons will bounce back and forth between the two bodies, thus eliminating the screening effect. A common objection is that inelastic graviton impacts will rapidly heat all material bodies to enormous temperatures. Proponents of the theory simply argue that bodies must somehow radiate as much heat back into space as they absorb. However, there is no clear evidence to support this in the case of the Earth.

In Newtonian theory, gravity is supposed to act instantaneously, while in relativity theory it travels at the speed of light. It is sometimes argued that if the Sun's force propagates at the speed of light, it will greatly accelerate the Earth's orbital speed—something that is not observed.

Tom Van Flandern calculates from binary pulsar data that gravitons must travel at least 20 billion times faster than light! 2 How these gravitons are generated and can accelerate to such incredible speeds is not explained.

Dismissing the impact theory as speculative and untenable, Pari Spolter argues that since the Sun's gravitational force is constantly spreading in all directions and since the Sun's and planets' angular velocities remain constant over long periods of time, then that's what the speed of gravity is. The lag period will be important only at the beginning and at the end of the evolution of the planet. 3

While it is logical to assume that all attractive forces ultimately result from impacts at some level,* impact gravity theory is too simplistic to account for all relevant facts.

Like the conventional theory of gravity, it cannot explain why all the planets revolve around the Sun in planes that form only small angles to the Sun's equatorial plane, or why all the planets revolve around the Sun in the same direction as the Sun's sense of rotation.

Although Le Sage-type theories can explain gravitational shielding (because matter placed between two gravitating bodies will absorb or deflect gravitons), they cannot easily explain anti-gravity and levitation and usually ignore them. No impact theory has been developed to explain bipolar forces such as electricity and magnetism, and the acceptance of gravity impact theory therefore reduces the relationship between gravity and electromagnetism.

If we reason by analogy (both above and below), the microscopic world is a greatly reduced and accelerated version of the macroscopic world (see "Infinite Divisibility of Matter").

On a macroscopic level, it is impossible to find an attractive or pulling force that is not really a push.

For example, a person who is "sucked" out of a pressurized cockpit if the door is opened while the aircraft is in flight is indeed being forced out by more molecular bombardments "behind" them.

If an object immersed in an elastic fluid emits condensation and rarefaction waves, other bodies will be attracted or repelled depending on whether the wavelength is very large or very small compared to their size. 4 Thus, in this case, both attractive and repulsive forces are involved, and both eventually come down to pushes, but the underlying processes are much more complex than in the aircraft example.

Dynamic Ether

Dynamic Ether. Researchers in the field of ether physics have developed many models to explain the nature of matter and force. Such theories are already "combined" in the sense that physical matter and forces are derived from the activity of the underlying aether.

Subatomic particles are often modeled as self-sustaining vortices in the ether, continuously emitting and absorbing ether flows. Inertia can be thought of as the drag force exerted by a disturbed ether as a body accelerates through it. Electric charge can be represented as a difference in the concentration of ether, and magnetic forces can be represented as circular flows of ether.

Some researchers such as Dan Davidson, they say that just as electric charge is a gradient in the ether, so is the gravitational force a gradient of electric charge. This means that if the ethereal gradient changes around the atom, the force of gravity will also change. This phenomenon can be enhanced by synchronizing the currents of aether through the nucleus of a given mass, either by rotation or movement or sound stimulation which causes all the atoms to resonate together.

Paul LaViolette developed a theory known as "sub-quantum kinetics" which replaces the 19th century mechanical inert aether concept with that of a continuously transmuting aether. 2

Physical subatomic particles and energy quanta are considered as wave-like schemes of concentration in the ether. It is said that the gravitational and electromagnetic fields of a particle arise as a result of flows of various types of ether particles, or etherons, through their boundaries and emerging concentration gradients of the ether.

Positively charged particles such as protons generate gravitational pits that attract matter, while, contrary to conventional theory, negatively charged particles such as electrons generate gravitational hills that repel matter. Electrically neutral matter remains gravitationally attractive because the proton's gravity well dominates the electron's gravitational hill.

Most scientists assume that electrons are attracted by gravity, but this has not been experimentally confirmed due to the difficulty of measurement.

LaViolette sees confirmation of his theory that electrons have anti-gravity properties in an experiment conducted by Evgeny Podkletnov and Giovanni Modanese in 2001, who showed that “an axial high-voltage electronic discharge creates a matter-repelling gravitational wave that moves in the direction of the discharge by applying a gravitational force of longitudinal repulsion to a distant test mass3.

While the hypothesis that negative charges create anti-gravity fields explains the classic Biefeld-Brown effect (a thrust from the negative to the positive electrode of a high-voltage capacitor), it poses the problem of explaining why thrust can be generated regardless of whether the leading electrode is positive. or negative.

Building on the work of pioneering scientists such as Nikola Tesla, Louis de Broglie, Wilhelm Reich and Harold Aspden 4, Canadian scientists Paulo and Alexandra Correa have developed the most detailed and quantitative dynamic aether model currently offered, known as etherometry.

They also developed technological applications such as pulsed plasma reactors (PAGDs) that produce more power than is required to run them, their self-sustaining aether drive, and their weight neutralizer and anti-gravitator. 5

At Correas, careful and exhaustive experiments have been carried out with electroscopes, "orgone accumulators" (specially designed metal cases), and Tesla coils, which indicate the existence of both electrical and non-electrical forms of massless (non-physical), non-electromagnetic energy, one component of which (known to chemists and climatologists as "latent heat") has anti-gravity properties. 6

By showing that aether (or "aether" as they prefer to write it) cannot be reduced to electromagnetic energy, they clearly demonstrated the inadequacy of zero-energy models. When massless electrical waves collide with physical matter (such as the earth's atmosphere), they transfer energy to charged particles such as electrons, and as these charges slow down, they radiate that energy in the form of transient, vortex patterns of electromagnetic energy, i.e., photons.

Etherometry suggests that the rotational and translational motions of planets, stars, and galaxies are the result of rotating, whirlwind motions of the aether on several scales.

Electric and non-electric aether waves transmit impulses to the Earth, for example, when they bend towards the planet, and this influx of energy not only moves the Earth, but also creates its gravitational field. When the non-electric energy of the aether interacts with physical or aether charges, it produces either gravitons, which push the particle or body into areas of higher mass density, or anti-gravitons, which move them in the opposite direction.

Gravitational forces are essentially electrodynamic forces that depend on polarity.

Etrometry states that gravity is ultimately the result of an electrodynamic attraction that occurs when matter that is basically neutral (with balanced charges of both polarities) interacts with the Ether grids formed by in-phase mass charges while anti-gravity is ultimately the result of electrodynamic repulsion that occurs when a substance has a total charge and interacts with the same in-phase ambipolar charge lattices. Gravity and antigravity

antigravity

antigravity

At the beginning of the formation of our magazine, in 1996, a section was conceived in which one could talk not only about modern electronics, but also on topics that are of interest to people with a broad technical education - one that can be obtained only in Russia. These are topics about little-studied phenomena, unusual theories and practices, non-traditional knowledge systems. Mystery feeds interest in life and gives a chance to gain new knowledge. Such topics take you beyond the routine and allow you to slightly shift your point of view on familiar things. And a new point of view is, as the history of discovery says, a necessary condition for finding new ideas. We believe that a good technical magazine should have a small section that is of interest not only to electronics specialists, but also to their relatives and friends. After the first year of active publications, there was a long period of calm, when the Chip Club was published only a few times. The absence of the initiator of these publications hindered the regular publication of the club's issues. Now this obstacle has been removed, and from this issue we intend to start regularly releasing issues of the Chip Club again. We decided to dedicate the topic of this issue to antigravity. In recent years, there have been sensational reports of successful experiments in this area, which, however, have been received with great skepticism by the scientific world. Nevertheless, public attention was drawn to the topic, anti-gravity sites appeared on the Internet, and funded work began in some large organizations (NASA, ESA, BOING) to find methods for controlling gravity.

People have always dreamed of flying. Light and free, like birds or super illusionist David Copperfield. About a smooth climb up without a noisy propeller or a huge ball. How many technical applications would be found for this - transport without roads, houses in the air, flights into space. So many fairy tales, legends, novels, and even witness reports have been created on this subject that a large library can be made from them. But, alas, nature did not provide us with wings and limited the possibility of free movement only to the surface. However, people received the mind, with the help of which they, firstly, came up with the word "gravity" to denote the force that presses us to the planet, and, secondly, they discovered the laws that govern our movement in the field of gravity.

The use of the concept of gravity made it possible for more than one generation of philosophers to feed themselves, and knowledge of the laws of gravity made it possible to develop devices for movement in space - airplanes, balls and rockets. Our aircraft turned out to be, however, very imperfect and cumbersome, and movement with their help can only be called flight in the imagination. Remember how you flew for the last time in an airplane - half asleep in an easy chair, a glass, a snack - and no romance of flight ... On the other hand, why should our aircraft be perfect - after all, very little is known about gravity. In essence, all that physics knows about it is Newton's law, which allows you to calculate the magnitude of the force of attraction between bodies with masses M and m and located at a distance R:

where G is the gravitational constant.

Everything, there is nothing more to say about the nature of force, no internal properties, no dynamics. No gravity gears, no ways to control gravity. And so I would like to get anti-gravity - a kind of field or effect that compensates for gravitational attraction, or at least reduces it. It would also be desirable to implement the antigravitator in the form of a portable device.

Of course, scientists have been looking and are looking for ways to solve the mystery of gravity.

In the 19th century, theories of gravity were created based on the concept of the ether - a universal medium that fills all space. Ether particles hit from all sides evenly, but from the side of the Earth some of them are delayed, and therefore we are pushed towards the Earth by particles from other directions. This theory is very illustrative, but leads to an unsolvable problem within its framework with the explanation of the lack of heating of the planets due to bombardment by ether particles. Nevertheless, the ether theory is still alive in some circles far from academic science. According to this theory, in order to shield gravity, it is necessary to make an umbrella from a special substance, and then the pressure of the ether will cause movement in the direction of the umbrella. This idea was used in one of the novels by Herbert Wells, but, unfortunately, no one managed to create the material for screening gravity - Wells' kevorite.

In the 20th century, Einstein tried to give a deeper explanation of gravity by replacing the concept of a gravitational field with the concept of the curvature of space near a massive body. In a curved space, natural motion is also curved, uneven, the bodies seem to naturally roll into a spatial pit, and no fields need to be introduced. This idea has created fertile ground for the mind games of theoretical physicists who study the stars and the universe, and they have been playing them with passion for almost a hundred years. These games have benefited astronomy by initiating a number of discoveries, the most interesting of which are black holes, which can be tunnels in space-time leading to other worlds. Some observable astronomical objects are indeed similar to black holes in a number of ways, but it is not yet possible to prove this directly. However, for earthly practitioners, this theory did not give anything new, in comparison with Newton's ideas, either in calculations or in explanations, since there are no other possibilities to bend space, except with the help of very large masses, in Einstein's theory.

About a year ago, there were reports of a possible violation of the law of gravity on the scale of the solar system, when data were received on inexplicable changes in the nature of the movement of 4 space probes that reached the edges of the solar system. NASA researchers have found that the speed of the probes is decreasing faster than Newton's law suggests, suggesting a force of unknown origin. One of the probes is Pioneer 10, which was launched to the outer planets of the solar system in 1972, is now behind Jupiter, but is still available for radio communication with the Earth. By studying the Doppler frequency shift of the radio signal coming from the probe, the scientists were able to calculate how fast the ship was moving through space. Its trajectory has been carefully monitored since 1980. It turned out that "Pioneer-10" slows down much faster than it should. Initially, it was thought that this could be due to the force generated by small gas leaks, or that the ship deviated from the course under the influence of the gravity of an invisible body located in the solar system.

Then analysis of the trajectory of another spacecraft, Pioneer 11, launched in 1973, showed that this probe was also under the influence of the same mysterious force. It was then that it became clear that scientists were faced with the influence of some unknown force: after all, Pioneer-11 was at the opposite end of the Solar System from Pioneer-10, and therefore the same unknown body could not influence it. In addition, there is an assumption that the same force acted on the Galileo ship on its way to Jupiter and on the Ulysses probe when it flew around the Sun. The probe can change its speed only due to the emission of matter, for example, due to the evaporation of something from it. However, taking into account possible phenomena of this kind did not give a satisfactory quantitative explanation of the effect, and the only explanation remains a change in the force of attraction. Opponents object that the change in gravity should have an effect on the motion of distant planets, which is clearly not observed.

Data on the quantitative values ​​of deviations from Newton's law were not reported in the general press, but, most likely, we can talk about small amendments to the law of gravity, so this is unlikely to have an impact on the problem of antigravity on Earth. Direct measurements of the forces of attraction between massive balls under normal terrestrial conditions have been carried out repeatedly, and Newton's formula has been confirmed with high accuracy.

Some time ago, attempts were reported to detect antigravity on the scale of galaxies (megaworld). The fact is that astronomers have long established the fact of the recession of galaxies from each other. According to the Big Bang hypothesis, based on Einstein's theory, such a recession is due to the inflation of space-time, which began from the moment the Universe was formed. It is like a balloon with a pattern: the balloon is inflated and the details of the pattern scatter. But there is also a more physical hypothesis, based on the assumption that there is energy in space that causes antigravity. Regions with such energy should be located between galaxies and are not directly observed, but should have a repulsive effect on galaxies and cause curvature of the paths of light passing nearby. Literally at the time of writing this article, there were reports of the discovery of distortions in images of very distant stars, and distortions of exactly the nature predicted by the antigravitational hypothesis.

Confirmation of the existence of antigravity in space would, of course, be a great scientific discovery, although it is problematic to talk about its impact on terrestrial technology, since the scale of distances on Earth is completely different.

So, it seems that the existing physics of gravity puts an end to attempts to develop any ideas of antigravity. It is no coincidence that in established academic communities, anti-gravity projects are still in the same category as perpetual motion projects. This analogy is not accidental. Indeed, if by simple means it was possible to learn how to turn gravity on and off, then it is easy to build a generator that receives energy simply from the gravitational field of the Earth: we take a massive load connected by a rod to the axis of the electric generator, turn off gravity, raise the load to a great height and turn on gravity, load falls and turns the generator rotor, then the cycle repeats. Since the gravitational field is determined only by the mass of the Earth and cannot change, an inexhaustible energy resource is clearly visible here. And nothing inexhaustible in nature, as experience teaches, does not happen. This means that the assumption of the possibility of a simple control of gravity contradicts the law of conservation of energy, which is the cornerstone of science. So it is impossible to control gravity for free.

Of course, these are just speculative considerations against anti-gravity, and they stem from a certain scientific paradigm that a certain generation of people created from their own experience. A new experience will appear - and the paradigm will change, and speculative prohibitions will be removed with it. That is why there are enthusiasts who are trying to detect anti-gravity effects in nature or in experiment. The motive for their search is numerous historical facts that testify to the existence of scientifically inexplicable phenomena of controlling the force of gravitational attraction.

Middle Ages: weightless witches

In the Middle Ages in Europe, the Catholic Church, in its struggle to establish an absolute monopoly on ideology, with fire and sword, eradicated the bearers of any cultures that differed from the Christian one in the understanding of the church fathers. One of the infamous areas of this "activity" was the witch hunt. Today this phrase is used in a figurative sense, but then it had a completely direct meaning. Witches included people with unusual abilities, which today are called psychic. These abilities were innate and supported by certain traditions in closed social groups. The Church carried out a real genocide, the literal elimination of a unique gene pool, destroying hundreds of thousands of such people only according to official documents of that era. For us, it is the official court documents of the Inquisition that are of interest. The fact is that one of the criteria for identifying witches was the measurement of their weight. Weight was determined either by weighing on a special church scale, or by throwing into the water with bound limbs. If the suspect weighed less than 5 kg (approximately) or floated on the water like a cork, he was considered a sorcerer or witch and burned at the stake. Such cases were not isolated, otherwise it would not have made sense for the inquisitors to issue instructions for mass use.

Obviously, a living person of normal size cannot weigh as much as a three-month-old child, even if he loses a lot of weight. A person is 70% water, and if it is all drained, then even 15 kg will remain from 50 kg. In addition, the witch did not always have such a small weight, but only in certain mental states that remained after witchcraft rituals. Most often, witches could not consciously manage their weight, this happened spontaneously after performing some ritual actions. We can say that we have documented evidence of the possibility of weight management without technical devices. Unfortunately, no one has been able to obtain any more detailed information of a scientific nature on the problem of gravity control from church documents. Apparently, the inquisitors did not differ in scientific curiosity.

Levitation facts in Europe

Levitation is the soaring of objects in the air without visible support. Recently, this term has become familiar in technology: levitation in a magnetic field is used to create monorail trains. But since ancient times, levitation has been understood as the soaring of a person. Many well-documented evidence of the existence of levitation has come down to us. The oldest of them is given in the Bible, where there is a story about Christ hovering over water. Another very famous officially recorded levitant can be considered the Carmelite nun Saint Teresa, whose flights were testified by more than a hundred Catholic priests. She spoke about her unusual ability in her autobiography, dated 1565.

“Ascension comes like a blow, unexpected and abrupt,” she writes. “And before you can collect your thoughts or come to your senses, it seems to you that a cloud takes you to heaven or a mighty eagle on its wings ... I quite I was aware of myself in order to see that I was in the air ... I must say that when the ascension ended, I felt an unusual lightness in my whole body, as if I was completely weightless.

The monks were very disapproving of the manifestations of levitation and tried to get rid of their unique ability. The same Saint Teresa did not want to fly and prayed for a long time to get rid of this gift, which happened in the end.

A very famous levitant was the holy fool Joseph Deza (1603-1663), nicknamed Cupertinsky after the name of his native village in southern Italy. Unusually pious since childhood, he tried in every possible way to experience a state of religious ecstasy. After joining the Franciscan order, he really began to fall into ecstasy during prayer, but with one side effect - he soared into the air. Once it happened before the very eyes of the head of the Catholic Church. Joseph arrived in Rome, where he was given an audience with Pope Urban VIII, which made him so enthusiastic that he rose into the air and soared until the head of the Franciscan order, who was present, brought him to his senses. Scientists of that time observed and officially registered more than a hundred cases of Joseph's levitation. Since these flights embarrassed the believers, they tried to hide Joseph in the monasteries, which turned out to be a difficult task. His gift did not pass until his death, which happened after a serious illness. In 1667 he was canonized.

Of the Russian levitants, Seraphim of Sarov, who rose into the air during prayer, and St. Basil the Blessed, who more than once in front of the eyes of the crowd was transported by an unknown force across the Moscow River, are known.

In total, about 300 people-levitants are registered in church documents.

The most famous flying man of the 19th century was Daniel Douglas Hume. In one of the American newspapers, his first famous flight is described as follows:

"Hume suddenly began to lift off the floor, which was a complete surprise for the whole company. I took his hand and saw his legs - he was floating in the air a foot from the ground. The struggle of various feelings - alternate bursts of fear and delight made Hume shudder from head to toe, and it was evident that at that moment he was speechless. After a while, he lowered himself, then again soared above the floor. For the third time, Hume rose to the very ceiling and lightly touched it with his hands and feet. "

Over time, Hume learned to levitate at will and for forty years demonstrated his unique art in front of thousands of spectators, including many of the then celebrities: writers Thackeray and Mark Twain, Emperor Napoleon III, famous politicians, doctors and scientists. There were attempts to convict him of fraud, but they were not successful.

Tibetan levitation

There is no concept of sin in Buddhist culture, and therefore levitation in India and Tibet was treated as a phenomenon worthy of study and development. And they got amazing results. Unfortunately, the Indians, unlike the Europeans, were not particularly careful about the official registration of events in documents, and it is much more difficult for us to judge the reliability of many reports. Nevertheless, according to the testimonies that have come down to us, the ancient levitants rose into the air two cubits from the ground - about 90 cm. And they did this not by chance, as in Europe, but purposefully, in order to achieve a more comfortable position during the performance of religious rites.

Buddhist texts tell that after the Indian founder of Zen Buddhism, Bodhidharma, came to the Shaolin Monastery in 527 AD, he taught the monks how to control the energy of the body - an indispensable condition for flying. Both Buddha Gautama himself and his mentor, the magician Sammat, used levitation, which could remain hanging in the air for hours.

In our time, the phenomenon of "flying llamas" is known. The English traveler Alexandra David-Neel, whose book was translated into Russian, wrote that she observed with her own eyes how, on the high mountain plateau of Chang-Tang, one of the Buddhist monks, sitting motionless with legs bent under him, flew tens of meters, touched the ground and again soared into air, like a bouncing ball after a strong throw. At the same time, he was in a trance, and his gaze was fixed on the distance - on the "guiding star", visible in the light of day only to him alone.

Within the framework of the social movement of transcendental meditation, founded in 1957 by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, a physicist by training, competitions of "flying yogis" are periodically held - jumps to a distance in the lotus position. Jumping records are measured in meters. The mechanism of such jumps is not very clear, although they try to explain it with a powerful sharp contraction of certain muscle groups. In some rare cases, a noticeable hover in the air during the jump was observed, indicating the appearance of a levitation effect.

We also received descriptions of the use of levitation to move goods from Tibet. Missionary priests who worked in the Far East said that the locals were able to lift heavy boulders up high mountains with the help of groups of different sounds. Outwardly, it looks as if the body loses weight in the field of sound vibrations. The book "The Lost Techniques" by civil engineer and air traffic controller Henry Kgelson, who worked in Tibet, provides a unique description of the lifting of objects into a high-mountain temple. Here is the description.

In 1937, a Swedish physician, Dr. Jarl, met a young Tibetan student, Kjenson, at Oxford and befriended him. A couple of years later, in 1939, Dr. Jarl went to Egypt on assignment from the English Scientific Society. There he was found by Kjenson's messenger, who urgently asked him to come to Tibet to deal with the Supreme Lama. Dr. Jarl took leave, followed the messenger, and after a long journey in planes and caravans, Jacob arrived at the monastery, where his friend Kzhenson now held a high position. Dr. Jarl stayed there for some time and, thanks to his Tibetan friend, learned many things that ordinary foreigners could not.

One day a friend brought him to the vicinity of a high-mountainous monastery and showed him a sloping meadow, which was surrounded on the northwest by high cliffs. In one of the walls of the rock, at a height of about 250 m, there was a large hole, which resembled the entrance to a cave. In front of this hole there was a platform on which the monks built a wall of stone blocks. The only access to this platform was from the top of the cliff, and the monks lowered themselves down using ropes. In the middle of the meadow, about 500 m from the cliff, there was a polished stone slab with a round depression in the center. The depression had a diameter of 1 m and a depth of 15 cm. The stone block was brought to this depression by yaks. The block had a diameter of about a meter and a length of one and a half meters. Around the block in an arc of 90 degrees with a radius of 63 m, 19 musical instruments were installed. The radius of 63 m was measured with extreme precision. Musical instruments consisted of 13 drums and 6 pipes. 8 drums had a diameter of 1 m and a length of 1–1.5 m. 4 drums had an average diameter of 0.7 m and a length of 1 m. The only small drum had a diameter of 0.2 m and a length of 0.3 m. All pipes were the same size, length 3.12 m and socket 0.3 m.

The large drums and all the pipes were mounted on tripods that allowed them to be oriented in the direction of the stone slab. The large drums were made from 3 mm iron sheets and weighed 150 kg. They were built in five sections. All drums were open at one end, while the other end had a metal base, which the monks beat with large leather clubs. Monks lined up behind each instrument. When the block was set, the monk behind the small drum gave the signal to start the concert. The small drum produced a very high pitch and could be heard even against the background of the terrible noise created by other instruments. All the monks continuously sang a prayer, the tempo of this incredible "music" gradually increased. For the first four minutes, nothing happened, then, with a jump in the tempo of the "music", the stone block began to sway and oscillate, suddenly rose into the air and, with increasing speed, floated upward in a parabolic trajectory towards the platform in front of the opening of the cave, located at a height of 250 m. After three minutes of climbing, he landed on the platform. The horizontal length of the track was about 500 m. Workers continuously brought new blocks to the meadow, and the monks, using this method, transported 5 to 6 blocks per hour.

It was an incredible sight, and Dr. Jarl was the first foreigner to see it. He believed, however, that he was the victim of a mass hallucination and therefore decided to capture this wonderful spectacle on film. He made two films. The films showed exactly the same things that he witnessed.

This unique description is so detailed that it allows making quantitative assessments of the phenomenon. The mass of each load was about 5 tons, the average speed was 3 m/s, the flight duration was 200 s, the height of the trajectory was 250 m. Apparently, the mental efforts of the monks were the main driving force, and "music" made it possible to synchronize these efforts.

Levitation in Florida

In the state of Florida, USA, south of Miami, there is a local attraction visited by tourists called the Coral Castle. The uniqueness of the castle lies in the fact that it was created by just one person without the use of construction equipment. The memo for tourists tells the following story of the creation of this castle.

Edward Lidskalnins was born in Latvia in 1886. Nothing is known about his childhood and youth, except that at the age of 26 he became engaged to a 16-year-old girl named Agyness Skaffs. But two days before the wedding, Agnes broke off the engagement. She was resolute and firm: "I cannot become your wife. You are too old for me, and you have no money at all." Edward was shocked. He loved Agnes more than anything in the world. Soon, after saying goodbye to his family, he left everything and left for America, a country about which he was told fantastic stories - as if there was no better place in the world to start a new life. He wandered a lot in Texas and California, worked as a lumberjack and cattle driver, until, finally, in 1920, he settled near Florida City, on the west coast. The climate here was the best suited for him: Edward never had good health, he was 152 cm tall and weighed only 45 kg, and he also suffered from a progressive form of tuberculosis. The stranger made a pitiful impression on the neighbors. “It seemed to us that this dead man was not capable of lifting anything heavier than a garden saw,” they willingly told numerous reporters. However, it was "this dead man" who single-handedly created a structure whose total weight exceeds 1100 tons. It took 20 long years. The stubborn Latvian brought huge blocks of coral limestone from the coast and carved blocks out of it, without even using a primitive jackhammer - he made all the tools from abandoned car remains. To split the blocks, he used an original technology: using a homemade chisel, he punched holes in dense limestone and inserted old car shock absorbers, previously red-hot, into them, then poured cold water on them and the stone broke into pieces.

How Edward managed to move and lift multi-ton blocks remains a mystery: he was very secretive and worked exclusively at night. Numerous attempts by curious neighbors to spy on how the work was progressing were unsuccessful: as soon as someone appeared in the vicinity of the castle, work immediately stopped. “Gloomy Ed” (as his neighbors called him) let him into his possessions without much desire: he silently grew up behind the back of an annoying onlooker and silently bored him with his eyes until he was gone home. He had an amazing gift to feel the appearance of an uninvited guest at any time of the day. And when an energetic lawyer from Louisiana set out to build a villa near his castle, Edward did not find anything better than to simply ... move his offspring to another place, 10 miles south. How he did it is another question that has not been answered to this day. It is known that he hired a powerful truck that came every morning. The driver left at the time of loading, and returned around noon, when the body was already filled with coral blocks, each of which weighed 5-6 tons. This truck has been seen by many. But no one can boast of having seen Ed loading or unloading the car. Neighbors unanimously claim that he never had any tractors or lifts. Yes, even if they were, the technology of that time would not have helped him in any way. To all the questions, Ed answered only one thing: "I discovered the secret of the pyramid builders." We will never know this secret - in 1952, Edward Lidskalninsh died suddenly of stomach cancer. After his death, fragmentary notes were found in a room at the top of a square tower, which speak of the magnetism of the Earth and the control of cosmic energy flows. But he did not leave any specific explanations. Many years after the death of "sullen Ed", the intrigued American Engineering Society conducted an experiment: they rented the most powerful bulldozer and tried to budge one of the blocks that Edward did not use in construction. Nothing happened.

There were many hypotheses explaining the phenomenon of the Coral Castle. All of them, in one way or another, are based on fragmentary stories of people who accidentally witnessed Ed's work. The elderly neighbor swears she once saw Edward... singing to the stones! "He put his hands on them and made lingering sounds. At first I thought the guy was crazy," she said on David Letterman's famous TV show dedicated to the mystery of the castle. And two curious little boys claimed that they took a powerful night vision device from their father and watched how heavy stone blocks flew through the air. "He handled them like balloons," they vying to tell the New York Times correspondent.

So, judging by the very scarce observations available, a levitation technique similar to Tibetan was used when transporting coral stones.

Gravity Control Experiments

Attempts to create anti-gravity devices have been made since the 19th century, but the inventors did not go beyond bouncing mechanisms with rotating eccentrics. In the second half of the 20th century, inventors switched to experiments with rotating electromagnetic fields. From the reports on this topic that appeared in the press, we decided to single out three works: by John Searle, Yuri Baurov and Evgeny Podkletnov, because, firstly, they got into serious scientific journals and, secondly, these works are still ongoing, despite scandals and harsh criticism.

John Searl was born in 1932 in Berkshire, England. As a child, he had a long series of strange dreams in which he was taught certain technologies for working with special magnetic substances. However, at this age he could not understand the meaning of these visions, however, they influenced the choice of profession. He became an electrical engineer and became interested in research with magnetic substances. In 1946, Searle announced his discovery of the fundamental nature of magnetism. He discovered that the addition of a small radio frequency (10 MHz) alternating current component in the process of making permanent ferrite magnets gave them new and unexpected properties, namely, when such magnets interacted, strange forces arose, leading to unusual movements of the magnet system. Searle developed a generator from these magnets and started experimenting with it. The generator was tested outdoors and was driven by a small engine. It produced an unusually high electrostatic potential of the order of a million volts (according to him), which manifested itself through electrostatic discharges near the generator.

One day the unexpected happened. The generator continued to spin, began to rise up, separated from the engine and soared to a height of about 50 feet. Here it hovered a little, its rotation speed began to increase, and it began to emit a pinkish glow around itself, indicating the ionization of the air. The radio receiver located next to the researcher turned on spontaneously, apparently due to powerful discharges. Eventually the generator accelerated to high speed and disappeared from view, probably heading into space. In any case, his fall was not found.

Since 1952, Searle and a group of employees have manufactured and tested more than 10 generators, the largest of which was disc-shaped and reached 10 m in diameter.

Searle refused to publish his research in scientific publications, but agreed to cooperate with the Japanese professor Seiko Shinichi and provided him with a description of the main points of magnet manufacturing technology. In 1984, Searle's work was reported in the German popular science journal ERaum & ZaitE. Searle is currently retired and does not appear to be involved in any projects.

Searle's ideas have attracted enthusiasts in various countries, including Russia, where they are being developed privately by several research groups, although official science refrains from commenting. Therefore, the appearance in 2000 in the reputable scientific physics journal Letters to ZhTF (vol. 26, pp. 70–75) of V.V. Roshchina, S.M. Godin from the Institute for High Temperatures of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, under the title "Experimental study of physical effects in a dynamic magnetic system". They described the version of the Searle generator they developed and the unusual results and strange effects obtained on it. One result was a 35% reduction in the weight of the plant, which weighs 350 kg. Later, the authors published a book with a detailed description of the experiments and their own theory of the phenomenon. We could not find any information about the continuation of this work.

Another direction of research in the field of overcoming gravity is associated with Yu.A. Baurov. More than 20 years ago, while analyzing astronomical data, he put forward a hypothesis about the existence of a fundamental vector potential in our galaxy. As is known from physics, the vector potential is a directly unobservable physical quantity, the gradient of which (that is, spatial inhomogeneity) manifests itself as a magnetic field. Using magnetic systems that create a large intrinsic vector potential and orienting it relative to the potential of the Universe, one can obtain large forces and use them to overcome gravity. According to this hypothesis, a preferred direction should exist in space, and the maximum force effects should be observed in this direction. Baurov set up several experiments to confirm his theory, which he described in 1998 in his book "The structure of physical space and a new way of obtaining energy." Apparently, this is the only one of all areas of research in which a sound idea is used that does not contradict scientific provisions. Nothing is known about the continuation of these studies.

The last of the works on antigravity, which became sensational, is associated with the name of the Russian physicist Yevgeny Podkletny, who left for Finland in the 1990s. He studied the properties of superconductors and in 1992 experimented with a setup that used a disk of superconducting ceramic cooled with liquid nitrogen and spun to a speed of five thousand revolutions per minute. In one of the experiments, Podkletnov noticed that the plume of smoke from his colleague's cigarette rose unexpectedly more sharply to the ceiling above the disk. Subsequent measurements recorded a 2% reduction in weight for any item placed over the disc. Screening of gravity was detected even on the next floor of the laboratory. Unfortunately, all subsequent attempts to repeat Podkletnov's experiments failed. The scandal that arose around an unexpected sensation cost Podkletnov his scientific career, and his numerous followers - a lot of money thrown to the wind. NASA spent $600,000 building its own facility, but in the end, its experts said the Russian scientist's methodology was flawed from the start.

Nevertheless, enthusiasts of this direction of antigravity remain. According to the BBC, with reference to the almanac Jane's Defense Weekly, the American company Boeing came to grips with the work of Podkletnov in order to independently decide how much one can believe in various rumors and newspaper ducks. The fact is that the Podkletny effect has some theoretical justification. Back in 1989, American researcher Dr. Ning Li (Ning Li), working at the Space Flight Center. Marshall, theoretically predicted that a well-spun superconductor placed in a powerful magnetic field could become a source of a gravitational field, and the strength of this field would be sufficient for measurements in the laboratory. In 1997, Ning Li began developing what would be the world's largest anti-gravity generator. The disk in its unit will have a diameter of at least 33 cm and a thickness of 12.7 mm. Podkletnov himself, according to the German newspaper "Sueddeutsche Zeitung", is working on a new device that does not shield, but reflects gravity, and does it in a pulsed mode. In his opinion, the impulse generator of gravity will soon "be able to overturn a book at a distance of one kilometer." He predicts the emergence of a new type of small aircraft.

In general, the story with Podkletnov continues.

Another experiment on weight management is known to the author from personal experience obtained in 1991 in one of the public laboratories, of which there were many at the beginning of perestroika. In this laboratory, various unstable and chaotic phenomena and processes were studied in order to search for manifestations in material objects of hypothetical particles, conventionally called microleptons. In an experiment conducted by the author, the effect of a long-term high-voltage high-frequency corona discharge on the weight of small samples of various materials placed on one of the cups of a sensitive laboratory balance (weight accuracy 0.1 mg) was studied. Under certain conditions, the effect of a small (up to 10 mg) decrease in the weight of objects with a specific stepwise dependence of weight change on time, which is shown in the figure, was achieved stably repeating in dozens of experiments. After turning off the discharge, the weight returned to normal after about 15 minutes. Estimates of the possible influence of electrostatics, heating, etc. gave an order of magnitude smaller possible changes in the readings of the scales. But the influence of some properties of the experimenter was strong, since not everyone got the experience (the experimenter was part of the voltage supply system, while the geometry was fixed). The experiments eventually came to a standstill due to the lack of any reasonable theory of the phenomenon. At that time, we knew nothing about sound Tibetan levitation, the analogy with which is now visible, a decade later.

The diamond is not yet visible

So, everything suggests that antigravity in nature exists rather than vice versa, but its mechanism is still completely unclear. The state of affairs with experiments to control the weight of objects is by no means satisfactory. It is also rather surprising that, despite the numerous cases of evidence of levitation, apparently no one has been able to fully study this phenomenon, which allows skeptics to reasonably doubt the reality of the existence of this phenomenon. But this can be given the following analogy with ball lightning. Even 50 years ago, scientists were skeptical about eyewitness accounts, believing that these were some kind of visual phenomena that occur during a thunderstorm. Now the number of observations has crossed a certain threshold, and no one doubts the existence of the phenomenon. But this did not change anything - there is still no explanation of the nature of the phenomenon, and no one has been able to conduct a rigorous experimental study of it! Professor Kapitsa tried to simulate ball lightning in the laboratory, and even at the beginning he obtained plausible plasma balls, but this work was not continued, and the mystery of natural ball lightning remains unsolved.

Nevertheless, interest in the problem of antigravity has clearly been growing lately, judging by the increasing number of publications and discussions on the Internet.

The European Space Agency (ESA) has not previously been noticed in the development of ways to control gravity. However, NASA's Cleveland-based Breakthrough Propulsion Physics theoretical project, as well as a number of unusual experimental results reported in leading scientific journals, convinced the agency, according to ESA adviser Clovi de Mato (Clovis de Matos), that this issue should be taken seriously. Since September 2001, experts Orfeu Bertolami and Martin Tajmar have reviewed more than a dozen ESA gravity control schemes and concluded that most of them are not serious. Some schemes, including those based on the effects of superstring theory, allow a negligible effect, others simply contradict proven principles. However, noting the unattainability of antigravity for today's science, they identified three reasonable projects that could lead to the discovery of antigravity in the future:

1. Space probe "Sputnik 5", designed to investigate the strange gravitational anomalies detected by the automatic stations "Pioneer 10" and "Pioneer 11".
2. Experimental studies of the behavior of antimatter in a gravitational field, which can be carried out on the International Space Station.
3. The study of superconductors and superfluid liquids, which, possibly, when rotated, can create "gravitomagnetic" fields, similar to how a rotating magnet creates an electromagnetic field.

In addition to space travel, gravity control could also be useful here on Earth. Metals, ceramics and organic crystals obtained in microgravity have remarkable properties. For example, alloys obtained in zero gravity, due to the absence of defects, can have a strength that is much higher than normal. Microgravity may allow bodies to be suspended directly in space, avoiding their contact with the container; this can be useful, for example, in the pharmaceutical industry, as it will avoid contamination. Some types of superconductors can also only be obtained in microgravity.

So, physicists hope for a forceful way to solve the problem of gravity control with huge energy costs (and financial ones too). But ... in the phenomena of levitation, large energy costs are not visible. Most likely, in these phenomena, a person only controls certain energy processes associated with the Earth. About the same as we manage powerful mechanisms without putting much effort. The Indian Vedas speak of the existence of weight management instructions, which even contain a practical guide to levitation, a kind of know-how that describes how to bring yourself into such a state as to get off the ground. But over the past centuries, the meaning of many ancient Indian words and concepts has been lost, so it is impossible to translate this invaluable instruction into modern language.

Of the ideas that exist in modern science, only in the concept of a quantum field can one see hints of the existence of a non-force approach to physical phenomena. Quantum physics has long used the concept of psi-function to analyze interactions between particles of the microworld. For a long time, this description was considered nothing more than a convenient formalism in the statistical analysis of large ensembles of particles. In order to prove the limitations and non-physicality of this formalism, famous physicists - Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen - came up with a paradox in the 30s, the essence of which is that if the description by the psi-function is correct, then its logical consequence should be the possibility of the existence of an instantaneous, not distance-dependent interaction between particles that had "family" connections in the past (that is, born in the same process), which was considered absurd at that time. Surprisingly, at the end of the 20th century this phenomenon was confirmed experimentally in experiments on the so-called quantum teleportation, and the paradox, instead of refuting the quantum theory, confirmed it.

Macroscopic manifestations of the quantum field are just beginning to be studied, but striking differences from the action of known force fields are already visible, and this is precisely what gives hope for the emergence of new approaches to the study of the properties of gravity.

In conclusion, here is a quote from an article about individual aircraft in the journal "Technology for Youth" No. 10 for 2002:

“Suppose technical problems are solved, and millions of flyers rush from ground traffic jams into the city skies. What will happen? it will seem like seeds, compared with the VTP - air traffic accidents. You can, of course, pull a kind of heavy-duty protective trampoline over the whole city, only where then will the planes land? And if someone wants to throw something explosive-poisonous on the city from above? No , definitely, before announcing a mass entry into Carlsons, Bucky Rogers and other Batmans with Baba Yagas, it is worth thinking over the security measures of those below a thousand times. , and the plane was considered unacceptably dangerous to others. "Let's wait and see?"