3 sequence of stages of statistical research. Grouping statistics

Statistical methodology– a system of techniques, methods and methods aimed at studying quantitative patterns that manifest themselves in the structure, dynamics and relationships of social economic phenomena. The methodology is basis statistical research .

Stages of statistical research:

1. statistical observation, or collection of information;

2. summary and grouping of results statistical observation, or information processing;

3. analysis of the information received.

Statistical observation- this is a massive, systematic, scientifically organized observation of the phenomena of social and economic life, which consists in registering selected characteristics for each unit of the population.

Process conducting statistical observation includes the following steps:

1) preparation of observation;

2) conducting mass data collection;

3) preparing data for automated processing;

4) development of proposals to improve statistical observation.

Summary– a set of sequential operations to summarize statistical observation data to characterize the statistical population as a whole and its individual parts (calculation of subtotals and totals). Grouping – delimitation of the general statistical population into groups of qualitatively homogeneous units. results statistical summary and groupings are presented in the form of statistical tables.

Analysis or research the essence of the phenomena being studied, explores the structure, dynamics and relationships of social phenomena and processes.

Has the following stages:

1) statement of facts and their assessment;

2) establishing the characteristic features and causes of each phenomenon;

3) comparison of one phenomenon with others (including with a standard);

4) formulation of hypotheses, conclusions and proposals.

5) Statistical testing of the proposed hypotheses using special statistical indicators

38.Statistical methods of forecasting based on indicators of a series of dynamics. The forecasting process, based on statistical methods, is divided into two stages. First, inductive, consists in summarizing data observed over a more or less long period of time, and in presenting the corresponding statistical patterns in the form of a model. A statistical model is obtained either in the form of an analytically expressed development trend, or in the form of an equation of dependence on one or more factor-arguments. In a number of cases - when studying complex complexes economic indicators– resort to the development of so-called interdependent systems of equations, again consisting mainly of equations characterizing statistical dependencies. Construction and application process statistical model For forecasting, whatever its form, it necessarily includes choosing the form of an equation that describes the dynamics or interrelation of phenomena, and estimating its parameters using one method or another. The second stage, the forecast itself, is deductive. At this stage, based on the found statistical patterns, the expected value of the predicted characteristic is determined.

It should be emphasized that the results obtained cannot be considered as something final. When assessing and using them, factors, conditions or limitations that were not taken into account when developing the statistical model must be taken into account, and corrections must be made to those found. statistical characteristics in accordance with the expected change in the circumstances of their formation. In short, found using statistical methods prognostic assessments are important material, which, however, must be critically understood. In this case, the main thing is to take into account possible changes in the very trends in the development of economic phenomena and objects

39.Statistical tables, their types, components and rules for constructing tables. A statistical table is a form of the most rational presentation of the numerical (digital) data obtained as a result of a statistical summary and grouping. By appearance it is a combination of vertical and horizontal lines containing side and top headings. The statistical table contains a subject and a predicate.

The subject of the table represents the statistical population about which we're talking about in a table, i.e. a list of individual or all units of the population or their groups. Most often, the subject is placed on the left side of the table and contains a list of rows.

41.STRUCTURAL AVERAGE MODE AND ITS DEFINITION. The value of the average is determined by all values ​​of the characteristic found in a given row of the distribution. There are such structural averages as: (1) mode (2) median (3) quartile (4) decile (5) percentile Mode is the most common variant of the series. Fashion is used, for example, in determining the size of clothes and shoes that are most in demand among customers. The mode for a discrete series is the one with the highest frequency. When calculating the mode for an interval variation series, you must first determine the modal interval (based on the maximum frequency), and then the value of the modal value of the attribute using the formula: where:

The predicate of the table is the indicators that are used to characterize the phenomenon displayed in the table.

If the subject of a table contains a simple list of some objects, the table is called simple. The subject of a simple table does not contain any groupings of statistical data. If the subject of a simple table contains a list of territories, then such a table is called territorial.

A simple table contains only descriptive information and has limited analytical capabilities. An in-depth analysis of the population under study, the interrelations of characteristics, involves the construction of more complex tables- group and combinational.

Group tables contain the subject grouping of units of the object of observation according to one essential characteristic. The simplest type of group table are tables that present distribution rows. A group table can be more complex if the predicate contains not only the number of units in each group, but also a number of others important indicators, quantitatively and qualitatively characterizing subject groups. Such tables are often used to compare general indicators by group, which allows certain practical conclusions to be drawn.

Combination tables are statistical tables whose subject groups of units, formed according to one characteristic, are divided into subgroups according to one or more characteristics. Unlike simple and group tables, combinational tables allow you to trace the dependence of the indicators of the predicate on several features that formed the basis of the combinational grouping in the subject.

Basic rules for constructing statistical tables:

1) the title must reflect the object, sign, time and place of the event;

2) columns and lines should be numbered;

3) columns and lines must contain units of measurement;

4) the information compared during the analysis is placed in adjacent columns (or one under the other);

5) the numbers in the table are placed in the middle of the column, strictly one below the other; It is advisable to round numbers with the same degree of accuracy;

6) the absence of data is indicated by a multiplication sign (), if this position does not need to be filled out, the absence of information is indicated by an ellipsis (...), or n.d., or n. St., in the absence of a phenomenon, a dash sign (-) is placed;

7) to display very small numbers, use the notation 0.0 or 0.00; if the number is obtained on the basis of conditional calculations, then it is taken into brackets; doubtful numbers are accompanied by question mark, and preliminary ones - with a sign (*).

40.Structural average median and its definition. Median- this is the numerical value of a characteristic for that unit of the population that is in the middle of the ranked series (built in ascending or descending order of the values ​​of the characteristic being studied). Median sometimes called middle option, because it divides the totality into two equal parts so that on both sides there is same number units of the population. If all units of a series are assigned serial numbers, then serial number median will be determined by the formula (n+1):2 for series, where n – odd. If the row with even number of units, then median will be the average value between two neighboring options, determined by the formula: n:2, (n+1):2, (n:2)+1.

In discrete variation series with an odd number of aggregate units, this is a specific numerical value in the middle of the series.

Finding the median in interval variation series requires a preliminary determination of the interval in which the median is located, i.e. median interval– this interval is characterized by the fact that its cumulative (accumulated) frequency is equal to half the sum or exceeds the half sum of all frequencies of the series.

X Me - lower limit of the median interval

h Me is the value of the median interval;

S Me-1 is the sum of the accumulated frequencies of the interval preceding the median interval;

• f Me is the local frequency of the median interval.

Frequency of the interval following the modal

42.The essence and meaning of graphs, their main elements. In statistics schedule called visual image age statistical quantities and their relationships using geometric points, lines, shapes or geographic maps.

Charts give presentation of statistical data greater visibility than tables, expressiveness, facilitate their perception and analysis. Allows you to visually assess the nature of the phenomenon being studied, its inherent patterns, development trends, relationships with other indicators, and the geographic resolution of the phenomena being studied. Even in ancient times, the Chinese said that one picture is worth a thousand words. Whenever possible, it is recommended to always start analyzing statistical data with them graphic image. The schedule allows you to immediately get general idea about the entire set of statistical indicators. The graphical method of analysis acts as a logical continuation of the tabular method and serves the purpose of obtaining general statistical characteristics of processes characteristic of mass phenomena.
Using graphical images of statistical data p tasks are being solved statistical research:

1) visual representation the magnitude of indicators (phenomena) in comparison with each other;

2) characteristics of the structure of a phenomenon;

3) change of the phenomenon over time;

4) progress in implementing the plan;

5) the dependence of changes in one phenomenon on changes in another;

6) the prevalence or distribution of any quantities across the territory

In each graph, the following are identified (distinguished): essential elements:

• 1) spatial reference points (coordinate system);
• 2) graphic image;
• 3) graph field;
• 4) scale guidelines;
• 5) explication of the schedule;
• 6) name of the schedule

43. The essence and meaning of average values. average value – a generalized characteristic of the level of attribute values, obtained per unit of the population. The average value is calculated for characteristics that are qualitatively homogeneous and different only quantitatively, which are inherent in all phenomena in a given set.

Average values ​​are general (reflect the population as a whole) and group (reflect the features of the groups). Divided into 2 categories – power and structural .

To power include – harmonic mean, geometric mean, arithmetic mean, square mean. The most common one is arithmetic average. Average harmonic used as the inverse of arithmetic mean. Average square used when calculating variation indicators, avg. geometric– when analyzing dynamics.

To structural include mode and median. Fashion– the value of the studied characteristic with the highest frequency. Median– the value of the attribute that falls in the middle of the ranked series. Fashion is used in commercial practice to study consumer demand and record prices. IN discrete series mode is the option with the highest frequency. In interval variation series fashion is considered to be the central variant of the interval, which has highest frequency. Using the median allows you to get more accurate results than when using other forms of averages. The property of the median is that the sum of absolute deviations of the values ​​of a characteristic from the median is less than from any other value. The order of finding the median in an interval variation series is as follows: we have individual values feature by ranking; we determine the accumulated frequencies for a given ranked series; Using the accumulated frequency data, we find the median interval.

To get an idea of ​​a particular phenomenon and draw conclusions, it is necessary to conduct a statistical study. The subject of statistical research in health care and medicine can be population health, organization medical care, various sections of the activities of medical institutions, factors external environment that have an impact on health.

The methodological sequence of performing a statistical study consists of certain stages.

Stage 1. Drawing up a research plan and program.

Stage 2. Collection of material (statistical observation).

Stage 3. Material development, statistical grouping and summary

Stage 4. Statistical analysis of the phenomenon under study, formulation of conclusions.

Stage 5. Literary processing and presentation of the results obtained.

Upon completion of the statistical study, recommendations are developed and management decisions, the research results are being implemented into practice, and the effectiveness is being assessed.

In conducting statistical research the most important element is to adhere to a strict sequence in the implementation of these stages.

First stage statistical research - drawing up a plan and program - is preparatory, at which the purpose and objectives of the study are determined, a research plan and program is drawn up, a program for summarizing statistical material is developed, and organizational issues are resolved.

When starting a statistical study, you should accurately and clearly formulate the purpose and objectives of the study and study the literature on this topic.

The goal determines the main direction of the research and, as a rule, is not only theoretical, but also practical in nature. The goal is formulated clearly, clearly, unambiguously.

To reveal the set goal, research objectives are determined.

An important point The preparatory stage is the development of an organizational plan. The organizational plan of the study provides for the determination of the place (administrative and territorial boundaries of observation), time (specific terms of observation, development and analysis of material) and the subject of the study (organizers, performers, methodological and organizational management, sources of funding for the study).

Pl A n research d ov A nia includes:

Definition of the object of study (statistical population);

Scope of research (continuous, non-continuous);

Types (current, one-time);

Methods of collecting statistical information. Research program includes:

Definition of the unit of observation;

List of questions (accounting characteristics) to be registered in relation to each observation unit*

Development of an individual accounting (registration) form with a list of questions and characteristics to be taken into account;

Development of table layouts, into which the research results are then entered.

A separate form is filled out for each observation unit; it contains the passport part, clearly formulated program questions posed in a certain sequence and the date of filling out the document.

Medical registration forms used in the practice of medical treatment institutions can be used as registration forms.

Other medical documents (medical histories, etc.) can serve as sources of information. individual cards outpatient, child development history, birth history), reporting forms from medical institutions, etc.

To ensure the possibility of statistical development of data from these documents, information is copied onto specially designed accounting forms, the content of which is determined in each individual case in accordance with the objectives of the study.

Currently, in connection with machine processing of observation results using a computer, program questions can be formalized , when questions in an accounting document are presented in the form of an alternative (yes, no) , or ready-made answers are offered, from which a specific answer must be selected.

At the first stage of statistical research, along with the observation program, a program* is compiled for summarizing the data obtained, which includes establishing the principles of grouping, identifying grouping characteristics , determination of combinations of these characteristics, drawing up layouts of statistical tables.

Second phase- collection statistical material(statistical observation) - consists of registration individual cases the phenomenon being studied and the accounting characteristics characterizing them in the registration forms. Before and during this work, the surveillance performers are instructed (oral or written) and provided with registration forms.

In terms of time, statistical observation can be current or one-time.

At current observation Yu Denia the phenomenon is studied for a specific period of time (week, quarter , year, etc.) by daily recording the phenomenon as each case occurs. An example of current observation is the recording of the number of births , dead, sick , discharged from the hospital, etc. This takes into account rapidly changing phenomena.

At one-time observation Yu Denia statistical data is collected at a certain (critical) point in time. One-time observations are: population census, study physical development children, accounting of hospital beds for horses of the year, certification of medical institutions, etc. This same type includes preventive examinations of the population. A one-time registration reflects the state of the phenomenon at the time of study. This type of observation is used to study slowly changing phenomena.

The choice of type of observation over time is determined by the purpose and objectives of the study. For example, characteristics of hospitalized patients can be obtained as a result of the ongoing registration of those leaving the hospital (ongoing surveillance) or from a one-day census of patients in the hospital (one-time observation).

Depending on the completeness of coverage of the phenomenon being studied, a distinction is made between continuous and non-continuous research.

At completely The study examines all units of observation included in the population, i.e. general population. A comprehensive study is carried out to establish the absolute size of the phenomenon, for example, the total population, the total number of births or deaths, total number sick with one or another disease, etc. The continuous method is also used in cases where information is necessary for operational work (taking into account infectious diseases, doctors’ workload, etc.)

At not continuous the study examines only part population. It is divided into several types: questionnaire, monographic, main array, selective. The most common in medical research is a sampling method.

Mono graphic method - gives detailed description individual units of the totality that are characteristic in some respect and a deep, comprehensive description of objects.

Main Array Method- involves the study of those objects in which a significant majority of observation units are concentrated. The disadvantage of this method is that a part of the population remains uncovered by the study, although small in size, but which may differ significantly from the main array.

Questionnaire method is the collection of statistical data using specially designed questionnaires addressed to a specific circle of people. This study is based on the principle of voluntariness, therefore the return of questionnaires is often incomplete. Often the answers to the questions posed bear the imprint of subjectivity and randomness. This method is used to obtain an approximate characteristic of the phenomenon being studied.

Sampling method- comes down to the study of some specially selected part of observation units to characterize the entire population. The advantage of this method is that it produces results high degree reliability, as well as significantly lower cost. The study is busy smaller number performers , In addition, it requires less time.

IN medical statistics role and place sampling method are especially large, since medical workers usually deal only with part of the phenomenon being studied: they study a group of patients with a particular disease, analyze the work of individual departments and medical institutions , evaluate the quality of certain events, etc.

According to the method of obtaining information during statistical observation and the nature of its implementation, several types are distinguished:

1) direct observation(clinical examination of patients , conducting laboratory , instrumental studies , anthropometric measurements, etc.)

2) sociological methods : interview method (face-to-face survey), questionnaire (correspondence survey - anonymous or non-anonymous), etc.;

3) documentary research A tion(copying information from accounting records medical documents, information from official statistics of institutions and organizations.)

Third stage- grouping and summary of material - begins with checking and clarifying the number of observations , completeness and correctness of the information received , identifying and eliminating errors, duplicate records, etc.

For the correct development of the material, encryption of primary accounting documents is used , those. designation of each characteristic and its group with a symbol - alphabetic or digital. Encryption is a technique , facilitating and accelerating material development , increasing the quality and accuracy of development. Ciphers - symbols - are generated arbitrarily. When encoding diagnoses, it is recommended to use the international nomenclature and classification of diseases; when encrypting professions - with a dictionary of professions.

The advantage of encryption is that, if necessary, after completing the main development, you can return to the development material in order to clarify new connections and dependencies. Encrypted accounting material makes this easier and faster , than unencrypted. After verification, the characteristics are grouped.

Grouping- division of the totality of the studied data into homogeneous ones , typical groups according to the most essential characteristics. Grouping can be carried out according to qualitative and quantitative characteristics. The choice of grouping characteristic depends on the nature of the population being studied and the objectives of the study.

Typological grouping is made according to qualitative (descriptive, attributive) characteristics, for example, by gender , profession, disease groups, severity of the disease, postoperative complications, etc.

Grouping by quantitative (variational) characteristics is carried out on the basis of the numerical dimensions of the characteristic , For example , by age , duration of the disease, duration of treatment, etc. Quantitative grouping requires resolving the issue of the size of the grouping interval: the interval can be equal, but in some cases it can be unequal, even include the so-called open groups.

For example , When grouped by age, open groups can be defined: up to 1 year . 50 years and older.

When determining the number of groups, they proceed from the purpose and objectives of the study. It is necessary that groups can reveal the patterns of the phenomenon being studied. Big number groups can lead to excessive fragmentation of the material and unnecessary detailing. A small number of groups leads to a blurring of characteristic features.

Having finished grouping the material, proceed to the summary.

WITH vodka- generalization of individual cases , obtained as a result of statistical research, in certain groups, their calculation and inclusion in table layouts.

A summary of statistical material is carried out using statistical tables. Table , not filled with numbers , called a layout.

Statistical tables can be lists , chronological, territorial.

The table has a subject and a predicate. The statistical subject is usually placed along horizontal lines on the left side of the table and reflects the main, main feature. The statistical predicate is placed from left to right along vertical columns and reflects additional accounting characteristics.

Statistical tables are divided into simple , group and combinational.

IN simple tables presented numerical distribution material according to one characteristic , its components (Table 1). A simple table usually contains a simple list or summary of the entire phenomenon being studied.

Table 1

Distribution of deaths in hospital N. by age

IN group tables a combination of two characteristics is presented in connection with each other (Table 2).

table 2

Distribution of deaths in hospital N. by gender and age

IN combine A qi O these tables the distribution of material according to three or more interrelated characteristics is given (Table 3).

Table 3

Distribution of deaths in hospital N. due to various diseases by age and gender

Diagnosis of the underlying disease	Age
0-14	15-19	20-39	40-59	60 and >	Total
m	and	m	and	m	and	m	and	m	and	m	and	m+f
Diseases of the circulatory system.	-	-	-	-
Injuries and poisoning		-		-					-
Malignancy neoplasms.	-	-	-	-	-	-
Others.	-	-	-	-
Everyone got sick.		-		-

When compiling tables, certain requirements must be met:

Each table should have a title that reflects its contents;

Inside the table, all columns should also have clear, short titles;

When filling out a table, all cells of the table must contain the appropriate numeric data. Cells in the table that are left blank due to the absence of this combination are crossed out (“-”), and if there is no information in the cell, “n.s.” is entered. or "...";

After filling out the table, the vertical columns and horizontal rows are summed up in the bottom horizontal row and the last vertical column on the right.

Tables must have a single sequential numbering.

In studies with a small number of observations, summaries are performed manually. All accounting documents are divided into groups in accordance with the attribute code. Next, the data is calculated and recorded in the appropriate cell of the table.

Currently, computers are widely used in sorting and summarizing material. . which allow not only to sort the material according to the characteristics being studied , but perform calculations of indicators.

Fourth stage- statistical analysis is a critical stage of the study. At this stage, statistical indicators are calculated (frequency , structures , average size of the phenomenon being studied), their graphic representation is given , dynamics are being studied , trends, connections between phenomena are established . forecasts are given, etc. Analysis involves interpreting the data obtained and assessing the reliability of the research results. Finally, conclusions are drawn.

Fifth stage- literary treatment is final. It involves the finalization of the results of a statistical study. The results can be presented in the form of an article, report, report , dissertations, etc. For each type of design there are certain requirements, which must be observed when processing the results of statistical research in literature.

The results of medical and statistical research are introduced into healthcare practice. Possible various options use of research results: familiarization with the results to a wide audience of medical and scientific workers; preparation of instructional and methodological documents; preparation of rationalization proposals and others.

The result of the first stage of statistical research - statistical observation - is information characterizing each unit of the statistical population. However, the ability to reflect patterns and trends in the dynamics of the phenomena being studied using even the most full characteristics isolated facts limited. Such data is obtained only as a result of statistical summaries. A summary is the arrangement, systematization and generalization of statistical data obtained during statistical observation. Only proper processing of statistical material allows us to identify the essence of socio-economic phenomena, character traits And essential features individual types, discover patterns and trends in their development. There are simple and group reports, or reports in the narrow and broad sense. A simple summary is the calculation of the overall results in groups and subgroups and the presentation of this material in tables. As a result of a simple summary of statistical data, it is possible to determine the number of enterprises total number personnel, volume of products produced in monetary terms. These general results are mainly informative. They provide a generalized characteristic of the population in the form of absolute values.

Group summary, or summary in a broad sense, is a complex process of multilateral processing of primary statistical data, i.e. data obtained as a result of observation. It includes grouping statistical data, developing a system of indicators to characterize groups, calculating group and overall results, and calculating generalizing indicators. The task of the statistical summary as the second stage of statistical research is to obtain general indicators for information, reference and analytical purposes. The summary of mass statistical data is carried out according to a pre-developed program and plan. During the program development process, the subject and predicate of the summary are determined. The subject is the object of study, divided into groups and subgroups. Predicate - indicators that characterize the subject of the summary. The summary program is determined by the objectives of the statistical study.

The statistical summary is carried out according to a pre-drawn plan. In terms of summaries, questions are addressed about how to carry out the work of summarizing information - manually or mechanically, and about the sequence of individual summation operations. The deadlines for completing each stage and the summary as a whole are established, as well as methods for presenting the results of the summary. These can be distribution series, statistical tables and statistical graphs.

Main stages of statistical research

Let's consider the most important method statistics – statistical observation.

Usage in various ways and techniques of statistical methodology

presupposes the availability of comprehensive and reliable information about what is being studied

object. The study of mass social phenomena includes stages of collection

statistical information and its primary processing, information and groupings

observation results into certain aggregates, generalization and analysis

received materials.

At the first stage of statistical research, primary

statistical data, or source statistical information, which

is the foundation of the future statistical building. So that the building is

its foundation must be strong, sound and of high quality. If when collecting

there was an error in the primary statistical data or the material turned out to be

of poor quality, it will affect the correctness and reliability of both

theoretical and practical conclusions. Therefore, statistical

observation from the initial to the final stage - obtaining the final

materials - must be carefully thought out and clearly organized.

Statistical observation provides the source material for generalization, the beginning

which the summary serves. If during statistical observation about each of its

unit receives information characterizing it from many aspects, then the data

reports characterize the entire statistical population and its individual parts.

At this stage, the totality is divided according to differences and united according to

signs of similarity, total indicators are calculated for groups and in

in general. Using the grouping method, the phenomena being studied are divided into the most important

types, characteristic groups and subgroups according to essential characteristics. By using

groupings are limited by qualitatively homogeneous in significant respects

totality, which is a prerequisite for the definition and application

generalizing indicators.

At the final stage of analysis using generalizing indicators

relative and average values ​​are calculated and a summary assessment is given

variations of signs, the dynamics of phenomena are characterized, indices are used,

balance sheet constructions, indicators characterizing crowding are calculated

connections in changes in characteristics. For the purpose of the most rational and visual

Presentation of digital material is presented in the form of tables and graphs.

3.Statistical observation: concept, basic forms.

This is scientific and organizational work on data collection. Forms:stat. 1) reporting, cat. is based on documentary accounting. Since 1998, 4 unified forms of federal state supervision have been introduced: FP-1 (production of enterprises), FP-2 (investment), FP-3 (financial state of organizations), FP-4 (number - number of workers, labor), 2) specially organized observation (census), 3) register - this is a set of units, cat.har-t of each unit of observation: registers of us- research, production, construction and contracting organizations, retail and wholesale trade. Types of observation: 1) continuous, non-continuous (selective, qualified based on the main array method, monograph). The observation can be current, periodic, one-time. Methods of observation: direct, documentary, survey (expedition, questionnaire, personal appearance, correspondence). Statistical observations are carried out according to a plan, which includes: program and methodological issues (goals, objectives), organizational issues (time, place). As a result of the observations carried out, errors arise, which reduce the accuracy of the observations, so data control is carried out (logical and counting). As a result of checking the reliability of the data, the following observation errors are revealed: random. errors (registration errors), intentional errors, unintentional errors. (systemic and non-systemic), errors of representativeness (representativeness).

Program and methodological issues of statistical observation.

Program and methodological issues of statistical observation

Each observation is carried out for a specific purpose. When conducting it, it is necessary to establish what is subject to examination. We need to decide next questions:

Observation object – a set of objects and phenomena from which information must be collected. When defining an object, its main distinctive features(signs). Every object of mass observation consists of individual units, so it is necessary to resolve the question of what element of the aggregate that will serve as the unit of observation.

Unit of observation – this is a component element of an object, which is the carrier of characteristics subject to registration and the basis of the account.

Census – these are certain quantitative restrictions for the object of observation.

Sign - this is a property that characterizes certain features and characteristics inherent in the units of the population being studied.

Organizational issues of statistical observation.

The observation program is drawn up in the form of forms (questionnaires, forms) in which primary data is entered. A necessary addition to the forms is instructions that explain the meaning of the questions.

Organizational issues of the program include:

observation period;

critical moment of observation;

preparatory work;

The observation period to which the recorded information relates. Called objective observation time. This might be certain period time (day, decade, month) or a specific moment. The moment to which the recorded information relates is called the critical moment of observation.

For example, the critical moment of the micro-census of 94. was 0.00 o'clock on the night of February 13-14. By establishing the critical moment of observation, it is possible to determine the true state of affairs with photographic accuracy.

Preparatory work involves providing surveillance with documents, as well as compiling a list of reporting units, forms, and instructions.

Documents will be filled out during the observation or based on its results.

Important place in system preparatory work has the selection and training of personnel, as well as briefing of those who will participate in the observation.

The concept of studying the quantitative aspects of objects and phenomena was formed a long time ago, from the moment a person developed basic skills in working with information. However, the term “statistics”, which has come down to our time, was borrowed much later from Latin language and comes from the word "status", which means " certain state of things". “Status” was also used to mean “political state” and was fixed in almost all European languages exactly this semantic meaning: English “state”, German “Staat”, Italian “stato” and its derivative “statista” - an expert on the state.

The word “statistics” received widespread use in the 18th century and was used to mean “state science.” Industry is called statistics practical activities aimed at collecting, processing, analyzing and making available for public use data on phenomena and processes of social life.

Analysis is a method scientific research object by considering its individual sides and components.

Economic-statistical analysis is the development of a methodology based on the widespread use of traditional statistical and mathematical-statistical methods in order to control the adequate reflection of the phenomena and processes under study.

Stages of statistical research. Statistical research takes place in three stages:

• 1) statistical observation;
• 2) summary of the data obtained;
• 3) statistical analysis.

At the first stage, primary statistical data is collected using the mass observation method.

At the second stage of statistical research, the collected data undergoes primary processing, summary and grouping. The grouping method allows you to identify homogeneous populations and divide them into groups and subgroups. A summary is the obtaining of results for the population as a whole and its individual groups and subgroups.

The grouping and summary results are presented in the form of statistical tables. The main content of this stage is the transition from the characteristics of each observation unit to the summary characteristics of the population as a whole or its groups.

At the third stage, the obtained summary data is analyzed by the method of generalizing indicators (absolute, relative and average values, variation indicators, index systems, methods mathematical statistics, tabular method, graphical method, etc.).

Basics statistical analysis:

• 1) approval of facts and establishment of their assessment;
• 2) identification characteristic features and the causes of the phenomenon;
• 3) comparison of the phenomenon with normative, planned and other phenomena that are taken as the basis for comparison;
• 4) formulation of conclusions, forecasts, assumptions and hypotheses;
• 5) statistical test put forward assumptions (hypotheses).

Analysis and synthesis of statistical data - The final stage statistical research, the ultimate goal of which is to obtain theoretical conclusions and practical conclusions about the trends and patterns of the studied socio-economic phenomena and processes. The objectives of statistical analysis are: determining and assessing the specificity and characteristics of the phenomena and processes being studied, studying their structure, relationships and patterns of their development.

Statistical analysis of data is carried out in inextricably linked theoretical, qualitative analysis the essence of the phenomena under study and the corresponding quantitative tools, studying their structure, connections and dynamics.

Statistical analysis is the study of the characteristic features of the structure, relationships of phenomena, trends, patterns of development of socio-economic phenomena, for which specific economic-statistical and mathematical-statistical methods are used. Statistical analysis concludes with the interpretation of the results obtained.

In statistical analysis, signs are divided according to the nature of their influence on each other:

• 1. Result characteristic - a characteristic analyzed in this study. The individual dimensions of such a feature in individual elements of the population are influenced by one or more other features. In other words, the result-attribute is considered as a consequence of the interaction of other factors;
• 2. Sign-factor - a sign that influences the characteristic under study (sign-result). Moreover, the relationship between the factor-attribute and the result-attribute can be quantitatively determined. Synonyms this term in statistics are, “factor sign”, “factor”. It is necessary to distinguish between the concepts of factor-attribute and weight-attribute. A weight feature is a feature that must be taken into account in calculations. But the weight trait does not affect the trait being studied. A factor attribute can be considered as a weight attribute, i.e., taken into account in calculations, but not every weight attribute is a factor attribute. For example, when studying in a group of students the relationship between the time to prepare for an exam and the number of points received on the exam, the third characteristic should also be taken into account: “The number of people certified for a certain score.” The last feature does not affect the result, however, it will be included in the analytical calculations. It is this kind of attribute that is called a weight attribute, and not a factor attribute.

Before starting the analysis, it is necessary to check whether the conditions are met to ensure its reliability and correctness:

• - Reliability of primary digital data;
• - Completeness of coverage of the population being studied;
• - Comparability of indicators (by accounting units, territory, calculation method).

The main concepts of statistical analysis are:

• 1. Hypothesis;
• 2. Decisive function and the decisive rule;
• 3. Sample from the general population;
• 4. Assessment of characteristics of the general population;
• 5. Confidence interval;
• 6. Trend;
• 7. Statistical relationship.

Analysis is the final stage of statistical research, the essence of which is to identify relationships and patterns of the phenomenon being studied, formulate conclusions and proposals.