Andrei Bely and Claudia Nikolaevna Vasilyeva. Alexander white

Real name and surname - Boris Nikolaevich Bugaev.

Andrei Bely - Russian poet, prose writer, theorist of symbolism, critic, memoirist - was born October 14 (26), 1880 in Moscow in the family of mathematician N.V. Bugaev, who 1886-1891 - Dean of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Moscow University, founder of the Moscow School of Mathematics, who anticipated many ideas of K. Tsiolkovsky and Russian "cosmists". The mother studied music and tried to counter the artistic influence of her father's "flat rationalism". The essence of this parental conflict was constantly reproduced by Bely in his later works.

At the age of 15, he met the family of his brother Vl.S. Solovyov - M.S. Solovyov, his wife, artist O.M. Solovieva, and son, future poet S.M. Solovyov. Their house became a second family for A. Bely, here his first literary experiments were sympathetically met, a pseudonym was invented, he was introduced to the latest art and philosophy (A. Schopenhauer, F. Nietzsche, Vl.S. Solovyov). In 1891-1899 Bely studied at the Moscow private gymnasium L.I. Polivanova. In 1903 He graduated from the natural department of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Moscow University. In 1904 entered the Faculty of History and Philology, but in 1906 filed an application for dismissal.

In 1901 Bely submitted his "Symphony (2nd, dramatic)" for publication. The genre of the literary "symphony," created by A. Bely (during his lifetime, the "Northern Symphony (1st, heroic)" was published ( 1904 ), "Return" ( 1905 ), "Blizzard Cup" ( 1908 )), demonstrated a number of essential features of his poetics: a tendency to synthesize words and music (the system of leitmotifs, the rhythmization of prose, the transfer of the structural laws of musical form into verbal compositions), the combination of plans for eternity and modernity.

In 1901-1903. he was among the Moscow symbolists grouped around the Scorpio publishing house (V. Bryusov, K. Balmont, Yu. Baltrushaitis) and Grif; then he met the organizers of the St. Petersburg Religious and Philosophical Meetings and the publishers of the New Way magazine D.S. Merezhkovsky, Z.N. Gippius. From January 1903 began a correspondence with A. Blok (personal acquaintance took place 1904.), with which he was connected by years of "friendship-enmity". Autumn 1903 Andrei Bely became one of the organizers and ideological inspirers of the “Argonauts” circle (Ellis, S.M. Solovyov, A.S. Petrovsky, E.K. Medtner, etc.), who professed the ideas of symbolism as religious creativity (“theurgin”), equality of "texts of life" and "texts of art", love-mystery as a path to the eschatological transformation of the world. "Argonautic" motifs developed in Bely's articles of this period, published in the magazines "World of Art", "Balance", "Golden Fleece", as well as in the collection of poems "Gold in Azure" ( 1904 ).

The collapse of the "Argonautic" myth in the mind of Andrei Bely ( 1904-1906 ) occurred under the influence of a number of factors: the shift of philosophical guidelines from the eschatology of F. Nietzsche and Vl.S. Solovyov to neo-Kantianism and the problems of the epistemological justification of symbolism, the tragic ups and downs of unrequited love for L.D. Blok (reflected in the collection "Urn", 1909 ), a split and a fierce magazine controversy in the symbolist camp. Events of the Revolution 1905-1907 gg. were perceived by Bely at first in line with anarchist maximalism, but it was during this period that social motives and “Nekrasov’s” rhythms and intonations appeared in his poetry (collection of poems “Ashes”, 1909 ).

1909-1910. - the beginning of a turning point in the worldview of A. Bely, the search for new positive life paths. Summing up the results of his previous creative activity, he published three volumes of critical and theoretical articles ("Symbolism", "Green Meadow", both 1910 ; "Arabesque", 1911 ). Attempts to find a "new soil", a synthesis of the West and the East are palpable in the novel "Silver Dove" ( 1909 ). The beginning of the revival was the rapprochement and civil marriage with the artist A.A. Turgeneva, who shared with him the years of wandering ( 1910-1912 , Sicily - Tunisia - Egypt - Palestine), described in two volumes of Travel Notes. Together with her, Andrei Bely is experiencing years of enthusiastic apprenticeship with the founder of anthroposophy, R. Steiner. The highest creative achievement of this period is the novel "Petersburg" ( 1913-1914 ), which concentrated the historiosophical issues related to the understanding of Russia's path between the West and the East, and had a huge impact on the greatest novelists of the 20th century (M. Proust, J. Joyce, etc.).

In 1914-1916. lived in Dornach (Switzerland), participating in the construction of the anthroposophical temple "Goetheanum". In August 1916 returned to Russia. AT 1915-1916. created the novel "Kotik Letaev" - the first in a planned series of autobiographical novels (continuation - the novel "The Baptized Chinese", 1921 ). Bely perceived the beginning of the First World War as a universal disaster, the Russian revolution 1917 – as a possible way out of the global catastrophe. The cultural-philosophical ideas of that time were embodied in the essay cycle “On the Pass” (“I. Crisis of Thought”, 1918 ; "II. Crisis of thought, 1918 ; III. The Crisis of Culture", 1918 ), essay "Revolution and Culture" ( 1917 ), the poem "Christ is Risen" ( 1918 ), a collection of poems "Star" ( 1922 ).

In 1921-1923. Andrei Bely in Berlin experienced a painful parting with R. Steiner, a break with A.A. Turgeneva and was on the verge of a mental breakdown, although he continued active literary activity. Upon returning to his homeland, he made a series of hopeless attempts to find his place in Soviet culture, created the novel dilogy "Moscow" ("Moscow eccentric", 1926 ; "Moscow under attack" 1926 ), the novel "Masks" ( 1932 ), acted as a memoirist ("Memoirs of Blok", 1922-1923 ; trilogy "At the turn of two centuries", 1930 ; "beginning of the century" 1933 ; "Between Two Revolutions" 1934 ), wrote theoretical and literary studies "Rhythm as Dialectics and The Bronze Horseman" ( 1929 ) and Gogol's Mastery ( 1934 ). These studies had a decisive influence on the literary criticism of the 20th century. (formalist and structuralist schools in the USSR, "new criticism" in the USA), laid the foundations of modern scientific poetry (distinguishing between meter and rhythm, etc.). In the work of Andrei Bely, a feeling of a total crisis of life and the world order was expressed.

(1880 - 1934)

White Andrey is a pseudonym. Real name - Bugaev Boris Nikolaevich, poet.
Born on October 14 (26 n.s.) in Moscow in the family of a professor at Moscow University. He received an excellent home education. He studied at the gymnasium of a prominent teacher L. Polivanov, where his outstanding humanitarian talents manifested themselves in literature and philosophy. Among the Russian classics, he especially appreciated N. Gogol and F. Dostoevsky. In 1903 he graduated from the natural department of the mathematical faculty of Moscow University. Along with studying the works of Charles Darwin and positivist philosophers, he was fond of theosophy and occultism, religious philosophy and poetry of Vl. Solovyov and philosophical and poetic works of F. Nietzsche. At the same time, "he was serious about religious issues."
Belonged to the symbolists of the "younger generation" (together with A. Blok, Vyach. Ivanov, S. Solovyov, Ellis). In 1904, the first collection of poems, Gold in Azure, was published, supplemented by a special section, Lyrical Fragments in Prose. A. Bely was one of the theorists of Russian symbolism of the "second wave", the developer of a new aesthetic worldview. Developing the thesis about music as the dominant art form and the need to subordinate others to it, he tried to create a literary work according to musical laws: these are his four "symphonies" - "Northern" (1901), "Dramatic", "Return" (1902), " Cup of Blizzards" (1907), which embodied the main ideas of Russian religious-philosophical, theurgic symbolism. From the "symphonies" begins a direct line to the ornamental style of Bely's first novel, Silver Dove, written a year later.
The revolution of 1905 - 07 forced A. Bely to turn to reality, aroused interest in social problems. In 1909, the collections "Ashes", then "Urn" were published.
In 1912, together with his wife, artist A. Turgeneva, he left for Europe, where he became interested in the mystical teachings of R. Steiner, the founder of anthroposophy. In 1914 he settled in an anthroposophical center in Switzerland, together with other followers of Steiner, took part in the construction of St. John's Church. Here the war finds him, and only in 1916 he returns to Russia.
During these years, prose works occupy the main place in his work. Among them, the most famous is the novel "Petersburg" (1913 - 14, second edition - 1922). A. Bely was not hostile to the October Revolution, although he did not become its singer. In the post-revolutionary years, he taught classes on the theory of poetry with young writers in Proletkult, published the journal Notes of Dreamers.
In the 1920s, the novels "Kotik Letaev" (1922), "The Baptized Chinese" (1927), the historical epic "Moscow" were written.
A. Bely devoted the last years of his life to writing extensive memoirs, which are of extremely great interest for history and literary criticism ("At the turn of two centuries", 1930, "The beginning of the century. Memoirs", 1933, "Between two revolutions", 1934). January 8, 1934 he died in Moscow.

Name: Andrey Bely (Boris Bugaev)

Age: 53 years old

Activity: writer, poet, critic, memoirist, versifier

Family status: was married

Andrei Bely: biography

The poet, a prominent representative of Russian symbolism, prose writer, literary critic and philosopher Andrei Bely is the son of an amazing cultural era, called the "Silver Age". Little-known to his contemporaries, the author is interesting for his inventions and discoveries, which largely determined the appearance of the literature of the early twentieth century.

Seeing a certain bifurcation of the surrounding world, the writer and philosopher Bely concluded that the source of social upheaval lies in the confrontation between two ideological elements - East and West. Connoisseurs of his work are sure that Andrei Bely, better than all his contemporaries, depicted such a complex phenomenon as a turning point.

Childhood and youth

The future star of the "Silver Age" was born in the late autumn of 1880 in the capital, in an intelligent family of native Muscovites. Boris Bugaev grew up and was brought up in an atmosphere of two opposing elements - mathematics and music, which was later surprisingly reflected in his poetry.

Mom - Alexandra Egorova - introduced her son to the world of music and instilled a love for the works of brilliant composers of Russia and Europe. Father - a famous mathematician, worked as dean of Moscow University. Nikolai Bugaev anticipated many ideas of the "cosmists" and founded a mathematical school.

In 1891, Boris Bugaev became a student of L. I. Polivanov's private gymnasium, where he studied until 1899. In the gymnasium, Bugaev Jr. became interested in the Buddhist religion and the secrets of the occult. Of the writers and philosophers, his interest was attracted by creativity, and. Poems, and became the standards of poetry for the young man.

Within the walls of the men's gymnasium on Prechistenka, the future symbolist poet became friends with Sergei Solovyov. The creative pseudonym "Andrey Bely" appeared thanks to Sergei's father: the Solovyovs' house became the second home for the writer. Sergei's brother, the philosopher Vladimir Solovyov, influenced the formation of Andrei Bely's worldview.

After graduating from the Polivanov Gymnasium, Andrei Bely became a student at Moscow University, where his father taught. Nikolai Bugaev insisted that his son choose the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics. After graduation, Bely in 1904 became a university student for the second time and undertook to study history and philology, but after 2 years he left the university and left for Europe.

Literature

In 1901, Andrei Bely, a university student, published his first work. "Symphony (2nd, dramatic)" demonstrated to connoisseurs of poetry the birth of the genre of literary "symphony", the creator of which is Andrei Bely. In the early 1900s, the Northern Symphony (1st, heroic), The Return and the Blizzard Cup saw the light of day. These poetic works are an amazing synthesis of words and music, they are called rhythmic prose.

At the beginning of the 19th century, Andrei Bely met the Moscow Symbolists, who were grouped around the publishing houses Grif and Scorpio. Then the Muscovite fell under the influence of the St. Petersburg poets and writers Dmitry Merezhkovsky and the publishers of the New Way magazine, writing several philosophical articles.

At the beginning of 1903, Andrei Bely agreed with him in absentia: the writers corresponded. A personal acquaintance, which grew into a dramatic either friendship or enmity, took place in next year. In the same year, the mystic poet and like-minded people organized a circle of "Argonauts". In 1904, the first poetry collection "Gold in Azure" was published, which included the poem "The Sun".

At the beginning of 1905, Andrei Bely came to Merezhkovsky and Gippius in St. Petersburg and saw the first revolutionary events, which he received enthusiastically, but remained aloof from what was happening. The end of the autumn and the beginning of the winter of 1906, the writer lived in Munich, then moved to Paris, where he remained until 1907. In 1907, Andrei Bely returned to Moscow, where he worked in the journal Libra and collaborated with the Golden Fleece publication.

At the end of the first decade of the 1900s, the writer gave fans collections of poems "Ashes" and "Urn". The first included the poem "Rus". The next decade was marked by the release of the novels Silver Dove and Petersburg.

In October 1916, the creative biography of Andrei Bely was enriched with a new novel, Kotik Letaev. The writer perceived the outbreak of the First World War as a tragedy of Russia. In the summer of the same year, the writer was called up for military service, but in September he was given a reprieve. Andrei Bely lived either in the Moscow region or in Tsarskoye Selo near Petrograd.

In the February Revolution, Bely saw salvation, displaying a vision of what was happening in the poem "Christ is Risen" and the collection of poems "Star". After the end of the revolution, Andrei Bely worked in Soviet institutions. He was a lecturer and teacher, taught classes with novice writers at Proletkult, became the publisher of the journal Notes of a Dreamer.

Disappointment with the actions of the new government pushed Andrei Bely to emigrate. In 1921, the writer and philosopher left for Berlin, where he lived and worked for 3 years. At the end of 1923, Bely returned to his homeland and lived in Russia until his last days.

The prose writer wrote the novels "Moscow Eccentric", "Moscow Under Attack" and "Masks", published memoirs about Blok and a trilogy about revolutionary events (the novel "Between Two Revolutions" was published posthumously). Andrei Bely did not establish contact with the authorities until the end of his life, which is why the work of the brightest representative of the Symbolists and the "Silver Age" was appreciated only at the end of the 20th century.

Personal life

The love triangles of Andrei Bely with the symbolist poets Valery Bryusov and Alexander Blok and their wives are reflected in his work. Bryusov described Bely's affair with his wife Nina Petrovskaya in The Fiery Angel. In 1905, Petrovskaya shot her lover, and he dedicated the lines of the poem "To Friends" to her.

A painful relationship with Blok's wife, Lyubov Mendeleeva, inspired Andrei Bely to create the novel "Petersburg". The lovers met in a rented apartment, but in the end, Mendeleeva preferred her husband, which she announced to Bely, demanding not to come to their house. Despair prompted the poet to go abroad.

Returning from Europe to Russia in the spring of 1909, Andrei Bely met Anna Turgeneva, the niece of the classic. In the winter of 1910, his beloved accompanied the writer on a journey. The couple traveled to North Africa and the Middle East. In the spring of 1914, Bely and Turgenev got married in Bern, but 2 years later the writer returned to his homeland. After 5 years, he came to Germany to his wife, but the relationship dried up. Divorce followed.

In the autumn of 1923, Andrei Bely met a woman with whom he lived the rest of his life. Claudia Vasilyeva, or Claudia, as Andrei Bely called his beloved, in the summer of 1931 agreed to a marriage proposal.

Death

Andrei Bely died in Claudy's arms on January 8, 1934 from paralysis of the respiratory tract. The poet was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery in Moscow. Claudia Vasilyeva studied the work of the famous symbolist, writing a book of memoirs about him.

Memory

A number of authoritative researchers and literary critics assure that without studying the creative heritage of Andrei Bely, it is impossible to appreciate the aesthetic phenomenon of poetry of the late 19th - early 20th centuries. Therefore, contemporaries who are interested in Russian poetry will certainly get acquainted with the work of the theoretician of symbolism and anthroposophist-mystic.

Bely's poems "Motherland", "Despair", "From the Car Window" and "Meditation" are the most famous and beloved by connoisseurs of "Silver Age" poetry. They are often quoted by contemporaries, speaking of symbolist poets.

Until the age of 26, Andrei Bely lived in a house on the Arbat. In the apartment where the theorist of symbolism spent his childhood and youth, a museum was founded after his death. I've been to the Bugaevs' house.

Bibliography

Novels

• "Silver dove. A story in 7 chapters
• "Petersburg"
• "Kitty Letaev"
• "Baptized Chinese"
• "Moscow weirdo"
• "Moscow under attack"
• "Masks. Novel"

Poetry

• "Gold in the Blue"
• "Ash. Poetry"
• "Urn. Poems»
• "Christ is risen. Poem"
• “First date. Poem"
• "Star. New verses»
• "The Queen and the Knights. Fairy tales"
• "Star. New verses»
• "After the Separation"
• "Glossolalia. Poem about sound
• "Poems about Russia"

Andrey Bely(real name Boris Nikolaevich Bugaev; October 14 (26), 1880, Moscow, Russian Empire - January 8, 1934, Moscow, RSFSR, USSR) - Russian writer, poet, critic, versifier ; one of the leading figures of the Russiansymbolism.

Born in the family of Professor Nikolai Vasilyevich Bugaev, a famous mathematician and philosopher, and his wife Alexandra Dmitrievna, nee Egorova. Until the age of twenty-six he lived in the very center of Moscow, on the Arbat; in the apartment where he spent his childhood and youth, there is currently a memorial apartment. In 1891-1899. studied at the famous L. I. Polivanov gymnasium, where in the last classes he became interested in Buddhism, occultism, while studying literature. Dostoevsky, Ibsen, Nietzsche had a special influence on Boris at that time. In 1895, he became close with Sergei Solovyov and his parents, Mikhail Sergeyevich and Olga Mikhailovna, and soon with Mikhail Sergeyevich's brother, the philosopher Vladimir Solovyov.

In 1899 he entered the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Moscow University (natural department). In his student years he met "senior symbolists". From his youth, he tried to combine artistic and mystical moods with positivism, with the desire for the exact sciences. At the university, he works on invertebrate zoology, studies Darwin, chemistry, but does not miss a single issue of the World of Art.

In the autumn of 1903, a literary circle was organized around Andrei Bely, called the Argonauts.

In our circle there was no common, stamped worldview, there were no dogmas: from now until now we have been united in searches, and not in achievements, and therefore many among us found ourselves in the crisis of our yesterday and in the crisis of a worldview that seemed outdated; we greeted him in his attempts to give birth to new thoughts and new attitudes,” Andrey Bely recalled.

In 1904, the "Argonauts" gathered in an apartment near Astrov . At one of the meetings of the circle, it was proposed to publish a literary and philosophical collection called "Free Conscience", and in 1906 two books of this collection were published.

In 1903, Bely entered into correspondence with A. A. Blok, in 1904 a personal acquaintance took place. Before that, in 1903, he graduated with honors from the university, but in the fall of 1904 he entered the historical and philological faculty of the university, choosing B. A. Fokht as the head; however, in 1905 he stopped attending classes, in 1906 he filed a request for expulsion and began to cooperate in the Scales (1904-1909).

Bely lived abroad for more than two years, where he created two collections of poems that were dedicated to Blok and Mendeleev. Returning to Russia, in April 1909, the poet became close to Asya Turgeneva (1890-1966) and together with her in 1911 made a series of trips through Sicily - Tunisia - Egypt - Palestine (described in "Travel Notes"). In 1912, in Berlin, he met Rudolf Steiner, became his student and devoted himself without hesitation to his apprenticeship and anthroposophy. In fact, moving away from the former circle of writers, he worked on prose works. When the war of 1914 broke out, Steiner and his students, including Andrei Bely, moved to Dornach, Switzerland. There began the construction of St. John's building - the Goetheanum. This temple was built by the students and followers of Steiner with their own hands. On March 23, 1914, in the Swiss city of Bern, Anna Alekseevna Turgeneva entered into a civil marriage with Boris Nikolaevich Bugaev. In 1916, B. N. Bugaev was called up for military service and arrived in Russia in a roundabout way through France, England, Norway and Sweden. Asya did not follow him.

After the October Revolution, he taught classes in the theory of poetry and prose at the Moscow Proletkult among young proletarian writers. From the end of 1919, Bely thought about going abroad to return to his wife in Dornach. But he was released only at the beginning of September 1921. He met with Asya, who suggested that he leave forever. According to the poems of that time, according to his behavior (“Bely’s Christ Dances”, in the words of Marina Tsvetaeva), one can feel that he was very upset by this parting.

Asya decided to leave her husband forever and stayed in Dornach, devoting herself to the cause of Rudolf Steiner. She was called the "anthroposophical nun". Being a talented artist, Asya managed to preserve a special style of illustrations, which replenished all anthroposophical publications. Her "Memories of Andrei Bely", "Memoirs of Rudolf Steiner and the construction of the first Goetheanum" reveal to us the details of their acquaintance with anthroposophy, Rudolf Steiner and many famous talented people of the Silver Age. White was completely alone. He dedicated a large number of poems to Asya. Her image can be recognized in Katya from the Silver Dove.

In October 1923, Bely returned to Moscow; Asya forever remained in the past. But a woman appeared in his life who was destined to spend his last years with him. Claudia Nikolaevna Vasilyeva (nee Alekseeva; 1886-1970) became Bely's last girlfriend, to whom he did not feel love, but held on to her as if she were a savior. Quiet, submissive, caring Claudia, as the writer called her, became Bely's wife on July 18, 1931. Before that, from March 1925 to April 1931, they rented two rooms in Kuchin under Moscow. The writer died in her arms from a stroke, which became a consequence sunstroke , January 8, 1934 in Moscow. Lyubov Dmitrievna Mendeleeva outlived her former lover by five years.

Literary debut - "Symphony (2nd, dramatic)" (M., 1902). It was followed by the "Northern Symphony (1st, heroic)" (1904), "Return" (1905), "Blizzard Cup" (1908) in the individual genre of lyrical rhythmic prose with characteristic mystical motives and a grotesque perception of reality. Entering the circle of symbolists, he participated in the magazines "World of Art", "New Way", "Scales", "Golden Fleece", "Pass". An early collection of poems, Gold in Azure (1904), is notable for its formal experimentation and characteristic symbolist motifs. After returning from abroad, he published collections of poems "Ashes" (1909; the tragedy of rural Rus'), "Urn" (1909), the novel "Silver Dove" (1909; published in 1910), essays "The tragedy of creativity. Dostoevsky and Tolstoy" (1911).

The results of his own literary-critical activity, partly symbolism in general, are summed up in the collections of articles "Symbolism" (1910; also includes poetry works), "Green Meadow" (1910; includes critical and polemical articles, essays on Russian and foreign writers), " Arabesques" (1911). In 1914-1915, the first edition of the novel "Petersburg" was published, which is the second part of the trilogy "East or West". In the novel "Petersburg" (1913-1914; revised abbreviated edition 1922) there is a symbolized isatiric image of Russian statehood. The first in a planned series of autobiographical novels is Kotik Letaev (1914-1915, separate edition 1922); the series was continued by the novel The Baptized Chinese (1921; separate ed. 1927). In 1915 he wrote a study "Rudolf Steiner and Goethe in the worldview of modernity" (Moscow, 1917)

The understanding of the First World War as a manifestation of the general crisis of Western civilization is reflected in the cycle "On the Pass" ("I. Crisis of Life", 1918; "II. Crisis of Thought", 1918; "III. Crisis of Culture", 1918). The perception of the life-giving element of the revolution as a saving way out of this crisis is in the essay "Revolution and Culture" (1917), the poem "Christ is Risen" (1918), the collection of poems "Star" (1922). Also in 1922, in Berlin, he published the "sound poem" "Glossolalia", where, based on the teachings of R. Steiner and the method of comparative historical linguistics, he developed the theme of creating a universe from sounds. Upon his return to Soviet Russia (1923), he creates the novel dilogy Moscow (The Moscow Eccentric, Moscow Under Attack; 1926), the novel Masks (1932), writes memoirs Memoirs of Blok (1922- 1923) and the memoir trilogy "At the Turn of Two Centuries" (1930), "The Beginning of the Century" (1933), "Between Two Revolutions" (1934), theoretical and literary studies "Rhythm as Dialectics and The Bronze Horseman" (1929) and "Gogol's Mastery" (1934).

Novels

• "Silver dove. A story in 7 chapters "" (M .: Scorpio, 1910; edition of 1000 copies); ed. Pashukanis, 1917; ed. "Era", 1922
• "Petersburg" (in the 1st and 2nd coll. "Sirin" (St. Petersburg, 1913; circulation - 8100 copies each), ending in the 3rd coll. "Sirin" (St. Petersburg, 1914; circulation 8100 copies .; separate edition ([Pg.], 1916; circulation 6000 copies); revised version in 1922 - parts 1, 2. M .: Nikitinskie Subbotniks, 1928; circulation 5000 copies); Berlin, "Epokha", 1923
• “Kotik Letaev” (1915; ed. - Pb.: Epoch, 1922; circulation 5000 copies).)
• “The Baptized Chinese” (as “The Crime of Nikolai Letaev” in the 4th edition of the alm. “Notes of Dreamers” (1921); separate ed., M .: Nikitinskie subbotniks, 1927; circulation 5000 copies)
• "Moscow eccentric" (M .: Krug, 1926; circulation 4000 copies), also 2nd ed. - M.: Nikitinskiye Subbotniks, 1927
• "Moscow under attack" (M.: Krug, 1926; circulation 4000 copies), also 2nd ed. - M.: Nikitinskiye Subbotniks, 1927
• "Masks. Roman" (M.; L.: GIHL; 1932; circulation 5000 copies), published in January 1933

Poetry

• "Gold in Azure" (M.: Scorpio, 1904), a collection of poems
• "Ashes. Poems" (St. Petersburg: Rosepovnik, 1909; circulation 1000 copies; ed. 2nd, revised - M .: Nikitinskie Subbotniks, 1929; circulation 3000 copies)
• "Urn. Poems" (M.: Grif, 1909; edition 1200 copies)
• "Christ is risen. Poem "(Pb .: Alkonost, 1918; circulation 3000 copies), published in April 1919
• “First date. Poem "(1918; separate ed. - St. Petersburg: Alkonost, 1921; circulation 3000 copies; Berlin, "Word", 1922)
• "Star. New verses ”(M .: Alcyona, 1919; P., GIZ, 1922)
• "The Queen and the Knights. Tales" (Pb.: Alkonost, 1919)
• "Star. New verses” (Pb.: State publishing house, 1922; edition 5000 copies).
• "After the Separation", Berlin, "Epoch", 1922
• "Glossolalia. Poem about Sound (Berlin: Epoch, 1922)
• "Poems about Russia" (Berlin: Epoch, 1922)
• Poems (Berlin, ed. Grzhebin, 1923)

Documentary prose

• "Travel Notes" (2 volumes) (1911)

1. "Opheira. Travel notes, part 1. (M.: Book publishing house of writers in Moscow, 1921; circulation 3000 copies)
2. "Travel notes, vol. 1. Sicily and Tunisia" (Moscow; Berlin: Helikon, 1922)

• “Memories of Blok” (Epic. Literary monthly, edited by A. Bely. M .; Berlin: Helikon. No. 1 - April, No. 2 - September, No. 3 - December; No. 4 - June 1923)
• "At the turn of two centuries" (M.; L.: Zemlya i fabrika, 1930; edition 5,000 copies)
• "The Beginning of the Century" (M.; L.: GIHL, 1933; circulation 5000 copies).
• "Between two revolutions" (L., 1935)

Articles

• "Symbolism. Book of articles "(M.: Musaget, 1910; circulation 1000 copies)
• "The meadow is green. Book of articles "(M.: Alcyona, 1910; circulation 1200 copies)
• "Arabesques. Book of articles "(M.: Musaget, 1911; circulation 1000 copies)
• "The tragedy of creativity." M., "Musaget", 1911
• "Rudolf Steiner and Goethe in the Worldview of Modernity" (1915)
• "Revolution and Culture" (M.: Publishing House of G. A. Leman and S. I. Sakharov, 1917), brochure
• "Rhythm and Meaning" (1917)
• "On Rhythmic Gesture" (1917)
• “At the pass. I. The Crisis of Life” (St. Petersburg: Alkonost, 1918)
• “At the pass. II. Crisis of thought” (Pb.: Alkonost, 1918), published in January 1919
• “At the pass. III. The Crisis of Culture" (Pb.: Alkonost, 1920)
• "Sirin of learned barbarism". Berlin, "Scythians", 1922
• "On the meaning of knowledge" (Pb.: Epoch, 1922; circulation 3000 copies)
• "Poetry of the Word" (Pb.: Epoch, 1922; circulation 3000 copies)
• “Wind from the Caucasus. Impressions” (M.: Federation, Krug, 1928; edition 4000 copies).
• Rhythm as dialectics and the Bronze Horseman. Research” (M.: Federation, 1929; circulation 3000 copies)
• Gogol's skill. Research ”(M.-L .: GIHL, 1934; circulation 5000 copies), published posthumously in April 1934

Miscellaneous

• "The tragedy of creativity. Dostoevsky and Tolstoy" (M.: Musaget, 1911; circulation 1000 copies), brochure
• "Symphony"

1. Northern Symphony (heroic) (1900; published - M .: Scorpion, 1904)
2. Symphony (dramatic) (M.: Scorpio, 1902)
3. Return. Symphony III (M.: Grif, 1905. Berlin, "Lights", 1922)
4. Blizzard Cup. The Fourth Symphony" (M.: Scorpion, 1908; edition 1000 copies).

• “One of the cloisters of the kingdom of shadows” (L.: State publishing house, 1924; circulation 5000 copies), essay

Editions

• Andrey Bely Petersburg. - Printing house of M. M. Stasyulevich, 1916.
• Andrey Bely On the pass. - Alkonost, 1918.
• Andrey Bely One of the abodes of the realm of shadows. - L .: Leningrad Gublit, 1925.
• Andrey Bely Petersburg. - M .: "Fiction", 1978.
• Andrey Bely Selected prose. - M .: Sov. Russia, 1988. -
• Andrey Bely Moscow / Comp., entry. Art. and note. S. I. Timina. - M .: Sov. Russia, 1990. - 768 p. — 300,000 copies.
• Andrey Bely Baptized Chinese. - "Panorama", 1988. -
• White A. Symbolism as a worldview. - M .: Respublika, 1994. - 528 p.
• Andrey Bely Collected Works in 6 volumes. - M .: Terra - Book Club, 2003-2005.
• Andrey Bely Gogol's skill. Study. — Book Club Knigovek, 2011. —
• White A. Poems and poems / Entry. article and comp. T. Yu. Khmelnitskaya; Prep. text and notes. N. B. Bank and N. G. Zakharenko. — 2nd edition. — M., L.: Sov. writer, 1966. - 656 p. — (Library of the poet. Large series.). — 25,000 copies.
• White A. Petersburg / The publication was prepared by L. K. Dolgopolov; Rep. ed. acad. D. S. Likhachev. - M .: Nauka, 1981. - 696 p. - (Literary monuments).

Andrey Bely(1880-1934) - symbolist poet, writer. The real name is Boris Bugaev.

Andrei Bely, 1924
Hood. A. Ostroumova-Lebedeva

Andrei Bely was born in Moscow, on the Arbat, in a house converted into an apartment building from an 18th-century mansion. Some of the apartments belonged to Moscow University, where its teachers lived. One of the tenants was the father of the future poet, mathematics professor Nikolai Bugaev. Now the Andrey Bely Museum is open in the corner apartment on the second floor.

Boris Bugaev's childhood passed under the sign of family scandals. In many ways, this determined his imbalance and fear of life, reflected in relations with fellow writers and life partners. In the second half of the 1900s. he formed two love triangles at once: Bely - Blok - Lyubov Mendeleev and Bely - Bryusov - Nina Petrovskaya. Both broke up not in his favor. The ensuing marriage with Anna Turgeneva actually ended in 1916, when Andrei Bely returned from Switzerland to Russia.

The tragic perception of reality led to the fact that Andrei Bely treated the revolution as a renewal of Russia. But when it happened, and he "huddled in the apartment of acquaintances, stoking the stove with his manuscripts, starving and standing in lines," he considered it good in 1921 to leave for Germany. Emigration did not accept him, Anna Turgeneva, who formally remained his wife, did not accept him either, and two years later he returned. Andrei Bely did not become a Soviet writer. According to Bulgakov, he "all his life ... wrote wild broken nonsense. Lately he decided to turn his face to communism. But he turned extremely unsuccessfully."

Andrey Bely: "I was left alone at the age of 4. And since then I have not stopped breaking down even when I am alone with myself. I still make faces in the mirror when I shave. After all, a grimace is the same mask. I am always wearing a mask! Always!"

Biography of Andrei Bely

• 1880. October 14 (26) - in Moscow, in the family of a mathematician, professor of Moscow State University Nikolai Vasilievich Bugaev and his wife Alexandra Dmitrievna Bugaeva (nee Egorova), son Boris was born.
• 1891. September - Boris Bugaev entered the Moscow private gymnasium L.I. Polivanova.
• 1895. End of the year - acquaintance with Sergei Solovyov, and soon with his uncle, the philosopher Vladimir Solovyov.
• 1899. September - Boris Bugaev entered the natural department of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Moscow University.
• 1900. January-December - work on the "Northern Symphony" and a cycle of symbolist poems. Spring is a passion for philosophical works and poetry of V.S. Soloviev.
• 1901. February - meeting with M.K. Morozova at a symphony concert, the beginning of "mystery love" and anonymous correspondence. March-August - work on the "2nd dramatic symphony". December - acquaintance with V.Ya. Bryusov, D.S. Merezhkovsky and Z.N. Gippius.
• 1902. April - the release of the "2nd dramatic symphony". The first publication of Boris Bugaev, also for the first time signed with the pseudonym Andrei Bely. Autumn - Andrei Bely met S.P. Diaghilev and A.N. Benoit. Articles in the journal "world of art".
• 1903. January - the beginning of the correspondence with A. Blok. February-April - Andrey Bely's debut in the almanac "Northern Flowers". March - acquaintance with K.D. Balmont, M.A. Voloshin, S.A. Sokolov (owner of the Grif publishing house). May - University diploma. May 29 - the death of father Andrei Bely. Autumn - a circle of "Argonauts". The beginning of "mystery love" for Nina Petrovskaya.
• 1904. January - Bely's acquaintance with Alexander Blok and his wife Lyubov Dmitrievna. March - the release of the first collection of poems by Bely "Gold in Azure". Summer - admission to the Faculty of History and Philology of Moscow University.
• 1905. January 9 - Andrei Bely - witness of Bloody Sunday. February - upon returning to Moscow, a challenge to a duel from Bryusov. There was a reconciliation. April - personal acquaintance with M.K. Morozova, participation in the meetings of the Religious and Philosophical Society named after Vladimir Solovyov held in her mansion. June - arrival in Shakhmatovo to Blok, a written declaration of love to Lyubov Dmitrievna Blok. October 3 - participation in the funeral of N.E. Bauman. November - acquaintance with Asya Turgeneva.
• 1906. February 26 - declaration of love to L.D. Block. Autumn - a petition for expulsion from the university and departure for Europe.
• 1907. End of February - return to Moscow. August - Blok challenged Andrei Bely to a duel. At a personal meeting, the conflict was settled.
• 1908. February - meeting with Asya Turgeneva. April - release of the collection "Blizzard Cup. Fourth Symphony". December - a mystical rapprochement with the theosophist A.R. Mintslova.
• 1909. End of March - the publication of the collection of poems by Andrei Bely "Urn: Poems". April - the beginning of an affair with Asya Turgeneva. August-September - participation in the organization of the publishing house "Musaget".
• 1910. November 26 - departure with Asya Turgeneva on a trip abroad.
• 1911. April 22 - Andrei Bely returned to Russia.
• 1912. Departure of Andrei Bely with Asya Turgeneva to Europe. May - meeting with the head of the anthroposophical school Rudolf Steiner. The decision to embark on the path of anthroposophical "apprenticeship".
• 1913. March 11 - the return of Andrei Bely and Asya Turgeneva to Russia. August-December - Steiner's lectures in Europe. Participation in the construction of the anthroposophical temple Goetheanum in Dornach (Switzerland).
• 1914. March 23 - registration in Bern of the civil marriage of Andrei Bely and Asya Turgeneva.
• 1915. January-June - Andrei Bely wrote the book "Rudolf Steiner and Goethe in the worldview of modernity." February-August - work on the construction of the Goetheanum. October - the beginning of work on the novel "Kotik Letaev".
• 1916. January-August - work on the construction of the Goetheanum. August 18 - September 3 - the return of Andrei Bely to Russia due to conscription. Asya Turgeneva remained in Dornach. September is a three-month deferment from military service.
• 1917. January - a two-month delay from military service. February 28 - revolution in Petrograd. March 9 - the return of Andrei Bely to Moscow. December - rapprochement with K.N. Vasilyeva.
• 1918. October-December - service in the Moscow Proletkult and in the Theater Department of the People's Commissariat for Education.
• 1919 August - Andrey Bely leaves Proletkult.
• 1920. December - as a result of an accident, Andrei Bely was injured, requiring three months of treatment in hospitals.
• 1921. May 25 - the last meeting with A. Blok at the Spartak Hotel in Petrograd. August 7 - the death of Alexander Blok. August 11 - Andrei Bely began writing his memoirs about Blok. October 17 - a meeting in the All-Russian Union of Writers, dedicated to seeing off A. Bely abroad. October 20 - Bely left for Berlin. End of November - meeting with Asya Turgeneva and R. Steiner.
• 1922. April - a break with Asya Turgeneva. The release of the collection "Star". September - Andrei Bely's article "Maxim Gorky". On the occasion of the 30th anniversary. "On September 20, Andrei Bely's mother, Alexandra Dmitrievna Bugaeva, died in Moscow.
• 1923. January - arrival in Berlin K.N. Vasilyeva. February-March - collaboration in the magazine "Conversation", published in Berlin, edited by Maxim Gorky. October 26 - Andrei Bely returns to Moscow.
• 1924. June-September - rest with K.N. Vasilyeva in Koktebel with Maximilian Voloshin. Last meeting with Bryusov.
• 1925. End of March - Andrei Bely and K.N. Vasiliev settled in the village of Kuchino near Moscow. The end of August - on one of his visits to Moscow, Andrei Bely was hit by a tram.
• 1927. April - early July - rest with K.N. Vasilyeva in Georgia.
• 1928. March 17-26 - essay "Why I became a symbolist and why I did not stop being one at all phases of my ideological and artistic development." May-August - rest with K.N. Vasilyeva in Armenia and Georgia.
• 1929. February-April - work on the memoirs "At the turn of two centuries". April-August - rest with K.N. Vasilyeva in the Caucasus.
• 1930. January - the release of memoirs "At the turn of two centuries". June-September - rest in the Crimea, in Sudak. Last meeting in Koktebel with M. Voloshin.
• 1931. April 9 - moving with K.N. Vasilyeva for permanent residence in Detskoye Selo. May 30 - arrest of K.N. Vasilyeva. July 3 - release of K.N. Vasilyeva. July 18 - registration of the marriage of Andrei Bely with K.N. Vasilyeva (from now on - Bugaeva). August 31 - letter from I.V. Stalin. December 30 - departure to Moscow.
• 1933. January - the publication of the novel "Masks". February 11 and 27 - evenings of Andrei Bely at the Polytechnic Museum. July 15 - Andrei Bely received a sunstroke in Koktebel. August - return to Moscow and treatment. November - the release of the memoirs "The Beginning of the Century" with a devastating foreword by L.B. Kamenev. December 8 - Andrei Bely in the hospital. December 29 - diagnosis: cerebral hemorrhage.
• 1934. January 8 - Andrei Bely died in the presence of his wife and doctors. He was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery.

Poems by Andrei Bely

Poem "In the fields" Andrei Bely wrote in 1904

Poem "Remembrance" Andrei Bely wrote in St. Petersburg in September 1908

December ... Snowdrifts in the yard ... I remember you and your speeches; I remember in snowy silver Shamefully trembling shoulders. In Marseille white lace You dreamed at the curtain: Around on low sofas Respectful Cavaliers.

The footman delivers spiced tea... Someone is playing the piano... But you accidentally threw I have a look full of sadness. And gently stretched out - all Imagination, inspiration Resurrected in my dreams Unspeakable languor;

And a clean connection between us To the sounds of Haydnian melodies Was born ... But your husband, looking askance, He fiddled with his buoy in the aisle ... One - in a stream of snow ... But flies over the soul of the poor The memory of What flew by so without a trace.

Poem "I forgot everything" Andrei Bely wrote in March 1906

Poem "July Day" Andrei Bely wrote in 1920

Poem "Mag" Andrei Bely wrote in 1903 Addressed to Valery Bryusov.

Poem "One" Andrei Bely wrote in December 1900 Dedicated to Sergei Lvovich Kobylinsky.

Poem "Ashes. Russia. Despair" Andrei Bely wrote in July 1908 Dedicated to 3.N. Gippius.

Enough: do not wait, do not hope - Be scattered, my poor people! Fall into space and break An agonizing year after a year! Ages of poverty and lack of will. Let me, O Motherland, In the damp, in the empty expanse, In your expanse to sob: -

There, on the humpbacked plain, - Where is the flock of green oaks Worried kupa uplifted In the shaggy lead of the clouds, Where Awkward prowls across the field, Having risen with a dry-handed bush, And whistles piercingly into the wind With its branched flap,

Where they look into my soul from the night. Rising above the network of hillocks, Cruel, yellow eyes Your crazy taverns, - There - where death and disease A dashing track passed, - Disappear into space, disappear Russia, my Russia!

Poem "Russia" Andrei Bely wrote in December 1916