Examples of English words ending in ful. Word formation in English: meanings of prefixes and suffixes

It is no secret that one word can be the progenitor of a whole branch of related expressions. The formation of new lexemes is carried out in different ways: by adding new parts, conversion, that is, the transition of an unchanged base to another grammatical section, or by merging two words into one. Knowledge of these methods not only makes it easier to understand the context of an unfamiliar word, but also expands the capabilities of the student’s lexical vocabulary. Today we will study one of the methods, considering its application on a popular part of speech. So, the topic of the material is suffixes in adjectives in English. Let's look at ways to transform various parts of speech into definitions and give examples.

Suffixes in adjectives in English - table

Adjectives are designed to express characteristics, properties, qualities and characteristics, and in their duty most often accompany nouns. It is not surprising that many definitions owe their origin to cognate words of the class of nouns. Let us also note that verbs also have a small share of suffixal formation of adjectives, but the table below will tell you more about all this. In it we placed the suffixes of adjectives in the English language, according to their correspondence to the parts of speech that formed the new word. In addition, each suffix is provided with a personal meaning and examples of word formation. Let's start studying.

Suffixes of English adjectives
Class	Suffix	Meaning	Examples
Nouns. The morphemes given in this section can only be attached to the specified part of speech.	-y	Formation of qualitative characteristics from the original form of the word.	cream – creamy; cream - creamy; health – healthy; health - healthy; dirt - dirty; fun - funny; wind - windy;
	-al	Passing a value as a characteristic.	norm – normal; norm -normal; globe – global; globe, world - global; center – central; center – central; forma – formal; form – formal; emotion – emotional; emotion - emotional;
	-en	Indication of material.	wool - woolen; wool - woolen; silk – silken; silk – silk; lead – leaden; lead - lead; gold – golden; gold – golden; wood – wooden; wood - wooden;
	-ful	Expression of completeness of qualities, perfection.	skill – skilful; skill – skillful; beauty – beautiful; beauty - beautiful; help – helpful; help – helping; color – colorful; color - colored; success – successful; success - successful;
	-ous	Similar to the previous ful, used only for words of French origin.	fame – famous; fame - famous; mountain – mountainous; mountain - mountain; ambition – ambitious; ambition - ambitious; vigor – vigorous; strength - strong; victory – victorious; victory - victorious;
	—less	Denial of the presence of this quality.	use – useless; useful - useless; doubt – doubtless; doubt - undoubted; color – colorless; color – colorless; job – jobless; job - unemployed; home – homeless; house - homeless;
	-an; -ese; -ian;	Formation of definitions from proper names, geographical names, designations of nationalities and languages, etc.	Japan – Japanese; Japan – Japanese; America - American: America – American; Malaysia – Malaysian; Malaysia – Malaysian; Dickens - Dickensian; Dickens – Dickensian; Mexico - Mexican; Mexico – Mexican; China – Chinese; China –Chinese (language);
	-ic; -ical; -tic;	Derivative quality, characteristic.	politics – political; policy -political; energy – energetic; energy – energetic; critic – critical; criticism - critical; romance – romantic; romance - romantic; geography – geographical; geography – geographical; patriot – patriotic; patriot - patriotic; electron – electronic electronics – electronic;
	-like	Similarity, resemblance.	child – childlike; child -childish, childish; wave – wavelike; wave -wavy; wife - wifelike; wife - like a wife, wife's habits; bird – bird-like; bird -similaronbird;
	-ite -ate	A sign transferred to an object/person.	fortuna – fortunate; luck - lucky; Israel – Israelite; Israel – Israeli; passion – passionate; passion - passionate; favor – favorite; favor - loved one, singled out from everyone;
	-ly	Characteristics, quality.	week – weekly; week – weekly; man - courageous; friend – friendly; friend - friendly; mother – motherly; mother - maternal; life – lively; life, action - active;
Verbs. The suffixes in this section are exclusive to the category of verbs.	-ing;	A characteristic expressed by an active participle.	to bloom – blooming; bloom - blooming; to drive – driving; drive – driving a car; to write – writing; write – writer; to interest – interesting; be interested - interesting;
Adjectives. Here are suffixes that help form degrees of comparison.	-er; -est;	Comparison, superiority.	clever – cleverer; smart - smarter; fast – faster; fast - faster; simple – the simplest; simple - simplest; happy – the happiest; happy - the happiest;
Summary combinations. This group presents suffixes in adjectives in English, which can relate to several parts of speech.
Ch. + noun	-ent; -ant;	The presence of qualities transferred from the main word.	to differ – different; distinguish –distinguishable; importance – important; importance - important; to please – pleasant; please – pleasant; intelligence – intelligent; intelligentsia - intellectual;
Ch. + noun	-able; -ible;	The attribute conveys the ability to perform an action; presence of qualities and properties.	response – responsible; responsibility - responsible; to predict – predictable; predict – predictable; comfort – comfortable; comfort - comfortable; fashion – fashionable; fashion – in keeping with fashion; to convert – convertible; convert – convertible;
Noun + adj.	-ish;	Nouns express belonging, and adjectives express a diminutive degree of qualities.	child – childish; child - childish; yellow – yellowish; yellow – yellowish; Poland – Polish; Poland – Polish; fool – foolish; stupid - stupid;
Verb + noun + adj.	-ary; -ory;	Characteristic qualities.	imagine – imaginary; imagination - imaginary; second – secondary; second – secondary; element – elementary; element –elementary;
	-ed;	The ability to perceive certain actions or properties (passive participle).	to educate well – well-educated; give a good education – well-educated; bronze – bronzed; bronze – bronze; talent – talented; talent - talented;
	-ive; -ative;	The presence of a certain sign.	to talk – talkative; talk - talkative; sport – sportive; sport – sports; impulse – impulsive; impulse - impulsive;

We have studied all the possible suffixes in various adjectives in English! See you again!

Confusion may arise (both are often called word endings, “word endings”), and the English terminology in this matter is slightly different from Russian. So let's start with the basic concepts.

The ending is an inflectional morpheme. It changes the form of the word, but not its meaning, and at the same time carries a grammatical load:

pencil - pencil s(the ending indicates the plural)
work - work ed(the ending indicates past tense)

The suffix, in turn, is a word-forming morpheme. Suffixes in English create new words, either changing the meaning of the original, or transforming one part of speech into another:

red-redd ish(red - reddish)
teach - teach er(teach - teacher)

There are very few endings in English - these are -s (-es), -ed and -ing. There are a huge number of suffixes in English. In this article we will consider only the most common ones.

Noun suffixes

Suffixes of professions and activities (-er, -ent, -ess)

The suffix -er is perhaps the most common and productive for denoting “doers.” With it you can form a noun from almost any verb.

write > writer - write > writer
bake > baker - oven > baker
paint > painter - draw > artist

Most modern words denoting the performer of an action are formed with its help. This also applies to inanimate objects.

printer - printer
scanner - scanner

Many have the suffix -or:

doctor - doctor
tailor - tailor
actor - actor

The suffix in English -ist often denotes activities related to science and medicine:

scientist - scientist
dentist - dentist
biologist - biologist

It also denotes an adherent of any views and beliefs:

pacifist - pacifist
communist - communist
realist - realist

Other suffixes in English for words of Latin and Greek origin:

Suffix -ian:

musician - musician
librarian - librarian
mathematician - mathematician

Suffix -ent:

student - student
resident - resident, resident
agent - agent

Suffix -ant:

informant - informant
assistant - assistant
confidant - trusted person

The suffix -ess is one of the few "feminine" suffixes in English:

waitress - waitress
actress - actress
princess - princess

Suffixes of process, action, phenomenon (-ment, -ion, -ism)

The suffix in English -ment is needed when forming verbal nouns and means an action or its result:

movement - movement
entertainment - entertainment
concealment - concealment

The suffix -ion also means an action, a process, or the result of that process:

revolution - revolution
isolation - isolation
restriction - restriction

The suffix -ism denotes a system of views and beliefs:

racism - racism
communism - communism
pacifism - pacifism

Suffixes of state, quality, property (-ance / -ence, -dom, -hood, -ity, -ness, -ship, -th)

The suffix -ance/-ence on a noun generally corresponds to the suffix -ant/-ent on an adjective:

different - difference (different - difference)
important - importance (important - importance)
independent - independence (independent - independence)

The suffixes in English -hood and -ship mean a person’s condition associated with his age, social relationships, and sometimes activities; or a group of people united by this condition.

childhood - childhood
motherhood - motherhood
priesthood - clergy
friendship - friendship
internship - internship, internship

The suffix -dom means states and properties of a broader meaning:

freedom - freedom
wisdom - wisdom
martyrdom - martyrdom

The suffix in English -ness means the possession of some quality and is used to form nouns from adjectives:

kindness - kindness
usefulness - usefulness
vastness - vastness

The suffix -th more often means physical properties:

strength - strength
length - length
warmth - warmth

The suffix -ity means property, quality, and is common for words of Latin origin:

brevity - brevity
velocity - speed
purity - purity

Adjective suffixes

The suffix in English -ful means having a quality (and is related to the adjective full - “full”):

beautiful - beautiful
useful - useful

The suffix -less is the opposite in meaning to the previous one and means lack of quality:

careless - carefree
harmless - harmless

The suffix -able, -ible characterizes the property or availability for any action:

edible - edible
portable - portable, portable
admirable - admirable

The suffixes -ic and -al mean “relating to, associated with something”:

heroic - heroic
mythic - mythical
cultural - cultural
musical - musical

The suffix -ous also carries the characteristic:

dangerous - dangerous
nutritious - nutritious

The suffix in English -ish has several meanings:

expresses similarity (in terms of appearance, behavior)

girlish - girlish
childich - childish, childish
foolish - stupid

weakens the meaning of the adjective

reddish - reddish
narrowish - narrowish

means nationality, language or belonging to a country

English - English
Swedish - Swedish

The suffix -ive means having a property, ability:

attractive - attractive
sedative - sedative

The English suffix -y is used to form many simple adjectives:

rainy - rainy
dirty - dirty
sunny - sunny

Verb suffixes

Verb suffixes are not so diverse and almost all have the meaning “to do something” or “to become something.”

I told you in the last message. According to their structure, adjectives are divided into: simple, derivative and complex. Derived adjectives form a very large group that cannot be easily learned unless you know the suffixes and prefixes. Therefore, we return again to the topic of word formation, only now we have suffixes of adjectives. Tested by practice - having a good understanding of suffixes and prefixes, you immediately increase your vocabulary many times over.

Examples and descriptions have already been written in previous messages, and you can write them out and teach them. Now let's talk about adjective suffixes.

Let's start with the suffixes “- LESS” and “- FUL”. Now, when you see these endings in a word, you will immediately understand that this is an adjective, and in addition, you can “calculate” the meaning of the root word.

Suffix –LESS= productive, originating from Old English. It means the absence of some quality. In many cases, the stem (that is, the root) of such adjectives are abstract nouns that indicate quality, although the stem may also be concrete nouns. For example:

hope(hope) + less - hopeless= hopeless;

aim(target) + less — aimless= aimless;

b reath(1.breath, sigh) + less – breathless= out of breath, out of breath

(2. breath) = windless, motionless (about air, water, etc.)

mercy(mercy) + less – merciless= unmerciful, merciless;

meaning(value) + less – meaningless= minor;

expression(expression) + less – expressionless= expressionless, indifferent;

help(help) + less – helpless= helpless;

home(house)+ less — homeless= homeless;

defense(protection, defense) + less – defenseless= defenseless, undefendable;

harm(harm) + less – harmless= harmless;

motion(movement)+ less – motionless= motionless;

effort(effort) + less – effortless= effortless, lightweight;

sound(sound) + less – soundless= silent;

use(benefit)+ less – useless= useless;

care(care, attention)+ less – careless= carefree, inattentive.

Words with the suffix “-LESS” are not always translated simply by one adjective; sometimes it is necessary to convey the meaning in a group of words with a noun, since there are simply no such adjectives in the Russian language. For example, such a combination “WINDOWLESS HOUSE” cannot be translated as a “windowless” house, but we translate “house without windows”. Some more examples of such words:

springless bed = bed without springs;

sleeveless dress = sleeveless dress;

hellless shoes = shoes without heels;

shoeless boy = boy without shoes, barefoot;

stockingless feet = legs without stockings.

Suffix –FUL= productive, comes from Old English. It means “fullness” of some quality, an excess of quality. In fact, this is the antonym of the suffix “-LESS”.

care(care, attention) + ful – careful= caring, attentive;

use(benefit) + ful – useful= useful;

pain(pain) + ful – painful= painful;

beauty(beauty) + ful – beautiful= beautiful, wonderful;

hope(hope) + ful – hopeful= reliable;

power(strength, power, authority) + ful – powerful= strong, powerful, domineering;

t hank(gratitude) + ful – thankful= grateful;

wonder(miracles) + ful – wonderful= wonderful;

law(law) + ful – lawful= legal;

grace(grace) + ful = graceful= graceful;

success(success) + ful – successful= successful;

thought(thought) + ful – t wishful= pensive;

meaning(meaning)+ ful – meaningful= significant;

force(strength) + ful – forceful= strong;

doubt(doubt) + ful = dobtful= doubtful.

Just like with the suffix “-LESS”, some words with the suffix “-FUL” cannot be translated with one adjective. For example:

event + ful – eventful = eventful

scorn + ful – scornful = full of contempt

There is also a group of words where the suffix “-FUL” goes to the suffixes of nouns. These words are also associated with filling, but some kind of containers. These containers can also be conditional. Here are some examples:

hand+ ful – handful= handful;

arm+ ful – a rmful= armful;

mouth+ ful – mouthful= a mouth full (of something, such as water);

spoon+ ful – spoonful= full spoon;

plate+ full = plateful= full plate;

pocket+ ful – p ocketful= pocket full;

cup+ ful – cupful= full cup.

In this article from the “” series we will look at 10 main adjective suffixes in English: -ful, -less, -ous, -al, -y, -ic, -ish, -able, -ive, -ent (10), We will also devote significant time to practicing these suffixes. Word formation exercises will not only help you prepare for English language exams in the form of the OGE and the Unified State Exam, but will expand your vocabulary and contribute to the development of linguistic conjecture.

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Word formation of adjectives

1. Suffixes of adjectives formed from nouns

noun + Ʌ = adj

-ful (expresses the presence of quality; beautiful, colorful)
-less (expresses lack of quality: colourless, useless)
-ous (words of French origin, analogue of ful: courageous, famous)
-al (central, formal)
-y (cloudy, dirty)
-ic (poetic, domestic)
-ish (expresses nationality: Scottish, English, as well as a weak degree of quality: brownish - brownish, reddish - reddish)

The exception is the suffix -ly, since this suffix serves to form adverbs. However, there are a number of adjectives and quite common ones that are formed using this suffix, for example: friendly(friendly), lovely(charming), lively(active, active)

2. Suffixes of adjectives formed from verbs

verb + Ʌ = adj

-able /-ible (expresses the ability to undergo an action indicated by the verb: to change – changeable (change – changeable); to eat – eatable (eat – edible)
-ive (active, talkative)
-ent /-ant (different, important)

Note that the vowel in the adjective suffix is e nt/- a nt is the same as in the noun suffix - e nce/- a nce and vice versa, that is:

differ ent- differ ence
import ant-import ance

Adjective suffixes in English. Exercises

Exercise 1. Translate into Russian.

The suffix -ful means “be full of” e.g. beautiful means “be full of” beauty.

She was very grateful for our help.
She likes colorful clothes.
She is a very forgetful girl.
We are not sure that our team will win, but we are hopeful.
They lived a peaceful, happy life.
He was always as helpful as possible.

Exercise 2.1. Translate into Russian.

The suffix -less means "without" e.g. hopeless means “without” hope.

a moonless night, a cloudless sky, a noiseless machine, numberless heroes, a motherless girl, a heartless woman, a homeless cat, a leafless tree, a nameless author, a sunless room, a endless war, a lifeless body, a colorless liquid , a friendly child, a sleepless night, careless people, a doubtless victory

Exercise 2.2. Translate into English.

A cloudless sky, a helpless child, a silent car, countless heroes, a lifeless body, a carefree child, a heartless woman, a stray cat, a tree without leaves, a nameless author, a room without sun, an endless war, a colorless liquid. It was a moonless night. He looked tired after a sleepless night.

Exercise 3.

The suffix - ous means “full of” which comes from French e.g. danger + ous = dangerous

A. Form adjectives from nouns and translate them.

SAMPLE nerve + ous = nervous (nerve - nervous)

fame - ..., humor - ..., courage - ..., glory (y->i) - ..., poison - ..., space (i) - ...

IN. Use the words in the sentences.

We don’t know if these chemicals are ____________ to people.
She became ____________as a writer.
I like to read___________stories.
There are a lot of ________ snakes in the jungle.
It was a _________victory.
He was a ____________soldier.
They liked the _______________rooms in their new house.

Exercise 4. The suffix -y.

A. Translate into Russian.

windy day, sunny weather, cloudy sky, sleepy child, dreamy girl, icy wind, healthy food

B. Form adjectives from the nouns and translate them.

SAMPLE swamp - swampy (swamp - swampy)

sand - ... , rock - ... , juice - ... , grass - ... , star(r) - ... , bone - ... , skin(n) - ..., water- ... , fog (g) - ..., swamp - ...

C. Put the adjectives from B into this sentences to make them complete.

This … land is very good for farming. Cows and sheep can feed here all the year round.
Peter, eat some more roast beef. You should eat more: you have grown so… (2 options)!
On such … mornings it’s very difficult to drive, as you can’t see the road clearly.
These are... apples. I like them most of all.
My little brother never eats fish if it is….
Holidaymakers love the … beaches in the south of Australia.
Why does this coffee taste so... ?
The picture shows the … mountains of Scotland.
The sky is unusually… tonight.
… places have a lot of water in all seasons.

Exercise 5. Translate into Russian the adjectives, ending with the suffix — ic.

gigantic hound, scientific expedition, domestic animal, academic year, Olympic games, thematic collection, basic knowledge

Exercise 6. Make up adjectives with the help of suffix -al and translate them.

SAMPLE music – musical (music – musical)

industry – …, culture – …, region – …, tradition – …, nature – …, nation – …, agriculture – …, comic – …

Exercise 7. Nationality suffixes

SAMPLE Britain – British

Scotland - ..., Spain - ..., Sweden - ..., Finland - ..., Denmark - ..., Poland - ..., Turkey - ...

SAMPLE Russia – Russian

America — …, Australia — .., Canada — …, Hungary — …, Belgium — …, Egypt — …, Italy — …, Europe — …

SAMPLE Japan – Japanese

China - ... , Portugal - ...

Mind: Germany - German, France - French, Holland - Dutch, Greece - Greek

Exercise 8. The suffix – able.

Suffix able has the value "can": movable means can move - can be moved (movable)

A. Form the words with the suffix – able.

move — .., count — …, eat — …, drink — …, comfort — …, imagine — …, break — …, read — …, respect — …., forget — …, believe — …

B. Use the words in the sentences:

Though the cup is made of thin glass it is not……….(break).
She thought of all names………to guess the name of their new classmate. (imagine).
Everybody respects him. He is very …….. (respect).
I can't read the book. It is not……(read).
The nouns are divided into …………. and un…………… (count).

Exercise 9. Form the words with the suffix –ive.

create - ... , impress - ... , progress - ... , act - ... , mass - ... , impulse - ...

Exercise 10. Read the adjectives and spell the suffixes used in forming them.

SAMPLE changeable— The adjective changeabl e is formed with the help of the suffix -able.

successful, cloudless, collective, central, comic, satirical, dangerous, faultless, misty, courageous, aggressive, national, breakable

Exercise 11. Translate these combinations; say what words the adjectives are formed from.

a washable shirt, a skilful worker, democratic forces, the postal service, groundless suspicions, a humorous story, a gloomy scene, salty ham, professional interest, peaceful labour, a noiseless machine, a courageous soldier, a lucky ticket, a continental climate , a dusty road.

Exercise 12. Copy and translate all these adjectives. Learn them by heart

B. Listen to the adjectives and translate them by ear.

Word formation in English (repetition)

Noun suffixes. Repetition

Exercise 13. Form nouns from these adjectives using suffixes from the table.

able, near, distant, long, wide, strong, wise, kind, electric, short, white, probable, persistent, dependent, insistent, indifferent, unstable, patient, responsible, important, stupid, curious

That's all for now! I would be glad if my article is useful to you and you share the link on social networks!

Sources: exercises taken from various manuals, partially redone and modified. In particular, the textbooks “English language grades 5-11” by Afanasyeva O.V., Mikheeva I.V. were used.

Word formation is the formation of new words using prefixes, suffixes, adding stems and other methods. If you know how word formation works in the English language, you understand the meaning of basic prefixes and suffixes, it will be much easier for you to expand your vocabulary, read, and understand English speech, because you will guess the meaning of a huge number of words without a dictionary.

By the way, if you are curious to know what your vocabulary is, I recommend reading this article: From it you will learn simple and interesting ways to determine your vocabulary.

There are several ways of word formation, the most important practical significance is the formation of words using suffixes and prefixes. We will dwell on it in more detail; we will consider the remaining methods briefly.

Why do you need to know word formation?

The main benefit is that knowing the meanings of prefixes and suffixes significantly increases the number of words you recognize when reading and listening (especially when reading). In other words, passive vocabulary increases.

Let's take, for example, the verb to use- use. With the help of suffixes it is formed from:

Adjective useful- useful.
Adjective useless- useless.
Noun usage- usage.

Understanding the meaning of suffixes -ful, -less, -age, you can easily understand all three formed from to use words, even if they didn’t know their meaning.

-ful and -less indicate the presence or absence of quality: from the word care (care) careful- careful, careless– carefree.
-age forms nouns from verbs: leak(leak) – leakage(a leak), pass(pass) – passage(passage).

The effect will be especially noticeable when reading, because in the text suffixes and prefixes are easily noticeable, but in oral speech they can simply not be made out. In general, understanding oral speech differs from understanding text in that for listening comprehension it is not enough to know words and grammar - you need to have a developed, trained skill in listening comprehension. It is developed separately through listening, i.e. listening to live speech.

Why passive vocabulary, why not active? Prefixes and suffixes are good semantic clues, but the English vocabulary is structured in such a way (like Russian) that not every word can be attached with any affix.

A striking example is consoles in- And un-, having the meaning of negation: able– capable, unable– incapable, stable– stable, instable– unstable. The prefixes are completely the same in meaning, but when you need to “prefix” which one you need to remember. When reading, you will easily understand the meaning of words with in\un-, but you can make mistakes in your speech.

However, it's not that scary. I am sure that you will be understood if you say inable And unstable, mixing up the prefixes. Speaking Russian, we still make such mistakes!

How to study word formation in English

Prefixes and suffixes (together they are called “affixes”) are not the case when you need to sit down with textbooks, cram the rules, and do exercises one after another. It is quite enough to simply familiarize yourself with the meaning of the main prefixes and suffixes and look at examples.

The tables and mind maps (images-summaries) below will help you with this. The tables reveal the meaning of prefixes and suffixes (as far as possible), examples of words, and mind maps are a kind of summary, a cheat sheet made on the basis of the tables.

After looking through the materials, you will notice that many affixes are similar to Russian ones and even have similar meanings. It’s not surprising, because they came to English, Russian and other languages from Latin and Greek, especially for affixes with a scientific connotation: de activate – de activate, anti virus – anti virus, counter balance – against oats, ideal ism – ideal change. Thanks to these preserved connections between languages, word formation in English is given without any special problems.

There are different approaches to the classification of word formation methods; in Russian-language literature, two main methods are usually distinguished: word composition and word production.

Word production, in turn, is of four types: conversion, change of stress, alternation of sounds and affixation (prefixes and suffixes).

Compounding

Compounding is the combination of two words or stems into one word. The resulting words are written together or with a hyphen. The Russian language also has such a method and, by the way, the word “composition” itself is formed by compounding.

The verbs , (most often) are formed by compounding words.

Derivation

Derivation is the formation of one word from others. This can happen in four ways:

Conversion.
Changing the place of stress.
Alternation of sounds.
Affixation.

Conversion

Conversion is the transition of a word from one part of speech to another without changing the spelling or sound. It turns out that the word formally remains unchanged, but:

it turns into another part of speech,
its meaning changes.

Conversion is a method of word formation characteristic of the English language, thanks to which there are many words in English that do not differ in appearance or sound, but have the meaning of different parts of speech.

For example, nouns and verbs can match:

Noun	Verb
answer (answer)	to answer (answer)
hand (hand)	to hand (hand over)
place	to place
work (work)	to work (to work)

Or adjectives and verbs:

Changing the place of stress

In this case, the nouns have the same form as the verbs, but they have a different emphasis. Typically, a verb's stress falls on the second syllable, and a noun's stress falls on the first.

Alternation of sounds

In this case, verbs and nouns formed from the same root differ in the alternation of the last consonant sound. Usually it is voiced in a verb, and unvoiced in a noun.

For example:

Affixation

Very often words are formed using addition prefixes and suffixes(together they are called affixes).

Consoles(prefixes) change the meaning of words, but the word itself does not change into another part of speech. Knowing the most common prefixes, you will be able to guess the meaning of words formed with their help, if, of course, you know the source word.
Suffixes serve to form one part of speech from another. Knowing which suffixes are characteristic of which speech, you will easily understand which part of speech is in front of you, and accordingly this will make it easier to understand the word.

Prefixes in English

Prefixes can be divided into two groups: negative and all the rest.
The most common negative prefixes: un-, in-, dis-. There are no rules governing which of these prefixes is used to give a negative meaning to a word.

However, if we talk about passive vocabulary, about understanding text or speech, then this is not so important: if a word has one of the negative prefixes, then its meaning has been changed to negative or the opposite. The tables below give examples of words with these prefixes.

Prefix un-

comfortable - comfortable	uncomfortable - uncomfortable
equal - equal	unequal - unequal
expected - expected	unexpected - unexpected
happy - happy	unhappy - unhappy
important - important	unimportant - unimportant
known - famous	unknown - unknown
limited - limited	unlimited - unlimited
pleasant - pleasant	unpleasant - unpleasant

Also un- is attached to verbs to express the opposite action.

to dress - to dress	to undress - to undress
to lock - lock	to unlock - unlock
to pack – pack	to unpack - unpack

Prefix in-

No rules governing when to use un-, and when in-, although these prefixes do not differ in meaning. The important difference is that in- NOT used in verbs.

Examples:

Prefix in– modified in some cases:

before l turns into il-
before r turns into ir-
before m and p turns into im-

Prefix dis-

Dis- can express denial or the opposite action.

Negation:

Opposite action:

Other negative prefixes

Among other negative prefixes, there are many of international, Latin and Greek origin, which are also found in the Russian language.

a\ab– (without-, non-, a-): abnormal – abnormal, amoral – immoral.
anti-(anti-, anti-): antivirus - antivirus, antibiotic - antibiotic.
counter-(counter-, anti-): counterstrike - counter-strike, counter-clockwise - counterclockwise.
de-(deprive, delete): decode - decode, deformation - disbandment.
non-(negation, absence): non-stop - non-stop, non-alcoholic - non-alcoholic.

Prefixes with different meanings

Prefix re- (again, again, again)
to appear - appear	to reappear – appear again
to construct - build	to reconstruct - rebuild
to read - read	to reread - reread
to sell - sell	to resell - resell
Prefix mis- (incorrect, incorrect)
to hear – to hear	to mishear - to mishear, to hear incorrectly
to lead - to lead	to mislead - to mislead
to quote - quote	to misquote - to quote incorrectly
to understand – to understand	to misunderstand - misunderstand
Prefixes over- (over, excessively) and under- (under-, insufficient)
to estimate – estimate	to overestimate - to overestimate To underestimate - to underestimate
to pay - to pay	to overpay - to overpay to underpay - underpay
Prefixes pre- (before, earlier) and post- (post-, after), often written with a hyphen
revolutionary - revolutionary	pre-revolutionary – pre-revolutionary post-revolutionary - post-revolutionary
war - war	pre-war - pre-war post-war - post-war
Prefix co- (cooperation, commonality of action), often written with a hyphen
author - author	co-author - co-author
existence - existence	co-existence - coexistence
operation - operation	co-operation – cooperation, assistance
Prefix inter- (between, among, mutually)
national - national	international - international
action - action	interaction
town - city	intertown - intercity
Prefix ex- (ex-, former), written with a hyphen
husband - husband	ex-husband - ex-husband
president - president	ex-president - ex-president
Prefix sub- (sub-, sub-)
marine - marine	submarine - underwater
section - section	subsection - subsection
Prefix ultra- (ultra-, super-), written with a hyphen
microscopic – microscopic	ultramicroscopic – ultramicroscopic
violet – purple	ultra-violet - ultraviolet
Prefix en- (to do something)
circle - circle	encircle – surround (make a circle)
large - big	enlarge – increase (do more)
slave - slave	enslave – to enslave (to make a slave)

Notes:

In modern English there are words with inseparable prefixes, they include the prefixes listed in the table above, but by separating them, we do not get an independent word. For example: reduce(to shorten), discuss(discuss), pre pare(prepare). In fact, these consoles are no longer consoles at all. Once upon a time they grew attached to the roots of words, now unused and modified, and gradually they themselves became part of the root of the word. For example, in the word prepare(prepare) pre– this is no longer a prefix, but part of the root of the word.
In colloquial speech the word is used "ex"- it exactly matches our “ex, ex” and means “ex-husband/boyfriend, ex-wife/girlfriend”: My ex texted me – My ex wrote me an SMS.

Suffixes in English

Suffixes are indicators of parts of speech in the English language; accordingly, they can be divided into three groups: suffixes of nouns, adjectives and verbs. There is not much to say about adverbs; in most cases they are formed using only one suffix -ly(quick – quickly), there is a small note about them.

Noun suffixes

With the help of suffixes, nouns denoting persons and abstract nouns denoting broad or general concepts are formed.

Nouns denoting persons

Suffixes -er, -or – are added to verbs to denote the character
to buy – buy	buyer - buyer
to direct - to lead	director - head
to teach – to teach	teacher - teacher
to work - to work	worker - worker
The suffixes -ism and -ist correspond to the suffixes -ism and -ist in Russian, denoting ideologies, political or scientific movements and their adherents
idealist	idealist
terrorist	terrorist
materialism	materialism
The suffix -ee is used to indicate the person to whom the action is directed
to address - to address	addressee - addressee
to employ – hire	employee – worker (hired employee)
to pay - to pay	payee – payee
The suffix -ian is used to denote nationality
Russian	Russian
Ukrainian	Ukrainian
Bulgarian	Bulgarian
Norwegian	Norwegian

Abstract nouns

The suffix -age usually forms nouns from verbs
to leak – to leak	leakage - leak
to marry – to marry, to get married	marriage - marriage
Suffixes -ance, -ence – with their help, nouns are formed from adjectives with suffixes -ant, -ent
important - important	importance - importance
different – different	difference - difference
resistant – resistant	resistance - resistance
The suffix -dom forms nouns from adjectives and other nouns
free - free	freedom - freedom
king - king	kingdom - kingdom
The suffix -hood usually forms nouns from other nouns
brother - brother	brotherhood - brotherhood
child - child	childhood - childhood
neighbor - neighbor	neighborhood - neighborhood
The suffixes -ion, -ation, -sion, -ssion form nouns from verbs, sometimes changing the pronunciation or spelling
to collect – collect	collection - collection
to combine – combine	combination - combination
to transmit - transmit	transmission - transmission
The suffix -ment forms nouns from verbs
to agree - agree	agreement - agreement
to develop – to develop	development - development
The suffix -ness forms nouns from adjectives
dark - dark	darkness - darkness
kind - kind	kindness - kindness
weak – weak	weakness - weakness
The suffix -ship forms nouns from other nouns
friend - friend	friendship - friendship
leader - leader	leadership - leadership
The suffix -ure forms nouns from verbs
to please – to give pleasure	pleasure - pleasure
to press – to press	pressure - pressure
to seize – to seize	seizure - capture

Adjective suffixes

The suffixes -able, -ible express the possibility of being subjected to action; in Russian there are similar “-able”, “-ivy”, “-obny”
to change - change	changable – changeable, changeable
to eat - eat	eatable - edible
to walk - go	walkable - passable
to convert – convert, transform	convertable - reversible, convertible
The suffix -al forms adjectives from nouns (cf. In Russian: -al)
center – center	central - central
culture - culture	cultural - cultural
form - form	formal – formal
The suffixes -ant, -ent form adjectives from verbs (these adjectives correspond to nouns with -ance, -ence)
to differ - to differ	different – different (difference – difference)
to resist – resist	resistant - resistant (resistance - resistance)
The suffixes -ful form adjectives from nouns and denote the presence of a quality. (opposite of -less)
beauty - beauty	beautiful – beautiful
doubt - doubt	doubtful - doubtful
use - benefit	useful - useful
The suffix -ish forms adjectives with the meanings: a) nationality, b) weak degree of quality (as in Russian -ovat, -evat)
scott - Scotsman	scottish - Scottish
swede - Swede	swedish - Swedish
red – red	reddish – reddish
brown - brown	brownish – brownish
The suffix -ive forms adjectives from verbs and nouns (as in Russian -ive, -ivny)
to act - to act	active - active
effect – effect, action	effective - valid
to talk - talk	talkative - talkative
The suffix -less forms adjectives from a noun and means lack of quality (the opposite of -ful)
hope - hope	hopeless - hopeless
use - benefit	useless - useless
home - house	homeless - homeless
The suffix -ous forms adjectives from nouns
courage - courage	courageous - brave
danger - danger	dangerous – dangerous
glory - glory	glorious - glorious
The suffix -y forms adjectives from nouns (mostly weather-related)
cloud – cloud	cloudy - cloudy
dirt - dirt	dirty - dirty
fog - fog	foggy - foggy
rain - rain	rainy - rainy
sun – sun	sunny – sunny

Verb suffixes

The suffix -en gives meanings: to do, to become, to become, forms verbs from adjectives and nouns
sharp - sharp	sharpen – sharpen
short - short	shorten – to shorten
strength - strength	strengthen – strengthen
wide – wide	widen - expand
The suffix -fy usually forms verbs from adjectives, less often from nouns
false - fake	to falsify – to falsify
glory - glory	to glorify – glorify
simple - simple	to simplify - to simplify
pure - clean	to purify – to cleanse
The suffix -ize usually forms verbs from nouns
character - character	to characterize – to characterize
crystal – crystal	to crystallize – crystallize
sympathy - sympathy	to sympathize - sympathize

Notes:

A few words need to be said about adverbs. Everything here is extremely simple: in the vast majority of cases, derived adverbs are formed from adjectives (sometimes from numerals and nouns) using a suffix -ly: wise(wise) - wisely(wisely) slow(slow) - slowly(slowly), etc. Suffixes are much less common -wise(clockwise - clockwise), -ward(s)(forward\backward – forward\back), -ways(sideways - sideways).
As with prefixes, the English language has words with permanent suffixes, but in fact these are not suffixes, but part of a root that was once formed from a suffix (during the process of historical changes in the language). These words are indivisible and are not recognized as words with suffixes, for example: courage(courage), station(station), document(document), loyal(devoted) possible(possible) and others.
As in the Russian language, English words can be formed not only by prefix and suffix, but also by a combined (prefix-suffix) method. For example: walk(walk) - walkable(passable) – unwalkable(impassable). In this case, the meaning of both the suffix and the prefix is added to the original word.

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