What is Leonhard Euler famous for how to explain to children. Leonhard Euler: never be distracted by external beauties that are not related to mathematics

Nikolay Zabolotsky

Russian Soviet poet, interpreter; member of the Writers' Union of the USSR

short biography

Nikolai Alekseevich Zabolotsky (Zabolotsky)(April 24, 1903, Kizicheskaya Sloboda, Kaimarsky volost of the Kazan district of the Kazan province - October 14, 1958, Moscow) - Russian Soviet poet, translator; member of the Writers' Union of the USSR.

Born not far from Kazan - on the farm of the Kazan provincial zemstvo, located in close proximity from Kizicheskaya Sloboda, where his father Alexei Agafonovich Zabolotsky (1864-1929) - an agronomist - worked as a manager, and his mother Lidia Andreevna (nee Dyakonova) (1882 (?) -1926) - a rural teacher. Baptized on April 25 (May 8), 1903 in the Varvara Church in Kazan. He spent his childhood in the Kizicheskaya settlement near Kazan and in the village of Sernur, Urzhum district, Vyatka province (now the Republic of Mari El). In the third grade rural school Nicholas "published" his handwritten journal and put his own poems there. From 1913 to 1920 he lived in Urzhum, where he studied at a real school, was fond of history, chemistry, and drawing.

In the early poems of the poet, the memories and experiences of a boy from the village were mixed, organically connected with peasant labor and native nature, impressions of student life and colorful book influences, including the dominant pre-revolutionary poetry - symbolism, acmeism: at that time Zabolotsky singled out Blok's work for himself.

In 1920, after graduating real school in Urzhum, he came to Moscow and entered the medical and historical-philological faculties of the university. Very soon, however, he ended up in Petrograd, where he studied at the department of language and literature of the Herzen Pedagogical Institute, which he graduated in 1925, having, according to own definition, "a voluminous notebook bad poetry". AT next year he was called up for military service.

He served in Leningrad, on the Vyborg side, and already in 1927 he retired to the reserve. Despite the short duration and almost optional army service, the collision with the "turned inside out" world of the barracks played the role of a kind of creative catalyst in the fate of Zabolotsky: it was in 1926-1927 that he wrote the first real poetic works, found his own voice, unlike anyone else, at the same time he participated in the creation literary group OBERIU. At the end of his service, he got a place in the children's book department of the Leningrad OGIZ, which was led by S. Marshak.

Zabolotsky was fond of painting by Filonov, Chagall, Brueghel. The ability to see the world through the eyes of an artist remained with the poet for life.

After leaving the army, the poet found himself in the situation of the last years of the NEP, satirical image which became the subject of poetry early period who made up his first poetry book- "Columns". In 1929, she was published in Leningrad and immediately caused a literary scandal and negative feedback in the press, accusing the author of foolishness over collectivization. Rated as a "hostile sortie", she, however, did not cause direct "organizational conclusions" - orders in relation to the author, and he (with the help of Nikolai Tikhonov) managed to start special relationship with the magazine Zvezda, where about ten poems were published, which supplemented Stolbtsy in the second (unpublished) edition of the collection.

Zabolotsky managed to create surprisingly multidimensional poems - and their first dimension, which is immediately noticeable, is a sharp grotesque and satire on the topic of petty-bourgeois life and everyday life, dissolving a personality in itself. Another facet of the "Columns", their aesthetic perception, requires some special preparedness of the reader, because for those who know, Zabolotsky wove another artistic and intellectual fabric - a parody. In his early lyrics the very function of parody changes, its satirical and polemical components disappear, and it loses its role as a weapon of intra-literary struggle.

In "Disciplina Clericalis" (1926) there is a parody of Balmont's tautological grandiosity, culminating in Zoshchenko's intonations; in the poem "On the Stairs" (1928), through the kitchen, already Zoshchenko's world, "Waltz" by Vladimir Benediktov suddenly appears; "Ivanovs" (1928) reveals its parody-literary meaning, causing (hereinafter) key images Dostoevsky with his Sonechka Marmeladova and her old man; lines from the poem "Wandering Musicians" (1928) refer to Pasternak, etc.

The basis of Zabolotsky's philosophical searches

From the poem "The signs of the zodiac fade" begins the mystery of birth main topic, the "nerve" of Zabolotsky's creative searches - the Tragedy of Reason sounds for the first time. The "nerve" of these searches in the future will force its owner to devote much more lines philosophical lyrics. Through all his poems runs the path of the most intense getting used to individual consciousness in mysterious world being, which is immeasurably wider and richer than the rational constructions created by people. On this path, the poet-philosopher undergoes a significant evolution, during which 3 dialectical stages can be distinguished: 1926-1933; 1932-1945 and 1946-1958

Zabolotsky read a lot and with enthusiasm: not only after the publication of Stolbtsy, but also before, he read the works of Engels, Grigory Skovoroda, the works of Kliment Timiryazev on plants, Yuri Filipchenko on evolutionary idea in biology, Vernadsky about the bio- and noospheres, embracing all life and intelligence on the planet and extolling both of them as great transformative forces; read Einstein's theory of relativity, which gained wide popularity in the 1920s; "Philosophy of the Common Cause" by Nikolai Fedorov.

By the publication of The Columns, their author already had his own concept of natural philosophy. It was based on the idea of the universe as unified system, which unites living and non-living forms of matter, which are in eternal interaction and mutual transformation. The development of this complex organism of nature occurs from primitive chaos to the harmonic orderliness of all its elements, and the main role here is played by the consciousness inherent in nature, which, in the words of the same Timiryazev, “smolders dully in lower beings and only flares up like a bright spark in the human mind.” Therefore, it is Man who is called to take care of the transformation of nature, but in his activity he must see in nature not only a student, but also a teacher, for this imperfect and suffering "eternal winepress" contains beautiful world future and those wise laws that a person should be guided by.

In 1931, Zabolotsky got acquainted with the works of Tsiolkovsky, which made an indelible impression on him. Tsiolkovsky defended the idea of a variety of life forms in the Universe, was the first theorist and propagandist of human space exploration. In a letter to him, Zabolotsky wrote: “... Your thoughts about the future of the Earth, humanity, animals and plants deeply concern me, and they are very close to me. In my unpublished poems and poems, I did my best to resolve them.

Further creative path

Collection "Poems. 1926-1932", already typed in the printing house, was not signed for printing. The publication of the new poem "The Triumph of Agriculture", written to some extent under the influence of "Ladomir" by Velimir Khlebnikov (1933), caused a new wave of persecution of Zabolotsky. Threatening accusations in critical articles (formalism, mysticism, primitivism, physiology, idealism, etc.) convinced the poet more and more that he would not be allowed to establish himself in poetry with his own, original direction. This gave rise to his disappointment and creative decline in the second half of 1933, 1934, 1935. This is where it came in handy life principle poet: “We must work and fight for ourselves. How many failures are yet to come, how many disappointments and doubts! But if at such moments a person hesitates, his song is sung. Faith and perseverance. Labor and honesty…” And Nikolay Alekseevich continued to work. Livelihood was provided by work in children's literature - in the 30s he collaborated with the magazines "Hedgehog" and "Chizh", which were supervised by Samuil Marshak, wrote poetry and prose for children (including retold for children "Gargantua and Pantagruel" by Francois Rabelais (1936))

Gradually, the position of Zabolotsky in the literary circles of Leningrad was strengthened. Many poems from this period received favorable reviews, and in 1937 his book was published, including seventeen poems ("Second Book"). On Zabolotsky's desktop lay the begun poetic transcription of the Old Russian poem "The Tale of Igor's Campaign" and his own poem "The Siege of Kozelsk", poems and translations from Georgian. But the ensuing prosperity was deceptive.

In custody

On March 19, 1938, Zabolotsky was arrested and then convicted in the case of anti-Soviet propaganda. The accusatory material in his case featured spiteful critical articles and a slanderous review "review", tendentiously distorting the essence and ideological orientation of his work. From death penalty he was saved by the fact that, despite being tortured during interrogations, he did not admit to the charges of creating a counter-revolutionary organization, which supposedly included Nikolai Tikhonov, Boris Kornilov and others. At the request of the NKVD, critic Nikolai Lesyuchevsky wrote a review of Zabolotsky's poetry, where he pointed out that "Zabolotsky's 'creativity' is an active counter-revolutionary struggle against the Soviet system, against Soviet people, against socialism.

« The first days they did not beat me, trying to decompose mentally and physically. I was not given food. They were not allowed to sleep. The investigators succeeded each other, but I sat motionless in a chair in front of the investigator's table - day after day. Behind the wall, in the next office, from time to time someone's frantic screams were heard. My legs began to swell, and on the third day I had to tear off my shoes, as I could not bear the pain in my feet. Consciousness began to become clouded, and I strained all my strength in order to answer reasonably and prevent any injustice against those people about whom I was asked ..."These are Zabolotsky's lines from the memoirs" The History of My Imprisonment "(published abroad on English language in 1981, in last years Soviet power printed in the USSR, in 1988).

He served his term from February 1939 to May 1943 in the Vostoklag system in the Komsomolsk-on-Amur region; then in the Altaylaga system in the Kulunda steppes; Partial view of it camp life gives a selection prepared by him "One Hundred Letters 1938-1944" - excerpts from letters to his wife and children.

Since March 1944, after being released from the camp, he lived in Karaganda. There he completed the arrangement of The Tale of Igor's Campaign (begun in 1937), which became the best among the experiments of many Russian poets. This helped in 1946 to obtain permission to live in Moscow. He rented a house in the writer's village of Peredelkino from V.P. Ilyenkov.

In 1946, N. A. Zabolotsky was reinstated in the Writers' Union. A new, Moscow period of his work began. Despite the blows of fate, he managed to return to unfulfilled plans.

Moscow period

The period of return to poetry was not only joyful, but also difficult. In the poems “Blind” and “Thunderstorm” written then, the theme of creativity and inspiration sounds. Most of the poems from 1946-1948 have been praised by today's literary historians. It was during this period that "In this birch grove" was written. Outwardly built on a simple and expressive contrast of a picture of a peaceful birch grove, singing orioles-life and universal death, it carries sadness, an echo of the experience, a hint of personal fate and a tragic foreboding of common troubles. In 1948, the poet's third collection of poems was published.

In 1949-1952, the years of extreme tightening of ideological oppression, the creative upsurge that manifested itself in the first years after the return was replaced by a creative decline and an almost complete switch to literary translations. Fearing that his words would again be used against him, Zabolotsky restrained himself and did not write. The situation changed only after the 20th Congress of the CPSU, with the beginning of the Khrushchev thaw, which marked the weakening of ideological censorship in literature and art.

He responded to new trends in the life of the country with the poems “Somewhere in a field near Magadan”, “Opposition of Mars”, “Kazbek”. Over the last three years of his life, Zabolotsky created about half of all the works of the Moscow period. Some of them have appeared in print. In 1957, the fourth, most complete of his lifetime collection of poems was published.

Cycle of lyrical poems last love"Was released in 1957," the only one in Zabolotsky's work, one of the most poignant and painful in Russian poetry. It is in this collection that the poem “Confession” is placed, dedicated to N. A. Roskina, later revised by the Leningrad bard Alexander Lobanovsky ( Enchanted bewitched / Once wedded with the wind in the field / All of you are chained as if in chains / You are my precious woman ...).

Family of N. A. Zabolotsky

In 1930, Zabolotsky married Ekaterina Vasilievna Klykova (1906-1997). E. V. Klykova survived brief romance(1955-1958) with the writer Vasily Grossman, left Zabolotsky, but then returned.

Son - Nikita Nikolaevich Zabolotsky (1932-2014), candidate biological sciences, author of biographical and memoir works about his father, compiler of several collections of his works. Daughter - Natalia Nikolaevna Zabolotskaya (born 1937), since 1962 the wife of the virologist Nikolai Veniaminovich Kaverin (1933-2014), academician of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, son of the writer Veniamin Kaverin.

Cousin - children's writer and poet Leonid Vladimirovich Dyakonov (1908-1995).

During the departure of E. V. Klykova, Zabolotsky lived with Natalya Alexandrovna Roskina (1927-1989), the daughter of A. I. Roskin.

Death

Although before his death the poet managed to receive both wide readership and material wealth, this could not compensate for the weakness of his health, undermined by prison and camp. According to N. Chukovsky, who knew Zabolotsky closely, family problems (the departure of his wife, her return) played a final, fatal role. In 1955, Zabolotsky had his first heart attack, in 1958 - the second, and on October 14, 1958 he died.

The poet was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery.

Creation

The early work of Zabolotsky is focused on the problems of the city and the masses, it is influenced by V. Khlebnikov, it is marked by the objectivity inherent in futurism and the variety of burlesque metaphors. The confrontation of words, giving the effect of alienation, reveals new connections. At the same time, Zabolotsky's poems do not reach such a degree of absurdity as those of other Oberiuts. Nature is understood in Zabolotsky's poems as chaos and prison, harmony as a delusion. In the poem "The Triumph of Agriculture", the poetics of futuristic experimentation is combined with elements of an 18th-century heroic-comic poem. The question of death and immortality determines the poetry of Zabolotsky in the 1930s. Irony, manifested in exaggeration or simplification, outlines a distance in relation to the depicted. The later poems of Zabolotsky are united by common philosophical aspirations and reflections on nature, the naturalness of the language, devoid of pathos, they are more emotional and musical than the previous poems of Zabolotsky, and closer to tradition (A. Pushkin, E. Baratynsky, F. Tyutchev). An allegorical image is added here to the anthropomorphic depiction of nature (Thunderstorm, 1946).
Wolfgang Cossack

Zabolotsky-translator

Nikolai Zabolotsky is the largest translator of Georgian poets: D. Guramishvili, Gr. Orbeliani, I. Chavchavadze, A. Tsereteli, V. Pshavely.

Peru Zabolotsky belongs to the translation of the poem by S. Rustaveli "The Knight in the Panther's Skin" (1957 - the last edition of the translation, in addition, in 1930, a version of the translation "The Knight in the Panther's Skin" adapted for youth, made by Nikolai Zabolotsky, was also published, republished. "Library World Literature for Children, Volume 2, 1982).

Chukovsky wrote about Zabolotsky’s translation of The Tale of Igor’s Campaign that he was “more accurate than all the most accurate interlineators, since it conveys the most important thing: the poetic originality of the original, its charm, its charm.”

Zabolotsky himself reported in a letter to N. L. Stepanov: “ Now, when I entered the spirit of the monument, I am filled with the greatest reverence, surprise and gratitude to fate for bringing this miracle to us from the depths of centuries. In the desert of centuries, where no stone was left after wars, fires and fierce destruction, stands this lonely, unlike anything, cathedral of our ancient glory. Terrible, terrible to approach him. The eye involuntarily wants to find in it familiar proportions, the golden sections of our familiar world monuments. Wasted labor! There are no such sections in it, everything in it is full of a special tender wildness, another, not by our measure, the artist measured it. And how touchingly the corners crumbled, crows sit on them, wolves roam, and it stands - this mysterious building, not knowing its equals, and will stand forever, as long as Russian culture is alive».

Edited for children the translation of F. Rabelais "Gargantua and Pantagruel".

He also translated the Italian poet Umberto Saba.

Addresses

in Petrograd-Leningrad

1921-1925 - residential cooperative building of the Third Petrograd Association of Apartment Owners - Krasnykh Zor Street, 73;
1927-1930 - tenement house- Horse street, 15, apt. 33;
1930 - 03/19/1938 - the house of the Court stable department ("writer's superstructure") - Griboyedov Canal Embankment, 9.

in Karaganda

1945 - Lenin street, 9;

in Moscow

1946-1948 - in the apartments of N. Stepanov, I. Andronikov in Moscow and in Peredelkino at the dacha of V. P. Ilyenkov
1948 - October 14, 1958 - Khoroshevskoe highway, 2/1 building 4, apartment No. 25. The place of life, work and death of the poet. The house was included in the Register cultural heritage, but in 2001 it was demolished. During the summer months, N. Zabolotsky also lived in Tarusa.

Awards

Order of the Red Banner of Labor (04/17/1958) - for outstanding services in the development of Georgian art and literature

Memory

In Kirov, Nikolai Zabolotsky installed Memorial plaque.
In Komsomolsk-on-Amur, on the building of the former "sharashka", where N. Zabolotsky worked as a draftsman for 5 years, a memorial plaque was erected (sculptor Nadezhda Ivleva).
In the Soviet-Danube Shipping Company (Izmail Ukraine) there was an ore-carrier named after Nikolai Zabolotsky.
July 11, 2015 in Tarusa Kaluga region The first monument to Nikolai Zabolotsky in Russia was opened. It was installed near the house where the poet lived the last two summers of his life.

Research

M. Guselnikova, M. Kalinin. Derzhavin and Zabolotsky. Samara: Samara University, 2008. 298 p., 300 copies,
Savchenko T.T. N. Zabolotsky: Karaganda in the fate of the poet. - Karaganda: Bolashak-Baspa, 2012. - S. 132.

Bibliography

Columns / Region M. Kirnarsky. - L .: Publishing house of writers in Leningrad, 1929. - 72 p. - 1,200 copies.
Mysterious city. - M.-L.: GIZ, 1931 (under the pseudonym I. Miller)
Second book: Poems / Per. and the title of S. M. Pozharsky. - L .: Goslitizdat, 1937. - 48 p., 5,300 copies.
Poems / Ed. A. Tarasenkov; thin V. Reznikov. - M.: Sov. writer, 1948. - 92 p. - 7,000 copies.
Poems. - M.: Goslitizdat, 1957. - 200 p., 25,000 copies.
Poems. - M.: Goslitizdat, 1959. - 200 p., 10,000 copies. - (B-ka of Soviet poetry).
Favorites. - M.: Sov. writer, 1960. - 240 p., 10,000 copies.
Poems / Under general edition Gleb Struve and B. A. Filippov. Introductory articles Alexis Rannita, Boris Filippov and Emmanuel Rice. Washington, D.C.; New York: Inter-Language Literary Associates, 1965.
Poems and poems. - M.; L.: Soviet writer, 1965. - 504 p., 25,000 copies. (B-ka poet. Large series).
Poems. - M.: Fiction, 1967
Favorites. - M.: Children's literature, 1970
Snake apple. - L .: Children's literature, 1972
Selected works: In 2 volumes - M .: Khudozh. literature, 1972.
Favorites. - Kemerovo, 1974
Favorites. - Ufa, 1975
Poems and poems. - M.: Sovremennik, 1981
Poems. - Gorky, 1983
Collected works: In 3 volumes - M., Khudozh. literature, 1983-1984., 50,000 copies.
Poems. - M.: Soviet Russia, 1985
Poems and poems. - M.: Pravda, 1985
Poems and poems. - Yoshkar-Ola, 1985
Poems. Poems. - Perm, 1986
Poems and poems. - Sverdlovsk, 1986
Laboratory of Spring: Poems (1926-1937) / Engravings by Yu. Kosmynin. - M.: Young Guard, 1987. - 175 p. - 100,000 copies. (In younger years).
How mice fought with a cat / Fig. S. F. Bobylev. - Stavropol: Stavropol Prince. publishing house, 1988. - 12 p.
Cranes / Art. V. Yurlov. - M.: Sov. Russia, 1989. - 16 p.
Poems. Poems. - Tula, 1989
Columns and poems: Poems / Design by B. Tremetsky. - M.: Arts. literature, 1989. - 352 p., 1,000,000 copies. - (Classics and contemporaries: Poetic library).
Columns: Poems. Poems. - L.: Lenizdat, 1990. - 366 p., 50,000 copies.
Selected writings. Poems, poems, prose and letters of the poet / Comp., enter. article, note. N. N. Zabolotsky. - M.: Arts. literature, 1991. - 431 p. - 100,000 copies. (B-ka classics).
History of my imprisonment. - M.: Pravda, 1991. - 47 p., 90,000 copies. - (B-ka "Spark"; No. 18).
How mice fought with a cat: Poems / Hood. N. Shevarev. - M.: Malysh, 1992. - 12 p.
Columns. - St. Petersburg, North-West, 1993
Fire flickering in a vessel…: Poems and poems. Letters and articles. Biography. Memoirs of contemporaries. Analysis of creativity. - M. Pedagogy-Press, 1995. - 944 p.
Columns and poems. - M.: Russian book, 1996
Signs of the Zodiac fade: Poems. Poems. Prose. - M.: Eksmo-Press, 1998. - 480 p. - (Home Library of Poetry).
Poetic translations: In 3 volumes - M .: Terra-Book Club, 2004. - V. 1: Georgian classical poetry. - 448 p.; Vol. 2: Georgian Classical Poetry. - 464 pages; T. 3: Slavic epic. Georgian folk poetry. Georgian poetry of the XX century. European poetry. Eastern poetry. - 384 p. - (Masters of translation).
Poems. - M.: Progress-Pleyada, 2004. - 355 p.
Do not let the soul be lazy: Poems and poems. - M.: Eksmo, 2007. - 384 p. - (Golden Poetry Series).
Lyrics. - M.: AST, 2008. - 428 p.
Poems about love. - M. Eksmo, 2008. - 192 p. - (Poems about love).
I was brought up by harsh nature. - M.: Eksmo, 2008. - 558 p.
Poems and poems. - M.: De Agostini, 2014. - (Masterpieces of world literature in miniature).

Sources

Cossack V. Lexicon of Russian literature of the XX century = Lexikon der russischen Literatur ab 1917 / [trans. with him.]. - M.: RIK "Culture", 1996. - XVIII, 491, p. - 5000 copies.

Zabolotsky Nikolai Alekseevich (1903 - 1958) - Soviet poet, translator. He wrote a lot for children, carried out translations of foreign authors.

Nikolai Zabolotsky was born near Kazan on April 24 (May 7), 1903. The boy's father was an agronomist, his mother was a teacher. Impressions from childhood spent in a rural atmosphere were clearly reflected in the poems that Zabolotsky began to write from the first grades of school.

In the Urzhum school, the boy was actively engaged in history, painting, chemical experiments, got acquainted with the work of A. Blok. After entering Moscow for the historical-philological and medical department, Nikolai moved to Petrograd and graduated from the Faculty of Language and Literature at the Institute. Herzen.

After graduating from high school, the poet serves in the army near Leningrad for two years, is one of the journalists of the local wall newspaper. Impressions from barracks life, encounter with various characters and situations become the starting point in finding your own literary style.

Earlier creativity

After military service Zabolotsky starts working in the children's book department of the State Publishing House under the leadership of S. Marshak. Then to the children's magazines "Hedgehog", "Chizh". The poet writes a lot for children, adapts the translation of Gargantua and Pantagruel by Rabelais for the perception of young readers.

His first collection of poems comes out in 1929 under the title "Columns" and causes a whole scandal in literary society. In the poems of the collection, a mockery of everyday life and philistinism was clearly visible. Prepared readers also noticed subtle parodies of the poetic styles of Balmont, Pasternak, images of Zoshchenko and Dostoevsky.

The next collection is published in 1937 and is called "Second Book".

Arrest and exile

On charges of anti-Soviet propaganda, which was fabricated from reviews of critics and denunciations that had little to do with true themes creativity of the poet, in 1938 the poet was arrested. Attempts to hang on him the organization of a conspiratorial association and sentence him to death did not yield results, despite the torture, the poet did not agree to sign false accusations. The events of this period are told by the poet in the "History of my imprisonment" (memoirs were published in 1981 abroad, in 1988 in the USSR).

Zabolotsky spent 5 years in camps on Far East, then two years (1944-46) in Karaganda. There, the poetic translation of The Tale of Igor's Campaign was completed.

The 40s became a turning point not only in the life, but also in the work of the poet. From the avant-garde works of the early period, full of sarcasm, irony, various allusions, he moves on to classical poetry with simple and understandable images and situations.

Moscow period

In 1946, with the permission of the authorities, Zabolotsky returned to the capital and the status of a member of the Writers' Union was returned to him. The third collection of "Poems" is published in 1948.

After the creative upsurge of the first years of liberation, a period of calm sets in. Zabolotsky almost never writes, fearing ideological persecution and a repetition of the arrest story. On top of this, in 1955, the poet had his first heart attack, which significantly undermined his health. The reason for it K. Chukovsky, a close friend of Zabolotsky, called the temporary departure of the poet's wife Catherine to another man.

By this time, many translations of the works of Georgian poets Rustaveli, Chavchavadze, Pshavela A. Tsereteli and others, which helped the poet to keep himself and his family afloat, date back.

A new creative upsurge begins after the debunking of the cult of Stalin and the beginning of the thaw in 1956. This stage in the history of the country is reflected in the poems "Somewhere in a field near Magadan", "Kazbek". Three years before his death in 1958, Zabolotsky creates most works included in last period creativity.

In 1957 the last poetry collection- cycle "Last love". These are the lyrical poems of the poet, including famous poem"Kissed, bewitched."

On October 14, 1958, Nikolai Zabolotsky suffered a second heart attack, which became fatal. The poet was buried in Moscow.

Nikolai Alekseevich Zabolotsky (Zabolotsky)(April 24 [May 7], Kizicheskaya Sloboda, Kaimar Volost, Kazansky District, Kazan Province - October 14, Moscow) - Russian Soviet poet, translator.

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Biography

Zabolotsky was fond of painting by Filonov, Chagall, Brueghel. The ability to see the world through the eyes of an artist remained with the poet for life.

After leaving the army, the poet found himself in the situation of the last years of the NEP, the satirical image of which became the theme of the poems of the early period, which made up his first poetic book - "Columns". In 1929, it was published in Leningrad and immediately caused a literary scandal and mocking reviews in the press. Rated as a "hostile sortie", she, however, did not cause direct "organizational conclusions" - orders regarding the author, and he (with the help of Nikolai Tikhonov) managed to establish special relations with the magazine Zvezda, where about ten poems were published that replenished Stolbtsy during second (unpublished) edition of the collection.

Zabolotsky managed to create surprisingly multidimensional poems - and their first dimension, which is immediately noticeable, is a sharp grotesque and satire on the topic of petty-bourgeois life and everyday life, dissolving a personality in itself. Another facet of the "Columns", their aesthetic perception, requires some special preparedness of the reader, because for those who know, Zabolotsky wove another artistic and intellectual fabric - a parody. In his early lyrics, the very function of parody changes, its satirical and polemical components disappear, and it loses its role as a weapon of intra-literary struggle.

In "Disciplina Clericalis" (1926) there is a parody of Balmont's tautological eloquence, ending with Zoshchenko's intonations; in the poem "On the Stairs" (1928), through the kitchen, already Zoshchenko's world, "Waltz" by Vladimir Benediktov suddenly appears; The Ivanovs (1928) reveals its parody-literary meaning, evoking (hereinafter in the text) the key images of Dostoevsky with his Sonechka Marmeladova and her old man; lines from the poem "Wandering Musicians" (1928) refer to Pasternak, etc.

The basis of Zabolotsky's philosophical searches

From the poem "The signs of the zodiac fade" begins the mystery of the birth of the main theme, the "nerve" of Zabolotsky's creative searches - the Tragedy of Reason sounds for the first time. The "nerve" of these searches in the future will force its owner to devote much more lines to philosophical lyrics. Through all his poems, the path of the most intense implantation of individual consciousness into the mysterious world of being, which is immeasurably wider and richer than the rational constructions created by people, runs. On this path, the poet-philosopher undergoes a significant evolution, during which 3 dialectical stages can be distinguished: 1926-1933; 1932-1945 and 1946-1958

Zabolotsky read a lot and with enthusiasm: not only after the publication of Stolbtsy, but also before, he read the works of Engels, Grigory Skovoroda, the works of Kliment Timiryazev on plants, Yuri Filipchenko on the evolutionary idea in biology, Vernadsky on bio- and noospheres, covering all living things and the intelligent on the planet and extolling both as great transformative powers; read Einstein's theory of relativity, which gained wide popularity in the 1920s; "Philosophy of the Common Cause" by Nikolai Fedorov.

By the publication of The Columns, their author already had his own concept of natural philosophy. It was based on the idea of the universe as a single system that unites living and non-living forms of matter, which are in eternal interaction and mutual transformation. The development of this complex organism of nature occurs from primitive chaos to the harmonic orderliness of all its elements, and the main role here is played by the consciousness inherent in nature, which, in the words of the same Timiryazev, “smolders dully in lower beings and only flares up like a bright spark in the human mind.” Therefore, it is Man who is called to take care of the transformation of nature, but in his activity he must see in nature not only a student, but also a teacher, for this imperfect and suffering "eternal winepress" contains the beautiful world of the future and those wise laws by which man should be guided.

Gradually, the position of Zabolotsky in the literary circles of Leningrad was strengthened. Many poems from this period received favorable reviews, and in 1937 his book was published, including seventeen poems (The Second Book). On Zabolotsky's desktop lay the begun poetic transcription of the Old Russian poem "The Tale of Igor's Campaign" and his own poem "The Siege of Kozelsk", poems and translations from Georgian. But the ensuing prosperity was deceptive.

In custody

« The first days they did not beat me, trying to decompose mentally and physically. I was not given food. They were not allowed to sleep. The investigators succeeded each other, but I sat motionless in a chair in front of the investigator's table - day after day. Behind the wall, in the next office, from time to time someone's frantic screams were heard. My legs began to swell, and on the third day I had to tear off my shoes, as I could not bear the pain in my feet. Consciousness began to become clouded, and I strained all my strength in order to answer reasonably and prevent any injustice against those people about whom I was asked ..."These are Zabolotsky's lines from the memoirs" The History of My Imprisonment "(published abroad in English in 1981, in the last years of Soviet power they were also printed in the USSR, in 1988).

Moscow period

The period of return to poetry was not only joyful, but also difficult. In the poems “Blind” and “Thunderstorm” written then, the theme of creativity and inspiration sounds. Most of the 1948 poems have received high praise from today's literary historians. It was during this period that "In this birch grove" was written. Outwardly built on a simple and expressive contrast of a picture of a peaceful birch grove, singing orioles-life and universal death, it carries sadness, an echo of the experience, a hint of personal fate and a tragic foreboding of common troubles. In 1948, the poet's third collection of poems was published.

Death

Creation

The early work of Zabolotsky is focused on the problems of the city and the masses, it is influenced by V. Khlebnikov, it is marked by the objectivity inherent in futurism and the variety of burlesque metaphors. The confrontation of words, giving the effect of alienation, reveals new connections. At the same time, Zabolotsky's poems do not reach such a degree of absurdity as those of other Oberiuts. Nature is understood in Zabolotsky's poems as chaos and prison, harmony as a delusion. In the poem "The Triumph of Agriculture", the poetics of futuristic experimentation is combined with elements of an iroikocomic poem of the 18th century. The question of death and immortality determines the poetry of Zabolotsky in the 1930s. Irony, manifested in exaggeration or simplification, outlines a distance in relation to the depicted. The later poems of Zabolotsky are united by common philosophical aspirations and reflections on nature, the naturalness of the language, devoid of pathos, they are more emotional and musical than the previous poems of Zabolotsky, and closer to tradition (A. Pushkin, E.Baratynsky, F. Tyutchev). An allegorical image is added here to the anthropomorphic depiction of nature (Thunderstorm, 1946).

Zabolotsky-translator

Nikolai Zabolotsky is the largest translator of Georgian poets: D. Guramishvili, Gr. Orbeliani , I. Chavchavadze , A. Tsereteli , V. Pshavely .

Peru Zabolotsky belongs to the translation of Sh. Rustaveli's poem "The Knight in the Tiger's Skin" (1957 - the latest edition of the translation, in addition, in 1930, a version of the translation of The Knight in the Panther's Skin, adapted for youth, was also published, made by Nikolai Zabolotsky, reprinted. 1983). [ ]

Chukovsky wrote about Zabolotsky’s translation of The Lay of Igor’s Regiment that he was “more accurate than all the most accurate interlinear translations, since the most important thing is conveyed in it: the poetic originality of the original, its charm, its charm.”

Zabolotsky himself reported in a letter to N. L. Stepanov: “ Now, when I entered the spirit of the monument, I am filled with the greatest reverence, surprise and gratitude to fate for bringing this miracle to us from the depths of centuries. In the desert of centuries, where no stone was left after wars, fires and fierce destruction, stands this lonely, unlike anything, cathedral of our ancient glory. Terrible, terrible to approach him. The eye involuntarily wants to find in it familiar proportions, the golden sections of our familiar world monuments. Wasted labor! There are no such sections in it, everything in it is full of a special tender wildness, another, not by our measure, the artist measured it. And how touchingly the corners crumbled, crows sit on them, wolves prowl, and it stands - this is a mysterious building, not knowing its equals, and will stand forever, as long as Russian culture is alive» .

Edited for children the translation of F. Rabelais Gargantua and Pantagruel.

He also translated the Italian poet Umberto Saba.

Addresses

In Petrograd-Leningrad in Karaganda in Moscow

Memory

Research

M. Guselnikova, M. Kalinin. Derzhavin and Zabolotsky. Samara: Samara University, 2008. 298 p., 300 copies, ISBN 978-5-86465-420-0
Savchenko T.T. N. Zabolotsky: Karaganda in the fate of the poet. - Karaganda: Bolashak-Baspa, 2012. - S. 132.

Bibliography

Columns / Region M. Kirnarsky. - L .: Publishing house of writers in Leningrad, 1929. - 72 p. - 1,200 copies.
Mysterious city. - M.-L.: GIZ, 1931 (under the pseudonym I. Miller)
Second book: Poems / Per. and the title of S. M. Pozharsky. - L .: Goslitizdat, 1937. - 48 p., 5,300 copies.
Poems / Ed. A. Tarasenkov; thin V. Reznikov. - M.: Sov. writer, 1948. - 92 p. - 7,000 copies.
Poems. - M.: Goslitizdat, 1957. - 200 p., 25,000 copies.
Poems. - M.: Goslitizdat, 1959. - 200 p., 10,000 copies. - (B-ka of Soviet poetry).
Favorites. - M.: Sov. writer, 1960. - 240 p., 10,000 copies.
Poems / Edited by Gleb Struve and B. A. Filippov. Introductory articles by Alexis Rannita, Boris Filippov and Emmanuel Rice. Washington, D.C.; New York: Inter-Language Literary Associates, 1965.
Poems and poems. - M.; L.: Soviet writer, 1965. - 504 p., 25,000 copies. (B-ka poet. Large series).
Poems. - M.: Fiction, 1967
Favorites. - M.: Children's literature, 1970
Snake apple. - L .: Children's literature, 1972
Selected works: In 2 volumes - M .: Khudozh. literature, 1972.
Favorites. - Kemerovo, 1974
Favorites. - Ufa, 1975
Poems and poems. - M.: Sovremennik, 1981
Poems. - Gorky, 1983
Collected works: In 3 volumes - M., Khudozh. literature, 1983-1984., 50,000 copies.
Poems. - M.: Soviet Russia, 1985
Poems and poems. - M.: Pravda, 1985
Poems and poems. - Yoshkar-Ola, 1985
Poems. Poems. - Perm, 1986
Poems and poems. - Sverdlovsk, 1986
Laboratory of Spring: Poems (1926-1937) / Engravings by Yu. Kosmynin. - M.: Young Guard, 1987. - 175 p. - 100,000 copies. (In younger years).
How mice fought with a cat / Fig. S. F. Bobylev. - Stavropol: Stavropol Prince. publishing house, 1988. - 12 p.
Cranes / Art. V. Yurlov. - M.: Sov. Russia, 1989. - 16 p.
Poems. Poems. - Tula, 1989
Columns and poems: Poems / Design by B. Tremetsky. - M.: Arts. literature, 1989. - 352 p., 1,000,000 copies. - (Classics and contemporaries: Poetic library).
Columns: Poems. Poems. - L.: Lenizdat, 1990. - 366 p., 50,000 copies.
Selected writings. Poems, poems, prose and letters of the poet / Comp., enter. article, note. N. N. Zabolotsky. - M.: Arts. literature, 1991. - 431 p. - 100,000 copies. (B-ka classics).
History of my imprisonment. - M.: Pravda, 1991. - 47 p., 90,000 copies. - (B-ka "Spark"; No. 18).
How mice fought with a cat: Poems / Hood. N. Shevarev. - M.: Malysh, 1992. - 12 p.
Columns. - St. Petersburg, North-West, 1993
Fire flickering in a vessel…: Poems and poems. Letters and articles. Biography. Memoirs of contemporaries. Analysis of creativity. - M. Pedagogy-Press, 1995. - 944 p.
Columns and poems. - M.: Russian book, 1996
Signs of the Zodiac fade: Poems. Poems. Prose. - M.: Eksmo-Press, 1998. - 480 p. - (Home Library of Poetry).
Poetic translations: In 3 volumes - M .: Terra-Book Club, 2004. - V. 1: Georgian classical poetry. - 448 p.; Vol. 2: Georgian Classical Poetry. - 464 pages; T. 3: Slavic epic. Georgian folk poetry. Georgian poetry of the XX century. European poetry. Eastern poetry. - 384 p. - (Masters of translation).
Poems. - M.: Progress-Pleyada, 2004. - 355 p.
Do not let the soul be lazy: Poems and poems. - M.: Eksmo, 2007. - 384 p. - (Golden Poetry Series).
Lyrics. - M.: AST, 2008. - 428 p.
Poems about love. - M. Eksmo, 2008. - 192 p. - (Poems about love).
I was brought up by harsh nature. - M.: Eksmo, 2008. - 558 p.
Poems and poems. - M.: De Agostini, 2014. - (Masterpieces of world literature in miniature).

Sources

Cossack V. Lexicon of Russian literature of the XX century = Lexikon der russischen Literatur ab 1917 / [trans. with him.]. - M.: RIK "Culture", 1996. - XVIII, 491, p. - 5000 copies. - ISBN 5-8334-0019-8.

Notes

Zagoskin N. P., Vishnevsky A. V. Zabolotsky Nikolai Alekseevich, poet (1903-1958) (indefinite) . History in faces. Kazan stories (history-kazan.ru). Retrieved December 20, 2012. Archived from the original on December 23, 2012.
ID BNF : Open Data Platform - 2011.
Rodnyanskaya I. B. Zabolotsky Nikolai Alekseevich // Great Soviet Encyclopedia: [in 30 volumes] / ed. A. M. Prokhorov - 3rd ed. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1972. - T. 9: Euclid - Ibsen. - S. 264.
SNAC-2010.
Zabolotsky Nikolai Alekseevich (1903-1958), poet, translator (indefinite) . Memories of the Gulag and their authors. sakharov-center.ru Retrieved February 5, 2013. Archived from the original February 11, 2013.
Alexey Purin: Memories of Euterpe: [Articles and Essays.] Urbi: Literary Almanac. Issue nine. St. Petersburg: Zvezda magazine, 1996. ISBN 5-7439-0027-2 P. 189-204.
Big Literary Encyclopedia, S. 495-499, "Zabolotsky" - ed. articles Filippov G. N.
“In my face, damage has been done to all of Soviet poetry”: Nikolai Zabolotsky’s arrest // Kommersant. - 2015. - Issue. March 13 .