Speech is the main parameter that distinguishes a person from an animal. Thanks to the ability to speak, people come into close contact with each other and develop socially. The bulk of information transfer occurs through conversation.

Speech errors are a common phenomenon that distort the meaning of spoken words. They can be committed due to ignorance of any basics or by accident. Some people deliberately distort words in their speech, which leads to the appearance of distorted word forms. Speech culture involves improving language proficiency and eliminating speech errors in everyday conversation.

Why do speech errors occur?

Incorrect pronunciation can be formed during human development, for example, distortion of words in childhood. Poor command of a language, if it is not native to people, always leads to the appearance of many speech errors. If there are diction defects, pronunciation becomes difficult, which causes spelling errors. Sometimes people simply misspoke during a conversation; in such situations, speech errors resemble typos in written texts. There can be many reasons for the formation of speech errors, but a person should strive to get rid of this problem. Speech that contains many errors can cause a lot of trouble:

• Difficulties in getting a job;
• Poor public performances;
• Constant ridicule and, as a result, low self-esteem;
• Difficulty expressing thoughts or misunderstanding from people around you.

In order to get rid of speech errors, you should find out the cause of the problem and get rid of it. For example, distorting words in random order requires increased attention. Incorrect pronunciation due to ignorance is corrected through additional study of the weak points of the language.

Most people make mistakes due to inattention, which can be easily compensated for by systematic training on the BrainApps resource. The site is useful because it creates an individual program based on a preliminary test and allows you to clearly see your own results.

Types of speech errors

There is an internationally recognized classification of speech errors, which includes 8 categories. Each of them has its own characteristics, causes and solutions.

Pronunciation errors

Speech pronunciation errors are also called spelling errors. They represent distortions of sounds and their combinations or changes in established grammatical structures. Stress errors fall into a separate subcategory, which many people tend to ignore. In fact, incorrect stress significantly spoils the overall impression of the spoken words.

A common variant of a spelling error is the reduction of sounds in a word, for example, not “in general”, but “finally”. Such speech is common among the common people and does not catch the eye, but only in everyday conversation. At business meetings, during scientific conferences and in other similar situations, pronunciation errors will immediately turn the audience against the speaker.

Lexical type errors

In speech errors of a lexical nature, there is a distortion of the meaning of a sentence due to incorrectly selected words or a violation of the coordination of structures in a sentence. There are several main categories of such errors:

• Mixing words that have similar meanings;
• Mixing words that sound similar;
• Mixing words that have similar parameters.

This also includes the introduction of non-existent words into speech based on established speech variants. In most cases, people distort the names of nationalities.

Speech errors include the incorrect choice of a synonym for a particular sentence or the use of a word that does not fit in with others in meaning. Lexical errors also include tautologies, that is, repetitions of words and phrases, and pleonasms (the use of phrases in which the meaning of one of the words is a broader description of the second).

Phraseological errors

Common errors in speech in which the essence of an established phrase, that is, a phraseological unit, changes. People often misremember such constructions and tend to misunderstand them. Thus, a person uses phraseological units in the wrong place, and a speech error occurs.

Morphology errors

Such speech errors imply incorrect formation of word forms. These include: errors in declension by cases, gender and numbers, incorrect addition of prefixes and endings, and ignoring the alternation of sounds in the root.

Syntax errors

Distortion during the formation of sentences and the coordination of words in them is called a syntactic error. Varieties of such errors:

• Problems of coordinating cases, genders, tenses, and so on;
• Errors in the control of one word by another;
• Changing the design, using unnecessary prepositions;
• Inclusion of an unnecessary correlative word in constructions.

Spelling problems

This type of speech error is typical for written speech and involves the incorrect spelling of a word. This includes incorrectly used letters, hyphenation errors, distorted abbreviations, and so on. Spelling errors are corrected by studying the rules of spelling words or constantly reading books, so they disappear from a person’s life for a very long time.

Punctuation errors

Incorrect punctuation marks constitute a punctuation speech error. People may place commas incorrectly, fail to separate sentences with periods, and make mistakes in placing dashes and colons. The appropriate use of question marks and exclamation marks is also a problem for many people, especially when it comes to rhetorical expressions. The main problem of punctuation has long been direct speech, the format of which every third person does not know.

Stylistic errors

Syntax errors are the most controversial in speech, as they involve errors in the construction of a syntactic structure, for example, a sentence. This also includes mixing styles, such as using vernacular expressions in a scientific article or using specific terms in a literary text.

Stylistic speech errors include the following common options:

• Incorrect word order (in Russian, the construction of a sentence depends on the location of the main members: subject and predicate);
• Uniformity of speech structures (often observed among novice authors, where the sentences are very simple and similar to each other);
• Incorrect use of established expressions (often, such an error does not lead to a misunderstanding of the text, but looks inappropriate in it);
• The use of words that are lexically incompatible with each other (in such a situation they say that the construction “does not sound,” although its meaning is not deformed);
• Using clichés (standard or established phrases) in inappropriate situations.

How to improve your own speech?

Speech errors are difficult to notice on your own, especially if they are made due to ignorance of any nuances of the language. Most often, speech errors are reported by people around. Each person decides for himself whether to fight a problem or let it take its course. However, speech errors can seriously impair the quality of daily life.

• Take a course with a speech therapist if you have established pronunciation defects;
• Read a lot of fiction, scientific and journalistic literature (the correct spelling and pronunciation of words, as well as the correct construction of sentences will be automatically remembered by the brain);
• Learn the basic rules of the Russian language;
• Improve speech culture by visiting specific events: exhibitions, theaters, and so on;
• Communicate more with other people, while giving preference to educated individuals;
• Improve your language skills with the help of special training programs or attend language courses.

The overall impression of a person’s speech improves in the case of well-executed diction. Clear pronunciation of each sound, correct selection of intonation and voice volume, combined with correctly constructed sentences, will help achieve a positive reaction from listeners. In addition, the culture of speech and literacy in writing immediately make it possible to judge the education of a person as a whole.

The impression of an individual is formed not only through competent speech, but also through general intellectual development, attentiveness, fast and original thinking. BrainApps will allow you to improve these skills. Moreover, classes can begin as early as childhood.

Errors in speech, grammar,
ethical, factual...

Getting ready to check essays on the Unified State Exam

We must admit:
poor education among today's youth.

(From an essay on the Unified State Exam)

Speech errors

Errors associated with incorrect or less successful use of words or phraseological units are classified in school practice as speech errors. Unified State Exam experts evaluate compliance with speech (lexical) norms according to criterion 10: if more than three errors are made in the work, the examinee receives zero points instead of the possible two.

Graduates violate the communicative accuracy of statements, using words and phraseological units in a meaning that is unusual for them or without due consideration of stylistic or emotionally expressive nuances of expressions: This word has no prototype in Russian. People who are stuck in laziness lose a lot. Our officials are sucking up to the mayor. These examples expose the poet as a romantic. Slava appears in this text as a workaholic patriot. Laziness is the monster of modern youth.

Numerous examples mixing paronyms, that is, words with the same root or similar sounding words with different meanings: The book gives hormonal education to a person. She has always been a closed, hidden person. Crystal honesty. He did not want to be treated for alcohol. The book should be treated with great care, it deserves it. The author maliciously denounces indifferent people.

Pleonasm is a mistake consisting of using an extra word; it is also often found in the essays of graduates: German Germany. The working proletariat. In a rural village. You need to read each book thoughtfully and carefully. But these heroes only talk and chatter. An interesting problem is revealed and touched upon here. The mother stood quietly and silently. These fashionistas are only interested in dresses and outfits. Flattering compliments. Monetary fine.

Examinees are often violated the usual lexical compatibility words– resulting in speech errors: Today's youth read little and do not broaden their horizons. His speech is filled with an abundance of bookish words. Nerves and excitement overwhelmed the author. Today we have a dangerous and ill-mannered teenage generation.The mother stood with a pitiful appearance, tattered, in shabby clothes. The son treats his mother shamelessly. The veteran just wanted more understanding. Each word has its own unrivaled history.

Very little time is devoted to the study of phraseological units in the school curriculum - as a result, students have a very vague idea of ​​​​the norms for using stable combinations. They do not know the meaning of phraseological units well, often distort their composition, which leads to the destruction of the two-dimensionality of the image underlying it; There is a contradiction between the images and the context, which allows us to understand the expression literally:

One can only agree with this position with a squeaky heart.

These children were deprived of joy.

A difficult fate has befallen our people.

The children were poor; they ate bread and salt.

Low bow to those who fought.

A joke was played on him.

This act was the last straw that overflowed the barrel of gunpowder.

To prevent such hooliganism, it is necessary to strengthen and enlarge the internal organs.

Stylistic errors

The majority of speech errors are errors that are actually stylistic. These are anachronisms, that is, errors due to a mixture of vocabulary from different historical and social eras: Marmeladov once had a job, but then he was laid off. Actually stylistic are also errors resulting from mixing expressions of different styles, unmotivated use of dialectal, colloquial expressions, which contradicts the norms of the literary language: I slightly disagree with the author's point of view. Gogol showed Plyushkin with a similar miserliness. We need to fill our heads with knowledge. Catherine II sought to ensure that philosophers and writers glorified her name throughout the world. The author’s position is expressed by a proverb that reads: “People are greeted by their clothes.”–they guide you according to your mind.” Sharikov, having received some power, became a lawless man.

Quite often, speech defects in the texts of examination essays are felt, but it is very difficult to classify them; in this case, in our opinion, the score should be reduced according to criterion 6, and not 10. The same should be done with the next group of errors leading to a violation of the requirements for purity, richness and expressiveness of speech - these are speech defects that impair speech, but this is less gross violations than mistakes. Shortcomings are considered from the point of view of “better - worse, well said - not quite well said”; they are assessed less strictly both at school and by experts at the Unified State Examination. This is a tautology - a mistake consisting in the use of words that are repeated in a small context, the use of weed words: It was as if I looked in the mirror and saw myself. Based on the above, Tendryakov concludes...... I think that we should not be angry with the Ukrainians and even the Estonians.

Grammar errors

Criterion 9 assesses compliance with grammatical norms in the texts of examination essays. Grammatical errors are caused by violations of the norms of word formation (word formation errors), form formation (morphological errors), norms of syntactic connection of words in phrases and sentences, as well as simple sentences within complex ones (syntactic errors).

Word formation errors- this is the result of word creation in violation of norms: words are formed according to models that do not exist in the literary language or it is not taken into account that the totality of actually existing lexemes does not completely coincide with the system of words that could be in the language, but they are not used in speech:

Shyness, shame, shame at the poor appearance of the mother. Bribery is the scourge of our time. Mistakes of heroes. The main problem is the timidity of the young teacher. Dealing with impudence is difficult. Vernacular words. Social order. Along the asphalt path. Since childhood, she had a penchant for music. The warriors showed tenacity and courage. We must understand that all this was not done in vain. The steadfast character of the characters evokes respect. L. Tolstoy called the people pushers of history. It is known that Gumilyov ridiculed Akhmatova’s talent.

Defects in the formation of forms of certain parts of speech are also varied and numerous.

At first, Petrusha Grinev was also an undergrowth.

A worse example cannot be given.

In those years, Russia was hungry and poor.

Vysotsky’s work cannot be confused with anyone else.

You can talk about the fate of both sisters.

The veteran wanted words without falsehood.

The television news constantly reports violence against people.

We learn about their plans.

A person was needed who could help in this matter.

Gogol also wrote about the greatness of the Russian people.

Let's remember Gorky's Larra - he is also proud and selfish.

What kind of courage one must have to sing like that before death!

Vadim was haunted by remorse, but not for long.

Youth is a good time. Young, walking.

I was overcome by heart-fluttering thoughts.

Recently, the Estonian Seimas approved a resolution to demolish the monument to the liberating soldier.

The Russian language is incomprehensible.

This was the most wonderful way out of the situation.

Among syntax errors there are violations of control norms, norms of agreement between the predicate and the subject, incorrect word order in a sentence, confusion of direct and indirect speech, errors in the construction of a complex sentence:

Upon arrival in Britain, he himself immediately goes to London.

From a backward country, Russia has become a great power.

Russian youth are ready to lie down on the embrasure to prevent this.

Those who love literature know this name.

Good triumphs over evil - even fairy tales convince us of this.

D. Likhachev focuses attention on the problem of nationalism.

Not only he, but even all of us together could not do anything.

To confirm this, I will cite the following episode.

Cultural monuments that should be proud of, not destroyed, are being destroyed. Travel is not only a source of information, but also a component of history.

A good example of this problem is our public transport.

For the scientist's feat he was awarded the order.

I am sincerely surprised and admired by the writer's talent.

Violations are especially common in sentences with participial phrases:

Commenting on this text, it seems to me that the author loves to travel.

After visiting the museums, the traveler became bored looking at all these physical treasures.

Without caring about the monuments of small nations, they can disappear from the face of the earth.

Sitting by the river, I like to watch the life of ducks.

Without developing your talent, you can ruin it.

Since 2006, the grading system for long-response items has included two additional ones: K–11 – Compliance with Ethical Standards and K–12 – Maintaining Factual Accuracy in Background Material.

Ethical mistakes

In the first case we mean a special type of speech errors - ethical. Infrequently, there were works in which manifestations of verbal aggression and hostility were recorded, statements were found that humiliated human dignity, expressing an arrogant and cynical attitude towards the human person:

This text infuriates me.

Mikhalkov is a writer himself, so he encourages everyone to read books.

The works of Tver graduates are also not completely free from shortcomings of this kind:

You have to be completely crazy to read books today.

But you can’t be too kind, because you yourself will end up without pants.

Ageev is a very bright writer of his time, the writer’s story is an example of human stupidity.

I'm tired of these pensioners: they all cry; but if you don’t like it, let them go to the next world.

Why does the school curriculum force you to read all the junk that is called the classics?

While studying at school, I, like all modern youth, was engaged in nonsense.

It is ethically incorrect to call a writer only by his first name and patronymic: Alexander Sergeevich believed...; condescendingly evaluate the actions of famous writers: Dmitry Likhachev expressed his thoughts quite clearly. I would like to thank the author of the text for the ability to convey my thoughts.

The use of crude jargon is also considered an ethical error: Small nations gave our country a lot of things, knowledge, and we, like the last pigs, turned our backs on them. If I were there, I would give this cupcake a bite for such an attitude towards my mother.

Factual errors

Maintaining factual accuracy in background material is also assessed against a specific criterion. This refers to errors when retelling the content of literary works, confusion in the dates of historical events, in the titles of works, the names of characters, the names of their authors, inaccuracies in quoting, etc.: The book means a lot to me, because Lenin said: “Live forever, learn!” Bazarov was a nihilist and therefore killed the old woman with an ax. The soldiers who defeated fascism returned to peaceful life and continued to write: “Moscow, how much has merged in this sound for the Russian heart!” Having killed a moneylender for money, Raskolnikov also kills her pregnant sister Lizaveta. Happiness for Oblomov, as you know, was loneliness and indifference. In Turgenev’s story “Crime and Punishment”...... The examinees distorted the name of the writer V. Tendryakov as follows: Tundrikov, Trendyakov, Trundikov, although it was in the text before the eyes of the writers.

Exercise. Find and correct speech errors.

Examples of sentences for finding and qualifying speech errors:

Bulgakov regretted that the White Army failed.

This young man repels everyone with his selfishness and selfishness.

The young teacher had no choice but to show his enormous knowledge.

This fact made a huge impression on me.

The main feature of Russia has always been respect for rank.

Nowadays, no one does anything selflessly and for free.

This man was a nobleman from brain to bone.

This is the main problem inherent in the text.

After reading the text, you clearly understand and see the problem that the author conveys to us.

Chess develops combativeness and memory.

We are advised to listen to Mozart's music to improve mental performance.

The writer of this article says that the great Volga is located throughout Russia.

The name of my favorite writer Gogol burns like a hot coal in the fire of world literature.

A high school student, ashamed of his mother's poverty, lies to the boys that she is his former governess.

Vadichka burned with shame in front of his comrades, but still approached his mother.

This problem is provoked by the active development of science.

It was fate.

She wanted to help her family and her father.

School years were not wasted in vain.

Nowadays people read a book out of necessity.

The negative material presented in the article can be used when preparing future graduates for exams.

N.M. SERGEEVA,
Tver

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We all learned Russian at school, and many knew it perfectly, but still, no, no, and mistakes slip through in our speech. Also at the most inopportune moment - in a letter to a future employer or in the comments, where vigilant grammar Nazis immediately flock.

website publishes for you an article about the most common mistakes in the Russian language. They can be easily avoided if you remember simple rules or hint phrases.

Birthday I

It happens that the frequency of erroneous use of words and stable phrases simply “buries” the language norm. But we know how to do it right! This happened, for example, with birthday. As a phrase, just don’t distort it! Every now and then you hear: “I’m going to a birthday party.” e", "I congratulate you on your birthday we eat" This is wrong. Need: “I’m going to a birthday party I", "Happy birthday I».

Secondly, there is a "birthday I", but there is no such thing as a "birthday e" In addition, many people capitalize both words. This seems to give significance to the expression, but according to the rules of the Russian language this is a mistake. It is acceptable, although not entirely correct (birthdays are not a universal celebration), to capitalize the first word, but not both.

All in all

There are words “in general”, “in general”. The same spelling is considered a mistake: “in general” and “in general”.

CallIt

TO O Company and K A company

The word "to" O"company" comes from the Latin word panis ("bread"), that is, a company was originally a group of dining companions. The word "to" A"campaign" comes from another word - campus, that is, "field", including "battlefield". The word "campaign" meant a military campaign. These two words are homophones, meaning they sound the same but are spelled differently.

You can remember the difference like this: to O the company decided to hold A company.

Not and Neither

A real headache for proofreaders and editors. The legal use of these particles is sometimes not always obvious. “Ni” is an intensifying particle and is used when negating a predicate; it can also be used as a connecting conjunction.

I won't not a step, I won't drink not an ounce.

when the whole day is nothing but problems
and it doesn't work out not a damn thing
I get into a bubble bath
at the mouth

“Not” usually expresses negation and is used most often with verbs, gerunds and in some other cases. When in doubt, it's best to look in the dictionary.

my conscience spoke to me
and talks and talks
what a pity that I I don't understand
Hebrew

Dress and Wear

Another very common mistake in oral speech. Can O kid someone and on to put something on yourself or someone. To learn this simple rule, it is enough to remember the mnemonic phrase: “ On put on clothes O give birth to Hope."

“-Tsya” and “-Tsya”

The spelling of “-tsya” and “-tsya” in verbs is very easy to check. You need to ask the question: “What are you doing? T? / “What's up t?. If there is a soft sign in the question, then it will be in the “-tsya”. Despite all the ease and simplicity of the technique, this mistake occurs extremely often.

Units And face down

It would seem that you are writing the word “ed” And nitsa" - check it with the word "unit And n”, and everything will fall into place, but no... For some reason, many persistently write with an “e” at the root and that’s it... Don’t do that.

As if

Writing hyphens anywhere is a common whim of many people. “How” is written with a hyphen if it is followed by “-that”, “either”, “something”. “As if” is written separately.

Well, hardly

E With presso and latte

Overseas words are unlucky in Russian. They are constantly being changed. Among the words now commonly used, one can recall the names of coffee “espresso”, “latte” and “cappuccino”. They always want to call the first “expresso”, in the second they constantly strive to emphasize the last syllable, although it’s correct on the first, in the third, for some reason, they put two “ch” when writing it.

Borrow and Lend

Financial literacy in Russia leaves much to be desired, so it is not surprising that the words “borrow” and “lend” are constantly confused in our country. “Borrow” is to borrow, so saying “lend me money” is incorrect. You also cannot borrow from someone, you can only borrow from someone. It would be correct: “Lend me money”, “Can I borrow from you?”

In_currently e(pretext)

Since school, the words “during” and “during” are often spelled incorrectly. Firstly, they write together, which is a serious mistake, and secondly, they confuse the letters at the end of words. To remember how to write correctly, you can do this: a preposition with a noun “during” can be separated by a dependent word, and the preposition “during” is inseparable.

For example: in a fast flowing river, But during the evening.

At th you

The perfect form of the verb "to go" is often written as "to come" or "to arrive." What's right? According to modern language rules, it is correct to write “at th you." Difficulties in writing this verb come from such a phenomenon in the Russian language as suppletivism, that is, the formation of forms of the same word from different roots. We write “to go”, but “to come”. The “come” option is now considered obsolete.

Bud at good

When we say the word “future”, we just want to add an extra “yu” to it, by analogy with the word “next”. But you shouldn’t do this, no matter how much you would like to.

Keep in mind

“Keep in mind” is always written separately. Just remember this if you want to be considered a literate person. But there is a preposition “in view”, which means “for a reason”, do not confuse it.

Comma between subject and predicate

A comma between subject and predicate is a serious mistake. Unless there is an introductory word or definition between them, but they are separated according to their own rules.

Word- the most important unit of language, the most diverse and voluminous. It is the word that reflects all the changes taking place in the life of society. The word not only names an object or phenomenon, but also performs an emotional and expressive function.
And when choosing words, we must pay attention to their meaning, stylistic coloring, usage, and compatibility with other words. Since violation of at least one of these criteria can lead to a speech error.

The main causes of speech errors:








Outdated words.
Words of foreign origin.
Dialectisms.
Colloquial and colloquial words.
Professional jargon.
Phraseologisms.
Clichés and cliches.

1. Misunderstanding of the meaning of the word.

1.1. Using a word in a meaning that is unusual for it.
Example: The fire grew hotter and hotter. The error lies in the wrong choice of word:
Inflame - 1. Heat to a very high temperature, become hot. 2. (trans.) To become very excited, to become overwhelmed by some strong feeling.
Flare up - start to burn strongly or well, evenly.

1.2. The use of significant and function words without taking into account their semantics.
Example: Thanks to a fire that broke out from a fire, a large area of ​​forest burned down.
In modern Russian, the preposition thanks retains a certain semantic connection with the verb to thank and is usually used only in cases where the reasons that cause a desired result are spoken of: thanks to someone’s help, support. The error arises due to the semantic distraction of the preposition from the original verb to thank. In this sentence, the preposition thanks should be replaced with one of the following: because of, as a result, as a result.

1.3. Selection of words-concepts with different bases of division (concrete and abstract vocabulary).
Example: We offer complete cure for alcoholics and other diseases.
If we are talking about diseases, then the word alcoholics should be replaced with alcoholism. An alcoholic is someone who suffers from alcoholism. Alcoholism is a painful addiction to drinking alcoholic beverages.

1.4. Incorrect use of paronyms.
Example: A person leads a festive life. I'm in an idle mood today.
Idle and festive are very similar words, with the same root. But they have different meanings: festive - an adjective for holiday (celebratory dinner, festive mood); idle - not filled, not busy with business, work (idle life). To restore the meaning of the statements in the example, you need to swap the words.

2. Lexical compatibility. When choosing a word, you should take into account not only the meaning that is inherent in it in the literary language, but also lexical compatibility. Not all words can be combined with each other. The boundaries of lexical compatibility are determined by the semantics of words, their stylistic affiliation, emotional coloring, grammatical properties, etc.
Example: A good leader must set an example for his subordinates in everything.

You can show an example, but not a sample. And you can be a role model, for example.
Example: Their strong friendship, tempered by life's trials, was noticed by many.

The word friendship is combined with the adjective strong - strong friendship.
What should be distinguished from a speech error is the deliberate combination of seemingly incompatible words: a living corpse, an ordinary miracle... In this case, we have one of the types of tropes - an oxymoron.
In difficult cases, when it is difficult to determine whether certain words can be used together, it is necessary to use a compatibility dictionary.

3.Use of synonyms.
Synonyms enrich the language and make our speech figurative. Synonyms may have different functional and stylistic connotations. Thus, the words error, miscalculation, oversight, error are stylistically neutral and commonly used; hole, overlay - colloquial; gaffe – colloquial; blooper - professional slang. Using one of the synonyms without taking into account its stylistic coloring can lead to a speech error.

Example: Having made a mistake, the plant director immediately began to correct it.

When using synonyms, the ability of each of them to be more or less selectively combined with other words is often not taken into account.
Differing in shades of lexical meaning, synonyms can express different degrees of manifestation of a characteristic or action. But, even denoting the same thing, being interchangeable in some cases, in others synonyms cannot be replaced - this leads to a speech error.

Example: Yesterday I was sad.

The synonym sad is quite suitable here: Yesterday I was sad. But in two-part sentences these synonyms are interchangeable. I look sadly at our generation...

4. Use of homonyms.
Thanks to the context, homonyms are usually understood correctly. But still, in certain speech situations, homonyms cannot be understood unambiguously.
Example: The crew is in excellent condition.

Is the crew a cart or a team? The word crew itself is used correctly. But to reveal the meaning of this word, it is necessary to expand the context.
Very often, ambiguity is caused by the use in speech (especially oral) of homophones (sounding the same, but spelled differently) and homoforms (words that have the same sound and spelling in certain forms). So, when choosing words for a phrase, we must pay attention to the context, which in some speech situations is designed to reveal the meaning of the words.

5. Use of polysemantic words.
When including polysemantic words in our speech, we must be very careful, we must monitor whether the meaning that we wanted to reveal in this speech situation is clear. When using polysemous words (as well as when using homonyms), context is very important. It is thanks to the context that one or another meaning of a word is clear. And if the context meets its requirements (a semantically complete segment of speech that allows one to establish the meanings of the words or phrases included in it), then each word in the sentence is understandable. But it also happens differently.
Example: He's already sung.

It’s not clear: either he started singing and got carried away; or, after singing for a while, he began to sing freely, easily.

6. Verbosity.

The following types of verbosity occur:
1. Pleonasm (from the Greek pleonasmos - excess, excessiveness) - the use in speech of words that are close in meaning and therefore logically redundant.
Example: All guests received memorable souvenirs.

A souvenir is a keepsake, so memorable is an extra word in this sentence. A variety of pleonasms are expressions such as very huge, very tiny, very beautiful, etc. Adjectives denoting a characteristic in its extremely strong or extremely weak manifestation do not need to specify the degree of the characteristic.
2. Using unnecessary words. Superfluous not because their inherent lexical meaning is expressed in other words, but because they are simply not needed in this text.
Example: Then, on April 11, the Druzhba bookstore will take care of this so that you can smile.
3. Tautology (from the Greek tauto - the same logos - word) - repetition of words with the same root or identical morphemes. Not only students’ essays, but also newspapers and magazines are replete with tautological errors.
Example: Business leaders are business-minded.
4. Splitting the predicate. This is the replacement of a verbal predicate with a synonymous verbal-nominal combination: fight - fight, clean - clean.
Example: The students decided to clean up the school yard.

7. Lexical incompleteness of the statement.
This error is the opposite of verbosity. An incomplete statement consists of missing a necessary word in the sentence.
Example: The advantage of Kuprin is that there is nothing superfluous.

Kuprin may have nothing superfluous, but this sentence is missing (and not even just one) word. Or: “... do not allow statements on the pages of the press and television that could incite ethnic hatred.” So it turns out – “television page”.
When choosing a word, it is necessary to take into account not only its semantics, lexical, stylistic and logical compatibility, but also its scope. The use of words that have a limited sphere of distribution (lexical new formations, obsolete words, words of foreign language origin, professionalisms, jargon, dialectisms) should always be motivated by the conditions of the context.

8. New words.
Poorly formed neologisms are speech errors.

Example: And last year, 23 thousand rubles were spent on pothole repairs after the spring thaw.

And only the context helps to understand: “pothole repair” is the repair of holes.
Outdated words.
Archaisms - words that name existing realities, but for some reason have been forced out of active use by synonymous lexical units - must correspond to the style of the text, otherwise they are completely inappropriate.
Example: Today there was an open day at the university.

Here the obsolete word now (today, now, currently) is completely inappropriate.
Among the words that have fallen out of active use, historicisms also stand out. Historicisms are words that have fallen out of use due to the disappearance of the concepts they denote: armyak, camisole, bursa, oprichnik, etc. Errors in the use of historicisms are often associated with ignorance of their lexical meaning.
Example: The peasants cannot stand their hard life and go to the main governor of the city.

Governor is the head of a region (for example, a province in Tsarist Russia, a state in the USA). Consequently, the chief governor is an absurdity; moreover, there could only be one governor in the province, and his assistant was called the vice-governor.

10. Words of foreign origin.

Nowadays, many people have an addiction to foreign words, sometimes without even knowing their exact meaning. Sometimes the context does not accept a foreign word.
Example: The work of the conference is limited due to the lack of leading specialists.

Limit - set a limit on something, limit it. The foreign word limit in this sentence should be replaced with the words: goes slower, stopped, etc.

11.Dialectisms.

Dialectisms are words or stable combinations that are not included in the lexical system of the literary language and belong to one or more dialects of the Russian national language. Dialectisms are justified in artistic or journalistic speech to create speech characteristics of heroes. The unmotivated use of dialectisms indicates insufficient knowledge of the norms of the literary language.
Example: A scavenger came to see me and sat there the whole evening.

Shaberka is a neighbor. The use of dialectism in this sentence is not justified either by the style of the text or by the purpose of the statement.

12. Colloquial and colloquial words.

Colloquial words are included in the lexical system of the literary language, but are used mainly in oral speech, mainly in the sphere of everyday communication. Colloquial speech is a word, grammatical form or turn of phrase, predominantly of oral speech, used in a literary language, usually for the purpose of a reduced, rough characterization of the subject of speech, as well as simple casual speech containing such words, forms and turns. Colloquial and vernacular vocabulary, in contrast to dialectal (regional) vocabulary, is used in the speech of the entire people.
Example: I have a very thin jacket.

Thin (colloquial) – holey, spoiled (thin boot). Errors occur in cases where the use of colloquial and colloquial words is not motivated by context.

13. Professional jargon.

Professionalisms act as colloquial equivalents of terms accepted in a certain professional group: typo - a mistake in the speech of journalists; steering wheel - in the speech of drivers, a steering wheel.
But the unmotivated transfer of professionalism into general literary speech is undesirable. Such professionalisms as sewing, tailoring, listening and others spoil literary speech.
In terms of limited use and the nature of expression (jocular, reduced, etc.), professionalisms are similar to jargons and are an integral part of jargons - peculiar social dialects characteristic of professional or age groups of people (jargon of athletes, sailors, hunters, students, schoolchildren). Jargon is everyday vocabulary and phraseology, endowed with reduced expression and characterized by socially limited use.
Example: I wanted to invite guests to the holiday, but the hut doesn’t allow it.

Khibara is a house.

14. Phraseologisms.

It must be remembered that phraseological units always have a figurative meaning. Decorating our speech, making it more lively, imaginative, bright, beautiful, phraseological units also give us a lot of trouble - if they are used incorrectly, speech errors appear.
1. Errors in learning the meaning of phraseological units.
1) There is a danger of literal understanding of phraseological units, which can be perceived as free associations of words.
2) Errors may be associated with a change in the meaning of a phraseological unit.
Example: Khlestakov throws pearls before swine all the time, but everyone believes him.

Here the phraseology “throwing pearls before swine”, meaning “to talk about something in vain or to prove something to someone who is not able to understand it,” is used incorrectly – in the meaning of “inventing, weaving fables.”
2. Errors in mastering the form of phraseological units.
1) Grammatical modification of a phraseological unit.
Example: I'm used to giving myself full reports.

The form of the number has been changed here. There is a phraseological unit to give account.
Example: He constantly sits with his hands folded. Phraseologisms such as folded arms, headlong, headlong retain in their composition the old form of the perfective participle with the suffix -a (-я).
Some phraseological units use short forms of adjectives; replacing them with full forms is erroneous.
2) Lexical modification of a phraseological unit.
Example: It's time for you to take charge of your mind.

Most phraseological units are impenetrable: an additional unit cannot be introduced into the phraseological unit.
Example: Well, at least hit the wall!

Omitting a phraseological unit component is also a speech error.
Example: Everything returns to normal!..

There are phraseological units back to normal. Substitution of a word is not allowed.
3. Changing the lexical compatibility of phraseological units.
Example: These and other questions play a big role in the development of this still young science.

There has been a mixture of two stable expressions: it plays a role and it matters. You could say it this way: questions matter... or questions matter a lot.

15. Clichés and cliches.

Officeisms are words and expressions, the use of which is assigned to the official business style, but they are inappropriate in other styles of speech and are cliches.
Example: There is a lack of spare parts.
Stamps are hackneyed expressions with a faded lexical meaning and erased expressiveness. Words, phrases and even whole sentences become cliches, which appear as new, stylistically expressive means of speech, but as a result of too frequent use they lose their original imagery.
Example: A forest of hands went up during the vote.
A type of stamps are universal words. These are words that are used in the most general and vague meanings: question, task, raise, provide, etc. Usually, universal words are accompanied by standard prefixes: work - everyday, level - high, support - warm. There are numerous journalistic cliches (field workers, a city on the Volga), and literary cliches (an exciting image, an angry protest).

Speech is a channel for the development of intelligence,
the sooner the language is acquired,
the easier and more completely the knowledge will be absorbed.

Nikolai Ivanovich Zhinkin,
Soviet linguist and psychologist

We think of speech as an abstract category, inaccessible to direct perception. Meanwhile, this is the most important indicator of a person’s culture, his intelligence and a way of understanding the complex connections of nature, things, society and transmitting this information through communication.

It is obvious that when learning and already using something, we make mistakes due to inability or ignorance. And speech, like other types of human activity (in which language is an important component), is no exception in this regard. All people make mistakes, both in speech and in speech. Moreover, the concept of speech culture, as the idea of ​​“”, is inextricably linked with the concept of speech error. In essence, these are parts of the same process, and, therefore, striving for perfection, we must be able to recognize speech errors and eradicate them.

Types of speech errors

First, let's figure out what speech errors are. Speech errors are any cases of deviation from current language norms. Without their knowledge, a person can live, work and communicate normally with others. But the effectiveness of the actions taken in certain cases may suffer. In this regard, there is a risk of being misunderstood or misunderstood. And in situations where our personal success depends on it, this is unacceptable.

The author of the classification of speech errors given below is Doctor of Philology Yu. V. Fomenko. Its division, in our opinion, is the simplest, devoid of academic pretentiousness and, as a result, understandable even to those who do not have a special education.

Types of speech errors:

Examples and causes of speech errors

S. N. Tseitlin writes: “The complexity of the speech generation mechanism is a factor contributing to the occurrence of speech errors.” Let's look at special cases, based on the classification of types of speech errors proposed above.

Pronunciation errors

Pronunciation or spelling errors arise as a result of violation of the rules of spelling. In other words, the reason lies in the incorrect pronunciation of sounds, sound combinations, individual grammatical structures and borrowed words. These also include accentological errors - violation of stress norms. Examples:

Pronunciation: “of course” (and not “of course”), “poshti” (“almost”), “plotlit” (“pays”), “precedent” (“precedent”), “iliktrichesky” (“electric”), “colidor” ("corridor"), "laboratory" ("laboratory"), "tyshcha" ("thousand"), "shchas" ("now").

Accent: “calls”, “dialogue”, “agreement”, “catalogue”, “overpass”, “alcohol”, “beets”, “phenomenon”, “driver”, “expert”.

Lexical errors

Lexical errors are violations of the rules of vocabulary, first of all, the use of words in meanings that are unusual for them, distortion of the morphemic form of words and the rules of semantic agreement. They come in several types.

Using a word in a meaning that is unusual for it. This is the most common lexical speech error. Within this type there are three subtypes:

• Mixing words that are similar in meaning: “He read the book back.”
• Mixing words that sound similar: excavator - escalator, colossus - colossus, Indian - turkey, single - ordinary.
• A mixture of words that are similar in meaning and sound: subscriber - subscription, addressee - addressee, diplomat - diploma holder, well-fed - well-fed, ignorant - ignoramus. “Cashier for business travelers” (required – business travelers).

Word writing. Examples of errors: Georgian, heroism, underground, spender.

Violation of the rules of semantic agreement of words. Semantic agreement is the mutual adaptation of words along the lines of their material meanings. For example, you cannot say: “ I raise this toast", since “to lift” means “to move,” which is not consistent with the wish. “Through a door that is ajar” is a speech error, because the door cannot be both ajar (open a little) and wide open (wide open) at the same time.

This also includes pleonasms and tautologies. Pleonasm is a phrase in which the meaning of one component is entirely included in the meaning of another. Examples: “the month of May”, “traffic route”, “residence address”, “huge metropolis”, “be on time”. Tautology is a phrase whose members have the same root: “We were given a task,” “The organizer was a public organization,” “I wish you long creative life.”

Phraseological errors

Phraseological errors occur when the form of phraseological units is distorted or they are used in a meaning that is unusual for them. Yu. V. Fomenko identifies 7 varieties:

• Changing the lexical composition of a phraseological unit: “As long as the matter is the case” instead of “As long as the trial is the case”;
• Truncation of phraseological units: “It was just right for him to hit the wall” (phraseological unit: “beat his head against the wall”);
• Expansion of the lexical composition of phraseological units: “You have come to the wrong address” (phraseological unit: go to the right address);
• Distortion of the grammatical form of a phraseological unit: “I can’t stand sitting with my hands folded.” Correct: “folded”;
• Contamination (combination) of phraseological units: “You can’t do everything with your sleeves folded” (a combination of phraseological units “carelessly” and “hands folded”);
• Combination of pleonasm and phraseological unit: "Random stray bullet";
• Use of phraseological units in an unusual meaning: “Today we will talk about the film from cover to cover.”

Morphological errors

Morphological errors are incorrect formation of word forms. Examples of such speech errors: “reserved seat”, “shoes”, “towels”, “cheaper”, “one and a half hundred kilometers away”.

Syntax errors

Syntactic errors are associated with violation of the rules of syntax - the construction of sentences, the rules of combining words. There are a lot of varieties, so we will give just a few examples.

• Incorrect matching: “There are a lot of books in the closet”;
• Mismanagement: “Pay for travel”;
• Syntactic ambiguity: “Reading Mayakovsky made a strong impression”(have you read Mayakovsky or have you read Mayakovsky’s works?);
• Design offset: “The first thing I ask of you is your attention.” Correct: “The first thing I ask of you is your attention”;
• Extra correlative word in the main clause: “We looked at those stars that dotted the whole sky.”

Spelling errors

This type of error occurs due to ignorance of the rules of writing, hyphenation, and abbreviation of words. Characteristic of speech. For example: “the dog barked”, “sit on the chairs”, “come to the train station”, “Russian. language", "gram. error".

Punctuation errors

Punctuation errors - incorrect use of punctuation marks when...

Stylistic errors

We have dedicated a separate section to this topic.

Ways to correct and prevent speech errors

How to prevent speech errors? Work on your speech should include:

1. Reading fiction.
2. Visiting theaters, museums, exhibitions.
3. Communication with educated people.
4. Constant work to improve speech culture.

Online course “Russian language”

Speech errors are one of the most problematic topics that receive little attention in school. There are not so many topics in the Russian language in which people most often make mistakes - about 20. We decided to devote the course “to” to these topics. During the classes, you will have the opportunity to practice competent writing skills using a special system of multiple distributed repetitions of material through simple exercises and special memorization techniques.

Sources

• Bezzubov A. N. Introduction to literary editing. – St. Petersburg, 1997.
• Savko I. E. Basic speech and grammatical errors
• Sergeeva N. M. Speech, grammatical, ethical, factual errors...
• Fomenko Yu. V. Types of speech errors. – Novosibirsk: NSPU, 1994.
• Tseytlin S. N. Speech errors and their prevention. – M.: Education, 1982.