Where the first people's militia was formed. First militia (1611)

Many people know that Moscow was liberated by the militia led by Minin and Pozharsky. But not everyone knows that the militia of Minin and Pozharsky was the Second. The history of the First Militia is very revealing and provides significant food for thought about what a lack of agreement can lead to.

Having declared himself a new contender for the Russian throne in June 1607, False Dmitry II had greatly strengthened his position by June 1608 and approached Moscow. After an unsuccessful attempt to take Moscow, he was forced to stop in the village of Tushino, twelve kilometers from Moscow. During this period, many cities in Russia recognized False Dmitry II, only the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, the cities of Kolomna, Smolensk, Pereyaslavl-Ryazan, Nizhny Novgorod and a number of Siberian cities remained loyal to Tsar Shuisky.

Such a plight in Russia forced Tsar Vasily Shuisky to resort to the help of the Swedes. Charles IX sent an advance detachment to Russia in April 1609 under the leadership of Jacob Delagardie. Russian troops, led by a relative of the Tsar, the talented governor Prince Mikhail Vasilyevich Skopin-Shuisky, popular in the government of Shuisky, together with the Swedes, expelled the Poles from Pskov and other cities and in October 1609 approached Moscow. Having liberated the Aleksandrovskaya Sloboda, Skopin-Shuisky forced Hetman Sapega, who was helping False Dmitry II, to lift the siege of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery.

In the image: Skopin-Shuisky

Perceiving the alliance between the Russians and the Swedes as a threat to Poland, King Sigismund III took open action against the Moscow state. In mid-September 1609, the advanced corps under the leadership of Lev Sapieha crossed the Russian border, heading towards Smolensk. Soon King Sigismund himself approached the city, inviting all the Poles and everyone from the camp of False Dmitry II to his service. Residents of Smolensk refused to surrender and found themselves under siege. Many troops serving the Pretender abandoned him, and False Dmitry II was forced to flee in January 1610 from Tushin to Kaluga, where he was subsequently killed in December 1610.

In the spring of 1610, hetmans Zolkiewski and Sapieha, sent by the Polish king, surrounded Moscow. Skopin-Shuisky died suddenly in April 1610. The Swedes had previously abandoned the Russian troops and, having robbed Ladoga, went to Sweden. The hetmans secretly sent a letter to the Moscow boyars, in which they wrote that they had come with the intention of stopping the needless bloodshed. And they suggested that the boyars, instead of Tsar Shuisky, elect the son of Sigismund III, Prince Vladislav, to the Russian throne, who, according to them, would willingly accept the Orthodox faith. King Sigismund III sent the same letter to the boyars. Most of the Moscow boyars and some Muscovites wavered in their loyalty to Tsar Shuisky, and in July 1610 he was deposed, forcibly tonsured a monk and sent to the Chudov Monastery. In September 1610, Muscovites sent the army of Hetman Zholkiewski into the capital, who, having established his power in Moscow in the form of the Seven Boyars, took possession of the Moscow treasury and royal treasures.

In the image: Presentation of the captive Tsar Vasily Shuisky to the Senate and Sigismund III in Warsaw 1611

At the beginning of January 1611, the residents of Nizhny Novgorod received a letter from Patriarch Hermogenes: “You see,” he wrote, “how your fatherland is being plundered, how they abuse holy icons and churches, how innocent blood is shed... There have been no disasters similar to our disasters anywhere, not in which books will you not find something like this? Residents of Moscow also wrote to Nizhny Novgorod residents: “Moscow is perishing, and Moscow is the foundation of Russia; do not forget that as long as the root is strong, the tree is strong... Spare us, poor in soul and body, who have come to the end of destruction, stand with us at the same time against the enemies of the cross of Christ.”

In addition to Nizhny Novgorod, the appeals of the patriarch and Muscovites reached other cities. Ryazan residents responded warmly. The Ryazan governor Prokopiy Lyapunov was the first of the future leaders of the people's militia to begin gathering patriots of the Russian land in Ryazan for the campaign and liberation of Moscow from the interventionists and already sent out letters on his own behalf, calling for the fight against the Poles.

The Poles, having learned about this, called for help to destroy the Ryazan cities of the Little Russian Cossacks, who occupied a number of cities, including Pronsk. Lyapunov recaptured the city from them, but he himself came under siege. The Zaraisk governor, Prince D. M. Pozharsky, came to Lyapunov’s aid. Having freed Lyapunov, Pozharsky returned to Zaraysk. But the Cossacks, who had left near Pronsk, captured at night the Zaraisk fortifications (fortress) around the Kremlin, where Pozharsky was located. Pozharsky managed to knock them out of there, the survivors fled.

In the image: Prince Trubetskoy

Most of the supporters of False Dmitry II, with the death of the latter, responded to Lyapunov’s call, since they also did not want the power of the Poles in Russia. Among them were Prince D.T. Trubetskoy, Masalsky, princes Pronsky and Kozlovsky, Mansurov, Nashchokin, Volkonsky, Volynsky, Izmailov, Velyaminov. The Cossack freemen, led by atamans Zarutsky and Prosovetsky, also went over to the side of the militia.

In January 1611, the residents of Nizhny Novgorod, having confirmed themselves by kissing the cross (oath) with the Balakhonians (residents of the city of Balakhna), sent letters of conscription to the cities of Ryazan, Kostroma, Vologda, Galich and others, asking to send warriors to Nizhny Novgorod in order to “stand for... the faith and for The Moscow state is one." The appeals of Nizhny Novgorod residents were successful. Many Volga and Siberian cities responded.

The Ryazan governor Prokopiy Lyapunov, in turn, sent his representatives to Nizhny Novgorod to coordinate the timing of the campaign against Moscow and asked the Nizhny Novgorod residents to take with them more military supplies, in particular gunpowder and lead.

The advance detachment of Nizhny Novgorod residents set out from Nizhny Novgorod on February 8, and the main forces under the command of the governor, Prince Repnin, on February 17. In Vladimir, the advanced detachment of Nizhny Novgorod residents united with the Cossack detachment of Prosovetsky. Repnin, joining forces with Masalsky and Izmailov on the road, caught up with the advance detachment and all of them together reached Moscow in mid-March 1611, where they met with the troops of Lyapunov and other governors. Among Lyapunov’s associates, the Zaraisk governor, Prince Pozharsky, arrived with his detachment.

Waiting for the approach of the militia forces, on Tuesday, March 19, during Holy Week, the Poles began to fortify Kitay-Gorod, forcing cabbies to transport guns, which caused discontent, which was taken by the detachment of Germans in the Kremlin, who went over to the side of the Poles in the Battle of Klushino, for the beginning of the uprising. Coming out of the Kremlin, an 8,000-strong detachment rushed into the crowd and began beating Muscovites. Then the Poles joined the carnage. Up to 7 thousand people died in Kitai-Gorod. The Poles also killed Prince Andrei Vasilyevich Golitsyn, who was in custody.

In the image: Dmitry Pozharsky at the Monument “1000th Anniversary of Russia” in Veliky Novgorod

Among the Muscovites were the advanced militia detachments that had entered the city, led by Prince Pozharsky, Buturlin and Koltovsky. Pozharsky's detachment met the enemies on Sretenka, repelled them and drove them to Kitai-Gorod. Buturlin's detachment fought at the Yauz Gate, Koltovsky's detachment fought at Zamoskvorechye. Seeing no other way to defeat the enemy, Polish troops were forced to set fire to the city. Special companies were appointed, which set fire to the city from all sides. Most of the houses were set on fire. Many churches and monasteries were looted and destroyed.

The next day, Wednesday, the Poles again attacked Pozharsky, who had set up a stronghold near his compound on Lubyanka. Pozharsky was seriously wounded and was taken to the Trinity Monastery. The Poles' attempt to occupy Zamoskvorechye failed, and they fortified themselves in Kitay-Gorod and the Kremlin.

The militias who arrived on Friday saw the burning city and hurried to the aid of Muscovites. Lyapunov sent Prosovetsky with several thousand soldiers in support. Alexander Gonsevsky sent detachments of Sborovsky and Strus to meet them. About 200 of Prosovetsky’s Cossacks were killed in the skirmish, after which he went on the defensive (“settled down in the walk-towns”). The Poles did not dare to attack and returned to Moscow.

By Monday the detachments of Lyapunov, Zarutsky and others arrived. A militia of 100 thousand people strengthened itself at the Simonov Monastery.

For education: Zemsky Sobor

Having stopped near Moscow, the people's militia did not begin active military operations against the Poles who were under siege, but began to restore the structures of power. On the basis of the army headquarters, the Zemsky Sobor was founded, consisting of “vassal Tatar khans (princes), boyars and okolnichy, palace officials, clerks, princes and murzas (Tatar princes), nobles and boyar children, Cossack atamans, delegates from ordinary Cossacks and all service people.

In the militia, antagonism immediately emerged between the Cossacks and the nobles: the former sought to preserve their freedom, the latter - to strengthen serfdom and state discipline. This was complicated by personal rivalry between two prominent figures at the head of the militia - Ivan Zarutsky and Prokofy Lyapunov. The Poles skillfully took advantage of this. They sent fabricated letters to the Cossacks, where it was written that Lyapunov was allegedly trying to destroy the Cossacks. Lyapunov was summoned to the Cossack circle and hacked to death on June 22, 1611. After this, most of the nobles left the camp; Cossacks under the command of Zarutsky and Prince Trubetskoy remained until the approach of the Second Militia of Prince Pozharsky.

Now only the people could save the country's independence. Patriarch Hermogenes in 1610 called on the people to fight the invaders, for which he was arrested.

The national liberation movement against the invaders began to unfold. First militia was created on Ryazan land at the beginning of 1611. It included former detachments of the “Tushino camp” under the leadership of P.P. Lyapunova, D.T. Trubetskoy, I.M. Zarutsky. They even created a temporary government body - the Council of All Rus'. In March 1611 first militia besieged Moscow, where an uprising against the Poles had already broken out. On the advice of the boyars, Polish collaborators, the interventionists set fire to the city.

The fighting was already on the approaches to the Kremlin. In this battle, in the Sretenka area, Prince Pozharsky, who led the vanguard, was seriously wounded. It was possible to capture only part of the city, but it was not possible to completely expel the Poles. The reason for this was the disagreements that arose between the nobles and the Cossacks within militia. Its leaders spoke in favor of returning the fugitive peasants to their owners. Regarding the Cossacks, it was said that they would not have the right to hold public office. Opponents of P. Lyapunov began to spread rumors that he planned to exterminate all the Cossacks. In July 1611, the Cossacks gathered a “Cossack circle”, invited P. Lyapunov there, where they killed him.

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THE FIRST MILITARY OF 1611 is a military and political formation created with the goal of liberating Moscow from Polish-Lithuanian troops and further fighting them.

Tradition of the name of military militias (see also the Second Militia of 1611-1612) established, restored goes to see S.M. So-lov-e-vu and more than once -niya of military people, acting in the composition of various state-politicians. la-ge-ray in the Time of Troubles, known earlier - in 1604-1606 and especially at the end of 1608 - 1609.

The formation of the first militia in Yan-va-re - on March 1611, in a considerable degree of spi-hii-noe, became from -that's a drastic change in the situation in the Russian state. From the end of August 1610, two processes took place in parallel. On the one hand, pro-is-ho-di-lo in most cases voluntarily when-not-see-sya- gi ko-ro-le-vi-chu Vla-di-sla-vu (future Polish king Vla-di-slav IV) as the Russian Tsar on the basis of do-go-vo -ra dated August 17 (27), 1610, under-pi-san-no-go get-man S. Zhol-kev-sky with “Se-mi-bo-yar-schi-na”, you-stu -fallen on behalf of “all ranks” of the Russian state. The agreement should have been confirmed in the translations of the Russian “great” words and the Polish king and pre-po-la-ga-lo, in particular, the transfer of ko-ro-le-vi-cha to the right-to-glory, his quickest arrival in Russia, You are from the country of the Ko-ro-lion-skih ranks. On the other hand, Vladimir's father, the Polish king Si-gis-mund III, sought to establish personal power in the Russian state. He did not intend to recognize the agreement either as a whole or in its individual articles (with the exception of the article) about the election of his son by the Russian Tsar), he considered it necessary to pro-ve-de-de-en-the-second time at the same time on his name and in the name of Vla-di-sla-va. To fight against the forces of False Dmitry II and establish control over the loyal False Dmitry II cities Ro-lyu would not-about-ho-di-ma be free from other military actions of the army, to maintain something he is on-me-re -was funded by funds from the Russian treasury. From-here-you-are-on-stay-chi-voe-tre-bo-va-nie Si-giz-mun-da III about ka-pi-tu-la-tion gar-ni-zo- to Smo-len-ska (with no-se-no-gi only in his name). Ka-pi-tu-la-tsia and the further fate of Smo-len-ska became, on the initiative of the Polish se-na-to-ditch, from November 1610 Ti-che-ski single-st-ven-noy theme on the per-re-go-vo-rah with the Russian “great-in-salt-st-vom”. “Se-mi-bo-yar-schi-na” under-keep-zhi-va-la in the main points according to the position of Si-giz-mun-da III in its gram-mo-ts to in Slam and to Smolensk (November 1610 - January 1611). She actually recognized the king as the pre-ro-ga-ti-you of the supreme power to govern the country (August before -the thief did not give any right for this).

Separate assignments to various posts (including in the pri-kazy) in Moscow on behalf of the king began from the end of August 1610 years, masses - from September September. Beginning in September 1610, Si-gis-mund III began to implement numerous complaints in the localities and even here rank without real consideration of the layers of life on earth in this or that county. At the end of the year, at the Ko-ro-Levo headquarters near Smo-lensk, they were already middle and lower for official positions -next level both in the capital and in the places (then where-after-were the individual com-plaints in the city- before the wars of the Polish and Lithuanian roads).

Under the pre-log-gom of the fight against the detachments of False Dmitry II S. Zhol-kev-sky on the initiative of “Se-mi-bo-yar-schi-ny” » introduced the Ko-ro-levsky gar-ni-zon into Moscow on the night of September 21 (October 1), 1610 (in October 1610 he took the key -vye-zi-tions in the Krem-le, Ki-tai-go-ro-de and Bel-lom go-ro-de). The decisions of “Seven-bo-yar-schi-ny” and the activity of the call from the se-re-di-ny of November - December 1610 control Li-ro-va-lis commander of the Ko-ro-lev-sky gar-ni-zon A.K. Gon-sev-sky and sent-by Si-giz-mun-dom III of his becoming-len-ni-ka-mi. The assassination of False Dmitry II on December 11 (21), 1610, which caused a crisis in the troops of the self-proclaimer and in the territories under his control. ri-to-ri-yah, let Si-giz-mun-du III uk-re-drink their influence there too.

Information about the na-me-re-ni-yahs and actions-st-vi-yahs of the Polish king as they entered the cities of the Russian state as from Mo- sk-you, and from “ve-li-ko-go po-sol-st-va” from near Smo-len-ska (in December 1610 it turned out to be actually under arrest stoma).

The re-establishment in Moscow is prin-tsi-pi-al-but from-me-ni-lo lo-zun-gi and political program first militia. In the April crucifixion grams, disseminated on behalf of P.P. La-pu-no-va according to the cities, sfor-mu-li-ro-va-ny renunciation of the pri-ne-se-niya of the pri-sya-gi and Si-giz-mun-du III , and ko-ro-le-vi-chu Vla-di-sla-vu, a ban on providing them with any help, any service, demand -the idea of an armed struggle with the goal of expelling the Russian state from the territory (mostly from Moscow and from near Smo-lensk) all military for-mi-ro-va-niya Re-chi Po-spo-li-toy. In ideological terms, this trak-va-lo is like the restoration of the su-ve-re-ni-te-that royal power and non-za-vi -si-mo-sti of the Russian state, as the preservation of the official status of the Russian Orthodox Church. Discussion of questions about the no-si-te-le of the supreme power, deadlines, possible can-di-da-tahs and us- lo-vi-yah from-bra-niya no-vo-go mo-nar-ha from-cla-dy-va-elk.

Resurrection in Moscow and the arrival of the first militia to the capital of the sti-mu-li-ro-va-li you-stu-p-le-niya and in other regions nah. So, in the ap-re-le, a number of Russian nobles of the western counties rebelled (Smo-len-sko-go, Do-ro-go-buzh-sko-go, Bel -sko-go, To-ro-pets-ko-go, Vya-zem-sko-go, etc.) led by the military leader I.N. Sal-you-to-you (previously the active side of the co-ro-la), directed by Si-gis-mun-dom III with not-painful we'll move from a number of Lithuanian roads on a march to uk-re-p-le-niya the Ko-ro-Leo-gar-ni-zo-nov along the road to Mo -sk-ve. Already in the beginning of whose way you were killed, and Sal-ty-kov wrote a letter from the co-ro- for you are his troops from the Russian state. This performance was largely connected with the mass of you con-fi-ska-tsiya-mi in-place and ra-zo-rit. re-press-siya-mi against the Smolensk nobles, once again by the spring of 1611. Soon Sal-ty-kov, together with other individuals, attempted to form an army in Bryansk for military operations against the Royal troops near Smolensk. As a result, most of the nobles of the western counties ended up in the first militia near Moscow by the end of June.

Practically at the same time with the movement from the ranks of the first militia to Moscow, no later than on March 1611, in Nov-go-ro-de po-sa-di-li in the prison of the ko-ro-lion-skogo before-sta-vi-te-lya - battle-ri-na I.M. Sal-you-ko-va, actually fulfilling the functions of the 1st Voivodeship (arrived in the city in early October 1610, brought almost the entire Novgorod land to the throne in the name of Vla-di-sla-va, later executed as a traitor). For example, in the se-re-di-not March of the 1st Vo-vo-da Nov-go-ro-da Prince I.N. Odo-evsky Bolshoy and Nov-gorod promised military help the first militia. Rat-ni-ki set off from Nov-go-ro-da to Moscow on April 21 (May 1), 1611, but it’s unlikely they managed to get there before the camp of the first militia, the Novgorod authorities were hardly the first in the country to recognize in the se-re-di-not ap-re-la not-behind-us all the lands on behalf of Vla-di-sla-va, and before all in the estate of the palace lands. At the beginning of May, full-fledged representatives of the first militia arrived in Novgorod - so-called V.I. Bu-tur-lin (from the vicinity of La-pu-no-va), Prince S.G. Zve-ni-go-rod-sky and others.

In May 1611, the formation of new military and state administration bodies in the first militia continued.

Most likely, according to the “Co-ve-ta of the whole earth”, P.P. became the official leaders of the first militia. Lya-pu-nov (played the leading role), as well as the Tu-shin battles, Prince D.T. Tru-bets-koi and I.M. Za-ruts-ky; no later than May 22 (June 1), 1611, all official decrees began to be issued on behalf of these individuals. A new deadline was set for arrival [no later than May 25 (June 4)] to serve in the first militia of nobles and children of the Boyars from under the con- troll districts for him. For example, when was the decision made about the restoration of state-administrative activity in the first militia under the call (already in the se-re-di-not of May - the local order and one of the pri-ka-call-of-the-fourths did not act). This was facilitated by the fact that during and after the uprising in Moscow, the ranks of the first militia became more than the lo-vi-noy of Moscow clerks and the big-shin-st-vom of the devil-sneeze. In the official press of the first militia from March to the end of July 1611, the personal seal La-pu-no was used va. In the first militia, along with the half (by the end of June there were at least five of them), with one hundred nobles, Strel-tsov, serving Cossacks, do separate groups of district children of Bo-Yarsky continue to exist, “ servants ta-tars,” as well as the hundred-nine ka-za-kovs led by ata-ma-na-mi. By June 1611, the first militia numbered approximately 12-14 thousand soldiers with very different qualities -vu-ru-same-ne-em, not-alone-with-military experience and s-s-st-ve-ven-but-did-chav-shi-mi-sya or- ga-ni-tational and dis-tsi-p-li-nar-ny-mi ha-rak-te-ri-sti-ka-mi. The artillery park of the first militia was limited and practically did not have siege weapons of large calibers.

Since June 1611, the strategic situation began to change not in favor of the first militia. On June 3 (13), 1611, the army of Si-gis-mun-da III took Smolensk. New re-go-vo-ry 15-16 (25-26) June before-sta-vi-te-lei Lya-pu-no-va with the way to Mo- sk-ve 7(17) June Ya.P. Sa-pe-goy (received fi-nan-so-vye ga-ran-tii from the commander of the Ko-ro-lev-sky gar-ni-zon in Moscow A.K . Gon-sev-sko-go) pro-va-li. Sa-pe-ga window-cha-tel-but moved to the hundred-ro-well co-ro-la (in his presence “co-lo” of his co-pu-sa at -nya-lo decision about this back in May 1611) and on June 23 (July 3) he began active actions against the first militia. In battles with a foreign gar-ni-zon in Mo-sk-ve and sa-pe-zhin-tsa-mi from the ranks of the first militia ut-ra-ti-li part of the Nya-tykh earlier in-zi-tions.

At one time, from the beginning of June, there were in-ten-siv-nye re-go-vo-ry of the new city military waters and representatives of the vi-te-lei co-words with the active participation of V.I. Bu-tour-li-na with the commander of the Swedish corps Y.P. De la gar di; Bu-tur-lin mentioned the possible marriage of one of the two Swedish princes, the sons of Charles IX - Gus-ta, to the Russian Tsar -va Adol-fa or Kar-la Fi-lip-pa. The Swedes proposed to take Gus-ta-va Adolf, to conclude a Russian-Swedish military alliance against Re-chi Po-spo-li-that and provide military assistance in the fight against the ko-ro-lion-military forces, etc. After a few days, about-su-zh-de-niy in “With the whole earth” of the Swedish proposals, the marriage of Gus-ta-va Adolf to the Russian Tsar took place. The official text of the “So-ve-ta...”, verified under-pi-sya-mi and pe-cha-cha-mi teaching-st-ni-kov for-se -yes, was accepted on June 22 (July 2) or June 23 (July 3) (on this day in Nov-gorod there was a right-le-na gra-mo from the first militia and a copy of the copy).

Acute shortage of ma-te-ri-al-no-go provision of rat-ni-kov of the first militia, not-ure-gu-li-ro-van-nost completely -powerful and functions of military pre-di-te-leys and government officials at different levels brought to the court -mi, as well as some of the ka-za-kov's number of human beings with the required solutions to these problems . The result of their consideration of the “With-the-whole-of-the-earth” was the adoption of “The-of-the-whole-of-the-earth” dated June 30 (July 10) 1611, which was confirmed by the government representatives P.P. La-pu-no-va, Prince D.T. Tru-bets-ko-go and I.M. Za-ruts-ko-go “in all sorts of zemstvo and military de-lekhs.” However, “Pri-go-vor...” limited their full power with the right of the “Co-ve-ta of the whole earth” to recall these persons in case of inappropriateness. over-their fulfillment of their responsibilities and from taking new hands, and also not about-ho-di-mo-stu-speak with “So-ve-that...” mortal decisions and decisions on land matters -lamas of public-state significance. With the same “Pri-go-vo-rum...” us-ta-nav-li-va-elk, that fi-nan-with-you, please. and others, upon entry into the common treasury of the first militia, must give orders, not war - water and floors. In this case, it would also be necessary to formalize the complaint of new or return of previous locations (and from time -you and here are the rank) of the nobles and the Bo-Yar children who came to serve in the first militia. Were you clear principles of con-fi-ska-tion of land ownership of the parties to the kingdom in Mo-sk-ve, before everything received from him or “Se-mi-bo-yar-schi-ny” (in the name of Vla-di-sla-va ); ut-ver-expected-on-the-norm about the return of all the palace and black-mow lands as the main ones of the de-gentle and na-tu-ral - fees. The lands of Tsar Va-si-lia Iva-no-vi-cha Shui-sky and False -Dmit-Riya II, but “in the measure” of pro-is-ho-zh-de-niya, service units and lo-zhe-niya in the district corps -ra-tions. The action of the April 1610 decree of Tsar Vasiliy Shui-sky about the transfer of 1/5 of the local ok-la-da children of the Bo-Yar-skikhs for military services in the status of “you-have-served rank.” “Pri-go-thief...” for-cre-sawed the higher so-ci-al-no-go sta-tu-sa ka-za-kov: often ka-za-kov would- la ga-ran-ti-ro-va-possibility, if desired, and you have not met many conditions, enter into the number of cases living people “according to their father-st-vu” (that is, the city-born children of the Bo-Yars) with use-by-location and I lu-che-ne-eat de-tender sting. The remaining part of the Ka-za-kovs co-maintained the general status of the service people “according to the pri-bo-ru” (according to the birth of the Ka-za-kovs, they were composed of archers, push-ka-ri, etc.) with ga-ran-ti-de-tender and about permission provision, and in both cases there was no prospect of a restoration of their former status by dat-no-go or behind-vi-si-mo-go person. The price of log-gov, other pla-t-e-zhe and on-tu-ral-st-p-le-tions is connected with the hard-st- kim for-pre-that and s-ro-vym on-ka-za-ni-em self-free collections dep. from-rya-da-mi ka-za-kov (that practically was common in the Tu-shin la-ge).

During the course of Ya.P.’s strength. Sa-pe-gi for pro-vol-st-vi-em from a number of ladies of the first militia managed to regain control over the uk-re-p-le-niya-mi Be- lo-go-ro-da and again recapture the No-vo-de-vi-chiy monastery. Starting from July 5 (15), the detachments of the first militia continued to set up islands and other forts. construction in Za-mo-sk-vo-river, opposite the Kremlin (the first ones were launched back in May). Once upon a time, in accordance with the norms “When-go-ra...” on-ka-za-za-kov you- called for a sharp increase in their not-to-will-st-va (on-right-len-no-go per-so-nal-but against P.P. La-pu-no-va as before -sta-vi-te-lya served the nobility and ini-tsia-to-ra pri-nya-tiya “Pri-go-vo-ra...”) and different -gla-sia ka-za-kov with the serving nobility. At one time, there was a meeting between the first militia, how many I.M.’s secret plans are known. For-ruts-ko-go about the re-da-che tro-on the son of False Dmitry II and M. Mni-shek “tsa-re-vi-chu” Ivan Dmit-rie-vi -chu Wo-ryong-ku. On-the-neck of the pro-ti-standing service of the nobility and the Ka-za-kov, mustache-lip-linen practical-ti-coy at -me-not-niya of the article “Pri-go-vo-ra...” about the payment for self-free collection of feed for ka-za-ka-mi and pro-vo -ka-tsi-ey A.K. Gon-sev-sko-go (in ka-za-whose ta-bo-ry under-bro-si-li under-del-ku - gra-mo-tu “in all cities” supposedly from named La-pu-no-va with the call to “beat the ka-za-kov”), led to a political explosion. On ka-zach-em kru-gu July 22 (August 1) La-pu-nov, despite the ar-gu-men-you about not-under-lin-but -sti gra-mo-you “in all cities”, was za-rub-len. Un-legal lordship over him lived na-cha-lo so-tsi-al-no-mu, and as a result, a political race -lu in the ranks of the first militia. In fact, the leadership of the first militia passed to Za-ruts-ko-mu. Departure from the district of the nobility (mostly on its own, and also under the authority of servants on -meaning and from the official permission to travel to the estate) and change-to-officials in most of the st-st-ve- the call (now they are headed by the dia-ki of Tu-shin-sko-go la-ge-rya) led to an intensification of the role of the ka-za-kov in the first militia, which became the first step in the formation of the service of the ka-za-che-st-va as a leading military -words in the country. Since 1611, there are known facts of their capture in localities of district children of the Bo-Yars and foreigners in the Russian service, using -sche-niy department ka-za-kov with the change of so-tsi-al-no-go sta-tu-sa, the establishment of official Russian de-gentle and pro-permissiveness. collections from the high-lying volosts and monastery districts in the central region in favor of one or another Cossack village.

Not-good-for-the-first militia came from-me and in the north-of-the-pas-de-de-country, where it was captured kor-pu-som Ya.P. De-la-garde New-ro-da July 16-17 (26-27) the active phase of the Swedish inter-ven-tion continued in the 17th century. Soon De-la-gar-di us-ta-no-wild control practically over the entire New-Gorod land. After this, on July 25 (August 4), 1611, the Russian new city authorities (1st Voivode Prince I.N. Odoevsky Bolshoi and others. ), Metropolitan Isidor, the local church council and local communities, relying on the co-responsibility of -go-thief of the first militia, under-pi-sa-li on behalf of “the whole New-rod-go-su-dar-st-va” before-go-thief with De-la -gar-di about the election of one of the two sons of the Swedish king Charles IX go-su-da-rem Nov-go-ro-da with per-spec -ti-voy dis-pro-str-string action-st-vie do-go-vo-ra for the whole “Mo-s-kov-go-su-dar-st-vo”. One day before the first militia in August 1611, fact-ti-che-ski de-non-si-ro-va-li the former pri-govor “Co-ve” -that of the whole earth" about the election of Gus-ta-va Adolf to the Russian throne.

At the end of the summer - in the autumn of 1611, the possibility of the first militia was active and effective military action. za-li-za-met-but og-ra-ni-chen-ny-mi. Three-day battles in Moscow on August 4-5 (14-15) and 7 (17) did not bring any decisive advantage - one of the sides, one part of the UK-re-p-le-niy in the southern part of the White city again came under the control of the ko-ro -Lion's troops, and most importantly - the foreign gar-ni-zo-nu in the Krem-le was to become pro-free-st-vie. Since av-gu-sta-la, the ter-ri-to-riya has become co-creased, con-tro-li-rue-may before-in-di-te-la-mi and at-ka-za -mi of the first militia. So, for example, the cities of the Volga region (Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, etc.) decided not to let into their territory to-riu near-Mos-kov-nyh Ka-za-kov and on-the-name “With-the-whole-of-the-earth” war-vods. It turned out that the collection of fur coats in all counties for the winter for the militias was ineffective, we had big problems with the management that na-log-gov, with the supply of pro-vol-st-viya, bo-e-pri-pa-sov, additional forces. At the end of August and September 15 (25), after the art-ob-st-re-la, for-zhi-ga-tel-ny-mi poison-ra-mi from the ranks of the first militia before two unsuccessful attempts at assault on Ki-tai-go-ro-da. The Ko-ro-Left troops in August-September numbered from 5-6 to 8-9 thousand people, pro-fes-sio-nal-but under-go-to-len -nyh to a long-term military campaign (one of the most important problems was conflicts with ko-ro -lem and his pre-sta-vi-te-la-mi because of not-you-pays sting-lo-va-nya). On September 24 (October 4), the corps of the great get-man of Lithuania, Y.K., approached the capital. Ho-ke-vi-cha, that you-well-di-lo militia-chen-tsev will abandon the No-vo-de-vi-chiy monastery and burn it, leaving no-one -rye other uk-re-p-le-nia. In the battle on September 25 (October 5), 1611, from the dam of Khod-ke-vi-cha and the sa-pe-zhin-tsam, they failed to win a decisive victory. troubles, at the same time, pro-vol-st-vie to the left-handed gar-ni-zo-nu in the Krem-le was again available, and he himself became stronger because of the death of Ya.P. Sa-pe-gi. Ko-ro-Left troops outside the Krem-la z-mo-va-li and co-bi-ra-li pro-vol-st-vie in Tver, Suz-dal and Russia Comrade's lands, without fear of military actions from the side of the militia.

In September 1611, in Nizhny Novgorod, the Second Militia of 1611-1612 began to form with the same troops. tic goals, but on wider social bases and with greater financial resources possible -tyakh. Despite the gradual strengthening of the Kri-zi-sa in the first militia, his power in the fall of 1611 recognized about 50 cities, and in Russia, the half of Prince D.T. Tru-bets-ko-go (November) all the ranks of the city-su-da-re-va yard and servants were practically represented lye novo-rya-not 13 district cor-po-ra-tions.

In December 1611 - January 1612, military actions of the first militia were involved in attempts to prevent the delivery of food and fu-ra to the Polish-Lithuanian gar-ni-zo-nu in the Krem-le, who turned out to be quite successful in the 1st de-ka- de de-cab-rya. The collapse of the first militia prompted recognition of its la-mi - K.D. Be-gi-che-vym and N.V. Lo-pu-hi-nym in January 1612 in Pskov False Dmitry III was saved by the tsar “Di-mit-ri-em Iva-no-vi-chem”, what did you call - a sharp re-action of the ru-ko-vo-di-te-ley of the Second militia. They are out of a strategy of action and instead of immediately moving to Moscow along the direct route then came to the formation of a large army and plan-to-measure how-to-get-away-from-them- ranks of the first militia from the cities of Verkh-nego and Middle Volga region, central and border districts with Novy-gorod, to co-call in Yaro-slav-le “Co-ve-ta of the whole earth” with a wide representation of the territory and co-words groups, the creation of a system of the most important pri-ka-calls. When I came to the camps of the first militia of False Dmitry III in March 1612 (according to one data, I.M. Za-rutsky contributed to this, according to others, he and D.T. sa-li in Ju-not in gra-mo-te to the ru-ko-vo-di-te-lyam of the Second militia) led-to to the new mass -I am leaving from near Moscow the military forces, the noble detachments and most of the government officials (mainly in Yaro- Slavl) and to the open rift with the Second opol. In the April district towns of the Second Militia, before the First Militia, before all the Trans-Ruts cue, we talked about “many wrongs”: the murder of P.P. La-pu-no-va, ka-zach-their gra-be-jah and kill-st-wah “on the road”, without permission once-yes-than the great authorities niya “with their advice”, in the presence of False Dmitry III. From the position of the pre-di-te-ley of the first militia in relation to the self-invitation (at the end of May his arrest wa-li in Gdo-ve, then do-ta-vi-li in Mo-sk-vu and s-sa-di-li in prison), public acknowledgment of their mistakes -what a cross for him, their June-salt in Yaro-Slavl (trying to maintain their influence and find someone -pro-miss with whether-de-ra-mi of the Second militia) did not lead to any significant results there. In general, the military actions of the first militia in the beginning of June 1612 were unsuccessful. Although the militia managed to retain most of their positions, Ya. K. Khod-ke-vich again supplied the Polish-Lithuanian gar-ni-zo-nu with food and fodder, carried out a change of gar-ni-troops zone, ensured care in Rech Po-spo-tu re-placed the half.

The final collapse of the first militia occurred after July 28 (August 7), 1612 I.M. Za-ruts-kiy, at the head of ka-zach-their squads (2.5-3 thousand people), left the camps of the first militia near Moscow when they were approaching -nii avan-gar-da of the Second militia. Regiment of Prince D.T. Tru-bets-koy settled in his own places (mainly in Trans-Mo-sk-vo-river) and actively studied in decisive battles with the squads of Y.K. Hod-ke-vi-cha August 22-24 (September 1-3). At the end of September 1612, the administrative structures of both militias merged.

The first militia became the first to torture the self-mo-or-ga-ni-za-tion of so-words and so-word groups (mainly different layers of “services” living people of the military rank" headed by the district nobility) for the decision of the public tasks of the state-political kha-rak-te-ra, formation of the military on a free basis, restoration of new institutes of management with shi-ro-kim at-me-no-choice-on-cha-la.

The first militia (Ryazan militia) of 1611, to combat the Polish intervention in the Time of Troubles, was formed in Ryazan, consisting of detachments of nobles from the southeastern counties and the Volga region, nobles and Cossacks of the former Tushino camp, and townspeople.

The conditions for the creation of the First Militia arose in 1610. The boyar government (Semiboyarshchina) in August 1610 entered into an agreement with the Polish king Sigismund III Vasa, according to which his son Vladislav was recognized as the Russian Tsar. In this regard, in September, Polish troops led by Hetman A. Gonsevsky entered Moscow. Representatives of various strata of the Russian people spoke out against the Poles and traitorous boyars. Letters were distributed throughout the country, including from Patriarch Hermogenes, calling for a fight against the interventionists. The initiator of the creation of the anti-Polish militia was the residents of Ryazan, led by governor P.P. Lyapunov. Yaroslavl, Nizhny Novgorod, Suzdal, Vladimir, Murom, Kostroma and their counties joined the movement. The first militia included nobles and children of boyars, archers and service Cossacks of city garrisons, black-sown peasants, townspeople, datochny people from serfs; it also included the “Tushino” boyars and governors, military men from the Kaluga camp of False Dmitry II, led by Prince D.T. Trubetskoy, Cossack detachments from Tula I.M. Zarutsky and from Suzdal A. Prosovetsky. At the beginning of March 1611, the militia set out from Kolomna to Moscow, where the uprising against the Poles began. During the fighting, the rebels (posad people, archers, peasants) expelled the Poles from the White City; Prince D.M. took part in the battles at Lubyanka. Pozharsky. The main forces of the First Militia approached the capital on March 24; by this time the interventionists had managed to suppress the uprising. During the siege of Moscow, contradictions between the nobility and the Cossacks intensified in the militia, among whom there were many fugitive peasants and slaves attracted by promises of “freedom and salary.” On June 30, 1611, the “Verdict” was adopted, which approved the structure of the supreme power - the “Council of the Whole Land”. The “verdict” caused discontent among the “Tushin people” and especially the Cossacks, since it proclaimed a return to the old norms of ownership of estate lands, abolished the legality of “Tushino” salaries, placed Cossack detachments under the leadership of nobles, and obliged runaway peasants and slaves to return to their former owners. The “Council of the Whole Earth” included Trubetskoy, Zarutsky and Lyapunov, who essentially headed the government. An explosion of dissatisfaction among the Cossacks with the politics of the nobility led to the murder of Lyapunov (July 22), after which the bulk of the service people left the militia; Mostly detachments of Cossacks (about 10 thousand) remained near Moscow. The liberation of Moscow and the creation of conditions for expelling the interventionists from the country were decided by the Second Militia under the leadership of Minin and Pozharsky, which was joined by a significant part of the participants in the First Militia.

During the Time of Troubles, the first militia was led by Prokopiy Petrovich Lyapunov, a Russian political and public figure. He came from a seedy noble family of Ryazan. The first people's militia included service people - nobles from Tula, Seversk, Kaluga and Ukrainian lands, children of boyars, Cossacks. They were joined by the remaining military detachments of Vasily Shuisky.

Internal political situation in Russia (1608-1610)

At the time of the creation of the first militia (it was headed by P. P. Lyapunov), the internal situation in the country consisted of the following tragic events. False Dmitry II, who appeared in 1607, secured significant support and approached Moscow, wanting to capture it, but he failed to do this, and he stopped in Tushino, located 12 km from the capital. It was recognized by many Russian cities. The exceptions were Nizhny Novgorod, Smolensk, Kolomna and most cities of Siberia. These cities remained loyal to Shuisky.

The situation was difficult. The only way out, according to Shuisky, is to enlist the support of the Swedes. Charles IX met him halfway and sent a significant detachment of Swedes to Russia. They were led by Jacob Delagardie, and the detachment of Mikhail Skopin-Shuisky came from the Russian side. Together they carried out several operations against the troops of False Dmitry II, liberating a number of territories, including the city of Pskov. These events are reflected in a historical work called Vremnik by Ivan Timofeev.

Polish intervention

In 1609 Concerned about this situation, the Polish king Sigismund III invaded the Moscow kingdom. Polish troops under the leadership of the Lithuanian hetman Jan Sapieha captured most of the territory of central Russia, besieged Smolensk, but were unable to take it. False Dmitry, after many of his comrades and troops abandoned him, was forced to flee to Kaluga, where he was killed.

The detachments of Sapieha and Zholkiewski, moving further into the interior of the country and reaching Moscow, besieged it. This served as a prerequisite for the organization of the first militia, headed by the small nobleman P. P. Lyapunov. The Swedes captured Novgorod and Ladoga. The Polish hetmans send a letter to the boyars, in which they proposed betrayal - to depose Vasily Shuisky and elect Prince Vladislav, the son of King Sigismund, as king.

Shuisky was deposed and tonsured a monk. In September 1610, the gates of the Kremlin were opened and the Poles entered it, taking possession of the treasury and all the treasures. The prince Vladislav, shouted out by the boyars, was recognized as the king, subject to the adoption of the Orthodox faith, which he did not intend to accept.

Creation of the first militia (led by I. Lyapunov)

The outrages of the Poles in all the occupied lands led to the fact that the patriotic movement went in three directions:

From above - this is the rejection of the Poles as non-believers represented by the Orthodox Church. Patriarch Hermogenes, despite the threat of the boyars and Poles, sent letters to all parts of the country in which he called on all Orthodox Christians to defend their state.
Service people - the nobles understood that the Polish protege would be served by the Poles, who flocked to Moscow from everywhere. The outsiders did not need their services. In addition, their estates located in the occupied territories were subjected to plunder and destruction. Therefore, the first people's militia began to be created, headed by the nobleman P.P. Lyapunov.
From below, the peasants, tired of the robbery of the Poles and Ukrainian Cossacks who sided with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, took their property and livestock and went into the forests, where spontaneous resistance groups arose. The Poles, coming to the villages in the hope of finding food and fodder, as well as guides, were left with nothing.

The Russians, misled, supported False Dmitry II and considered him the true heir of Ivan the Terrible, could not come to terms with the Polish-Lithuanian interventionists. The popular movement against the hated Poles expanded.

Understanding the seriousness of their situation, the Poles called for help from the Cossacks, who were the first to encounter Lyapunov’s militia by besieging the city of Pronsk, but the Zaraysk governor Dmitry Pozharsky came to his aid, who helped put the Cossacks to flight.

March on Moscow

P.P. Lyapunov, who led the first people's militia, appealed to the people of Nizhny Novgorod to help defeat the enemy. In addition, appeals from Patriarch Hermogenes were sent to them with a call to defend Orthodoxy and the Russian land. Here a second people's militia was created, led by the zemstvo elder Minin, which advanced to Moscow in March 1611, along the way acquiring new detachments organized in the cities through which they passed.

Lyapunov's militia was replenished with former supporters of False Dmitry: boyars and princes, as well as Cossack atamans Prosovetsky and Zarutsky, who later betrayed him. In March 1611, the militia moved to Moscow. The detachments of the first militia were led by Lyapunov and Pozharsky. They besieged the city, within which an uprising broke out.

The 7,000-strong Polish garrison in Moscow, which included 2,000 German mercenaries, brutally suppressed the uprising, and by order of Hetman Gonsevsky, the city was set on fire. But Prince Pozharsky’s troops managed to penetrate the city. They settled in Zamoskvorechye. Attempts by the Poles to dislodge them from there were unsuccessful. In the battle on Lubyanka, Prince Pozharsky was wounded, he was transported to the Trinity Monastery. The Poles settled in Kitay-Gorod and the Kremlin.

Betrayal of the Cossacks

Having surrounded the Poles, the leaders of the militia did not continue the offensive, but began to build the bodies of the future government. A new Zemsky Sobor was formed, the basis of which was the headquarters of the militia. It was at this time that fundamental differences between the nobility and the Cossacks emerged; these contradictions were expressed primarily in the relations between Prokopiy Lyapunov and Ivan Zarutsky.

This became known to the Poles, they used their old and proven method - fabrication, in this case a forged letter allegedly written by Lyapunov. It said that the leader of the first militia was allegedly going to destroy the Cossack atamans. Having called the unsuspecting Lyapunov to the Cossack circle, the Cossacks hacked him to death with swords. All the nobles left the camp.

Zarutsky, after the approach of the Novgorod militia led by Minin and Pozharsky, fled, taking with him Marina Mnishek and her son. The first militia ceased to exist.