Gehen imperative. Subjunctive mood in German

The imperative mood in German can be formed for all persons except 1 l. units tsp and 3 l.

Imperative sentence in German it begins with a verb in the imperative form. It is formed from the verb in Präsens:

and for 2 l. units h. from the stem of the verb in the form of 2 l. units h., sometimes with the addition of the ending -e. Strong verbs adding to 2 l. units h. umlaut, in the form of the imperative mood it is not added. Separable prefixes are separated and moved to the last place.

Du machst das Fenster auf — → Mach(-e) das Fenster auf!
Du gehst einkaufen — → Geh(-e) einkaufen!
Du läufst schnell — → Lauf schnell!
Du sprichst sehr leise — → Sprich laut!

The ending -e is optional in most cases; it is obligatory for weak verbs if the stem ends with —d, — t, — n, — m.

→ Bad!
→ Warte!
→ Arbeite!

b) For the other three forms (2 literal plural, 1 literal singular and polite form), only the word order changes from the corresponding form of the verb, unlike a declarative sentence. Separable prefixes are separated and moved to the last place.

2 l. pl. h.
Kinder, räumt euer Zimmer auf!
Zieht die Mäntel aus und kommt herein!

1 l. pl. h.
Gehen wir heute ins Kino! = Wollen wir ins Kino gehen!
Schreiben wir alles auf, sonst vergessen wir das!
wir.

Polite form.
Kommen Sie bitte näher, so können Sie das Bild besser sehen!
A pronoun must be present for this form Sie.

Verb « sein» has the following forms of the imperative mood:

Infinitive	Du	Ihr	Wir	Sie
Sein	Sei	Seid	Seien wir!	Seien Sie!
	Sei mir nicht böse!	Kinder, seid lieb!	Seien wir ehrlich!	Seien Sie dankbar!

Exercises / Ü BUNGEN

1. Form sentences in the imperative mood according to the model:

Ich will Wäsche waschen. à Bitte, wasche Wasche!

1. Ich will das Schlafzimmer sauber machen.
2. Wir wollen zu Hause bleiben.
3. Ich will meine Schwester mitnehmen.
4. Ich will meine Freunde einladen.
5. Wir wollen einen Kuchen backen.
6. Ich will hier Platz nehmen.
7. Ich will meine Gastfamilie begrüßen.
8. Wir wollen auf unseren Betreuer warten.
9. Ich will Abendbrot im Wohnzimmer essen.
10. Wir wollen uns unterhalten!

2. Read the note for students, find verbs in the imperative mood, determine their form and infinitive. Translate the verbs into Russian.

For example.: halte (sauber) – halten- keep it clean.
… … … … …

3. Give your friend advice:

Ich bin zu dick (weniger essen). → Iss weniger!

1. Ich bin immer erkältet (wärmere Kleidung tragen)
2. Ich komme immer zu spät zur Arbeit (früher aufstehen)
3. Mein Auto ist immer kaputt (ein neues kaufen)
4. Unsere Miete ist zu teuer (eine andere Wohnung suchen)
5. Ich bin zu unsportlich (jeden Tag 30 Minuten laufen)
6. Meine Zimmerpflanzen gehen kaputt (sie nicht zu viel gießen)
7. Meine Arbeit ist so langweilig (sich um eine andere Stelle bewerben)
8. Ich habe so wenig Freunde (netter sein)
9. Meine Pfannkuchen werden nicht fest (mehr Eier nehmen)
10. Wir haben keinen Praktikumsplatz (besser Deutsch lernen)

The imperative mood in German is called imperative (Imperativ) and, as in Russian, expresses direct appeal to someone, therefore the formation of the imperative mood is characteristic of the 2nd person in the singular and plural. The address can be “you” (confidential form) or “you” (polite form). The singular and plural forms of the polite form are expressed grammatically in the same way. The imperative mood of the 1st person singular stands out separately, which encourages the implementation of a joint action. Thus, there are four forms of the imperative mood. Now let's look at the method of formation and use of these forms.

TRUST FORM:
The singular trust form is formed by adding the suffix “–e” to the stem of the verb:
Zeige mir dein Buch! - Show me your book!
Bleibe ruhig! - Keep calm!
In colloquial speech, “-e” is often lost, but after “-t; -tm; –d; –ffn; –chn; –el; -ig” the use of the suffix “–e” is mandatory.
Sag bitte so nicht! - Don't say that, please! but Antworte auf meine Frage! - Answer my question!
In strong verbs, the root vowel “-e-” changes to “-i(e)-” without adding the suffix “-e”.
Schreiben – Schrieb!
Please note that strong verbs do not add an umlaut where it is in the subjunctive mood:
Laufe schneller! - Run faster! but Du läufst. - you are running.
The trust form of the plural coincides with the form in the second person plural (verb stem + -t):
Geht nach Hause! - Go home!
POLITE FORM
The imperative mood in German when politely addressing one person or a group of people is grammatically expressed in the same way: verb in the appropriate form + pronoun “Sie”:
Sagen Sie das noch einmal! - Repeat, please!
The imperative mood of the 1st person plural, as an incentive to perform a joint action, is formed from the form of the 1st person plural verb + the pronoun wir:
Gehen wir heute ins Theater! - Let's go to the theater today!
The separable verb prefix in the imperative mood is placed at the end of the sentence.
Mache bitte das Fenster zu! - Please close the window!

Pay attention to the formation of the imperative mood of the verb “sein”:
Sei aufmercksamer! - Be careful!
Seid aufmercksamer! - Be careful!
Seien Sie bitte aufmercksamer! Please be more careful!
The imperative mood is distinguished in speech by motivating intonation, and in writing an exclamation point is placed at the end of the sentence.
A distinctive feature is that the structure of the imperative sentence differs from the typical structure of a German sentence: the verb in the imperative comes first!
To give a sentence a polite connotation, words such as “bitte”, “bitte mal” are used.
Mach die Tür auf! - Open the door!
Mach die Tür bitte auf! - Please open the door!
The imperative mood in German can perform the following functions:
Appeal: Schützen Sie die Natur
Order: Macht eure Bücher zu!
Request: Gib mir bitte dein Buch! - Give me your book, please!
Advice: Rauch weniger! -Smoke less!
Prohibition: Rauch hier nicht! - Don't smoke here!
Warning: Stopp! Mache Musik leiser! Mama ist zu Hause. - Stop! Make the music quieter! Mom is at home.

Use of the imperative in German

The imperative serves to express a request, a call to action, a command (command).

2nd person singular (when addressing one person as “you”) - Schreibe!(Write!)
2nd person plural (when addressing several persons, each of whom is spoken with “you”) - Schreibt!(Write!)
The form of polite address is the same for singular and plural (used when addressing both one person and several persons, each of whom is spoken with “you”) - Schreiben Sie!(Write!)

Formation of the imperative in German

The 2nd person singular of the imperative in German is formed from the 2nd person singular of the present indicative by dropping the personal ending of the verb -st and adding the ending -e(it may be omitted).

Strong conjugation verbs with a root vowel A in the 2nd person singular imperative the root vowel is not changed.

German strongly conjugated verbs with a root vowel e change e on i or ie in the 2nd person singular imperative. These verbs do not have an e ending.

The 2nd person plural coincides in the imperative with the 2nd person plural in the present of the indicative.

The form of polite address of the imperative in German coincides with the form of polite address of the present indicative. The personal pronoun Sie is retained, but is placed after the verb.

You should remember the formation of the imperative of the auxiliary verbs haben, sein and werden, which do not obey the rules stated above.

The separable prefix in all forms of the imperative in German is separated and placed at the end of the sentence.

When forming the imperative from verbs with the reflexive pronoun sich, the forms of the 2nd person singular and plural pronouns are used, as well as the form of polite address.

Imperative of German verbs with reflexive pronoun sich

All three forms of the imperative are translated from German into Russian by the imperative mood.

The pronoun Sie in the form of polite imperative is not translated into Russian.

Other forms of the German language used to express motivation, command, order

There are also other forms of expression of will. So, for example, to express an incentive to joint action for the 1st person plural, the form is used:

To give a command, the infinitive and participle II are often used.

Auftreten!	Stand up! (Line up!)
Hinlegen!	Get down!
Nicht gesprochen!	Don't talk!

To see how forms of the imperative mood are formed, let's take several weak and strong verbs - for example, sagen - talk, say, zeigen - show, wiederholen - repeat, on the one hand, and kommen - come, sprechen - talk, talk and geben - give- with another.

Weak verbs

Strong verbs

In the plural, the imperative is formed in the same way for weak and strong verbs. But in the singular, weak verbs have an ending -e(zeige, etc.), and strong ones have a zero ending (komm, etc.). At the same time, some strong verbs also change the root vowel - namely those in which the root vowel changes in the 2nd and 3rd person singular (see above).

In colloquial speech the ending -e in the 2nd l. units The imperative is often discarded in weak verbs: not sage, but sag and so on (because -e given above in parentheses).

Particle mal corresponds to the Russian “-ka” and in colloquial speech is often used with the 2nd liter imperative. singular: sag mal - tell me, schau mal - look at that.

In grammar there is an imperative, in everyday life there are continuous requests. Therefore, the German imperative (if we are not in the ranks of the Bundeswehr) has actually merged with the word bitte - Please. For polite form, this is the law:

Sagen Sie bitte... - Tell me please...
Zeigen Sie bitte... - Show me please...
Wiederholen Sie bitte... - Repeat please...
Kommen Sie bitte... - Come please...

In writing, “bitte” is not separated by commas.

If you want to ask a question about how to get somewhere, etc., then in principle you can say: “Sagen Sie bitte...” But it is better to use formulas:

Würden Sie bitte sagen... - You might say...
Verzeihung / Entschuldigung, würden Sie bitte sagen... - Sorry (sorry), you might say...
Bitte schön, würden Sie sagen... - Could you please say...

This is a polite request in the subjunctive mood (like the English would), most appropriate in such cases.

What if we need to offer something to our companions? “Let's go!”, “Let's sleep!” and so on - how to say this?

Here “bitte” (except in some special cases) is not used. This is an energetic request-motivation.

Gehen wir! - Let's go to!
Wollen wir gehen! - Lets go!
Schlafen wir! - Let's sleep!
Wollen wir schlafen! - Let's sleep!

The verb wollen means want(for more details, see the part “To want is to be able”), but here it corresponds to the Russian “let’s” in incentive sentences.

Wollen wir Deutsch sprechen! - Let's speak German!

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