Verb late 3 forms. Irregular English verbs and their translation

Verb- this is an independent part of speech that answers the questions what to do?, what to do? (to be, to study, to dream, to go...)

According to the method of formation of past tense forms (V2) and past participles (V3), all verbs of the English language are divided into 2 groups: regular verbs (Regular Verbs) and irregular verbs (Irregular verbs).

The English verb has three forms. Verb forms are designated by Roman numerals I, II, III.

I form(or an infinitive without to), for example: to make (to do) – make – the first, or main form, which answers the question what to do?, what to do? Using the first form of the verb, the Present Simple Tense is formed. When forming Present Simple Tense, the ending is added to the I form of the verb in the 3rd person singular (he, she, it – he, she, it) –s or -es(he jumpes, she jumpes, it jumpes, he cries, she cries, it cries, he does, she does, it does) . With other pronouns (I, we, you, you, they - I, we, you, you, they) the I form of the verb is used without changes.

II form serves to form the simple past tense (Past Simple Tense). When forming the simple past tense, both regular and irregular verbs are used. Regular verbs form II and III forms by adding a suffix to the stem I form –ed(jump – jumped – jump – jumped) . If the verb is not regular, then its past tense form corresponds to the second column in the table of irregular verbs (be – was/were, do – did, make – made).

III form- Participle II (Participle II) is a special form of the verb that denotes the attribute of an object by action and answers the questions of the adjective (lost, baked, made). For regular verbs, form III coincides with form II: jump (I) – jumped (II) – jumped (III) (jump – jumped – jumped). II and III forms of irregular verbs can be formed in various ways, indicated below.

Regular verbs

Regular verbs form II and III forms by adding a suffix to the stem I form -ed (-d), which is pronounced like:

[ d] after vowels and voiced consonants: to clean (clean) – cleaned (cleaned); to play (play) - played (played);
[ t] after the deaf ones: to work (work) – worked (worked), to look (look) – looked (looked);
after [d] And [t]: to want (want) – wanted (wanted), to mend (repair) – mended (repaired).

When forming II and III forms of verbs, pay attention to the following spelling rules:

If the I form is a short root syllable and ends with one consonant, then when adding the ending –ed the last vowel of the root is doubled: to stop (stop) – sto pped(has stopped).
-y, preceded by a consonant, the letter y changes to i: to carry (carry) - carried (carried), to study (study) - studied (studied). But if the stem of the verb ends in -y, preceded by a vowel, then simply adds to the base of the verb - ed: to play (play) – played (played), to stay (stay) – remained (remained).
If the stem of the verb ends in -e, which is not pronounced, then II and III forms of the verb are formed by adding the ending - d: to arrive (arrive) – arrived (arrived).

Irregular Verbs

Irregular Verbs- these are verbs that have special, fixed forms of the past tense and participles; their forms do not have a clear formation algorithm and are acquired by memorizing: to make (to do) - made (made) - made (made). Most English irregular verbs are native English, derived from verbs that existed in Old English. Most irregular verbs exist as remnants of historical conjugation systems (changing the verb according to persons - I'm going, you're going, he's going...).

Irregular verbs are used to form the past simple (Past Simple), present perfect (Present Simple), past perfect tenses (Past Perfect), in passive voice (Passive voice), when converting direct speech into indirect speech (Reported speech), in conditional sentences ( Conditional sentences).

table of irregular verbs

Infinitive		Past Tense		Past Participle		Translation
arise	[ə"raiz]	arose	[ə"rəuz]	arises	[ə"riz(ə)n]	arise, appear
awake	[ə"weik]	awoke	[ə"wəuk]	awoken	[ə"wəukən]	wake up, wake up
be		was,were	,	been		be
bear		bore		born		give birth, bring
beat		beat		beaten	["bi:tn]	beat
become		became		become		become
begin		began		begun		start off)
bend		bent		bent		bend, bend
bind		bound		bound		bind
bite		bit		bitten	["bɪtn]	bite)
bleed		bled		bled		bleed
blow		blew		blown		blow
break		broke		broken	["broukən]	break)
breed		bred		bred		bring up
bring		brought		brought		bring
build		built		built		build
burn		burnt		burnt		burn, burn
burst		burst		burst		burst out, explode
buy		bought		bought		buy
cast		cast		cast		throw, pour (metal)
catch		caught		caught		catch, grab
choose		chose		chosen	["tʃouzən]	choose, select
come		came		come		come
cost		cost		cost		cost
cut		cut		cut		cut
dig		dug		dug		dig, dig
do		did		done		do
draw		drew		drawn		draw, drag
dream		dream		dream		dream, dream
drink		drank		drunk		drink
drive		drove		driven	["drɪvən]	drive
eat		ate		eaten	["i:tn]	There is
fall		fell		fallen	["fɔ:lən]	fall
feed		fed		fed		feed
feel		felt		felt		feel
fight		fought		fought		fight
find		found		found		find
fit		fit		fit		fit to size
fly		flew		flown		fly
forget		forgot		forgotten		forget
forgive		forgave		forgiven		forgive
freeze		froze		frozen	["frouzən]	freeze
get		got		got		receive
give		gave		given	["gɪvən]	give
go		went		gone		go, walk
grow		grew		grown		grow
hang		hung		hung		hang, hang out
have		had		had		have
hear		heard		heard		hear
hide		hid		hidden	["hɪdn]	hide
hit		hit		hit		hit the target
hold		held		held		hold
hurt		hurt		hurt		injure, bruise
keep		kept		kept		keep, preserve
kneel		knelt		knelt		kneel
knit		knit		knit		knit (knitting)
know		knew		known		know
lay		laid		laid		put
lead		led		led		lead, lead
lean		leant		leant		tilt
learn		learn		learn		learn
leave		left		left		leave, leave
lend		tape		tape		borrow, borrow
let		let		let		let
lie		lay		lain		lie
light		lit		lit		illuminate, light up
lose		lost		lost		lose
make		made		made		do
mean		meant		meant		to mean
meet		met		met		meet
mistake		mistook		mistaken		make a mistake
pay		paid		paid		to pay
put		put		put		put, put
read		read		read		read
ride		rode		ridden	["rɪdn]	ride
ring		rank		rung		call, ring
rise		rose		risen	["rɪzən]	get up
run		ran		run		run
say		said		said		speak
see		saw		seen		see
seek		sought		sought		search
sell		sold		sold		sell
send		sent		sent		send
set		set		set		put, put
shake	[ʃeɪk]	shook	[ʃʊk]	shaken	["ʃeɪkən]	shake
shine	[ʃaɪn]	shone	[ʃoun, ʃɒn]	shone	[ʃoun, ʃɒn]	shine, shine, glisten
shoot	[ʃu:t]	shot	[ʃɒt]	shot	[ʃɒt]	fire
show	[ʃou]	showed	[ʃoud]	shown	[ʃoun]	show
shrink	[ʃriŋk]	shrank	[ʃræŋk]	shrunk	[ʃrʌŋk]	sit down (about material), reduce (s), reduce (s)
shut	[ʃʌt]	shut	[ʃʌt]	shut	[ʃʌt]	close
sing		sang		sung		sing
sink		sank		sunk		drown
sit		sat		sat		sit
sleep		slept		slept		sleep
smell		smelt		smelt		sniff, smell
slide		slide		slide		slide
sow		sowed		south		sow, sow
smell		smelled		smelled		sniff, smell
speak		spoke		spoken	["spoukən]	speak
spell		spelled		spelled		to spell
spend		spent		spent		spend
spill		spilt		spilt		shed
spit		spat		spat		spit
split		split		split		split
spoiler		spoilt		spoilt		spoil
spread		spread		spread		distribute
stand		stood		stood		stand
steal		stole		stolen	["stoulən]	steal
stick		stuck		stuck		stick, stick, persist
sting		stung		stung		sting
strike		struck		struck		strike, strike
strive		strove		striven	["strɪvn]	try, strive
swear		swore		sworn		take an oath
sweep		swept		swept		revenge, sweep
swim		swam		swum		swim
take		took		taken	["teɪkən]	take, take
teach		taught		taught		learn
tear		tore		torn		tear
tell		told		told		tell
think	[θɪŋk]	thought	[θɔ:t]	thought	[θɔ:t]	think
throw	[θrou]	threw	[θru:]	thrown	[θroun]	throw
understand	[ʌndər "stænd]	understood	[ʌndər "stʊd]	understood	[ʌndər "stʊd]	understand
upset	[ʌp"set]	upset	[ʌp"set]	upset	[ʌp"set]	upset, upset (plans), upset
wake		woke up		woken	["woukən]	wake up
wear		wore		worn		wear
weep		wept		wept		cry
wet		wet		wet		wet, moisturize
win		won		won		win, win
wind		wound		wound		wriggle, wind, wind (watch)
write		wrote		written	["rɪtn]	write

How to remember forms of irregular verbs?

Irregular Verbs in English, these are verbs that have special forms (Past Simple) and (Past Participle). Among them there are both very common ones (feel - to feel, speak - to speak) and rare ones (cleave - to cut, forswear - to renounce). The tables below show common irregular verbs.

Read also:

Despite the fact that irregular verbs change in a special way, they still have some regularity. In the table below, the verbs are given with translation and transcription and are distributed based on the coincidence of forms:

Verbs AAA - all three forms are the same (cut - cut - cut, cut).
ABA verbs – the 1st and 3rd forms coincide (run – ran – run, run).
Verbs ABC – the 2nd and 3rd forms coincide (teach – taught – taught, teach).
ABC verbs – all forms are different (know – knew – known, know).

Inside the table, words are distributed not alphabetically, but by frequency, i.e. the higher the word, the more often it is used. Attached to the tables pdf files– you can print them out, stick them on cardboard and cut out cards for learning words.

AAA verbs: the same in three forms Download PDF
Translation	Infinitive	Past Simple	Past Participle
put	put	put	put
let	let	let	let
cut	cut	cut	cut
put (install)	set	set	set
bet	bet	bet	bet
throw (cast metal)	cast	cast	cast
cost	cost	cost	cost
beat	hit	hit	hit
to cause a pain	hurt	hurt	hurt
to knit	knit	knit	knit
stop	quit	quit	quit
distribute	spread	spread	spread
ABA type verbs: forms 1 and 3 match
run	run	ran	run
come	come	came	come
become	become	became	become
Verbs like ABB: forms 2 and 3 match
read	read	read	read
teach (gain knowledge)	learn	learn (learned)	learn (learned)
think	think [θiŋk]	thought [θɔ:t]	thought [θɔ:t]
teach (educate)	teach	taught	taught
smell (smell)	smell	smelt	smelt
hear	hear	heard	heard
hold	hold	held	held
bring	bring	brought	brought
stand	stand	stood	stood
lose (lose)	lose	lost	lost
meet	meet	met	met
lead	lead	led	led
understand	understand [ʌndə’stænd]	understood [ʌndə’stud]	understood [ʌndə’stud]
win	win	won	won
buy	buy	bought	bought
send	send	sent	sent
sell	sell	sold	sold
catch	catch	caught	caught kɔ:t]
fight	fight	fought	fought
put (lay)	lay	laid	laid
sit	sit	sat	sat
bind	bind	bound	bound
bleed	bleed	bled	bled
build	build	built	built
burn	burn	burnt	burnt
deal with	deal	dealt	dealt
dig	dig	dug	dug
feed	feed	fed	fed
hang	hang	hung	hung
hide	hide	hid	hidden [‘hɪdn]
lean	lean	lean (leaned)	lean (leaned)
lend (to someone)	lend	tape	tape
illuminate	light	lit	lit
ride	ride	rode	ridden [‘rɪdn]
sew	sew	sewed	sewed (sewn)
spell or spell	spell	spelled	spelled
shed	spill	spilt	spilt
spit	spit	spat (spit)	spat (spit)
spoil	spoiler	spoilt	spoilt
stick	stick	stuck	stuck
strike	strike	struck	struck
sweep	sweep	swept	swept
cry	weep	wept	wept
twist	wind	wound	wound
Verbs likeABC: all forms are different
go	go	went	gone
know	know	knew	known
take	take	took	taken [‘teik(ə)n]
see	see	saw	seen
give	give	gave	given
write	write	wrote	written [‘ritn]
speak	speak	spoke	spoken [‘spouk(e)n]
drive a car	drive	drove	driven [‘drivn]
break	break	broke	broken [‘brouk(e)n]
wear clothes)	wear	wore	worn
There is	eat	ate	eaten [‘i:tn]
drink	drink	drank	drunk
draw (draw)	draw	drew	drawn
steal	steal	stole	stolen [‘stəulən]
throw	throw [θrəu]	threw [θru:]	thrown [θrəun]
blow	blow	blew	blown
fall	fall	fell	fallen [‘fɔ:lən]
start off	begin	began	begun
forget	forget	forgot	forgotten
forgive	forgive	forgave	forgiven
fly	fly	flew	flown
freeze (freeze)	freeze	froze	frozen [‘frouzn]
grow	grow	grew	grown
call	ring	rank	rung
shake	shake [ʃeik]	shook [ʃuk]	shaken [‘ʃeik(ə)n]
sing	sing	sang	sung
stink	stink	stank (stunk)	stunk
try	strive	strove	striven [‘strɪvn]
to swear	swear	swore	sworn
tear	tear	tore	torn
wake	wake	woke up	woken [‘wouk(e)n]

Pay attention to the words read And wind. In the 2nd and 3rd forms read is read as . And the verb wind - to twist, should not be confused with the noun wind - wind.

The ten most basic irregular verbs

Among the commonly used irregular verbs we can distinguish the most basic. You need to know them first. Start learning verbs from them, and not in alphabetical order. You can learn them in literally 5 – 10 minutes.

Translation	Infinitive (1st form)	Past Simple (2nd form)	Past Participle (3rd form)
go	go	went	gone
know	know	knew	known
think	think [θiŋk]	thought [θɔ:t]	thought [θɔ:t]
take	take	took	taken [‘teik(ə)n]
see	see	saw	seen
give	give	gave	given
write	write	wrote	written [‘ritn]
speak	speak	spoke	spoken [‘spouk(e)n]
hear	hear	heard	heard
buy	buy	bought	bought

These verbs need to be learned first

Notes:

Over time, some verbs have almost turned from irregular to regular. For example, even in not very old textbooks it is written that the verb to work– irregular, it has the forms: work – wrought – wrought. Now the form wrought is hardly used except in established expressions like “wrought iron,” so I have not included it in this table.
Verbs to learn(learn), to lean(lean) are also more often used as correct: learned, leaned, especially in the USA.
Pay attention to the forms read – read – read. The word is written the same, but read differently.
Don't confuse the verb wind(twist) and noun wind- wind. They are written the same, but have different pronunciation and meanings.
In the British version the verbs sew pronounced like

To successfully learn a foreign language, it is necessary to lay a certain foundation consisting of basic skills. In addition to vocabulary and developed pronunciation, this basis also includes grammatical knowledge. Undoubtedly, the most important thing for English grammar is the system of tenses and verb forms, without the knowledge of which not a single sentence can be constructed. Today, while studying the topic, we will combine a set of vocabulary with mastering grammar, as we will analyze one of the most necessary basic concepts - irregular verbs of the English language. Let's look at the essence of the phenomenon, and also provide a list of all the necessary words with transcription and translation into Russian.

In order to answer the question posed in the title, let’s take a short excursion into theory.

English verbs have several basic forms that help form tense aspects:

Infinitive – it’s the initial, dictionary form. ().
Past indefinite – a form for expressing past events. According to the rule, it is formed by adding the ending –ed to the infinitive. ().
Past participle – a form necessary for the formation of perfect tenses and passive voices. According to grammatical norms, it must coincide with the previous category, i.e. also add –ed. ().
Active participle – it is not always distinguished as a separate form, but it should be noted that these are verbs with the ending –ing, which are used in the tenses of the continuous group. ()

Today we are interested in the second and third items of the list, since they are responsible for the correctness or incorrectness of the verb. We have already noted that the general rule for forming past forms is to add the ending -ed. But, due to historical reasons, established language clichés do not always correspond to the norms, and it is much easier to accept exceptions than to try to change the established way of life. That is why there is such a thing as irregular verbs in the English language. English grammar calls this phenomenon irregular verbs.

Irregular verbs include those verbs in which the past tense form is not formed according to the general rule, that is, they are characterized by an atypical conjugation. Such verb forms have to be learned by heart, since they are individual for each case. It is noteworthy that the proportion of irregular English verbs used in speech is about 70%. This means that only 30% of all frequently used verbs obey the general rule.

This concludes the theory and moves on to the practical part, in which we will consider examples of irregular verbs in the English language with translation and transcription. This will allow you to combine learning vocabulary and working with pronunciation.

Learning irregular verbs in English

You're probably wondering how many irregular verbs you have to learn in English? We hasten to surprise you, because you probably did not expect to see such a number: there are over 450 representatives of the irregular type of formation of past forms. But don’t worry, we won’t learn the full list of irregular verbs, since more than half of the words in it have long been out of use in the modern language. There are approximately two hundred actively used words left, which we will divide into even smaller groups in order to master the material gradually.

The first 50 words for beginners

For beginners learning the language, it will be enough to familiarize themselves with a very small list of the most common verbs. This minimum will be enough for you to work with simple sentences in English. So that during training you do not have to be distracted by other rules, next to the example we will indicate how the word is read in English, and also roughly explain which Russian sounds correspond to English letters. Russian transcription will be presented only in this section, since further study requires a higher level of knowledge of a foreign language.

Top 50 irregular verbs
Forms*	Transcriptions	Russian pronunciation	Translation
be – was/were – been		[bi – uoz/uyer – bin]	be
begin – began – begun		[bigIn – bigEn – bigAn]	start off
break – broke – broken		[break – brouk – broken]	break
bring – brought – brought		[bring – brought – brought]	bring
build-built-built		[build – build – build]	build
buy – bought – bought		[bye – boot – boot]	buy
catch – caught – caught		[ketch – koot – koot]	catch
come – came – come		[kam - keim -kam]	come
cut – cut – cut		[cat – cat – cat]	cut
do – did – done		[duu – did – dan]	do
drink – drank – drunk		[drink – drank – drank]	drink
drive – driven – driven		[drive – drow – driven]	drive
eat – ate – eaten		[iit – et – iitn]	eat
fall – fell – fallen		[fool – fal – foolen]	fall
feel – felt – felt		[fiil – felt – felt]	feel
find – found – found		[find – found – found]	find
fly – flew – flown		[fly – flow – flow]	fly
forget – forgot – forgotten		[fogEt – fogOt – fogOtn]	forget
get - got - got		[get – goth – goth]	receive
give – gave – given		[give – gave – gIven]	give
go – went – gone		[go – vent – gon]	go
have – had – had		[have – head – head]	have
hear – heard – heard		[hier - hurd - hurd]	hear
hold – held – held		[hold – held – held]	hold
keep – kept – kept		[kip – capt – capt]	hold
know – knew – known		[no – new – noun]	know
leave – left – left		[liiv – left – left]	leave
let – let – let		[let – let – let]	let
lie-lay-lain		[bark - lay - lane]	lie
lose – lost – lost		[luuz – lost – lost]	lose
make – made – made		[make – made – made]	do
mean – meant – meant		[miin – ment – ment]	to mean
meet – met – met		[miit – mat – mat]	meet
pay – paid – paid		[pay – pay – pay]	to pay
put – put – put		[put – put – put]	put
read – read – read		[read–red–red]	read
run - run - run		[ran – ren – ran]	run
say – said – said		[say – sed – sed]	speak
see – saw – seen		[si – sou – siin]	see
show – shown – shown	[ʃou – ʃoud – ʃoun]	[show – shoud – shown]	show
sit – sat – sat		[sit – set – set]	sit
sleep – slept – slept		[slip – slapt – slapt]	sleep
speak – spoken – spoken		[speek – spoke – spooken]	speak
stand – stood – stood		[stand – stud – stud]	stand
take – took – taken		[take – knock – takeken]	take
tell – told – told		[tel – tould –tould]	tell
think – thought – thought	[θɪŋk – θɔ:t – θɔ:t]	[son – sout – sout]	think
understand – understood – understood	[ʌndər ‘stænd – ʌndər ‘stʊd – ʌndər ‘stʊd]	[andestand – andestud – andestud]	understand
win – won – won		[win – one – one]	win
write – written – written		[right – route – ritn]	write

*The column shows the three main forms of the verb in the following order:

infinitive;
past indefinite (Past Indefinite/Simple);
past participle (Participle II).

Now you are familiar with the most commonly used irregular verbs in English. This list of words can be easily printed and memorized at any convenient time. Increase your knowledge gradually; you don’t need to immediately load yourself with large amounts of information. Since the table contains many basic verbs, there will be no difficulties in learning the words, because in practice they are used in every second text or dialogue.

Top 100 – intermediate level vocabulary

If you are already confident in using the verbs you have learned, then it is time to move to the next level of knowledge and discover new irregular English verbs.

In this section we will continue to study the most commonly used irregular verbs, with another table to help us. It contains the same number of words arranged in alphabetical order as the first one, but in it we will no longer give the approximate Russian sound: the English transcription will help you understand how to pronounce the word. We hope you have already studied the material on how transcription signs are used. So, let's continue our work: we'll study just 50 more words and get the top 100 irregular verbs.

Forms	Transcriptions	Translation
arise – arose – arisen	[ə’raiz – ə’rəuz – ə’riz(ə)n]	arise, rise
awake – awoke – awoken	[ə`waɪk – ə`woʊk – ə`woʊkn]	wake up, wake up
bear – bore – born		carry, bear, give birth
become – become – have become		become
bind – bound – bound		bind
bite – bit – bitten		bite, bite
blow – blew – blown		blow
burn – burnt – burnt		burn, burn
choose – chose – chosen		choose
cost – cost – cost		cost
creep – crept – crept		crawl, creep
deal – dealt – dealt		deal, trade
dig-dag-dag		dig, dig
draw – drew – drown		paint
dream – dream – dream		dream, dream
fight – fought – fought		fight, fight, fight
feed – fed – fed		feed
forgive – forgave – forgiven		forgive, forgive
freeze – froze – frozen		freeze, freeze
grow – grown – grown		grow, grow
hang – hung – hunger *		hang, hang
hide-hid-hidden		hide, hide, conceal
hurt – hurt – hurt		offend, injure, harm
lead – led – led		lead, lead
learn – learn – learn		study, teach
lend – tape – tape		lend, lend
ride – rode – ridden		ride a horse
ring – rang – rung		call, ring
rise – rose – risen		rise, ascend
seek – sought – sought		search
sell – sold – sold		sell
set – set – set		put, install
shake – shook – shaken	[ʃeɪk – ʃʊk – ʃeɪkən]	shake, shake
shine – shone –shone	[ʃaɪn – ʃoʊn – ʃoʊn]	shine, shine, sparkle
shut – shut – shut	[ʃʌt – ʃʌt – ʃʌt]	close
sing-sang-sung		sing
slide – slide – slide		slide
smell – smelt – smelt		smell, sniff
spend – spell – spell		spend, squander
steal – stole – stolen		steal, steal
swim – swam – swum		swim
swing – swung – swung		sway
teach – taught – taught		teach, educate
tear – tore – torn		tear, tear, tear
throw – thrown – thrown	[θroʊ – θru: – θroʊn]	throw, throw, throw
upset – upset – upset	[ʌp’set – ʌp’set – ʌp’set]	upset, upset; overturn
wake – woke – woken		wake up, wake up
wear – wore – worn		wear, dress
weep – wept – wept		cry, sob
wet – wet – wet		wet, moisten, moisten

*Important note for translators: this verb has two meanings. The forms given in the table indicate expressions used with translation "hang, hang things." A rarer context is hanging as an execution, to hang a criminal. In such a situation, this English verb behaves as if it were correct, i.e. attaches the ending –ed: hang – hanged – hanged.

So, we have looked at all the main and popular irregular verbs in the English language, and congratulations! Don’t try to master the entire stock of new words at once, as you will only become more confused about forms and meanings. For effective and quick memorization, we suggest printing out the given material, dividing the verbs into groups for easy perception, and making cards with the spelling of the English word and the Russian translation. This method successfully helps most students learn the inflection of irregular verbs.

If you have already mastered the most common verbs of the English language with transcription, we invite you to expand your horizons even more and look into the less popular, but still common, use of irregular words in speech.

Rare but necessary verbs

The list of irregular verbs in English that we have studied already has a hundred examples. This, as we have already noted, is approximately half of the active vocabulary of a modern Englishman on the topic of irregular verbs. The use of the following hundred words is certainly not something you encounter every day. But, firstly, they are often included in standard tests and tasks to confirm the level of language proficiency, and secondly, it is better to know rare grammatical points of the language than to misunderstand something and get into an awkward situation. So, let's study rare, but necessary, irregular verbs in English with translation and transcription.

Forms	Transcriptions	Translation
abide – abode/abided – abode/abided	[əˈbaɪd – əˈbəʊd/əˈbaɪdɪd – əˈbəʊd/əˈbaɪdɪd]	withstand, endure, endure; abide
backbite – backbitten – backbitten	[ˈbækbaɪt – ˈbækbɪtən – ˈbækbɪtən]	slander
backslide – backslide – backslide	[ˈbækslaɪd – bækˈslɪd – bækˈslɪd]	retreat, refuse
beat – beat – beaten		beat
befall – befell – befallen		happen, happen
beget – begot/begat – begotten		generate, produce
begird – begirt – begirt		gird
behold – beheld – beheld		see
bend – bent – bent		bend
bereave – bereft/bereaved – bereft/bereaved		deprive, take away
beseech – besought – besought		beg, beg
beset – beset – beset		besiege, surround
speak – bespoke – bespoken		order, secure
bespit – bespat – bespat		spit
bet – bet – bet	[ˈbet – ˈbet – ˈbet]	bet, bet
betake – betook – betaken		accept, resort, go
bid – bid/bade – bidden		order, ask, set a price
bleed – bleed – bleed		bleed
breed – bred – bred		multiply, grow, produce
broadcast – broadcast – broadcast	[ˈbrɔːdkɑːst – ˈbrɔːdkɑːst – ˈbrɔːdkɑːst]	broadcast (television/radio broadcasting)
browbeat – browbeat – browbeaten	[ˈbraʊbiːt – ˈbraʊbiːt – ˈbraʊbiːtən]	intimidate, intimidate
burst – burst – burst		explode, explode, explode
bust – bust/busted – bust/busted		demote, destroy, go bankrupt, ruin
cast – cast – cast		throw, pour metal
chide – chid – chid		scold
cleave – cleft – cleft		to split, to cut
cling – clung – clung		cling, cling
dwell – dwelt – dwelt		to dwell, reside, linger
flee – fled – fled		run away, save yourself
fling – flung – flung		rush
forbear – forbore – forborne		refrain
forbid – forbad – forbidden		prohibit
forecast – forecast – forecast	[ˈfɔːkɑːst – ˈfɔːkɑːst – ˈfɔːkɑːst]	predict, prognosticate
foresee – foresaw – foreseen		foresee
forsake – forsook – forsaken		leave, leave
forswear – forswore – forsworn		renounce
gainsay – gainsaid – gainsaid	[ˌɡeɪnˈseɪ – ˌɡeɪnˈsed – ˌɡeɪnˈsed]	deny, contradict
gild – gilt/gilded – gilt/gilded	[ɡɪld – ɡɪlt/ ˈɡɪldɪd – ɡɪlt/ ˈɡɪldɪd]	gild, gild
grind – ground – ground	[ɡraɪnd – ɡraʊnd – ɡraʊnd]	grind, rub, grind
heave – heaved/hove – heaved/hove		pull, lift, move
hew – hewed – hewn		cut down, hew
hit – hit – hit		hit, strike, hit
inlay – inlaid – inlaid	[ɪnˈleɪ – ɪnˈleɪd – ɪnˈleɪd]	put in, insert
input – input – input	[ˈɪnpʊt – ˈɪnpʊt – ˈɪnpʊt]	enter data
interweave – interwove – interwoven	[ˌɪntəˈwiːv – ˌɪntəˈwəʊv – ˌɪntəˈwəʊvən]	to weave, intertwine
kneel – knelt – knelt		kneel
knit – knit – knit		to knit
lade – laded – laden/laded		load, download
lean – leant – leant		lean, lean, lean against
leap – leapt – leapt		jump, gallop
light – lit – lit		illuminate
misdeal – misdealt – misdealt	[ˌmɪsˈdiːl – ˌmɪsˈdelt – ˌmɪsˈdelt]	act/do wrong
misgive – misgave – misgiven	[ˌmɪsˈɡɪv – ˌmɪsˈɡeɪv – ˌmɪsˈɡɪvən]	create fear
mow – mowed – mown		mow, reap (cereals)
outbid – outbid – outbid		surpass, outbid
plead – plead – plead		go to court
prove – proved – proved/proven		prove, confirm
quit – quit – quit		throw, leave
rebind – rebound – rebound	[ˌriːˈbaɪnd – rɪˈbaʊnd – rɪˈbaʊnd]	rebind, rebind
rent – rent – rent		to tear apart, to tear off
rid – rid – rid		liberate, liberate
sew – sewed – sewn/sewed		sew
shear – sheared – shorn	[ʃɪə – ʃɪəd – ʃɔːn]	cut, cut off
shed – shed – shed	[ʃed – ʃed – ʃed]	spill, lose
shoe – shod – shod	[ʃuː – ʃɒd – ʃɒd]	shoe, shoe
shoot – shot – shot	[ʃuːt – ʃɒt – ʃɒt]	shoot, shoot
shred – shred – shred	[ʃred – ʃred – ʃred]	shred, shred, scatter
shrink – shrank – shrunk	[ʃrɪŋk – ʃræŋk – ʃrʌŋk]	shrink, shrink
shrive – shrove/shrived – shriven/shrived	[ʃraɪv – ʃrəʊv/ʃraɪvd – ˈʃrɪvən/ʃraɪvd]	confess, forgive sins
slay-slew-slain		kill
sling – slung – slung		hang up, throw
slink-slunk-slunk		sneak, sneak away
slit – slit – slit		cut lengthwise
smite – smote – smitten		hit, beat, strike
sow – sowed – sow		sow
speed – sped – sped		drive, rush
spill – spill – spill		shed
spin – spun/span – spun		twist, twirl, spin
spit – spat/spit – spat/spit		spit
split – split – split		split
spoil – spoilt – spoilt		spoil
spread – spread – spread		distribute
spring – sprang – sprung		jump, jump
stick – stuck – stuck		glue
sting – stung – stung		sting
strew – strewed – strewn		sprinkle, sprinkle
stride – strode – stridden		step
strike – struck – struck		strike, strike
strive – strove – striven		try, fight
swear – swore – sworn		to swear
sweep – swept – swept		sweep
swell – swelled – swollen		swell
thrust – thrust – thrust	[θrʌst – θrʌst – θrʌst]	push, poke
tread – trod – trod/trodden		step
waylay – waylayd – waylayd	[ˌweɪˈleɪ – ˌweɪˈleɪd – ˌweɪˈleɪd]	lie in wait
weave – wove/ weaved – woven/ weaved		weave
wed – wed –wed		marry
wind – wound – wound		wind up (mechanism)
work – worked(wrought) * – worked(wrought)	[ˈwɜːk – wɜːkt/ ˈrɔːt – wɜːkt/ ˈrɔːt]	work
wring – wrung – wrung		squeeze, twist, compress

*wrought – a very outdated book form, shown in the table for informational purposes only. In modern English its use is neither practiced nor recommended.

Now we can actually claim to have studied all the irregular verbs in modern English. Since the remaining words, in most cases, are derivatives of already learned verbs. For example, we looked at the word understand. When we encounter the same expression, but with a negative prefix - misunderstand, we will already know that its forms will become misunderstood/misunderstood.

That's all, learn irregular verbs in English, work with translation and transcription, and don't rush to memorize everything at once. It’s better to study a few words a day than to struggle with a huge list and be nervous about not remembering it. Good luck in your practice!

The main difficulty with English verbs is that in English there is no rule by which their past form is formed. And worse than that, there is no logic in her education.

To use these verbs in the past tense, you need to memorize them. Moreover, many irregular verbs have two different past tense forms. To do this, you will need constant practice, which you can get in English courses for adults from Easy Speak.

Since when using irregular verbs you will come across the concepts of “verb forms” more than once, in this article we will look at what they are.

What are the forms of English verbs?

A verb is an action that someone/something does. For example: lie down, run, jump, swim.

All English verbs are divided into regular and irregular. Knowing whether a verb is regular or irregular is necessary in order to use it in the past tense.

In Russian we add "l" at the end to put the verb in the past tense.

Present time: reading, writing, walking, swimming.

Past tense: read, wrote, walked, swam.

In English, some verbs are formed according to rules, while others are not. I think you've already guessed that this is the difference between regular and irregular verbs.

Regular verbs in English- these are those verbs whose past form is formed according to the rules by adding the ending -ed.

For example

work - worked,
work - worked.

Irregular verbs in English- these are verbs whose past form is not formed according to the rules. At the same time, there is no logic in its education.

For example

buy - bought,
buy - bought.

One of the main difficulties for students is that there is no rule by which one can determine whether a verb is regular or irregular. You can find out only by looking it up in the dictionary or memorizing it.

Verb form is how the verb changes depending on the time it is used.

Both regular and irregular verbs have 3 forms.

Verb forms in English

All verbs have 3 forms.

First form verb- this is the verb itself in the present tense, in the initial form.

For example

(to) work - to work,
(to) do - to do,
(to) buy - buy.

Second form verb is a verb in the past tense (this form is used in all simple past tenses).

worked - worked,
did - did,
bought - bought.

Third form of the verb is a verb in the past tense, which also carries the characteristics of an object (this form is used in the tenses of the Perfect group).

worked - worked,
done - done,
bought - bought.

Note: Of course, when using the 3rd form in our speech, we do not translate it literally, but translate it in the usual past tense.

For example

I have done my homework.
I did my homework (Literally: I did my homework).

How are English verb forms formed?

In regular verbs, both forms of the past tense are formed according to the same rule, so attention is usually not focused on them.

To form the 2nd and 3rd forms, we add the ending -ed to the verb.

Work - worked - worked.

For irregular verbs, the 2nd and 3rd forms can:

coincide with each other.

Have-had-had,
have - had.

differ.

Do - did - done,
do - did.

This is precisely the complexity of irregular verbs. To use all 3 forms correctly, you need to memorize them.

Let's look again at the table of formation of 3 forms of verbs.

Table of verb forms in English.

Verb	1 form	2nd form education	3rd form education
Correct			Add the ending -ed to the verb.
Wrong	The initial form is a verb without changes.	We use the 2nd form of the verb.	We use the 3rd form of the verb.

In the article, we looked at the most popular ways to memorize irregular verbs and chose the most effective one.

English is a language of exceptions, where when learning a new grammatical rule, students are faced with a dozen buts in which this rule does not apply. One of these rules is the use of irregular verbs in the past tense. For many English learners, this topic is a nightmare. But you can’t do without them, because these are the realities of English! However, there is good news - modern English is gradually getting rid of irregular verbs, replacing them with regular ones. Why and how - we'll look at it in the article.

Why are English verbs irregular?

Not only foreigners, but also native speakers themselves experience difficulty in using irregular verbs. But nevertheless, for English philologists, the non-standardity of this part of speech is not a drawback, but a reason for pride. They believe that irregular verbs are a cultural monument that perpetuates the history of the English language. The explanation for this fact is the Germanic roots of the origin of irregular verbs, which makes British English a traditional variant of the language. For comparison, Americans are trying hard to get rid of the irregular shape, converting it into the correct one. Therefore, the list of non-standard verbs increases for those who learn both versions of the language. Thus, the incorrect version is ancient, which is reflected in prose and poetry.

How many forms does a verb have in English?

Speaking about verbs in English, it should be noted that they have 3 forms:

infinitive, aka ;
I, or Participle I, - this form is used in the simple past tense (Past Simple) and the 2nd and 3rd cases of the conditional mood (Conditional of the 2-d and of the 3-d case);
Past Participle II, or Participle II, for the simple perfect tense of the past tense (Past Perfect), passive voice (Passive Voice) and conditional of the 3-d case.

The table "Three in English" is presented later in the article.

What are regular and irregular verbs? Education rules

Regular verbs are those in which the past form (Past Simple) and the form Participle II (Participle II) are formed by adding the ending -ed to the initial form. The table "Three verb forms in English. Regular verbs" will help you better understand this rule.

There are some features when forming Participle I and Participle II:

if the verb ends with the letter -e, then adding -ed does not double it;
The consonant in monosyllabic verbs is duplicated when added. Example: stop - stopped (stop - stopped);
if the verb ends in -y with a preceding consonant, then y changes to i before adding -ed.

Verbs that do not obey the general rule in the formation of tense forms are called irregular. In English, these include the Past Simple and Participle II verb forms.

Irregular verbs are formed using:

ablauta, in which the root changes. Example: swim - swam - swum (swim - swam - swam);

the use of suffixes different from those accepted in the grammar of the language. Example: do - did - done (do - did - did);

identical or unchangeable form. Example: cut - cut - cut (cut - cut - cut).

Due to the fact that each irregular verb has its own inflection, they should be learned by heart.

There are a total of 218 irregular verbs in the English language, of which approximately 195 are in active use.

Recent research in the field of language shows that rare verbs are gradually disappearing from the language due to the replacement of the 2nd and 3rd forms with forms of the regular verb, that is, the addition of the ending - ed. This fact is confirmed by the table “Three verb forms in English” - the table presents a number of verbs that have both regular and irregular forms.

table of irregular verbs

The table "Three Forms of Irregular Verbs in English" includes the most frequently used verbs. The table shows 3 forms and translation.

Irregular verbs came to modern English from Old English, which was spoken by the Angles and Saxons - British tribes.

Irregular verbs evolved from so-called strong verbs, each of which had its own type of conjugation.

Researchers from Harvard found that the majority of verbs used are irregular, and they will remain so because they are used more often than others.

There is also a phenomenon in the history of the English language when a regular verb became irregular. For example, sneak, which has 2 forms - sneaked and snuck.

Not only English learners have problems with verbs, but also native speakers, as even they find themselves in awkward situations when it comes to this difficult part of speech.

One of them is Jennifer Garner, who all her life was sure that sneak was the correct verb.

She was corrected by the host of one of the programs in which the actress took part. With a dictionary in hand, he pointed out to Jennifer her mistake.

Therefore, you should not be upset if you make mistakes when using irregular verbs. The main thing is that they do not become systematic.

Regular verbs

The table "Three forms of regular verbs in English with transcription and translation" is compiled on the basis of the most frequently used verbs.

		Past Participle I and II
ask
answer
allow
agree
borrow, borrow

copy, rewrite
prepare
close

carry, drag
call, call
discuss
decide, decide
explain	explain
slide
cry, scream
finish, finish, end

shine
rub
grab
to help
happen, happen
manage
look


like
move, move
manage
to be necessary, to need
open
recall


suggest	sadgesture
study, study
stop, cease
start off
travel
speak
transfer	translate
try, try
use
worry
walk, walk
look

work

Examples of using 3 forms of verbs with translation

Above we looked at 3 forms of verbs in English. A table with examples of use and translation will help reinforce the topic.

Here, for each grammatical construction, two examples are given - one with regular and one with irregular verbs.

Grammar design	Example in English	Translation
Past Simple	Peter worked yesterday. She felt bad last week.	Peter worked yesterday. She didn't feel well last week.
Present Perfect Tense	James has already helped me. Have you ever been to Thailand?	James has already helped me. Have you ever been to Thailand?
Past Perfect Tense	I understood that I had used my last ticket. Helen noticed that she had forgotten her documents at home.	I realized that I had used the last ticket. She realized that she had forgotten the documents at home.
Passive Voice	Amy was taken to the zoo last Sunday. A baby is sung a lullaby every night.	Amy was taken to the zoo last Sunday. The baby is sung a lullaby every night.
Conditional	If I had money, I would buy a car. If she could help us, she would have done it.	If I had money, I would buy a car. If she could help us, she would.

Exercises

To better memorize irregular verbs, you need not only to learn them by heart and repeat them, but also to perform various exercises.

Exercise 1. Here is the table "Three verb forms in English. Irregular verbs." Fill in one of the three missing forms.

Exercise 2. Here is the table "Three verb forms in English. Regular verbs." Insert forms Participle I and II.

Exercise 3. Using the tables, translate the following sentences into English.

I was reading a book.
We saw them yesterday.
The Smiths lived in London until 2000. They then moved to Manchester.
Alice was a university student in 2014.
They worked in the same company two years ago.
He just finished training.
When we were children, my mother often took us to this park.
I drove a toy car as a child.

Answers to exercises

Exercise 1.

Exercise 2.

asked, borrowed, closed, decided, explained, helped, started, traveled, used, worked.

Exercise 3.

I read a book.
We saw them yesterday.
The Smiths lived in London till 2000. Then they moved to Manchester.
Alice was a student of Univercity in 2014.
They worked in the same company two years ago.
He has just finished training.
When we were children we took for a walk to this park.
I drove a toy car in my childhood.

Make it a habit to periodically repeat the basic forms of the English verb. A table with irregular verbs, doing exercises and periodic repetition will help you quickly cope with the difficulties of the English language.