"nouns of the general gender." Examples of common nouns

Balda, poor fellow, white-handed, beast, chatterbox, tramp, beech, big man, tycoon, liar, know-it-all, squeezed, drank, upstart, bouncer, wretched, thug, dirty, goofy, reveler, hustler, good-natured, dear, goner, cudgel, fool, fool, big guy, fidget, greedy, victim, bully, ringleader, bully, arrogant, stutterer, dirty, runny, splinter, bore, sang, boss, big man, crammed, cripple, capricious, scoundrel, crook, bloodsucker, biter, reveler, gourmand, liar, lazybones, scrapper, muff, baby, good fellow, ignorant, ignoramus, klutz, touchy, half-educated, fidget, slob, rip off, glutton, good girl, scribbler, crybaby, beggar, suck-up, beggar, fastidious, sticky, pestered, burnt-out, scoundrel, simpleton, scoundrel, windbag, drunkard, hard worker, ragged, confused, disheveled, weakling, self-taught, holy man, handsome, orphan, curmudgeon, sweet tooth, sweet tooth, sleepyhead, daredevil, dude, scary, chattering, namesake, grouse, quiet, hasty, stupid, smart, ugly, prude, grabber, cunning, swindler, scoundrel, sneak.

Gender of indeclinable nouns

Indeclinable nouns reveal their gender syntactically, in combination with words that explain them: military attache, short interview.

In modern literary language, indeclinable nouns make up about 350 common nouns, excluding a large group of indeclinable proper names, geographical names and compound words.

The gender of indeclinable nouns is related to the semantics of the word. First of all, there is a distinction between animate and inanimate nouns. In animate nouns, gender is determined by the biological sex of the named persons or animals. Words that name male persons by profession, social status, character traits, etc. are masculine nouns: attaché, bourgeois, impresario, caballero, entertainer, croupier, curé, effendi, Yankee.

The names of female persons are feminine: ingénue, lady, madame, mademoiselle, milady, miss, missus, lady, frau, emancipe.

Some nouns that have a generic meaning can be used to refer to both a man and a woman: counterpart, incognito, protégé, ultra and etc.

Words denoting animals are classified as masculine in dictionaries: dingo, zebu, kiwi-kiwi, hummingbird, kangaroo, cockatoo, marabou, pony, flamingo, chimpanzee. The exception is the names of the African fly - tsetse(f.o.) and commercial fish Ivasi(f.r.).

In a text or in oral speech, when a female animal is named, all nouns that are recommended as masculine words can also agree on the feminine gender: kangaroo feeding baby, The little chimpanzee was named Betsy.

The names of inanimate objects most often refer to neuter nouns. Deviations from this general rule and fluctuations in generic form are observed primarily in cases where indeclinable words are closely related to semantically similar generalizing words. Sometimes in these cases the gender of the generalizing word wins, although in general throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. There is a tendency to eliminate hesitations in favor of neuter options.

The following fluctuations and deviations from the norm have been recorded in modern literary language: Avenue(female birth and middle age), auto(s.r. and m.r.), whiskey(wed and female, rarely - m.r.), Jersey(s.r. and m.r.).

List of nouns whose gender varies:

Bolero (m.b. and w.r.), wildebeest (m.b. and f.b.), dingo (m.b. and f.r.), Jersey (m.b. and w.r. ), incognito (m.r. and m.r. more often), coffee (m.r. and m.r. – colloquial), mango “tropical tree” (m.r. and m.r.), mezzo -soprano (middle and middle birth – colloquial), pas de deux “a type of pair dance” (middle and middle birth), pas de trois “a type of ballet dance for three "(sr.r. and m.r.), rally (m.r. and m.r.), salami (f.r.), soprano (sr.r. and m.r.).

Common nouns are a group of nouns that, depending on the context, can be either masculine or feminine nouns.

Among them there can be both common nouns and proper nouns.

Examples of common nouns of general gender: orphan, dirty, quiet, orphan. You can say both an unhappy orphan and an unhappy orphan.

Examples of proper names of the general gender are the names Sasha, Shura, Zhenya and others, which can be used in relation to both a woman and a man. This also includes foreign-language surnames ending in a vowel (for example: Morois) and some other surnames (for example, with the ending -ИХ: Borzykh).

The gender of nouns in the Russian language is a lexical and grammatical category that directly refers to a set of words that are masculine (TV), feminine (antenna), neuter (sun) and the so-called general gender (crybaby, smart girl, fidget).

The last group of words includes many classic examples when a noun is superficially similar to a feminine word, but can be correlated and semantically consistent with words of various parts of speech that have forms of any of the genders.

For example.

• Bully Petya constantly clashed with his classmates.
• The bully Masha constantly quarreled with her neighbors.
• The bully sun no longer allowed the last snow to lie quietly and made deep holes in it.

Common gender nouns are words that, looking at them, it is impossible to determine what gender they belong to. But you can say this, for example:

In the first context the word ditch used as a masculine noun. And in the second context - as a feminine noun. Everything depends on the meaning of the sentence and the entire text with the general noun included in it:

• Rva Zina cried and cried. Rva is a rva.
• Rva Kostya cried all day long. Rva is Rva.

Some universal proper names are sometimes conventionally classified as nouns of the general gender (Zhenya, Sasha, Valya, Shura, Sima, Bondarenko, Krutykh, Longshanks). In this same group, one can situationally include a number of words denoting professions (he is a doctor; she is a doctor; he is a janitor, she is a janitor).

But it should be taken into account that the latest examples (with professions) are far from classic and in many cases erroneous. In the dictionary, the word doctor, for example, will be listed as masculine. Same with the wiper. Therefore, we can only say that such words sometimes take on some functions nouns of the general gender, while not being such.

Common nouns in the Russian language are nouns that can be used in both the masculine and feminine gender and, both grammatically and in meaning, are both a masculine and a feminine noun (and neuter too). For example: smart girl, good fellow - these words are common nouns.

In Russian, nouns usually belong to one of three genders: masculine (city, youth, apprentice), feminine (matryshka, girl, nanny) and neuter (lake, crossroads, mumi). But among first declension nouns with the ending -A highlight words general kind, which have a masculine or feminine meaning depending on the context:

Confused Tom is always looking for a pen. Confused Kolya asked me for an elastic band.

In the first example, the word lost is feminine, since a feminine name is indicated, in the second it is masculine.

Words of the general gender traditionally include nouns: orphan, crybaby, bully, liar, slob, gourmet, crook, singer, weirdo, crammer, tramp, etc.

Common gender of nouns means that, depending on neighboring words in a sentence, similar nouns can become either masculine, feminine or neuter without changing their spelling.

Similar words include a number of nouns, for example, crybaby, hard worker, Sasha, Valya, doctor, incognito, ignorant, etc. Thus, such nouns are immediately visible to the naked eye, since it is impossible to say to what gender they specifically belong.



Example of using common nouns:



There are a lot of such nouns in the Russian language. Depending on the context in the sentence, they can be either feminine or masculine. And don’t be confused by the typical female ending a or its absence in some cases.

Examples from professions: doctor, judge, cook, secretary, foreman, director.

Inflexible surnames and abbreviated names: Sasha, Valya, Zhenya, Belykh, Chernenko, Sizykh.

Emotionally charged nouns that give some characterization of a person: bully, slob, bungler, hard worker, clever, incompetent, klutz, rascal, scoundrel, ignoramus.

There are also unchangeable words, such as: vis-a-vis, incognito, protégé.

Examples of nouns general kind In russian language:

sleepyhead, reluctant, bully, well done, clever, clever, slob, suck-up, mean, hard worker, orphan, baby, restless.

With these words we can call people of both sexes:

Katyusha Sonya. Pavlik Sonya.

She's a slob. He's a slob.





There are nouns in the Russian language that refer neither to the male nor to the female gender. These are common nouns. Such nouns include, for example, words such as well done, bully, sleepyhead, sweet tooth, ignoramus, ignorant and others

In Russian there is such an interesting concept as common nouns.

These are nouns that can be either masculine or feminine, depending on the type of object they are associated with.

These nouns have 1 declension - that is, they end in A and Z.

They are used to denote the character traits of a creature.

For example, dirty, imaginary, neat, etc.

These words can apply to any living beings whose behavior can be somehow characterized - that is, to people, animals...



Examples

1) Masha is quiet with us!

How quiet you are! - the mother said to her son.

2) My daughter is a crybaby! - my friend complained

Ivan, it turns out you’re a crybaby! - classmates laughed at the boy.

3) Katya, what a sleepyhead you are! - said mom

Get up, sleepyhead! - the grandmother woke up her grandson.

By common nouns in Russian we mean those nouns that can combine equally well with words of both masculine and feminine gender. You could say these are a kind of intermediate words. Example: Vanya - sleepyhead; Tanya is a sleepyhead. THE WORD SONYA.

These are also words such as fidget, quiet, dirty, tramp.

Common gender

A special place is occupied by words with the ending -a, expressing the assessment attached to persons of the masculine and feminine gender; they change their gender depending on whether in each specific case they refer to a man or a woman, for example: Petya is a great smart girl, Masha is a great smart girl. Such words are not exactly called words of the general gender. These include: the bully, the touchy-feely, the crybaby, the white-handed one, the dirty one, the sissy, the hard worker, the wretched, the hasty, the gourmand, the fidget, etc. “Ten years before the events described, Uncle Maxim was known as the most dangerous bully not only in the vicinity of his estate, but even in Kyiv at “Contracts”".

General nouns do not include the above names of persons by age, family social status with the ending -a: young man, elder, uncle, which always remain masculine words, as well as evaluative words that do not have the ending - a: darling, bumpkin, lazy, scoundrel, scoundrel, slobber, as a general rule, belonging to the masculine gender.

Beloshapkova V.A., Bryzgunova E.A. and others in the textbook “Modern Russian Language” classify as common nouns words that previously belonged to the masculine gender: doctor, doctor, director, secretary, surgeon, agronomist, etc. Moreover, denoting female persons, these nouns are easily combined with feminine forms of the past tense of verbs: the doctor came, the director said, and are also easily changed by the pronoun - the noun she. Thus, words like director, doctor, engineer are no longer masculine words, but have not yet become words of the general gender. After all, they can be combined with adjectives in the masculine form (good, respected, etc.) and cannot be combined with adjectives in the feminine form (in Russian you cannot say “good doctor” or “dear director” even when denoting feminine persons floor). These are kind of just “candidates” for words of a general gender.

The latest changes in the structure of the gender of nouns are related to the living conditions of people - the active participation of women in industrial and social life, their mastery of “male” professions. The language had masculine nouns to denote these professions and positions. A contradiction arose between the phenomena of life and the means of language. However, one can hardly assume that the complete entry into the general gender of words like director, and even more so of phrases like good doctor (genitive case) or respected secretary (dative case) will happen in the near future.

Paired gender

The three traditional genders do not reflect the properties of all Russian nouns, even those considered in the nominative singular form. We are talking about nouns that name objects that are singular, concrete, associated with the idea of ​​counting, but do not have formal means to express the uniqueness of plurality: trousers, scales, scissors, glasses, sleigh, abacus, watch, tongs, etc. It is clear that nouns of this type, being from the point of view of content ordinary words of the Russian language, cannot be classified as either masculine, neuter, or feminine. These nouns represent a special gender in Russian. Their genus is called paired because they designate objects consisting of two parts (glasses, sleigh, scissors, trousers, gates). Among the nouns of the paired gender there are no ones that denote animate objects. Therefore, the adjectives, participles, verbs in the past tense form that agree with these nouns, or the pronouns that replace these nouns completely coincide with the corresponding consistent word forms associated with the plural forms of inanimate nouns of the masculine, feminine and neuter gender. However, this point of view is purely formal. Taking into account the meaning of paired nouns, it is necessary to recognize that they, as well as the word forms that agree with them, have homonymy of numbers. The selection of paired gender is also dictated by the fact that grammatical categories must cover all vocabulary united by the concept of “part of speech”.

Beloshapkova V.A., Bryzgunova E.A. and others in the textbook “Modern Russian Language” defined a clear gender system. “In the Russian language there is a system of four genders, three of which are divided into animate and inanimate varieties. This system can be presented in the form of seven concordant classes: I - male inanimate (factory), II - male animate (boy), III - female inanimate (factory), IV - female animate (girl), V - average inanimate (field) , VI - medium animate (insect), VII - paired (pants). It can be argued that there are no nouns in the Russian language that could not be classified into one of the seven concordant classes."

But in the Russian language there are nouns that can be simultaneously classified into several concordant classes. These nouns of “crossed” concordant classes (according to A.A. Zaliznyak’s terminology) can be of two types:

1. Nouns denoting substances, materials that have a collective meaning, naming abstract actions, processes, states, games, geographical locations - nouns whose lexical meaning is not associated with expressing the idea of ​​quantity. These nouns, which have a singular form, belong to the feminine or neuter gender, do not have differences in agreement due to animateness and inanimateness, and, therefore, can be considered as belonging simultaneously to classes III and IV (youth) or classes V and VI (students). Words of this group, having a plural form, can be considered as simultaneously belonging to classes I, III, V and VII (spirits).

2. Nouns capable of having two gender meanings - masculine and feminine: ignorant, bully, soy. If a given word characterizes a female person (Masha was a terrible ignoramus), the word refers to the feminine gender; if the person is male (Petya was an unimaginable bully), the word refers to the masculine gender. Such nouns are called common nouns.

(according to Ivanov)

Almost all grammars distinguish the so-called. "common gender". This includes words with inflection-A in im.p., naming persons by characteristic action or property, and having the same system of inflections as masculine and feminine nouns with inflection -A.

Classical morphology, as well as dictionaries, do not distinguish neuter nouns. It is believed that in words like “dormouse”, “bully”, “crybaby”, the masculine and feminine forms are homonymous. Conclusion: in all Russian language textbooks at school, common nouns are highlighted. But in explanatory dictionaries there is no contrast between male-female-average general! Such a separate class of words as common nouns does not exist in reality! This is just a linguistic methodological device. There is no general gender in the dictionary!

(according to Kamynina)

Kamynina divides nouns into classes, which in turn include nouns of the general gender.

Animate nouns of general gender (or bigender substantives). The core of this class is such personal, regularly stylistically marked, evaluative and expressing qualitative words as dirty, slob, neat, stupid, scoundrel, quiet dude, suck-up, weasel, stutterer, fidget, idle talker etc. Words of general gender also include 1) diminutive proper names (Valya, Lera, Sasha, Shura, Sima, Zhenya) male and female persons, 2) foreign indeclinable surnames Joliot-Curie, Rossini, Verdi, Dumas, Rabelais, Hugo, Ukrainian surnames - about Shevchenko, surnames like Long, Twisted, 3) indeclinable personal nouns like counterpart, protégé, Sami.

Words of general gender are specifically characterized by three obligatory properties.

Firstly, they must denote male and female persons, secondly, in phrases and sentences they must be combined with consistent forms of masculine and feminine gender, thirdly, without agreement, their gender is not defined as either masculine or feminine.

Words that exhibit some of the listed characteristics do not belong to the general gender. For example, in the sentence Someone wrote to him from Moscow that a famous person would soon enter into a legal marriage with a young and beautiful girl(Pushkin) word individual denotes a man, but it cannot be attributed to the general gender, since it has a fixed gender, and an adjective in the masculine form is not attached to it. Nouns like doctor, professor, historian, expert, fighter, calling people by profession or some quality. Although such nouns are similar to words of the general gender in meaning and in agreement between the forms of the predicate (The doctor saw 1 patients from two o'clock to seven), but they do not completely coincide with them. First, the words doctor, professor, historian and others have a gender outside (?!) of use. Secondly, feminine adjectival forms are not combined with them in the structure of the phrase: we do not say: *I’m going to see my friend Professor 1 *to see a new doctor for a consultation.

In the same way, animate and inanimate concrete nouns used in evaluative-predicative, regularly negative meanings are not words of a general gender: donkey, bear, camel, fox, pig, crow, snake, saw, knife, hat.

According to the observation of researchers, words of general gender are heterogeneous according to bigender. They are divided into three groups. IN first the group includes genetically feminine words, for example, smart girl. When combined with a masculine adjective, such lexemes are called male persons, and in combination with feminine adjectives “remain neutral to the gender of the referent” (G. I. Panova): He is a big smart guy (Yuna is a big smart guy). He is a great smart guy. She is very smart although they are primarily used in the feminine sense.

Second the group consists of words of a general gender, genetically ascending to the masculine gender: headman, judge, sang, caroused. They are often used in the masculine sense. The masculine form of the adjective with them indicates a male person, and the feminine form indicates a female person (our 1 is our headman).

On the third the group includes nouns, as defined by G.I. Panova, “with an equal degree of manifestation of feminine and masculine properties” 37 . These include, first of all, diminutive proper names and indeclinable surnames. The distinction between the sexes of these nouns is also achieved using compatible word forms: our Sasha said, our Sasha said;

From the system of gender relations of nouns, a rather numerous, diverse and very expressive group of words of a common (or rather: both, masculine and feminine) gender, ending in the nominative case with - A(-I) and meaning not only female but also male persons.

Some, although very few, of the nouns that have grammatical features of the feminine gender directly indicate male persons (for example: nobleman, voivode, elder and some others). But the category of such words is - A, belonging only to the masculine gender, is archaic and unproductive. The vast majority of such words are of a general gender. Modern scientific grammar, following A. Kh. Vostokov and A. A. Shakhmatov, sees in masculine words - A one of the most essential grammatical features of the category of person, separated from the general meaning of objectivity (perhaps under the influence of pronouns). The category of person is contrasted with the category of non-person.

Question about masculine words in - A is not limited to a simple indication of their belonging to the category of person. Of the recent Russian linguists, Prof. A. M. Peshkovsky. "Nouns like governor, judge“, he wrote, “we consider it a special syncretic generic category... we believe that the combination of feminine endings with the designation of male persons at the base and with the masculine agreement of the adjective is a special fact of speech consciousness, distinguishing these contradictory elements and synthesizing them in a certain way, and in some cases even intentionally, in the form of a new formation that combines them. In other words, we see here something like a “masculinized feminine” or, more accurately, a “feminized masculine” (from masculinus- "male" and femininus- “female”) with a special combination of meanings..."

But prof. A. M. Peshkovsky did not have time to express his point of view. He even lost sight of the fact that this “syncretistic generic category” has long attracted the attention of grammarians. There have been attempts to approach it from different angles and illuminate its meaning in the Russian literary language, as well as its genesis. Vostokov already pointed out that words of the general gender in - A"means the qualities of people"

K. S. Aksakov in his “Experience of Russian Grammar” tried to illuminate the question of the semantic foundations of the category of general (masculine-feminine) gender from the other side: “Taken by themselves, these names are of the feminine gender; they expressed the understanding of the matter in the feminine form words. After, this understanding (since such names express either a more or less abstract understanding, and not the name of an object, or an object taken in a metaphorical sense) [our discharge -. IN.IN.] was actually transferred to male persons, - in other words, used in the feminine sense together, for female persons, - and in others - only in the male ( judge)" .

Thus, K. S. Aksakov drew attention to two circumstances:

1) the overwhelming majority of words of the general gender start with - A is the result of a metaphorical or generally figurative application of abstract or specific words of the feminine gender to persons. These are originally feminine words;

2) they are not actually names of persons, but their characteristics, their nicknames (with a few exceptions).

F. I. Buslaev and especially A. A. Potebnya delved deeper into the reasons for the transition of concrete, abstract and collective concepts (like servant, service, simplicity, antiquity, man etc.) into the face category. They lifted the curtain on the history of the development of words of a general gender in - A. They also identified techniques and principles of metonymic and metaphorical application of feminine words to male persons, for example: head, orphan, spinning top etc. Cf.: “He is a woman. A pitiful woman, however; a woman should not love him at all” (Dostoevsky, “Demons”); “But it will all end with this old woman Pyotr Nikolaevich and his sister asking him for an apology” (Chekhov, “The Seagull”).

Combination of masculine and feminine genders in the general part of the designations of persons on - A justified by their sharp expressiveness. In the category of general gender, emotionally charged words predominate, penetrating into the literary language from living oral speech and sometimes bearing a strong imprint of a familiar and even vulgar style. Number of Slavicisms among personal words in - A insignificant. Most of the archaisms and Slavicisms are masculine ( voivode, nobleman, judge, vita, elder, lord, forerunner, youth). The category of general gender includes several living types of word formation.

In modern literary language, the category of general gender is generally unproductive. Feminine words ending in a soft consonant with a zero ending in the nominative case (like scum, rubbish, trash, need, evil spirits etc.) do not go into the category of general gender (cf. Vulg.-Bran. bastard; Wed use that arose in the 20s - 30s of the 19th century. words mediocrity, mediocrity, celebrity, innocence and some others; Wed nonentity). In the category of general gender, words starting with - A with bright expressive colors. Most of them belong to colloquial language or familiar vernacular. In this environment, the exfoliation of the old church-bookish, high vocabulary is subject to a contemptuous and ironic revaluation (cf. masculine words in - A:arrogantnobleman; Wed the possibility of only ironic application to modern phenomena of such words as voivode, wine drinker, vitija and so on.). Or Slavicisms are preserved as official terms (for example: judge, murderer, matricide and so on.). The bright expressive coloring characteristic of almost all words of the general gender is emphasized by the discrepancy between their structure and meaning. This entire complex range of semantic shades is built on the basis of the class of feminine words. The application of feminine words to men gives rise to a peculiar expressive connotation of these words. This phenomenon vividly reflects the social status of a woman and her attitude towards the female sex 24 . Hyphenation of words with a formal sign of the feminine gender (with a morpheme - A) on male faces has become a colorful means of linguistic representation. But this, of course, does not mean that all words of the general gender are - A pass through the feminine class without fail. Thus, the category of gender has in the Russian language system not only direct, but also figurative, expressive meanings (cf. fixing some words to - A only for the masculine gender, for example young fellow, rake and others like that; Wed man). All these linguistic facts prove the greater grammatical weight of the feminine gender comparatively and correlatively with the masculine gender (cf. loiterer in Gogol's "Dead Souls", formed from loiterer; Wed beggar). These facts also contain visual evidence of the living content of the category of gender. The category of gender of nouns (as well as the category of number and case) in its meaning differs sharply from the category of gender of adjectives and even the past tense of a verb (form in - l), despite “a certain amount of independence in the gender of the verb. It is not only a grammatical, but also a lexical support for the meaning of objectivity.

Lesson No.________

Subject: " Common nouns"

The purpose of the lesson: To introduce students to the concept of “common gender” for nouns.

Tasks:subject: develop the ability to find common nouns in a sentence or text; begin to develop the ability to use common nouns in speech;

meta-subject : develop coherent speech, logical thinking, promote the development of interest in learning new things.

personal : create an atmosphere conducive to the education of the individual in a social partnership (student - student, student - teacher, student - team), cultivate a love for the Russian language.

Lesson type: lesson of discovering new knowledge.

During the classes

Teacher activities

Student activities

Organizational stage.

Checking the class's readiness for the lesson. Finding out the absences and the reasons. Entry in the journal and notebook of reception and transmission.

Welcome.

The class attendants answer.

Checking d/z.

Checking for homework

Works are shown.

Spelling warm-up

Stick, burn, school, station, big, babysitter, passing success, land, land on the moon, arrive in the city, stay in the city, gallop up, very unpleasant, enormous, beautiful.

Explain the choice of console.

Exercise: write down from memory all the different indeclinable nouns.

Two people are working at the board.

Language warm-up.

Exercise: write down sentences, graphically indicate the grammatical basis, determine the gender of the noun.

Motivation for UD.

Questions:

1.Name the constant morphological features of a noun.

2. So, gender is one of the constant features of a noun, i.e. one that is given once and for all.

3. Determine what kind of nouns these are ( quiet, restless).

Nouns can be common or proper, animate or inanimate, and belong to one of 3 genders: feminine, masculine, neuter.

Students express their opinions: some believe that it is masculine, others – feminine ( the emergence of a problematic situation).

Names appear next to the words “ Lena is quiet”, “Vasya is fidgety”

4.Tell me, now we can determine the gender of the noun “quiet” and “fidgety” (presentation of the second fact)

Students determine

quiet - feminine

fidget – masculine

The teacher reverses the proper names and it turns out

“Lena is a fidget”, “Vasya is quiet”

5. Can you say that?

6. What interesting things did you notice? (encouraging awareness of contradiction)

7. But gender is a constant morphological feature of nouns.

What question arises after considering these examples??

What problem should we solve in today's lesson?? (encouragement to formulate a problem)

YES!

These nouns can be either masculine or feminine.

Why can some nouns be both masculine and feminine? What are their names? (learning problem as a question

Announcement of the topic. Setting goals and objectives. Lesson plan explanation.

Announces the topic, purpose, objectives of the lesson, plan. Write on the board and in the class journal.

Design of a notebook. Epigraph design.

Working on the topic.

The definition of “general genus” is formulated.

In the Russian language there are nouns with the ending -а (-я) in the singular, which are masculine if they denote male persons, and feminine if they denote female persons.

Such nouns are called generic nouns.

Working with the textbook §32, page 124

Studying the textbook material (team work).

Assignment: write the words in two columns:

1 column– generic nouns that name unattractive character traits of a person

2 column– other common nouns

1 option: bully, glutton, bungler, suck-up, sneak, crybaby, roar, bully, ragged, quibble, bore, dirty, arrogant.

Option 2: sweet tooth, neat, sweet tooth, quiet, smart, restless, poor thing.

Which group turned out to be bigger?

Try to guess in what style of speech the words of this group are most often used.

Determine what type of activity we should move on to now? An ancient Greek philosopher once remarked: “Health is what people most strive to preserve and least cherish.”

There are more words in the first column. Most likely it is a conversational style, less often an artistic one.

Physical education minute(Do a warm-up while reading a poem)

Cloud

Draw a cloud on the classroom ceiling with your eyes and trace the path of a snowflake to the ground.

Let's do an eye exercise now, friends. They looked to the right, to the left, their eyes became cheerful. Bottom up and top down. You, crystal, don’t be angry, Look at the ceiling, find a corner there. To make our muscles stronger, we look diagonally. We will not take a compass, we will write a circle with our eyes. Now let's write the words. Whose letters will be higher? “Dad”, “mom”, “house”, “grass” - we can see it outside our window. Look outside the window. What do you see there in the distance? And now to the tip of the nose. Repeat this eight times - the eye will see better. The eyes thank us, they tell us all to blink. We blink our eyes smoothly, Then we close our eyes so that we have more strength, We put our palms on them.

Fixing the material.

Formation of skills in using common nouns in speech.

Suggestions on the board:

Together with the teacher, they develop an algorithm for agreeing common nouns with adjectives and pronouns.

1. My brother Vitya is a real... bully.

1. Let’s find common nouns in the sentence.

2. Sister Olya is known to everyone... quiet.

2. Let’s determine whether it belongs to a male or female person.

3. This... little... fidget could not sit still for a minute.

3. If masculine, then the common noun and the endings of the adjective and pronouns will correspond to the masculine gender.

Assignment: complete the endings of adjectives and pronouns.

4. If feminine, then both the common noun and the adjective will be feminine.

For example: 1) Zabiyaka is a common noun, related to the noun Vitya.

2) Vitya - brother, boy, denotes a male person.

3) Zabiyaka is masculine, meaning “My brother Vitya is a real bully.”

Creative task. Write a miniature essay “The Character of My Friend” using common nouns according to plan:

1 sentence – positive character traits;

Sentence 2 – negative character traits;

Sentence 3 – your attitude.

Write an essay for 5 minutes and then read it aloud.

Sample: My friend Tanya is very smart, clean and has a sweet tooth. Sometimes she can be a terrible bully and sneak. But I love her.

Ex. 244, page 125

Reflection.

What was the topic of the lesson? What new did you learn? What have you learned?

Common nouns.

Common nouns can be feminine if they denote female persons and can be masculine if they denote male persons.

We learned to use them in speech and correctly coordinate with adjectives, pronouns, and verbs in the past tense.

Homework. Assessment.

§32, ex. 242.

Diary entry.

At the end of the lesson, the game “On the contrary”:

And it’s your turn

Play the game “Verse versa”.

I will say the word “high”, and you will answer: “low”

I will say the word “far”, and you will answer: “close”

I will tell you the word “coward”, you will answer: “brave”

Now I will say “beginning”. Well, answer: “the end!”