History of the Primorsky region. Two sites of ancient people were found in Russian in Primorye Development of Primorye

The history of Primorsky Krai goes back a long period, approximately 30 thousand years. This is confirmed by the ancients. In later Chinese chronicles, you can find information about the population of the Primorsky Territory. According to them, this territory was quite densely populated. Ancient people were engaged in fishing, gathering, hunting, and raised pigs and dogs. During the Middle Ages, there were centers of civilization here - the Tungus states of Bohai and Jurchens.

Monuments of the prehistoric period

The earliest monument of the prehistoric period of the history of the Primorsky Territory is the cave of the Geographical Society, located in the rock of the Catherine Massif, which historians date back to the Early Paleolithic, its age is 32 thousand years. It is located in the Partizansky district near the village of Ekaterinovka.

The ancient history of the Primorsky Territory is confirmed by finds made by archaeologists. The monuments of the Osinovskaya culture, located near the village of Osinovka, Mikhailovsky district, and the Ustinovskaya culture, located near the village of Ustinovka, Kavalerovsky district, date back to this time. They were opened in 1953.

The Neolithic includes monuments of several cultures, such as Zaysanovskaya, Boismanskaya, Imanskaya, Vetkinskaya, Rudninskaya. They are represented by finds of pottery and textiles. The most significant ones are located in a cave in the burial grounds on the shore of Boysman Bay. Representatives of the Zaisan culture, who inhabited the southern regions of the Primorsky Territory, were engaged in agriculture.

The Bronze Age in the history of the Primorsky Territory is characterized by the appearance of fortified settlements, which speaks of armed conflicts. Monuments of the Margaritov culture are located in the eastern region of the region, in the bays of the Sailor-Fisherman, Olga, Preobrazheniya, and Evstafiya.

Age of Iron

With the advent of the Iron Age (800 BC), settlements appeared. Their inhabitants are representatives of the Yankov culture. These are the first ancient people in the history of the Primorsky Territory who were engaged in growing crops. They planted millet and barley, made pottery and metal tools, and were engaged in fishing and gathering.

Almost at the same time, representatives of another culture lived in the West of Primorye - the Krounov culture. These are the Woju tribes.

First states

The following can be briefly said about this period in the history of Primorsky Krai. In 500 AD, Primorye was inhabited by the Sumo Moeh tribes, who formed the first state in the history of the region. In the 8th century it began to be called Bohai, but did not exist for long (698-926). This period of history is characterized by the beginning of the stratification of society, and the emergence of classes and authorities based on legitimate violence.

Qualitatively different forms of management appear in the economy: arable farming, crafts such as blacksmithing, pottery, and weaving are emerging. The first cities appear. At the beginning of the 10th century, the state of Bohai was destroyed by the nomadic Mongol tribes of the Khitans. The territory was plundered and lay desolate.

As a result of the unification of the Heishui Moeh, who have been called Jurchen since the 10th century, the new state of Jin, or the Golden Empire, was formed. Duration of existence - from 1115 to 1234. This state pursued a militant policy. In 1125, she defeated the Liao Khitan Empire and waged wars with the Chinese Song Empire, as a result of which she managed to subjugate Northern China. The decline of the Jin Empire came in the 13th century due to the Mongol invasions. To put it briefly: in the history of the Primorsky Territory, the time of ancient cities was over.

The eastern remnants of the empire, which retained their independence, formed the state of Eastern Xia, which existed until 1233. After the third campaign of the Mongols it ceased to exist. After the fourth invasion of the Mongols, who forcibly took the male population into the army, and resettled the remaining inhabitants to the Liaohe River valley, making them slaves. Historians have not discovered the presence of other states on the territory of the Primorsky Territory.

The history of the development of the Primorsky Territory by Russian pioneers

It is documented that the appearance of Russians in the Primorsky Territory dates back to 1655. This is the time of development of Siberia. The Cossacks moved further to the East through a vast, practically uninhabited territory until they reached the Pacific coast. The first detachment to reach northern Primorye came under the command of O. Stepanov. Gradually, the Russian advance to the East became more and more noticeable. Fugitive peasants, convicts, adventurers, and dissenters made their way here from central Russia, who played a significant role in the history of the development of the Primorsky Territory.

The obstacle was impassable lands. But the establishment of centralized power in Siberia was the reason for the movement of the Russian population to the East. The Primorsky region was of interest not only to Russian researchers, but also to the French. At the beginning of the 18th century, in 1787, cartographic expeditions from France worked in Primorye.

The east coast was explored by the famous French traveler Jean La Perouse. Their research left a significant mark on the history of the development and study of the Primorsky Territory. Russian pioneers used maps compiled by the French for a long time.

In order to officially secure the territory of the Primorsky Territory, the Russian government decides to legalize it by forming the Primorsky Region. It included the coastal lands of Eastern Siberia, including Kamchatka. A year later, in 1857, the Amur Region was separated from the Primorsky Region.

Inclusion of Primorye into Russia

The sovereign territory of any state has borders. After Primorye was included in Russia, the border with China was legally formalized by the Treaty of Aigun (1858) and confirmed and expanded by the Treaty of Beijing (1860). The territory defined by the treaties became almost the same as it is now. I would like to note that the Chinese consider the treaties unfair and are confident that sooner or later the territory including Vladivostok will pass to them.

Foundation of Vladivostok

The main central settlement was the city of Nikolaevsk, which is currently part of the Khabarovsk Territory. The Pacific Fleet was based in this area. In 1859, the Governor-General of Eastern Siberia N. Muravyov-Amursky inspected the coastal area on his ship in order to select a convenient bay for the construction of a port. He found it - this is the protected Golden Horn Bay. Exactly a year later, a military post was established here, and subsequently the city of Vladivostok was built. This year he will turn 158 years old.

Founding of Ussuriysk

One of the largest cities in the Far East is the city of Ussuriysk, Primorsky Krai. The history of its formation is one of many similar stories of other settlements in Primorye. Initially, the settlement founded by settlers was called Nikolsk in honor of Nikolai Ugodnik. It was founded in 1866 by settlers from Voronezh and

Subsequently, immigrants from Ukraine were resettled here. The largest garrison was based here. 30 years after its founding, the number of residents was more than 8 thousand people. Initially the city was called Nikolsk-Ussuriysky, until 1957 it was called Voroshilov. Currently it is Ussuriysk.

Settlement of Primorsky Krai

The most significant role in the history of the creation of the Primorsky Territory was played by the Cossacks. It was they who created the first villages and military posts in the bays of the Sea of ​​Japan. The government set two most important tasks for them: to settle on new lands, build new settlements and guard the territory that belonged to them.

The pioneers were the detachments of the newly formed battalion of the district of the Amur region. In the summer of 1889, they were forcibly resettled from other Cossack parts of Russia. According to the order received, those who had to leave their homeland forever were determined by casting lots. Therefore, the Cossacks perceived the resettlement as exile. This lasted four long years - from 1858 to 1862.

The Government of the Russian Empire developed and published special Rules that determined the procedure for the settlement of Russian citizens and foreigners in the Primorsky and Amur regions, open for settlement. The history of the discovery of the Primorsky Territory shows that resettlement to the Far East shook up the whole of Russia. There were a lot of people willing, but not quite enough for the huge empty territory. From 1861 to 1917 269 ​​thousand people were resettled to the Primorsky Territory. The process itself can be divided into three stages.

Three stages of settlement of Primorsky Krai

The first stage includes the resettlement of Cossacks and military personnel, as well as peasants from the central regions of Russia and Ukraine. People set off on the journey with their families, and sometimes entire villages, moving to the East on foot, on carts loaded with their belongings acquired over the years.

The ineffectiveness of this method forced the government to organize a sea route along which people reached their place of permanent residence in a few months. In 1882, a regular flight Odessa - Vladivostok was opened. Residents of Ukrainian provinces mostly traveled this way. The percentage of Ukrainian immigrants ranged from 70 to 80% of the total. The history of the villages of the Primorsky Territory can be traced by their names.

The completion of the Trans-Siberian Railway in 1901 made it possible to reduce travel time to 18 days. This route operated until 1904. The outbreak of the Russo-Japanese War stopped the resettlement. But subsequently it continued until 1917.

Reasons for relocation

The history of the formation of the Primorsky Territory is interesting material for research. Hundreds of thousands of people were torn from their permanent place of residence and moved to the East. Someone walked of their own free will. Cossacks and military personnel were forcibly resettled. There were several reasons that aroused the government's interest in this issue.

• The first, most important, is the small number of people living over a vast territory. Plus the lack of populated areas: cities, villages. After all, it was with the arrival of settlers that the history of the development of the Primorsky Territory began. Large and small settlements appeared. Virgin land was plowed up, workshops appeared, commercial fishing and mining began, and trade intensified.
• The second reason is the abolition of serfdom, which caused the emergence of thousands of landless peasants who began to move to cities, where even without them the situation was becoming increasingly tense. This was facilitated by the difficult economic situation, the revolutionary mood of the people, and the disastrous results of the Russo-Japanese War.
• Strategic importance of access to the Pacific Ocean. Strengthening Russia's position on the Pacific coast was impossible due to the sparsely populated territory, great distance from populated and economically developed areas, and lack of transport routes.

The number of resettled people was 269 thousand. It would have been more effective, but the First World War and the 1917 revolution prevented this.

First settlements

In 1859, the first Cossack villages of Knyazhesky, Ilyinsky, Verkhne-Mikhailovsky and others appeared, which later became villages. In 1861, the village of Fudin was built - the first in the history of resettlement. The list of villages in the Primorsky Territory was replenished every year - the village of Voronezh, the villages of Vladimiro-Andreevskoye, Razdolnoye, Astrakhanka, Nikolskoye, which later became the city of Ussuriysk.

In Southern Primorye, on the Khanka River, the Cossacks created 10 villages. Gradually people settled down and villages developed. An example is the history of Ussuriysk, Primorsky Territory, which became one of the large cities in the Far East.

At the initial stage of settlement, people were engaged in trades: logging, fishing, hunting, collecting berries, mushrooms, and ginseng. The history of cities, settlements, villages in the Primorsky Territory appeared in Vladivostok and was replenished with a number of significant events. At the beginning of the 20th century, the world was struck by a crisis. In Russia, this was exacerbated by political instability. This did not go unnoticed in Primorye, as it affected the construction of railways, the number of immigrants, a reduction in investment, and subsidies. Primorye enterprises have reduced the volume of work.

The outbreak of the Russian-Japanese War placed a heavy burden on the shoulders of the residents of Primorye. The shortage of food and essential goods, the high cost, the moral state after a crushing defeat in the Russo-Japanese War, and isolation from the main territory of Russia made the situation for the residents of Primorye depressing. Improvement came only in 1908. But a new war, this time the First World War, brought new disappointments and deprivations.

Primorsky Krai in 1917-1922.

After the Bolsheviks came to power, a decree on peace was promulgated and a truce was concluded with Germany. This did not suit the Entente countries at all, which took retaliatory measures - intervention against Russia. The British landed in the Far East in 1918 and would rule there until 1922.

The lack of guarded borders opened the way for foreign migrants who freely passed into Russian territory. The Koreans formed their settlements here, and the Chinese also filled the border areas, freely passing into the interior of the country. The political life of the region continued; on April 8, 1920, the creation of the Far Eastern Republic (FER) was announced, which included the Primorsky region.

In May 1921, in the south of the Primorsky Territory, as a result of the overthrow of Soviet power, the Amur Zemsky Territory was formed, which existed until the army of the Far Eastern Republic captured the city of Vladivostok in 1922. The history of the regions of the Primorsky Territory continued, experiencing more and more new events.

It became part of the RSFSR in 1922. Having come to power, the Bolshevik government was faced with the same problem as the tsarist government - the sparse population of the region. Estates were abolished, and this led to the fact that tens of thousands of acres of land of the Ussuri Cossack army ended up in local government, the owners of which died or fled abroad.

From 1926 to 1928 Migrants from the Volga region cities that had survived the famine arrived in the Primorsky Territory and were sent to develop the Khanka Plain. They formed the backbone of collectivization. Another part of the migrants are demobilized military personnel who remained after serving in the Primorsky Territory. There was a reason for them staying here.

The fact is that in 1932 passports were introduced. At that time, only city residents received them in the USSR. Rural residents were issued passports by decision of village councils, which gave consent in exceptional cases. Formally, village residents were assigned to a specific place. But military personnel were issued a passport at the place of demobilization. Therefore, many decided to stay in Primorye in order to obtain a document, first for a year, then for five years.

A large number of young and healthy guys created another problem - a lack of female population. And then Major Khetagurov’s wife appeals to all girls in the country to come to the Far East. Five thousand young girls responded to him.

Districts of Primorsky Krai

The region was formed by the USSR government in 1938. Its administrative center is Vladivostok. The history of the regions of Primorsky Krai is also interesting. Their development depended on climatic conditions. Most of them are located in the temperate monsoon zone. Most of the population lives here. Four districts belong to the regions of the Far North. The region is home to 2 million people. In 1922, the total population was about 600 thousand people.

Development of the Far East

During the Great Patriotic War and immediately after it, life in the Primorsky region came to a standstill. But in the 1950-1960s, the USSR government developed a number of measures for the development of the Far Eastern region. These were effective measures that made it possible to attract and retain a large number of volunteers, whose number tripled the number of people living in Primorye. The main task was to create comfortable working and living conditions, which we managed to do.

The defense, fishing, and construction industries developed in the region. The government provided a number of benefits. People came here for permanent residence. In the 90s, a radical change occurred. Benefits were abolished, and the defense industry practically ceased to exist. Factories and industrial enterprises were closed. This provoked a reverse outflow of people, which has not been stopped to this day.

The territory of Primorye, which is the southern part of the Far Eastern region of Russia (before the revolution, was designated by geographers as the South Ussuri region), was included in the Russian state on the basis of the Aigun (1858) and Beijing (1860) treaties, which legally formalized the borders between Russia and China. Administratively, the region became part of the Primorsky region, formed in 1856 and part of the East Siberian, and since 1884, the Amur Governor-General. Like other Far Eastern territories, the Ussuri region was very sparsely populated: in 1861 there were less than 20 thousand people there.

In 1861, the Russian government took the path of state encouragement resettlement to the Amur and Primorsky regions: according to the promulgated law, these territories were declared open for settlement by peasants who did not have land, and enterprising people of all classes who wanted to resettle at their own expense. The settlers were allotted a plot of land of up to 100 dessiatines for each family for free use, they were forever freed from the poll tax and for 10 years from conscription duty; for a fee, settlers could additionally acquire land as private property; duty-free trade was introduced in the region (porto-free regime), etc. These measures, as well as the abolition of serfdom in Russia in 1861, which increased the migration mobility of the population, contributed to the influx of peasants, Cossacks, workers, and enterprising people of all classes to the Far Eastern land.

Of great importance for accelerating the settlement and economic development of the Far East (and the Ussuri Territory in particular) was construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway: during the construction of its eastern section - the Ussuriysk Railway - the influx of capital and workers increased sharply. With the start of the implementation by the government headed by P.A. Stolypin, agrarian reform resettlement movement to the outskirts is encouraged by providing settlers with various benefits, and the influx of peasants to the Far Eastern outskirts increases greatly. Population in Primorye at the beginning of the twentieth century it continued to grow and by 1913 reached 480 thousand people.

The economic development of the Far East and Primorye took place on the basis of free market relations. The abundance of free fertile land provided scope for the rapid development of agricultural production. The leading branch of agriculture was agriculture. In general, Primorye was distinguished by the diversity of cultivated crops: wheat, rye, oats, buckwheat, potatoes, millet, legumes, sunflower, corn etc. Since the end of the 19th century, they have been developing vegetable gardening, horticulture, melon growing. It was of great importance livestock farming. Mainly bred cattle, horses, pigs, antler reindeer husbandry was born, beekeeping and poultry farming developed. Since 1912, agronomic assistance to the village has been organized, significant highly commercial farms have been formed, and a layer of large rural entrepreneurs has been formed.

The industrial development of Primorye was carried out primarily through the development of the richest natural resources. Since already the first acquaintance with the South Ussuri region revealed the presence of a wide variety of minerals: coal, gold, polymetallic ores etc. By the end of the 19th century. gains industrial importance production of fish and seafood, the forestry industry is developing. The manufacturing industry developed mainly due to those industries that did not experience strong competition from the factory industry of the central regions of Russia and foreign countries, had a strong raw material base and generated large profits. First of all, these are industries for processing agricultural and natural products. Developed production of building materials, represented by brick, lime and concrete factories. Acquired a significant role metalworking. Compared to small private enterprises, it stood out especially Vladivostok State Ship Repair Yard. At the beginning of the twentieth century. The manufacturing industry developed more dynamically, the mining industry progressed, industrial exploitation of polymetallic deposits began, the forestry industry successfully developed, and timber exports grew.

The development of trade has especially intensified since the 1890s. The role of cities as large commodity markets and commodity distribution centers quickly grew. Vladivostok began to play an outstanding trade and transport role, becoming one of the five largest ports in Russia. The international importance of Vladivostok increased: more than a dozen consulates and a large number of foreign trade missions operated in the city.

In the second half of the 19th century, the Far East began to increasingly attract the attention of Russian scientists and researchers. The Russian Academy of Sciences and various scientific societies organized expeditions that studied the past and present of the Far East, its flora, fauna, and ethnography. Their works significantly expanded and deepened knowledge about the Primorsky Territory. The formation and development of regional science is connected with the activities of scientific societies. In 1884 in Vladivostok it was created Society for the Study of the Amur Region. Its members conducted active scientific and local history work, collected materials about the region, created collections, and wrote scientific research. Made a significant contribution to the development of science Oriental Institute- the only higher educational institution in the Far East, which was also the first scientific center in the region. The main efforts of scientists were aimed at studying modern living languages, at studying modern history, geography, economics, and jurisprudence of Asian countries. Contacts between scientific institutions of Primorye and foreign scientists were actively developing.

An outstanding Russian figure worked in the Far East Governor General of Eastern Siberia Count N.N. Muravyov-Amursky, who made a great contribution in the diplomatic field. With his participation were ratified Aigunsky, then Beijing treaties regulating the relationship between the Russian Empire and China. Distant Primorye has always attracted the Russian public. Over the years, scientists and travelers, poets and actors, singers and writers have visited here: P.V. Wittenberg, N.V. Komarov, S.O. Makarov, N. Aseev, D. Burlyuk, A. Fadeev, singer L. Vyaltseva, actress V. Komissarzhevskaya. An outstanding traveler and scientist made a huge contribution to the study of the region VC. Arsenyev. He devoted more than thirty years of his life to research in the Far East. His books and essays contributed to the wide dissemination of knowledge about the region.

Since the beginning of the twentieth century, Primorye has become the most populated and industrially developed territory of the Russian Far East. In the mid-20s. About 600 thousand people lived here, which accounted for 44% of all Far Easterners. In 1923-1924. A number of factories, food enterprises, and households were nationalized, coal mines were restored, the workshops of the largest ship repair enterprise in the Far East, Dalzavod, were put into operation, and the scope of operation of the Vladivostok commercial port was expanded.

In the 1930s, the region began to receive significant budgetary investments, as it was involved in the implementation of a program of accelerated industrialization and collectivization of agriculture in accordance with the first five-year state plans. Primorye was considered by the state as the country's raw material base, and its economic development went in this direction. Widespread construction of roads and new industrial enterprises began - mining, forestry, fishing, ship repair, etc. Coal mines were reconstructed. One of the leading industries of the region remained fishing industry. Various modes of transport – railway, air, opportunities have increased significantly Far Eastern Shipping Company. In agriculture were created collective farms, wealthy peasants were subjected to dispossession and repression. Rapid economic development required providing the region with new workers. To achieve this, the state organized the voluntary resettlement of workers and peasant families from the central regions of Russia, as well as demobilized Red Army soldiers, to the Far East. But, populating the region with the Russian population, the country's leadership in the 1930s. at the same time carried out a socio-demographic “cleansing” of Primorye. Several tens of thousands of so-called unreliable and socially alien persons were forcibly evicted from here. In addition, in 1937-1938. forced deportation from Primorye of all residents of Korean and Chinese nationalities was carried out, about 200 thousand people in total. However, despite forced evictions, deportations, executions and return migration, the population of Primorye in the 30s. grew quite quickly. By 1940, its number reached 939 thousand people.

The years of the Second World War became a time of strain of all vital forces for Primorye residents. The region has a heavy burden on the production of military equipment and shells, ship repair, mining of timber, coal, rare and non-ferrous metals. Primorye, together with other coastal regions of the Far East, has become practically the only fishing base in the country. The port of Vladivostok, the Far Eastern Shipping Company and the Far Eastern Railway carried out the bulk of transport traffic in the USSR.

After the end of the Second World War, Primorye continued to develop as a large industrial and agricultural region of the Far East, maintaining its predominantly raw material specialization. More and more deposits of coal and ores were developed here, mining and processing factories and new power plants were built. In addition, large government investments were made to create enterprises in the military-industrial complex. Most enterprises in the mining and military-industrial industries had all-Union significance and were subordinate to Union ministries and departments. By the mid-1960s. new ones have also been created for the region industries: chemical, electrical, instrument-making, tools, porcelain, furniture and etc.

In the geopolitical system of the Soviet state, Primorye, as in the pre-revolutionary period, occupied the place of one of the constituent parts of the Russian Far Eastern region. In the 20s - 30s, under the influence of national territorial and administrative transformations, it repeatedly changed its status and name. From 1922 to 1926 it was the Primorsky province, which was part of the Far Eastern Region (FER). In 1926, the Far Eastern Region was transformed into the Far Eastern Territory (DVK), and the Primorsky province was first transformed into the Vladivostok District, then into the Primorsky and Ussuri regions. The administrative center of the Far East from 1923 to 1938. there was the city of Khabarovsk, where all the regional leadership was located, and the coastal authorities were directly subordinate to it. October 20, 1938 . By the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR “On the division of the Far Eastern Territory into Khabarovsk and Primorsky Territories”, the Far Eastern Territory was divided into two independent administrative-territorial units: Khabarovsk Territory with its center in Khabarovsk and Primorsky Krai with its center in Vladivostok . From then to the present, Primorye has the status of the Primorsky Territory with direct subordination to Moscow.

Modern Primorye is a vast region. With an area of ​​more than 165 thousand square meters. km - about 1% of the territory of Russia. The region's area is larger than Belgium, Holland, Denmark and Switzerland combined. The distance from Vladivostok, the regional center of Primorye, to Moscow is 9288 km. In the south and east it is washed by the waters of the Sea of ​​Japan, in the north it borders on the Khabarovsk Territory, in the west – on China and the DPRK. The total length of the region’s borders is more than 3,000 km, of which 1,350 km is the sea border. The Primorsky Territory includes islands located in the Peter the Great Gulf: Russky, Popova, Reinike, Ricorda, Putyatina, Askold, etc.

The separation of Primorye into an independent unit contributed to the further growth of its productive forces. The growth of the industrial economy in turn affected the development of human settlements. By the time of organization, the region consisted of 6 cities and 9 workers’ settlements. Currently there are 12 cities and 24 districts in the region. As of January 1, 2006, 2,019 thousand people live in the Primorsky Territory. Administrative center – Vladivostok with a population of 613.4 thousand people.

Primorye is a multinational region. In addition to the indigenous peoples - the Udege, Orochi Taz, Nanai, members of the “Northern Association of Peoples” - there are more than 120 nationalities in the region. The most numerous are Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Koreans, Tatars, etc. Seven national-cultural autonomies have been created - 3 Korean, 2 Ukrainian, 1 German and 1 Jewish autonomy. The main activities of all national cultural associations are aimed at preserving and developing national culture, traditions of the people, harmonious development of interethnic relations, and holding joint cultural events. Traditional holidays of national cultures - Ukrainian, Tatar, Polish, Jewish and others - are held annually.

Since the end of 1991, Primorsky Krai, remaining the same administrative-territorial regional entity, began to become part of actually another, new country - Russia. In this regard, there has been a significant change in the factors and prerequisites for the socio-economic development of Primorye. The collapse of the USSR had a dual impact on the development of the Far East and Primorye. Firstly, negative - due to the severance of many economic ties both in terms of resources and finished products due to the sharply complicated problems of the movement of goods and money circulation in the CIS. There was also a breakdown in social ties not only in the CIS, but also between the western and eastern regions of Russia. At the same time, the geopolitical and economic role of the Far Eastern region and especially Primorye in Russia has increased significantly. The territory of Russia, compared to the USSR, decreased by 24%, natural resource potential - by approximately 20-25%, and socio-economic potential, including population, gross and national product, industrial production - by 50%. Under these conditions, the role of natural resources of Primorye: non-ferrous and rare earth metals, mining and chemical raw materials, biochemical raw materials, including marine ones, various forest, recreational resources and others. The importance of local fuel and energy resources, first of all coal, and - hydropower, ocean and others. With the separation of the coastal regions from Russia - the Baltic, Ukrainian, Georgian - the importance of the transport and transit functions of the Far Eastern region, especially the ports of Primorye, and its role in the foreign economic relations of Russia with the Asia-Pacific countries increased.

The basis of the region's foreign trade was the exchange of goods with foreign countries. Primorsky enterprises maintain trade relations with 80 foreign countries, but the main partners of the region, as in previous years, remain Japan, the Republic of Korea, China and the USA. The region's exports are dominated by fish, seafood, unprocessed timber, ores and concentrates of non-ferrous metals, boric acid derivatives, scrap and waste of ferrous and non-ferrous metals. The region's imports are dominated by food products, raw materials for their production, consumer goods, engineering products and products of the petrochemical complex.

Along with foreign trade activities, the market for international services continues to develop in the region. International services are represented by passenger and freight transportation, communication services, hotel, tourism, commercial and other services. Transport services occupy a leading position in both exports and imports. Joint-stock companies “DVMP”, “PMP”, “Vladivostok-Avia” are active in international service.

A powerful impetus for building up scientific potential in the east of the country was the creation in 1970 of the Far Eastern Scientific Center of the USSR Academy of Sciences, now the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. FEB RAS is a network of scientific centers located in six territorial centers. The Primorsky Scientific Center in Vladivostok is the largest; about half of the Department’s scientific potential is located here. The Presidium of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences is also located here. The Far East, with its unique climate, flora and fauna, largely determined the face of academic science. The main object of study is the Pacific Ocean. The active interaction of the largest of the Earth's continents with the largest of the oceans gives rise to many phenomena, which are the subject of fundamental research at the institutes of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

In the field of education, 12 universities (including branches) and more than 40 secondary educational institutions train specialists. In addition, there are three non-state universities, 7 universities and 3 academies in the region. The main cultural institutions of the region are concentrated in the regional center of Primorye Vladivostok: Academic Drama Theater named after. M. Gorky, regional Youth Theater, puppet theater, KTOF theater, Philharmonic, regional art gallery.

Primorsky Krai lives and develops according to “Federal target program for economic and social development of the Far East and Transbaikalia for 1996-2005. and until 2010.”, in which a significant place is given to the problems of economic development of Primorye. Also in the region there are several governor's programs: “Primorye without drugs”, “Apartment for a young family”, “Primorye without orphans”, program for the restoration of fixed assets in housing and communal services, “Roads of Primorye” and others.

In 1995, the Duma of the Primorsky Territory adopted Charter of Primorsky Territory , symbolism developed - coat of arms and flag , installed Primorsky Territory Day - the 25th of October.

Leading experts in the field of ancient and medieval history of Primorye assess the summer of 2010 as another step towards understanding the secrets hidden in the past of Primorye. They have something to brag about.

There are interesting finds from Paleolithic times at the Krasnaya Sopka-2 site - unique bone tips,- said Dmitry Kudryashov, a graduate student of the Department of Archeology, Ethnography and Cultural History of Far Eastern State University. - In Primorye, bone products are not preserved due to the characteristics of the soil, but now we can draw conclusions about the technologies of Stone Age people.

Photos provided by Nadezhda Artemyeva, Candidate of Historical Sciences, Head of the Department of Medieval Archeology at the Institute of the History of Archeology and Ethnography of the Peoples of the Far East, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Interesting scientific material was obtained from an analysis of the geography of settlements in the north of the region: 15 fortified settlements located above the mouths of rivers and controlling navigation, speak of confrontation between different cultures already 3 thousand years ago, - Olga Dyakova, head of the laboratory of the Institute of History of Archeology and Ethnography of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, voiced the hypothesis...

Another previously unknown phenomenon is the Smolny culture. In the 5th - 12th centuries, a certain people lived on the territory of the Shkotovsky plateau in Primorye from Shtykovo to Arsenyev. Traces of this culture were discovered by Vladimir Shevkunov, candidate of historical sciences. What form of government they had and how they communicated with other aborigines is unknown. It is known that the Smolny residents differed from other local tribes both culturally and, most importantly, genetically. For about 10 years, skeptics denied the existence of such a people. But after a series of works, it became clear that the hypothesis has a right to exist!

Two dangers: summit construction and black diggers

There is no consensus among scientists - is it worth naming the locations of new finds? To indicate where they dug means to attract the attention of “black archaeologists” and simply curious people with shovels. Not naming it is also useless: while going about their business, illegal antiquity seekers study history no worse than recognized experts.

We know about 2.5 thousand ancient monuments in the Primorsky Territory, and these are only the discovered and described monuments,” said the deputy. Director of the Educational and Scientific Museum of Far Eastern State University Alexander Popov. “The preservation of these antiquities is more important; for various reasons, we lose many ancient settlements every year.

The construction of the summit alone destroyed the ancient settlement in Ajax Bay on the island Russian, under the bridge at Cape Pospelov, shell heaps of the Yankovskaya culture died, new roads were laid through the ramparts and villages. Civilization has no time for preserving shards and fragments. Although, having been stopped in time, builders and businesses are meeting the scientists halfway.

It’s worse when “black archaeologists” with metal detectors climb into objects and barbarically destroy cultural layers, complained Nadezhda Artemyeva.

An iron ingot was a treasure for the ancients

We were digging forge workshops and discovered two real treasures,” shared Nadezhda Artemyeva. - In one place behind the chimney, someone hid a large ingot of iron, in another - a ladle for casting metal. These are definitely treasures - the objects could not have been lost or rolled into such a place. They were deliberately hidden from outsiders.

The finds included 9 anvils, obviously collected in one place for melting down. This tells specialists a lot - on the territory of Primorye there are no deposits of copper, tin, or easily mined precious metals, and spears and arrows are sometimes found without a trace of rust. This means there was a road network, there was a logistics system, there were technologies sufficiently developed for mass production.

Lamellar armor recovered from one famous site, consisting of approximately 500 elements, did not retain leather or woven parts. But the metal has hardly decayed and makes it possible to reconstruct this cuirass,” said Nadezhda Artemyeva. - For some, this is an expensive souvenir, but for others, it is another step towards understanding the events that took place in Primorye hundreds and even thousands of years ago.

Source: http://suchan.narod.ru/histnikgor.html

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Original taken from guran_ussury in Map of the first settlements in Primorsky Krai.

Map from 1859.

The map itself is very large, covering Transbaikalia, Amur and Primorye with the current Khabarovsk Territory. So I cropped the area I was interested in.
By 1859, the population of the region consisted exclusively of Transbaikal Cossacks, who began to be resettled in Ussuri in 1858. There was still a whole year left before the Vladivostok military post was founded.
As I wrote earlier
For 1858-1862 5,401 Cossacks were resettled to the Primorsky region (in 1858 - 1,371 people, in 1859 - 1,618 people, in 1862 - 2,412 people). During these years, the Cossacks founded 29 villages and villages: in 1858 - 3 (Kazakevicheva, Nevelskogo, Korsakovsky), in 1859 - 17 (Kozlovskaya station, villages: Vidny, Kedrovsky, Venyukovsky, Lonchakovsky, Knyazhevsky, Krasnoyarsky, Ilyinsky, Verkhne-Nikolsky, Verkhne-Mikhailovsky, Busse, Grafsky, Dyachenkovo, Kiselev, Budogossky, Lopatinsky machine, Krutoberezhny machine); in 1860 - 5 (Trekh-Svyatitelsky, Sheremetyevsky, Nizhne-Mikhailovsky, Peshkova, Nizhne-Nikolsky); in 1862 - 4 (Kukelevsky, Vasilyevsky, Pokrovsky, Zarubinsky). Most of the Cossack villages and villages, founded in the late 50s and early 60s of the 19th century, were named after prominent statesmen who contributed to the annexation of the region to Russia. At a later time (before 1879), the Cossacks founded 2 more villages on the territory of the Primorsky region: the 1st - in 1867 (Markovsky), the 2nd - in 1871 (Chernyaevsky). The village of Markovsky (the southernmost) was founded on the river. Sungache, not far from its confluence with the Ussuri.
http://guran-ussury.livejournal.com/12477.html

If the map is hard to see, do not forget to use the ctrl+ keys

State of Bohai (698-926) At the end of the 6th - beginning of the 7th centuries. The Tungus tribes of the Mohe, who inhabited the territory of Primorye and adjacent areas of the Far East, reached a level in their development where property inequality within individual tribal associations led to the emergence of class differences.

By the end of the 7th century. the process of decomposition of the primitive communal system and the emergence of class relations affected a significant part of the Mohe tribes. The threat of an attack on the Mohe tribes by powerful neighbors contributed to the acceleration of their unification into large military-tribal alliances, which then took shape into a single state whole. This is how the first medieval Tungus state arose in 698 - the kingdom of Bohai.

The Bohai state at the beginning of its existence occupied a small territory. By the second half of the 8th century. Bohai became a powerful state in the Far East. By this time, his possessions extended in the south to the kingdom of Silla, which occupied the territory of modern South Korea, in the east - to the coast of the Sea of ​​​​Japan, in the west, Bohai's possessions bordered on the territory of the Khitan, in the southwest - on the possessions of the Chinese Empire on Liaodong, in the north of Bohai included lands down to the lower reaches of the Amur. The administrative division of the country was based on the former possessions of tribal and clan associations of the Mohes. The entire territory of the state was divided into 15 districts (regions), 62 prefectures, 125 counties. The main political and administrative center of Bohai was in the Upper Capital, located on the right bank of the river. Khurhi (Mudanjiang), near the modern city of Dongjingcheng.

The Bohai state was headed by a kedu (king), whose decrees “had the force of law and nothing was carried out without his approval.” These words, which characterize the Bohai kings as the only and sovereign rulers, at the same time indicate that in Bohai, as well as in a number of other states of the East, “the king is the sole and exclusive owner of all lands in the state” (K. Marx and F. Engels. Soch., vol. XXI, M-L., 1929, p. 491.)

Executive power in Bohai was concentrated in two ministries of the royal government. In the Left Ministry, draft laws were developed and current affairs were discussed. The Right Ministry was in charge of records of royal decrees, historical events, complaints, etc. In addition, the Left Ministry was in charge of the departments of ranks, warehouses and food, and the Right Ministry was in charge of the departments of payments, military and water. The state apparatus of Bohai, as well as most Asian countries, was characterized, according to the glory of K. Marx, by “three branches of management: the financial department, or the department for robbing its own people, the military department, or the department for robbing neighboring peoples, and finally, the department of public works" (K. Marx and F. Engels. Works, vol. IX, p. 347.).

Thus, in Bohai there was a relatively complex bureaucratic apparatus, which consisted, as V.I. Lenin said, “of a group of people who were engaged only in that, or almost only in that, or mainly in managing” (V.I. Lenin. Soch., vol. 29, p. 440.)

Such “public power,” wrote F. Engels, “exists in every state. It consists not only of armed men, but also of material appendages, prisons and compulsory institutions of all kinds, which were unknown to the generic structure of society. It can be very insignificant, almost imperceptible in societies with still undeveloped class oppositions and in remote areas” (F. Engels. The origin of the family, private property and the state. M., 1952, p. 177.)

The Bohai king relied on the bureaucracy and tribal leaders, with the help of whom the subject tribes were exploited. The power of the leaders was confirmed by royal decree.

In this case, we have a peculiar form of the early feudal allotment system, adapted to conditions when a significant part of the medieval Tungus population, subject to the Bohai kings, was experiencing the process of decomposition of primitive communal relations and the enslavement of free community members by the nobility.

The population of Bohai was engaged in agriculture, cattle breeding, hunting, marine and taiga crafts. Handicraft production has achieved great development. In general, the Bohai economy was mixed. There was widespread specialization of individual cities, prefectures and districts in the production of certain types of handicraft, agricultural and hunting products. This contributed to a noticeable expansion of trade relations. Along with the development of exchange between tribes and regions, much attention was paid to Bohai's barter trade with neighboring states and peoples, with whom constant political, economic and cultural ties were maintained.

Bohai had a high culture, the development of which was influenced by neighboring states, as well as Turkic and Khitan tribes. In turn, Bohai played a positive role in the development of the culture of the peoples of East Asia.

Several monuments of Bohai culture are currently known on the territory of Primorye. Of greatest interest are the remains of two Buddhist temples in the river valley. Chapigou near the village. Krounovka in the Ussuriysk region. Interesting material was obtained by archaeologists during excavations of the Abrikosovsky Temple. This temple was destroyed as a result of a fire that suddenly broke out in the building. At the site of the former temple, archaeologists discovered numerous items made of baked clay: richly ornamented tiles, figurines of Buddhas (gods), the head of a dokshita (demon) with a terrifying grinning mouth, images of dragons and other mythical animals, various stucco decorations in the form of rosettes, etc. One of the clay objects depicts a cross, which suggests the presence in Bohai, along with Buddhism and shamanism, of other types of religious worldview, i.e., in this case, Nestorianism, which became widespread in the countries of Central Asia and the Far East in VII - IX centuries

Bohai's power was shaken by the struggle of the masses and attacks from external enemies. The Khitan tribes took advantage of this, destroyed the kingdom and created their own statehood in 918, which became known as the Liao Empire. On the part of Bohai territory captured by the Khitans, the state of Eastern Dan, a vassal state of the Khitan emperor, was created. However, thanks to the stubborn resistance of the conquered people, the Khitans failed to capture the entire territory of Bohai. The Tungus tribes, who lived in the eastern and northeastern regions of the former Bohai kingdom, were only nominally considered vassals of the Khitan emperors and gradually accumulated forces for armed struggle against the invaders.

State of the Jurchens (1115-1234). The Jurchens, or Nuizhens, are descendants of the Tungus tribes that were previously part of Bohai. In the brutal internecine struggle that followed shortly after the defeat of Bohai between individual Jurchen tribes, which managed to maintain their independence from the Khitans, the Wangyang tribe won. The leaders of this tribe managed to unite a significant part of the Jurchen tribes around themselves and inflict a major defeat on the Khitans. After the defeat of the Khitan, the leader of the Jurchens, Aguda, declared himself emperor in 1115, choosing the name Aisin, i.e. Golden, for the empire he created.

Having defeated the Khitans and destroyed their statehood, the Jurchen emperors turned their greedy gaze to the riches of neighboring China. In a difficult war between two powerful empires, the winners were the Jurchens, who, despite heroic resistance from the Chinese population, managed to establish their dominance over most of the territory of the Chinese Empire for a long time, bringing untold suffering to the common people of China.

The entire territory of the Jurchen Empire was divided into 19 provinces. At the head of the state was the emperor, who enjoyed unlimited power. Executive power was exercised by the State Council. Six ministries were subordinate to him: ranks, finance, ceremonies, military affairs, public works and criminal. Special state chambers were in charge of collecting taxes.

Social system of the Jurchens in the 12th-13th centuries. determined primarily by the presence of feudal ownership of land. The owners of the land were the emperor and his relatives, the court nobility, and the clergy. They owned the best plots and received income from the land.

The main occupation of the Jurchens was agriculture and animal husbandry; they bred mainly cows, horses and pigs. Hunting and fishing played a major role in the life of the population. Craftsmen and peasants made their homes from wood, coating the outside with clay. In winter, the Jurchens wore fur clothes, and in summer, linen clothes.

The most common religious worldview among the Jurchens was shamanism. Along with this, part of the population professed Buddhism.

The general cultural level of the Jurchens was quite high. The most important event in the cultural history of this people was the creation of their own written language. Jurchen writing served primarily for business correspondence, but over time it became the basis for the creation of its own literature, primarily historical.

Currently, a large number of Jurchen monuments are known on the territory of Soviet Primorye, mainly settlements (enclosed by high earthen ramparts of settlements). Two such settlements were recently located in the area of ​​the city of Ussuriysk, on the territory of which sculptural images of turtles, people, etc., carved from granite, were once discovered.

The remains of the third large fortification near Ussuriysk are on Kraenoyarovaya Sopka. Here was once the center of the Jurchen district of Subin (Suifun). The ramparts of this fortification are partially preserved and reach a height of 6–8 meters in some places. In the south-eastern part of the settlement there was the so-called “Forbidden City”, where various administrative institutions, palaces and homes of the local nobility were located. The population of this ancient city was well prepared for defense in case of a long siege. In a number of places, the remains of ancient reservoirs are currently visible; at the foot of the fortress walls there are small accumulations of basalt cores for stone-throwing machines.

Archaeological excavations that were carried out on the territory of the Krasnoyarovsky settlement, as well as on the territory of the settlement near the village. Nikolaevka, in the valley of the river. Suchan, have given historians extremely rich material, on the basis of which we can now speak about the relatively high level of Jurchen culture, the talent and great artistic taste of this people.

In general, we can say that the existence of the Jurchen state was an important stage in the development of the economy, social relations and culture of the ancestors of the present Tungus peoples who inhabited our Far East in the Middle Ages. The Jurchen state took on the powerful onslaught of the Mongol armies. The first blows of the Mongols in East Asia fell on the Jurchens. For more than thirty years, a bloody war was waged, which was started by Genghis Khan and ended by his son Ogedei. The cities and villages of the Jurchens were burned and destroyed, a huge number of the population was destroyed and taken into slavery by the conquering Mongols.

After the Mongol invasion, which contemporaries of the events wrote about as “the most terrible catastrophe and the greatest disaster, the likes of which had not been seen either day or night on earth,” and then more than a century of the Mongol yoke, Primorye for many centuries until the first half XIX century remained a wild and sparsely populated region, and the inhabitants who survived here (Nanai, Udege, Orochi, Orok) were thrown back several centuries in their development and could no longer overcome centuries-old backwardness on their own.