Depiction of the partisan movement war and peace. Introduction

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Partisans of 1812. Artist B. Zvorykin “The partisans destroyed the great army piece by piece. There were small, prefabricated parties, on foot and on horseback, there were peasant and landowner parties, unknown to anyone. The head of the party was a sexton who took several hundred prisoners a month. There was the elder Vasilisa, who killed a hundred French.”

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Prototypes of literary heroes

The prototype of the elder Vasilisa, mentioned by L. Tolstoy, was Vasilisa Kozhina, a peasant woman of the Sychevsky district of the Smolensk province. Vasilisa Kozhina

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Denis Davydov, lieutenant general, ideologist and leader of the partisan movement, participant in the Patriotic War of 1812 Vasily Denisov, literary hero of L. Tolstoy

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Comparative characteristics

Denis Davydov Vasily Denisov But, Aglaya, how it comes to you To be crafty and deceptive! You will change - and more beautifully! And your rosy lips become even more rosy with a new oath, a new invention! Your voice, your gaze is more attractive, And, inspired by the gods, You, with a heavenly smile, Destroy all intentions To stop loving the unloved... Sorceress Sorceress, tell me what force Draws me to the abandoned strings; What fire you have ignited in your heart, what delight you have spread across your fingers! The hero of L. Tolstoy dedicated these poems to Natasha Rostova and performed them to his music

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Denis Davydov Vasily Denisov 1. Having become a partisan, he changed his hussar's clothes to peasant clothes. 2. He independently selected people for his detachment, took peasants into the detachment 3. Treated prisoners humanely. Davydov, in dealing with prisoners, followed the words of Suvorov, his idol: “Deal with prisoners philanthropically and be ashamed of barbarism.” 1. Wears peasant clothes: “Denisov dressed in chekmen, had a beard and on his chest the image of Nicholas the Wonderworker.” 2. He took peasants into the detachment (for example, Tikhon Shcherbaty) 3. He treated prisoners humanely. This is how the novel shows a scene with a French drummer: “I don’t want to take it on my soul... You say they’ll die... Just as long as it’s not from me.”

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Prototypes of literary heroes

Figner Alexander Samoilovich - Russian aide-de-camp, colonel, famous partisan. Fyodor Dolokhov - literary hero of L. Tolstoy

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Denisov's squad. Artist A. Nikolaev. 1981

Describe the military actions of the two partisan detachments shown in the novel (Denisov and Dolokhov).

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An attack by partisans of General Dorokhov’s detachment on a French convoy in the Perkhushkov area. Artist A. Safonov

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Image of Tikhon Shcherbaty

How are the Russian people personified in the image of Tikhon Shcherbaty? What features of the Russian people are shown in it?

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Using the example of the image of Tikhon Shcherbaty, tell us about the creation of partisan detachments in the Patriotic War of 1812.

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Tikhon Shcherbaty – “the most needed person in the squad”

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Petya Rostov in a partisan detachment

Petya Rostov Drawing by M. Bashilov. 1866

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Petya Rostov in Denisov's detachment. Artist D. Shmarinov Why are pages about Pete Rostov so necessary in the description of the partisan detachment? Can Petya Rostov be called Leo Tolstoy’s favorite hero? Why?

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Death of Petya Rostov. Artist A. Nikolaev. 1981

“Ready,” Dolokhov repeated... and quickly went to the prisoners... - we won’t take them! – he shouted to Denisov.

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Let's think about it!

How do the squad members treat prisoners? Why do people feel sorry for the French drummer?

Target:

Lesson progress

I. Quiz - testing your knowledge of the text.

• Why does the author need the episode with Vincent Boss?

3. T. Shcherbaty is the most necessary person in the detachment;

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"Guerilla warfare. Flight of the French from Russia. The last period of the war and its impact on the heroes"

Lessons 16–17.

Guerrilla warfare.

Flight of the French from Russia.

The last period of the war and its impact on the heroes

Target: trace the image of the guerrilla war and the changes that occurred with the heroes.

Lesson progress

I. Quiz – test of knowledge of the text.

What role did partisan detachments play in the overall victory of the Russians: how were these detachments created, their activities?

Why didn’t the units with such a heterogeneous composition disintegrate?

Why is guerrilla warfare called by Tolstoy “the club of the people’s war”?

Did Russian nature help the partisans?

Why are pages about Pete Rostov so necessary in the description of the partisan detachment?

How did Shcherbaty turn out to be the most needed person in the squad?

II. Students' speeches (analysis).

1. Affairs and people of partisan detachments;

2. Petya Rostov in a partisan detachment;

3. T. Shcherbaty is the most necessary person in the detachment;

4. Tolstoy’s general assessment of partisan warfare;

5. Representative of the people's war Kutuzov;

6. “Invincible” French army of Napoleon;

7. Patriotism and heroism of the people in the Patriotic War of 1812;

Explanations for the teacher:

In parts IV, III-IV, the theme of war is carried by Tikhon Shcherbaty and Dolokhov, the theme of peace is carried by Petya Rostov and the French drummer Vincent Bosse. Denisov combines both themes.

The ideology of the people's war was formulated by Tolstoy in the words of Bolkonsky: “... the French ruined my home... They are my enemies, they are all criminals according to my concepts. And Timokhin and the entire army think the same. We must execute them."

The idea of ​​protection from marauders by executing them is embodied by Tolstoy in the image of Tikhon Shcherbaty, “the most necessary person in the detachment.” The story of his independent struggle against the French, which he waged even before joining Denisov’s detachment, what work and why he performed in the detachment, how they treated him.

Tolstoy sees in Shcherbaty a type of folk life. Showing in him strength and dexterity, adaptability to any living conditions and ingenuity, humor and hard work, the author at the same time emphasizes his spontaneity and intuitiveness. With his behavior, Tikhon even comes into conflict with the tactical plans of Denisov, who needed a “language”, but Tikhon did not bring it to his own and “executed”. However, even Denisov, who is angry with him, must recognize the justice of Tikhon’s main thought and feeling and act exactly as he wants: “Ah, he says, well, you’ll take everyone.”

This cruel law of war is once again justified in the scenes after the death of Petya Rostov. “Ready,” Dolokhov repeated... and quickly went to the prisoners... “We won’t take them!” - he shouted to Denisov.” And Denisov, who had previously sent prisoners away against a signature, even knowing that they would die on the way, “did not answer” Dolokhov; “he rode up to Petya, got off his horse and with trembling hands turned Petya’s already pale face, stained with blood and dirt,” (vol. IV, part III, chapter 11).

Guerrilla warfare in the understanding and behavior of Tikhon Shcherbaty, Dolokhov, Denisov and others is retribution for ruin and death, it is a club that “with all its formidable and majestic power... rose, fell and nailed the French until they died the entire invasion,” this is the embodiment of “the feeling of insult and revenge” (ibid., ch. 1)

But Tolstoy shows that the ideology of guerrilla warfare is not straightforward. The same Tikhon, who “didn’t take prisoners,” says: “We don’t do anything bad to the French... We only beat about two dozen marauders, otherwise we didn’t do anything bad...” (Chapter 5). These thoughts are especially clearly expressed in the story of the French boy Vincent Bosse, who is fed by both Petya Rostov and the soldiers. The feeling of revenge does not apply to him. It “gave way to... pity.” These thoughts are confirmed by the fate of Petya Rostov, a boy with amazing spontaneity, a desire to see the good in all people, to love them and find a response in them, poetry in his perception of the world (Petya’s dream under the magical “black, clear” sky, when he hears magical music) .

III. The last episode of the war.

Why doesn’t Tolstoy depict the actual end of the war on the territory of Western Europe, or describe the Russians’ entry into Paris?

(The fact that Tolstoy ends the description of the war with the expulsion of the French from Russian soil is natural. Such a compositional solution highlights the idea of ​​the book more clearly: only a war of liberation is just and necessary, and everything that, by the will of Alexander, happened in Western Europe was done for glory.)

What happened to the armies?

(The French army itself almost ceased to exist. Tolstoy shows its decomposition. He writes that the French army could not recover anywhere. Since the Battle of Borodino and the plunder of Moscow, it already carried within itself the chemical conditions of decomposition. The people of this former army fled with their leaders without knowing where, wanting only one thing: to get out... from a hopeless situation... (i.e.IV, part II, ch. 18). Moreover, they were still thinking about their prey. The emperor, kings, and dukes had especially a lot of stolen goods, Tolstoy shows.

Therefore, the Russian army changed tactics. “The Russian army had to act like a whip on running animals... (i.e.IV, part III, ch. 19). This meant that Kutuzov did his best to keep the army from fighting, giving them only when it was impossible to escape from them. “Waiting for the enemy from behind, ... - ... those who couldn’t - surrendered or died. (T.IV, part III, ch. 17).)

The feeling of revenge of the Russian people was satisfied. The French were no longer enemies, but simply pitiful people. And if the Russians had hatred for their enemies, then they had mercy for the vanquished. (Vol. IV, Part IV, Chapter 6). Tolstoy shows how the soldiers treat the prisoners Rambal and Morel (Vol. IV, Part IV, Chapter 9). “They are also people,” says the old soldier, like Kutuzov. And the captured Italian said to Pierre: “...to fight with a people like you is a crime. You, who suffered so much from the French, you don’t even have any malice against them.” (Vol. IV, Part IV, Ch. 13). The laws of peace again triumph over war. However, this is not Christian forgiveness. The heroes remember everything that happened. “And even then, who called them to us? Serves them right... - says Kutuzov, - I thank everyone for your difficult and faithful service, the victory is complete, and Russia will not forget you. Glory to you forever!” (ibid., chapter 6).

Thus, Tolstoy conveyed the qualities characteristic of the Russian people: on the one hand, peacefulness, humanism, easygoingness, on the other hand, the power of anger against those who violate their peaceful life, and the indelible memory of their heroes and defenders.

IV. Preparing for an essay.

"Tolstoy's depiction of the Patriotic War of 1812."

Plan.

1. The title of the novel and its main issues.

2. The depiction of the war of 1812 is the main one in Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace”.

What is war from the point of view of Tolstoy’s philosophy of history.

Tolstoy’s attitude to war, revealed by various techniques:

through the thoughts of your favorite characters;

by comparing the clear harmonious life of nature and the madness of people killing each other;

through the description of individual combat episodes.

The variety of forms of struggle against Napoleon put forward by the people:

flaring patriotic enthusiasm among the troops and among the civilian population of cities;

the scope and grandeur of guerrilla warfare.

4. The people in the war of 1812:

true love for the motherland, “hidden warmth” of patriotism;

fortitude in battle, heroism, courage, endurance;

deep conviction in the rightness of his cause.

5. Indifference to the fate of the country and people on the part of secular society:

the loud “patriotism” of Rastopchin’s posters;

false patriotism of St. Petersburg salons;

careerism, selfishness, vanity of some military men.

Participation in the war of the main characters. The place they found in life as a result of the war.

The role of commanders in war.

The death of Napoleon's army as a consequence of the nationwide upsurge. The triumph of peace over war.

V. Homework.

Prepare for an essay (topic of your choice): “Tolstoy’s portrayal of the Patriotic War of 1812 in the novel “War and Peace,” or “There is no greatness where there is no simplicity, goodness and truth” (Kutuzov and Napoleon in the novel “War and Peace” L.N. Tolstoy).

Application. Cards by IVto that:

Pierre in Moscow, occupied by the French; meeting with Platon Karataev (part I, ch. 11-13; part II, ch. 12). Why did the meeting with P. Karataev return to Pierre a sense of the beauty of the world?

The theme of the people's war (Part III, Chapter 1, 3, 5, 6). As the author explains the causes and significance of guerrilla warfare. What is the significance of the image of Tikhon Shcherbaty in the novel?

The death of Petya Rostov (Part III, Chapter 11). What words in the text help you visualize the whole scene clearly? What thoughts and feelings does Petya’s death give rise to in the reader?

Tolstoy about the War of 1812. Personality of Kutuzov (Part IV, Chapter 11). What does the author see as the main significance of the Patriotic War of 1812 and what, in his opinion, is Kutuzov’s role in it?

Pierre after captivity (part IV, ch. 12, 13). How did Pierre begin to relate to others after returning from captivity?

Meeting of Pierre and Natasha (Part IV, Ch. 15-20). Determine the ideological and compositional meaning of these chapters in the novel.