When was the title of hero of socialist labor established? The title of Hero of the Soviet Union, the title of Hero of Socialist Labor, the title of "Hero City", the title of "Fortress Hero", the title of "Mother Heroine"

The highest degree of distinction - the title “Hero of Socialist Labor” was established by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of December 27, 1938. The same Decree approved the Regulations on the title of Hero of Socialist Labor.

On May 22, 1940, by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR “On additional insignia for Heroes of Socialist Labor”, it was established Golden medal“Sickle and Hammer [For a description of the gold medal “Sickle and Moloch”, see the section “Medals of the USSR”].

By Decree of the Presidium Supreme Council The USSR on May 14, 1973 approved the Regulations on the title of Hero of Socialist Labor in a new edition. This Regulation reads:

"1. The title of Hero of Socialist Labor is the highest degree of distinction for merits in the field of economic and socio-cultural construction.

2. The title of Hero of Socialist Labor is awarded to individuals who have demonstrated labor heroism, who, through their particularly outstanding innovative activities, have made a significant contribution to increasing the efficiency of social production, contributed to the rise of the national economy, science, culture, and the growth of the power and glory of the USSR.

3. The title of Hero of Socialist Labor is awarded by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.

4. The Hero of Socialist Labor is awarded: the highest award of the USSR - the Order of Lenin; a sign of special distinction - a gold medal "Hammer and Sickle"; Certificate of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.

5. The Hero of Socialist Labor for new outstanding achievements in the field of economic and socio-cultural construction, no less than those for which he was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor, is awarded the Order of Lenin and the second gold medal “Hammer and Sickle” and in commemoration of him labor feats a bronze bust of the Hero with the corresponding inscription is being constructed and installed in his homeland, which is recorded in the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on the award.

6. Hero of Socialist Labor, awarded two gold medals “Hammer and Sickle”, for new outstanding achievements in the field of economic and socio-cultural construction, no less significant in significance than the previous ones, can again be awarded the order Lenin and the Hammer and Sickle gold medal.

7. When awarding the Hero of Socialist Labor the Order of Lenin and the gold medal “Hammer and Sickle”, he is awarded a certificate of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR simultaneously with the order and medal.

8. If the Hero of Socialist Labor is awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, then in commemoration of his labor and heroic deeds, a bronze bust of the Hero with the appropriate inscription is built, installed in his homeland, which is recorded in the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on conferring the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

9. Heroes of Socialist Labor enjoy benefits established by law...”

The first Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on conferring the title of Hero of Socialist Labor took place on December 20, 1939. By this Decree, the title of Hero of Socialist Labor was awarded to Stalin I.V. With the establishment of the gold medal “Hammer and Sickle”, he was awarded this insignia for No. 1.

The second Hero of Socialist Labor in our country was the famous small arms designer V.A. Degtyarev. This title was awarded to him by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of January 2, 1940.

One of the first high rank The Hero of Socialist Labor was awarded to aircraft designers N.P. Polikarpov, A.S. Yakovlev, small arms designer F.V. Tokarev, aircraft weapons designer B.G. Shpitalny, artillery designers V.G. Grabin, M. Ya Krupchatnikov ., Ivanov I. I., designers of aircraft engines Mikulin A. A., Klimov V. Ya. (Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated October 28, 1940), professor of TsAGI Chaplygin S. A. (Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated August 1, 1941), designer of one of the models of jet weapons A. G. Kostikov (Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated July 28, 1941).

During the Great Patriotic War, the title of Hero of Socialist Labor was one of the first to be awarded People's Commissar aviation industry Shakhurin A.I., his deputies Dementyev P.V. and Voronin P.A., director of the aviation plant Tretyakov A.T. (Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated September 8, 1941), tank designer Kotin Zh. . Ya., director of the Kirov plant in Leningrad Zaltsman I.M. (Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of September 19, 1941) and aircraft designer Ilyushin S.V. (Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of November 25, 1941).

After the Great Patriotic War of 1941 - 1945, during the period of restoration of the destroyed national economy of our country and its further development, for outstanding labor successes, especially in the field of agriculture, some Heroes of Socialist Labor were awarded the second gold medal “Hammer and Sickle”.

The first Heroes of Socialist Labor, awarded the second gold medal “Hammer and Sickle” by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on June 17, 1950, were women cotton farmers Bagirova Basti Masim kyzy and Ga-sanova Shchamama Mahmudaly kyzy.

Soon, the second gold medal “Hammer and Sickle” was awarded to cotton growers A. Annarov, Kh. Tursunkulov, A. Kaka-baev, I. Toiliev, tobacco grower P. P. Svanidze, chairman of the collective farm, which achieved high rates in the collection of cotton and rice harvests, Kim P., tea growers Kupuniya T. A., Ro-gava A. M., milkmaids of the Karavaevo state farm Barkova U. S., Grekhova E. I., Ivanova L. P., Nilova A. V. and others.

The second gold medal “Hammer and Sickle” was also awarded to well-known tractor brigade leaders Angelsh-na P.N. and Gitalov A.V., collective farm chairmen Generalov F.S., Beshulya S.E., Burkatskaya G.E., Dubkovetsky F. . I., Ismailov K., Urunkhodzhaev S., Ovezov B., Ersaryev O., noble collective farmers and collective farmers - masters of high yields Vishtak S. D., Diptan O. K., Kayoazarova S m Blazhevsky E. V., Bryntseva M.A., famous combine operators Gontar D.I., Bai-da G.I., Braga M.A., karakul breeders Kuanyshbaev Zh. and Balimanov D., foreman of winegrowers Knyazeva M.D. and others.

In industry, the second gold medal “Hammer and Sickle” was awarded to the construction manager of the Volgograd hydroelectric complex A.P. Aleksandrov, the head of the coal mine section I.I. Bridko, the famous electric welder A.A. Ulesov and others.

The second gold medal “Hammer and Sickle” was awarded to prominent party and government figures, as well as outstanding Soviet scientists. Among them are comrades Kosygin A. N., Kirilenko A. P., Kunaev D. A., Suslov M. A., Ustinov D. F., academician Korolev S. P., honorary academician VASKHNIL Yuryev V. Ya., full member of VASKHNIL breeder V. S. Pustovoit, famous aircraft designers A. I. Mikoyan, A. S. Yakovlev, P. O. Sukhoi and others.

In total, by the beginning of 1977, in our country the high title of Hero of Socialist Labor was awarded to 18,287 Soviet citizens, of which over a hundred people were awarded two medals “Chamois and Hammer”.

For outstanding services to the state in the field of science and technology, in the management of certain industries, a number of prominent Soviet scientists and production organizers were awarded three gold “Hammer and Sickle” medals. Among them are academicians Kurchatov I.V., Keldysh M.V., Aleksandrov A.P., Zeldovich Ya.B., Shchelkin K.I., one of the organizers of the defense industry of the USSR Vannikov B.L., aircraft designers Tupolev A. P., Ilyushin S.V. and others. The distinguished chairman of the cotton-growing collective farm, Kham-rakul Tursunkulov, was awarded three gold medals “Hammer and Sickle”.

For great services to our socialist Motherland, the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated September 6, 1967 established a number of benefits for Heroes of Socialist Labor.

In accordance with this Decree, Heroes of Socialist Labor have the right:

To establish personal pensions of union significance in relation to the conditions determined by the Regulations on personal pensions. This right is also enjoyed by the families of deceased Heroes of Socialist Labor, who were previously awarded a pension on other grounds;

To provide living space according to established standards in the first place;

To pay for the living space occupied by them and members of their families in the amount of 50 percent of the rent, calculated at the rates established for workers and employees;

When living in houses owned by them as personal property, a discount on the tax on buildings and land rent or agricultural tax in the amount of 50 percent of the established rates;

To pay for the additional space they occupy, up to 15 square meters. meters in single size;

Personal free travel once a year (round trip) by rail - in soft carriages of fast and passenger trains, by water transport- in first class cabins (first category seats) of ambulance and passenger lines, by air or intercity road transport;

Personal free use of intracity transport (tram, bus, trolleybus, metro, water crossings), and in rural areas - buses of intradistrict lines;

To receive, upon the conclusion of a medical institution, an annual free voucher to a sanatorium or rest home [Issuance of free vouchers to Heroes of Socialist Labor is carried out at the place of their work (service), and to non-working pensioners - by the authorities that assigned the pension];

For extraordinary service by entertainment and public utility enterprises, cultural and educational institutions.

The Heroes of Socialist Labor are examples of labor dedication and heroism, devotion to their Motherland, to the cause of building a communist society in the USSR and enjoy the honor and respect of the Soviet people.

More than 200 thousand citizens of the USSR have been awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor since the appearance of this award in the country. The first medal, called "Hammer and Sickle", was awarded to I.V. Stalin in 1939. The second recipient in 1940 was V. A. Degtyarev, a famous designer who was involved in the development of small arms. The topic of the article is three times Heroes of Socialist Labor, list and brief information about them.

About the USSR atomic project

In May 1940, a decree was issued on the possibility of receiving the Hero of Socialist Labor award twice or even three times. In 1973, the restrictions were lifted, which gave a hypothetical opportunity to the most distinguished figures of science and production to receive the medal for the fourth time. However, during the period of validity of the award, no one has received such an honor.

During work on the atomic project in the USSR, it was created nuclear bomb, after which in 1953 five scientists, production organizers and designers, for the first time in history, became three times Heroes of Socialist Labor. Let's list them:

I. V. Kurchatov, project manager. Today the name of the physicist was given to scientific center, of which he was the founder. Until his death in 1960, he headed the Institute atomic energy.
Yu. B. Khariton. He held the position of chief designer. The scientist lived long life, until the age of 92 he headed KB-11 (Sarov), created at the USSR Academy of Sciences, at Laboratory No. 2.
K. I. Shchelkin, first deputy of Yu. B. Khariton. Kirill Ivanovich passed away at the age of 57, in 1968. He went down in history as the first scientific director of the nuclear center known as Chelyabinsk-70.
Ya. B. Zeldovich, physicist, head of the theoretical department. Yakov Borisovich passed away in 1987. He headed an enterprise that was developing a “nuclear shield” for the country.
another deputy of Yu. B. Khariton. The lieutenant general was the developer nuclear weapons, but he is also known as a designer of heavy tanks. Since 1941, Nikolai Leonidovich, three times Hero of Socialist Labor, has been producing KV tanks on the basis of ChTZ (Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant). From 1943 to 1948, he served as chief designer, setting up their conveyor production. Among his developments are the following modifications: IS, KV-1s, KV-85. The scientist passed away in 1964 at the age of 59.

It is curious that the fact of awarding participants in the nuclear project was kept secret for a long time, so the Uzbek cotton farmer officially became the first three times Hero of Socialist Labor.

Figures of the CPSU and agricultural production

Hamrakul Tursunkulov received the 3rd medal in 1957. He headed a cotton-growing collective farm, whose name - "Star of the East" - thundered throughout the country. After the death of Hamrakul in 1965, his name was given to the collective farm.

Three figures of the CPSU are on the list of three times Heroes of Socialist Labor. They are all quite famous:

N. S. Khrushchev, who received the medal in 1961. The 1st Secretary of the Central Committee, 3 years later, also received the star of the Hero of the USSR.
D. A. Kunaev, party leader in Kazakhstan. He was awarded a third medal in 1981.
K. U. Chernenko, Secretary General of the CPSU, who received the award on his 73rd birthday.

Statesmen and aircraft designers

It is curious that for a long time it belonged to medium-sized mechanical engineering, so in the list of three times Heroes of Socialist Labor you can see the minister and his deputy, who were the leaders of nuclear weapons development. These are E. P. Slavsky, who received the last medal in 1962, and B. L. Vannikov, who was awarded the award almost simultaneously with the scientists - in 1954.

In the 70s, the ranks of those awarded three times were joined by the most eminent aircraft designers:

A. N. Tupolev, head of OKB-156. Andrei Nikolaevich, who trained a galaxy of scientists and aircraft designers, passed away in 1972 at the age of 84.
S. V. Ilyushin, founder of the design bureau named after himself and developer of the famous Il-2. The designer passed away in 1977 at the age of 82.

Scientists

It remains to name three more scientists, one of whom is associated with space exploration and two with nuclear energy. Three times Heroes of Socialist Labor:

specialist in the field applied mathematics, who was part of S. Korolev’s team and did a lot for the flight as artificial satellite Earth and a manned spacecraft. He passed away in 1978 at the age of 67.
A.P. Alexandrov, who headed the Research Center after the passing of the great scientist. He died at the age of 91 in 1994.
one of the creators hydrogen bomb, became the youngest among the scientists who received the third medal called “Hammer and Sickle”. This happened in 1861, when the theoretical physicist was only 40.

In 1980, Andrei Dmitrievich was stripped of all awards and expelled from Moscow for participating in human rights activities. Therefore, it is officially believed that there are only 15 people who have been awarded the Hammer and Sickle medal three times.

Title of Hero Soviet Union and a medal" Golden Star"

The resolution of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR dated April 16, 1934 established the highest degree of distinction - the awarding of the title of Hero of the Soviet Union for personal or collective services to the state associated with the accomplishment of a heroic feat.

By resolution of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR dated July 29, 1936, the Regulations on the title of Hero of the Soviet Union were approved.

By decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of August 1, 1939, in order to specially distinguish citizens awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union and performing new heroic deeds, to establish the Gold Star medal, shaped like a five-pointed star.

By the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated May 14, 1973, the Regulations on the title of Hero of the Soviet Union in a new edition were approved.

Regulations on the title of Hero of the Soviet Union

The order of Lenin

The title of Hero of the Soviet Union (GSS) is highest degree distinctions and is awarded for personal or collective services to the Soviet state and society associated with the accomplishment of a heroic feat.

The title of Hero of the Soviet Union is awarded by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.

The Hero of the Soviet Union is awarded:

a sign of special distinction - the Gold Star medal;

A Hero of the Soviet Union, who has accomplished a second heroic feat, no less than that for which others who have accomplished a similar feat are awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, is awarded the Order of Lenin and a second Gold Star medal, and in commemoration of his exploits, a bronze bust of the Hero is built with an appropriate inscription, established in his homeland, which is recorded in the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on the award.

A Hero of the Soviet Union, awarded two Gold Star medals, may again be awarded the Order of Lenin and the Gold Star medal for new heroic deeds similar to those previously accomplished.

When a Hero of the Soviet Union is awarded the Order of Lenin and the Gold Star medal, he is presented with a certificate of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR simultaneously with the order and medal.

If the Hero of the Soviet Union is awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor, then in commemoration of his heroic and labor exploits, a bronze bust of the Hero with the appropriate inscription is built, installed in his homeland, which is recorded in the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on conferring the title of Hero of Socialist Labor.

Heroes of the Soviet Union enjoy benefits established by law.

The Gold Star medal of the Hero of the Soviet Union is worn on the left side of the chest above the orders and medals of the USSR.

Deprivation of the title of Hero of the Soviet Union can only be carried out by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.

Description of the medal

The Gold Star medal represents five-pointed star with smooth dihedral rays on the front side. The distance from the center of the star to the top of the beam is 15 mm. The distance between the opposite ends of the star is 30 mm.

The reverse side of the medal has a smooth surface and is limited along the contour by a protruding thin rim. On the reverse side in the center of the medal there is an inscription in raised letters “Hero of the USSR”. The size of the letters is 4 by 2 mm. In the upper beam is the medal number 1 mm high.

The medal is made of 950 gold. The medal block is made of silver. As of September 18, 1975, the gold content in the medal was 20.521 ± 0.903 g, silver content 12.186 ± 0.927 g. The weight of the medal without the block is 21.5 g. The total weight of the medal is 34.264 ± 1.5 g.

On December 24, 1991, the title of Hero of the Soviet Union was awarded for the last time.
The last person to be awarded the Gold Star medal of the Hero of the Soviet Union (No. 11664, for participation in a diving experiment simulating long-term work at a depth of 500 meters under water) was a diving specialist, captain of the 3rd rank Leonid Mikhailovich Solodkov. When receiving the “Golden Star” of the Hero, he, as an officer, according to the regulations, was supposed to answer: “I serve the Soviet Union!” However, at the time the award was presented (January 16, 1992), the USSR had not existed for 22 days. The charter had not yet been rewritten, so Solodkov only said, “Thank you,” to Air Marshal E. I. Shaposhnikov, who was presenting the award to him.

From the history of the highest award:

The first Hero of the Soviet Union pilot - Lyapidevsky A. V. (04/20/1934)

The first woman - Hero of the Soviet Union pilot - Grizodubova V. S. (02.11.1938)

The youngest Hero of the Soviet Union, partisan Kotik V. A. (06/27/1958) at the time of the feat he was 14 years old

The oldest Hero of the Soviet Union, peasant Kuzmin Matvey Kuzmich (posthumously, 05/08/1965) - at the time of his death he was 83 years old

The first and only woman - twice Hero of the Soviet Union, pilot-cosmonaut S. E. Savitskaya (08/27/1982 and 07/29/1984)

The first twice Heroes of the Soviet Union: military pilot Major S. I. Gritsevets (02.22.1939 and 08.29.1939), military pilot Colonel G. P. Kravchenko (02.22.1939 and 08.29.1939)

Three times Heroes of the Soviet Union:
Air Marshal Pokryshkin A. I. (05/24/1943, 08/24/1943, 08/19/1944)
Colonel General of Aviation Kozhedub I. N. (02/04/1944, 08/19/1944, 08/18/1945)
Marshal of the Soviet Union S. M. Budyonny (02/01/1958, 04/24/1963, 02/22/1968)

Four times Heroes of the Soviet Union:
Marshal of the Soviet Union Zhukov G.K. (08/29/1939, 07/29/1944, 06/01/1945, 12/01/1956).
Marshal of the Soviet Union Brezhnev L. I. (12/18/1966, 12/18/1976, 12/19/1978, 12/18/1981)

Title of Hero of Socialist Labor and Hammer and Sickle Medal

By the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of December 27, 1938, the highest degree of distinction in the field of economic and cultural construction was established - the title of Hero of Socialist Labor.

By decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of May 22, 1940, in order to specially distinguish citizens awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor, the Hammer and Sickle gold medal was established.

By the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of May 14, 1973, the Regulations on the title of Hero of Socialist Labor in a new edition were approved.

Regulations on the title of Hero of Socialist Labor

The order of Lenin

The title of Hero of Socialist Labor (GST) is the highest degree of distinction for merits in the field of economic and socio-cultural construction.

The title of Hero of Socialist Labor is awarded to individuals who have demonstrated labor heroism and, through their particularly outstanding innovative activities, have made a significant contribution to increasing efficiency social production, contributed to the rise National economy, science, culture, the growth of power and glory of the USSR.

The title of Hero of Socialist Labor is awarded by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.

The Hero of Socialist Labor is awarded:

the highest award of the USSR - the Order of Lenin;
a sign of special distinction - a gold medal "Hammer and Sickle";
Certificate of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.

The Hero of Socialist Labor for new outstanding services in the field of economic and socio-cultural construction, no less than those for which he was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor, is awarded the Order of Lenin and the second gold medal "Hammer and Sickle" and in commemoration of his labor exploits a bronze bust is built A hero with the appropriate inscription, installed in his homeland, which is recorded in the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on the award.

The Hero of Socialist Labor, awarded two gold medals "Hammer and Sickle", for new outstanding achievements in the field of economic and socio-cultural construction, no less significant in its significance than the previous ones, can again be awarded the Order of Lenin and the Gold Star medal.

When a Hero of Socialist Labor is awarded the Order of Lenin and the Gold Star medal, he is presented with a certificate of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR simultaneously with the order and medal.

If the Hero of Socialist Labor is awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, then in commemoration of his labor and heroic exploits, a bronze bust of the Hero with the appropriate inscription is built, installed in his homeland, which is recorded in the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on conferring the title of Hero of the Soviet Union .

Heroes of Socialist Labor enjoy benefits established by law.

The gold medal "Hammer and Sickle" of the Hero of Socialist Labor is worn on the left side of the chest above the orders and medals of the USSR.

Deprivation of the title of Hero of Socialist Labor can only be carried out by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.

Description of the gold medal "Hammer and Sickle"

The Hammer and Sickle gold medal is a five-pointed star with smooth dihedral rays on the front side. In the center of the medal are a relief hammer and sickle. The distance from the center of the star to the top of the beam is 15 mm. The diameter of the circumscribed circle of the star is 33.5 mm. The size of the sickle and hammer from the handle to the top point is 14 and 13 mm, respectively.

The reverse side of the medal has a smooth surface and is limited along the contour by a protruding thin rim. On the reverse side in the center of the medal there is an inscription in raised letters “Hero of Socialist Labor”. The size of the letters in the words “Hero” and “Labor” is 2 by 1 mm, in the word “Socialist” - 1.5 by 0.75 mm. In the upper beam is the medal number 1 mm high.

The medal, using an eyelet and a ring, is connected to a metal gilded block, which is a rectangular plate 15 mm high and 19.5 mm wide, with frames at the top and lower parts. There are slits along the base of the block; its inner part is covered with a red silk moiré ribbon 20 mm wide. The block has a threaded pin with a nut on the reverse side for attaching the medal to clothing.

The medal is made of 950 gold. The medal block is made of silver. As of September 18, 1975, the gold content in the medal was 14.583 ± 0.903 g, the silver content was 12.03 ± 0.927 g. The weight of the medal without the block was 15.25 g. The total weight of the medal was 28.014 ± 1.5 g.

Title "Hero City", title "Fortress Hero"

Hero City is an honorary title, the highest degree of distinction.

Officially, the title was established as a state award on May 8, 1965, when the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, by its Decree, approved the Regulations on the highest degree of distinction - the title “Hero City”. On the same day, the title was awarded to the cities of Leningrad, Volgograd, Sevastopol, Odessa, Kyiv and Moscow, and the Brest Fortress was awarded the title of “hero fortress”.

The Regulations on the title “Hero City” say:

The order of Lenin

The highest degree of distinction - the title "hero city" is awarded to cities of the Soviet Union whose workers showed massive heroism and courage in defending the Motherland in the Great Patriotic War. Patriotic War 1941-1945

To the city awarded the highest degree of distinction - the title of “hero city”:

a) the highest award of the USSR is awarded - the Order of Lenin and the Gold Star medal;

b) a Certificate of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR is issued.

The banner of the city, awarded the highest degree of distinction - the title "Hero City", depicts the Order of Lenin and the Gold Star medal.

In the city, awarded the highest degree of distinction - the title of "hero city", an obelisk is erected with the image of the Order of Lenin, the Gold Star medal and the text of the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.

Each city, like each person, has its own destiny: the time of birth (foundation), development, the time of ups and downs, the time of heroic deeds...

During the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945, the entire people stood up to defend the Motherland: men fought at the front, women and children - in the rear, at the machines, in partisan detachments. Some cities showed special courage and mass heroism, for which they were awarded a special title.

After the war, 12 cities of the USSR were awarded the title of hero city:

May 1, 1945
Leningrad (St. Petersburg);
Stalingrad (Volgograd);
Sevastopol;
Odessa.

Currently, Kyiv, Odessa, Kerch and Sevastopol are located on the territory of Ukraine; Minsk and Brest Fortress– in the Republic of Belarus; the remaining cities are in Russia.

By order of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief I.V. Stalin on May 1, 1945, the first hero cities were:

Leningrad;
Stalingrad;
Sevastopol;
Odessa.

Star of the Marshal of the Armed Forces, Admiral of the Fleet and General of the Army

On September 2, 1940, by resolution of the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, the marshal insignia “Marshal Star” was established. On March 3, 1955, it was established that the Admirals of the Fleet of the Soviet Union were awarded the same star.

DESCRIPTION, HISTORY

It is a five-pointed gold star with smooth dihedral rays on the front side. A platinum five-pointed star with diamonds is mounted in the middle of the sign; in the center there is a diamond weighing 2.62 carats, in the rays there are 25 diamonds weighing a total of 1.25 carats.
Between the facets of the rays there are 5 diamonds weighing a total of 3.06 carats.
The diameter of the circumscribed circle of the gold star is 44.5 mm, the platinum star is 23 mm.
The height of the Marshall Star profile is 8 mm.
The reverse side of the badge is flat, with openwork of platinum star diamonds and diamonds located between the edges of the rays.
The “Marshal's Star”, using a triangular eyelet in the upper beam, is connected to a semi-oval mount measuring 14 mm, through which a moiré ribbon 35 mm wide is threaded.
The total weight of the marshal's insignia is 36.8 g.

Although the Marshall Star was a sign of distinction, similar, for example, to shoulder straps, it was awarded as an order in a solemn ceremony by the Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Council, and its owner was given a special certificate. After the death or demotion of the Marshal, the star was to be handed over to the Diamond Fund.
About 200 of these stars were made.

Later (February 27, 1943) a Marshall Star of a different type appeared - for persons with the rank of marshal of artillery, marshal of air force and marshal of armored forces. On March 20, 1944, the Presidium of the Supreme Council ordered marshals to wear it as well. engineering troops and marshals of signal troops; June 5, 1962 to the admirals of the fleet, and November 1, 1974 to the generals of the army.

The Marshal's Star of a branch marshal, fleet admiral and army general is a five-pointed gold star with smooth dihedral rays on the front side. Superimposed on top of the gold star is a smaller five-pointed platinum star. At the center of the platinum star is a 2.04-carat diamond. In the rays of the platinum star are 25 diamonds weighing a total of 0.91 carats. There are no diamonds between the arms of the golden star. The diameter of the circumscribed circle of the gold star is 42 mm, the platinum star is 21 mm. The profile height of the Marshall Star is 8 mm. The reverse side of the sign is flat, with openwork diamonds of a platinum star. The total weight is 35.1 g. The Marshall Star is connected to a semi-oval mount measuring 14 mm using a triangular eyelet in the upper beam. A 35 mm wide moire ribbon is threaded through the eyelet in the upper beam.
The colors of the ribbon vary depending on the type of military service. For artillery the ribbon is golden in color, for aviation - blue color, for armored troops - burgundy color, for engineering troops - crimson, for signal troops - of blue color, for a fleet admiral - turquoise.

About 370 of these stars were made. They were also awarded in Russian army in 1992-1997 (after the abolition of marshal ranks in the military branches - only to army generals and navy admirals).

Title "Mother Heroine"

Order
"Mother Heroine"

By decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated July 8, 1944, it was established that a mother who gave birth and raised ten children is awarded the highest degree of distinction - the title “Mother Heroine”. Regulations on honorary title"Mother Heroine" and the Order "Mother Heroine" were approved by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of August 18, 1944.

Regulations on the title "Mother Heroine"

The title “Heroine Mother” is the highest degree of distinction and is awarded to mothers who have given birth and raised ten or more children.

The title “Heroine Mother” is awarded when the last child reaches the age of one year and if there are other children of this mother alive.

When awarding the title "Mother Heroine" the following children are also taken into account:

adopted by mother in established by law ok;
killed or missing in action while defending the USSR or while performing other duties military service, or when fulfilling the duty of a citizen of the USSR to save human life, for the protection of socialist property and socialist legal order, as well as those who died as a result of injury, concussion, injury or disease received under the specified circumstances, or as a result of a work injury or occupational disease.

Mothers who have been awarded the title "Mother Heroine" are awarded the Order "Mother Heroine" and the Certificate of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.

The Order "Mother - Heroine" is worn by the recipients on the left side of the chest and, if the recipient has other orders and medals, is placed above them.

Description of the Order "Mother Heroine"

The badge of the order “Mother Heroine” is a golden convex five-pointed star against a background of silver rays diverging in the form of a five-pointed star, the ends of which are placed between the ends of the golden star.

The size of the order between the opposite ends of the silver star is 28 mm. The height of the order including the block is 46 mm.

As of September 18, 1975, the gold content in the order was 4.5±0.4402 g, the silver content was 11.525±0.974 g. The gold purity was 583. The total weight of the order was 17.5573±1.75 g.

The badge of the order is connected by means of an eye and a link to a figured metal plate covered with red enamel. On the plate there is a raised inscription “Mother is a heroine”. The edges of the plate and the inscription are gilded. The plate has a pin on the reverse side for attaching the order to clothing.

Gold medal "Hammer and Sickle" of the Hero of Socialist Labor

Gold medal "Hammer and Sickle" of the Hero of Socialist Labor – state award USSR, established as a special insignia for the title “Hero of Socialist Labor”.

It was established by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of May 22, 1940 for the purpose of special distinction of citizens awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor, established by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of December 27, 1938 as the highest degree of distinction in the field of economic and cultural construction.

By the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated May 14, 1973, the Regulations on the title of Hero of Socialist Labor in a new edition were approved.

REGULATIONS ABOUT THE MEDAL

The title of Hero of Socialist Labor (GST) is the highest degree of distinction for merits in the field of economic and socio-cultural construction, which was awarded to persons who showed labor heroism, who, through their particularly outstanding innovative activities, made a significant contribution to increasing the efficiency of social production, contributing to the rise of the national economy, science , culture, growth of power and glory of the USSR.

The title of Hero of Socialist Labor was awarded by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.

The Hero of Socialist Labor was awarded:

The highest award of the USSR is the Order of Lenin,

Badge of special distinction – Gold Medal “Hammer and Sickle”,

Certificate of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.

The Hero of Socialist Labor for new outstanding services in the field of economic and socio-cultural construction, no less than those for which he was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor, is awarded the Order of Lenin and the second Gold Medal “Hammer and Sickle”, and in commemoration of his labor exploits a bronze medal is built a bust of the Hero with the corresponding inscription, installed in his homeland, which is recorded in the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on the award.

The Hero of Socialist Labor, awarded two Gold Hammer and Sickle medals, could again be awarded the Order of Lenin and the Gold Star medal for new outstanding achievements in the field of economic and socio-cultural construction.

When the Hero of Socialist Labor was awarded the Order of Lenin and the Gold Star medal, he was presented with a diploma from the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR simultaneously with the order and medal.

If the Hero of Socialist Labor was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, then in commemoration of his labor and heroic exploits, a bronze bust of the Hero with the appropriate inscription was built, installed in his homeland, which is recorded in the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on conferring the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

Heroes of Socialist Labor enjoy benefits established by law.

The gold medal “Hammer and Sickle” of the Hero of Socialist Labor is worn on the left side of the chest above the orders and medals of the USSR.

Deprivation of the title of Hero of Socialist Labor could only be carried out by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.

DESCRIPTION

Gold Medal "Hammer and Sickle" of the Hero of Socialist Labor

The medal is a gold five-pointed star with smooth dihedral rays on the front side. In the center of the medal are a relief hammer and sickle. The distance from the center of the star to the top of the beam is 15 mm, the diameter of the circumscribed circle of the star is 33.5 mm. The size of the sickle and hammer from the handle to the top point is 14 and 13 mm, respectively.

The reverse side of the medal has a smooth surface and is limited along the contour by a protruding thin rim. In the center of the reverse side of the medal there is an inscription in raised letters “HERO OF SOCIALIST LABOR”. The size of the letters in the words “Hero” and “Labor” is 2 by 1 mm, in the word “Socialist” - 1.5 by 0.75 mm. In the upper beam is the medal number 1 mm high.

The medal, using an eyelet and a ring, is connected to a gilded metal block, which is a rectangular plate 15 mm high and 19.5 mm wide, with frames in the upper and lower parts. There are slits along the base of the block; its inner part is covered with a red silk moiré ribbon 20 mm wide. The block has a threaded pin with a nut on the reverse side for attaching the medal to clothing.

AWARDS

The title of Hero of Socialist Labor is the highest degree of distinction of the USSR, like the Title of Hero of the Soviet Union, and is in many ways similar to it. Both titles had similar provisions, similar signs differences, the procedure for presentation and awarding, as well as a list of benefits. However, unlike the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, the title of Hero of Socialist Labor was not awarded to citizens of foreign countries.

The term “hero of labor” appeared in 1921, when hundreds of the best workers in Petrograd and Moscow were so named. This term appeared in newspapers and was affixed to certificates of honor given to advanced workers. In 1922, the phrase “Hero of Labor” was placed on the sign of the Order of the Red Banner of Labor of the RSFSR.

By resolution of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR and the Council People's Commissariats The USSR on July 27, 1927 established the title “Hero of Labor”, which could be awarded to “persons of special merit” who have worked for at least 35 years. This title was awarded by the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR or a union republic, which presented the recipient with a special certificate from the Central Executive Committee.

Ten years later, on December 27, 1938, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR established the title of Hero of Socialist Labor. Now the recipient, along with a diploma, was awarded the Order of Lenin, as well as the Hero of the Soviet Union. A special insignia - the Hammer and Sickle Gold Medal - was established by Decree of May 22, 1940.

By the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of May 14, 1973, the restriction on the number of repeated awards with the Hammer and Sickle medal, which had existed since 1940 (no more than 3 times in total), was lifted, but this step remained unused: no one became a Hero of Socialist Labor four times.

In 1988, the awarding of the Order of Lenin during the re-awarding of the Hammer and Sickle Gold Medal was cancelled, which was the last change in the Regulations on the title of Hero of Socialist Labor. Three years later, in 1991, this title was forever abolished along with the USSR award system.

The first Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on conferring the title of GTS took place on December 20, 1939. By this decree, the title of GST was awarded to the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) I.V. Stalin. With the establishment of the Hammer and Sickle medal, he was awarded this insignia No. 1.

For almost 10 years, this award was awarded exclusively for merits in the creation and implementation of new types of weapons or for labor heroism during the war.

The second GST in the USSR was the famous small arms designer V.A. Degtyarev. This title was awarded to him by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated January 2, 1940. V.A. Degtyarev was awarded insignia No. 2.

The next award of the GTS title went to aircraft designers N.N. Polikarpov, A.S. Yakovlev, small arms designer F.V. Tokarev, aircraft weapons designer B.G. Shpitalny, artillery designers V.G. Grabin, M.Ya. Krupchatnikov, I.I. Ivanov, aircraft engine designers A.A. Mikulin, M.Ya. Klimov (Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of October 28, 1940).

The next appropriation occurred already during the war. By decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated August 1, 1941, the Hammer and Sickle Gold Medal was awarded to the scientific director of TsAGI, Academician S.A. Chaplygin, one of the founders of aerodynamics and organizer of combat aircraft testing.

During the Great Patriotic War, the People's Commissar of the Aviation Industry A.I. was one of the first to be awarded the title of GTS. Shakhurin, his deputies P.V. Dementiev and P.A. Voronin, director of the aviation plant in Kuibyshev, which produced the Il-2 attack aircraft, A.T. Tretyakov (Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated September 8, 1941), designer of KV tanks Zh.Ya. Kotin, director of the Kirov plant in Leningrad I.M. Zaltsman (Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated September 19, 1941) and aircraft designer S.V. Ilyushin (Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of November 25, 1941).

In 1942, the title of Hero of Socialist Labor was awarded to the People's Commissar for Armaments D.F. Ustinov (later awarded another “Hammer and Sickle” medal and the “Gold Star” medal - in 1961 and 1978, respectively), People's Commissar of Ammunition B.L. Vannikov (in the future three times Hero of Socialist Labor - 1942, 1949, 1954), as well as one of the creators of the T-34 tank A.A. Morozov and aircraft engine designer A.D. Shvetsov.

In 1943, Hammer and Sickle medals were awarded to a group of government and party leaders. Among the recipients were Secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and member of the State Defense Committee (GKO) G.N. Malenkov, members of the State Defense Committee, People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs V.M. Molotov, People's Commissar of Internal Affairs L.P. Beria and member of the Committee for the Restoration of the National Economy A.I. Mikoyan. In addition, member of the front military council L.M. became Heroes. Kaganovich, People's Commissar of Ferrous Metallurgy I.V. Tevosyan, People's Commissar of the Coal Industry V.V. Vakhrushev, director of the Uralmash plant B.G. Muzrukov, director of the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant Yu.E. Maskarev, fighter aircraft designer S.A. Lavochkin (future twice GTS).

By decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of November 5, 1943, the title of Hero of Socialist Labor was awarded to 127 railway workers and military personnel of the railway troops. This was the first time such a mass award of the highest degree of distinction of the state was made. This Decree named the first women in history to be awarded the Hammer and Sickle Gold Medal: locomotive driver E.M. Chukhnyuk, station attendant A.P. Zharkova and switchman A.N. Alexandrova.

In 1944, Deputy Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, People's Commissar of Tank Industry V.A., became Heroes of Socialist Labor. Malyshev, People's Commissar oil industry I.K. Sedin, creator of the most powerful howitzers in the world F.F. Petrov, as well as Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR M.I. Kalinin.

In June 1945, the title of Hero of Socialist Labor was awarded to the creator of the famous PPSh assault rifle G.S. Shpagin, mortar designer B.I. Shavyrin, Lieutenant General engineer M.V. Khrunichev (since 1946 - Minister of Aviation Industry of the USSR), director of the Kovrov arms plant V.I. Fomin, aircraft designer A.N. Tupolev and the designer of tanks and self-propelled guns N.L. Dukhov (the last two later became GST three times).

At the same time, Hammer and Sickle medals were awarded to a large group of scientists. Doctors A.I. were awarded. Abrikosov and L.A. Orbeli, metallurgists I.P. Bardin, I.M. Vinogradov, outstanding organic chemist N.D. Zalinsky, agronomists D.I. Pryanishnikov and T.D. Lysenko, as well as archaeologist and linguist I.I. Meshchaninov.

Only pre-war period and during the Great Patriotic War, 201 people were awarded the title of GTS.

In 1947, the “Hammer and Sickle” medals were first awarded to a large group of collective farmers and collective farmers for high performance in harvesting, including the then-famous P.N. Angelina, the organizer of the first women's tractor brigades even before the start of the war.

In 1949, gold medals of the Hero of Socialist Labor were awarded to schoolchildren for the first and last time: Tajik pioneer Tursunali Matkazilov for harvesting a record cotton harvest (90 centners per hectare) and Georgian pioneer Natella Chelebadze for growing and harvesting 6 tons of tea leaves.

In the summer of 1949, the USSR successfully tested its first atomic bomb, and the title of GTS was awarded to a group of its creators, including I.V. Kurchatov, Ya.B. Zeldovich, Yu.B. Khariton, K.I. Shchelkin. For the same test, the first ever award of the second Hammer and Sickle medal took place. The organizers of the Soviet “atomic project”, former People’s Commissar of Armaments of the USSR B.L., became twice Heroes of Socialist Labor. Vannikov and former heavy tank designer N.L. Spirits. All of these individuals later became three times Heroes of Socialist Labor. This happened on January 4, 1954 for the successful test of the world's first hydrogen bomb. At the same time, A.D. received his first “Hammer and Sickle” medal (of the future three). Sakharov. Later, by Decree of January 8, 1980, Academician A.D. Sakharov was deprived of the title of laureate of the Lenin and State Prizes, all awards, including the title of Thrice Hero of Socialist Labor. All Hammer and Sickle awards and medals were returned to him only during perestroika.

The first collective farmers - Heroes of Socialist Labor, awarded the second Hammer and Sickle medal by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on June 17, 1950, were women cotton farmers B.M. Bagirov and Sh.M. Hasanova Shamam Mahmudaly.

In 1964, the title of Hero of Socialist Labor was first awarded to a cultural figure - sculptor S.T. Konenkov.

In 1961, the Hammer and Sickle medals were awarded to the creators of the Vostok rocket and space system. Chief Designer S.P. became twice Heroes. Korolev and Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR D.F. Ustinov, who oversaw rocket science. Became heroes large group designers, engineers, technicians and workers who participated in the preparation and implementation of the first manned space flight, as well as party leaders involved in the launch of Vostok. Among the latter was L.I. Brezhnev (future General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee and four times Hero of the Soviet Union).

The ideological inspirer of the space program, General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee N.S. Khrushchev had three stars of Hero of Socialist Labor. In 1964, on his seventieth birthday, he also received the Gold Star of the Hero of the Soviet Union.

Under L.I. Brezhnev, six people became three times GST: President of the USSR Academy of Sciences M.V. Keldysh (1971), who replaced M.V. Keldysh A.P. Alexandrov (1973), aircraft designers A.N. Tupolev (1972) and S.V. Ilyushin (1974), chairman of the cotton-growing collective farm “Star of the East” from Uzbekistan Kh. Tursunkulov (1973), first secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan D.A. Kunaev. In 1984, the General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee K.U. became the Hero of Socialist Labor three times. Chernenko.

The medal was also awarded to the military: the commander of the Belarusian Military District, Army General I.M. Tretyak and the commander of the missile defense and anti-space defense forces, Colonel General Yu.V. Votintsev.

The medal was received by the popular actor Vyacheslav Tikhonov for his role as intelligence officer Isaev (Standartenführer Stirlitz) in the film “Seventeen Moments of Spring.” This is an almost unique case of awarding one of the highest awards of the USSR to a person who wore the uniform of an SS officer throughout the film.

Under M.S. Gorbachev received the Hammer and Sickle medal from the famous artist Yu.V. Nikulin (1990).

The total number of three times Heroes of Socialist Labor reached 16 people. They were Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences K.I. Shchelkin, academicians A.P. Alexandrov (1954, 1960, 1973), M.V. Keldysh (1953, 1961, 1971), Ya.B. Zeldovich, I.V. Kurchatov (1949, 1951, 1954), A.D. Sakharov (1953, 1956, 1962), Yu.B. Khariton, designer of heavy tanks N.L. Dukhov (1945, 1949, 1954), aircraft designers S.V. Ilyushin (1941, 1957, 1974) and A.N. Tupolev (1945, 1957, 1972), People's Commissar of Ammunition and 1st Deputy Minister of Medium Engineering B.L. Vannikov (1942, 1949, 1954), 1st Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan D.A. Kunaev (1972, 1976, 1982), Minister of Medium Engineering E.P. Slavsky (1949, 1954, 1962), chairman of the Uzbek collective farm Kh. Tursunkulov (1948, 1951, 1957), 1st Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee N.S. Khrushchev (1954, 1957, 1964), General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee K.U. Chernenko (1976, 1981, 1984).

The titles of Hero of Socialist Labor and Hero of the Soviet Union were awarded to 11 people: I.V. Stalin, L.I. Brezhnev, N.S. Khrushchev, D.F. Ustinov, K.E. Voroshilov, famous pilot V.S. Grizodubova, Army General I.M. Tretyak, 1st Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Belarus P.M. Masherov, collective farm chairman K.P. Orlovsky, director of the state farm V.I. Golovchenko, mechanic P.A. Trainin.

The title of Hero of Socialist Labor in the post-war years was awarded to eight full gentlemen Order of Glory: M.K. Velichko, P.A. Litvinenko, A.A. Martynenko, V.I. Peller, H.A. Sultanov, S.V. Fedorov, V.T. Khristenko and M.S. Yarovoy.

By June 1, 1976, 4,019 industrial workers, 7,066 collective farmers, 4,162 state farm workers, 863 construction workers, 726 transport and communications workers, 226 scientists, 94 teachers, 85 healthcare workers became GTS.

As of June 1, 1976, the Hammer and Sickle medal was awarded to 17,974 people (among them 4,793 women).

It is interesting to trace the distribution of the title of Hero of Socialist Labor among the republics of the Soviet Union. As of 1988, a total of 20,370 people were awarded the high rank throughout the USSR. Of these, the RSFSR accounted for 9,760 people, the Ukrainian SSR - 3,651, the BSSR - 549, the Uzbek SSR - 922, the Kazakh SSR - 1,803, the Georgian SSR - 1,301, Azerbaijan SSR- 577, Lithuanian SSR - 163, Moldavian SSR - 199, Latvian SSR - 165, Kirghiz SSR - 275, Tajik SSR - 410, Armenian SSR - 225, Turkmen SSR - 323 and Estonian SSR - 137.

One of the last Hero of Socialist Labor in the history of the USSR was the chairman of the agricultural company of the collective farm named after. Kirov, Balashikha district, Moscow region D.A. Storozhen (Decree of the President of the USSR of November 28, 1991).

The last person awarded the high title of Hero of Socialist Labor in the history of the USSR was the soloist of the opera of the Kazakh State Academic Theater. Abaya B.A. Tulegenova. She was awarded this award by Decree of the President of the USSR No. UP-3122 of December 21, 1991 “for her great contribution to the development of musical art.”

In general, over the entire history of the USSR, more than 19,000 people were awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor. Over 160 people were awarded the medal twice. 16 people became Heroes of Socialist Labor three times.

		Death mask of I.V. Stalin
		At the grave near the Kremlin wall
		At the grave (view 2)
		Bust in Mirny
		In Digora (North Ossetia)
		Bust in the museum of the city of Sumy
		Image in the Tseysky Gorge
		Bust in the museum of the city of Putivl
		Bust in Vladikavkaz
		Bust in the village Elkhotovo
		Bust in st. Zmeyskaya
		Memorial plaque in Vologda
		Bust in Vladimir
		Memorial plaque in Makhachkala

Stalin (Dzhugashvili) Joseph Vissarionovich - Secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Union communist party(Bolsheviks), Moscow city.
Born on December 6 (18), 1878 (the official date was considered for a long time to be December 9 (21), 1879) in the city of Gori, Gori district, Tiflis province (now the region of Shida Kartli, Georgia) in the family of a handicraft shoemaker. In 1894 he graduated from the Gori Theological School and entered the Tiflis (now Tbilisi) Orthodox Seminary, from which he was expelled in 1899 for revolutionary activities, went into hiding, and became a professional revolutionary. Member of the RSDLP/VKP(b)/CPSU since 1898.
During the underground revolutionary activities was repeatedly arrested and exiled.
On the 2nd All-Russian Congress Soviets October 26 (November 8), 1917 I.V. Stalin was elected to the first Soviet government as People's Commissar for Nationalities (1917-1922); at the same time, in 1919-1922, he headed the People's Commissariat of State Control of the RSFSR, reorganized in 1920 into the People's Commissariat of the Workers' and Peasants' Inspection (RKI).
During Civil War and foreign military intervention of 1918-1920 I.V. Stalin carried out a number of important assignments of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) and the Soviet government: he was a member of the Revolutionary Military Council (RMC) of the Republic, one of the organizers of the defense of Petrograd, a member of the PBC of the South, West, Southwestern Fronts, representative of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee in the Council of Workers' and Peasants' Defense.
After the end of the Civil War, he participated in the party’s struggle for the restoration of the national economy, for the implementation of a new economic policy, for strengthening the alliance of the working class with the peasantry.
After the death of V.I. Lenin, from January 1924 I.V. Stalin participated in the development and implementation of the policies of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), plans for economic and cultural construction, measures to strengthen the country’s defense capability and carry out the party’s foreign policy and Soviet state.
By decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of December 20, 1939, for exceptional services in organizing the Bolshevik Party, creating the Soviet state, building a socialist society in the USSR and strengthening friendship between the peoples of the Soviet Union, he was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor with the Order of Lenin. After the Hammer and Sickle gold medal was established on May 22, 1940, I.V. Stalin was awarded this insignia for No. 1.
On May 6, 1941, Stalin assumed the duties of Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR (since 1946 - Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR). Since the beginning of the war, he has been Chairman of the State Defense Committee, People's Commissar of Defense and Supreme Commander-in-Chief of all the Armed Forces of the USSR.
On the second day of the war, June 23, 1941, I.V. Stalin became part of the High Command Headquarters, and on June 30, 1941, he headed the formed emergency wartime body - the State Defense Committee (GKO). From July 10, 1941 I.V. Stalin began to lead the Headquarters Supreme High Command, from July 19, 1941, he held the position of People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR, and on August 8, 1941 he was appointed Supreme Commander Armed Forces of the USSR. In the hands of I.V. Stalin concentrated the fullness of state, party and military power. March 6, 1943 I.V. Stalin was awarded military rank Marshal of the Soviet Union.
By Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of June 26, 1945 to the Marshal of the Soviet Union Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich, who led the Red Army in hard days defense of our Motherland and its capital Moscow, who led the fight against Hitler's Germany, was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union with the Order of Lenin and the Gold Star medal.
June 27, 1945 I.V. Stalin was awarded the highest military rank - Generalissimo of the Soviet Union.
As the head of the Soviet government, I.V. Stalin took part in the Tehran (from November 28, 1943 to December 1, 1943), Crimean (from February 4 to 11, 1945) and Potsdam (from July 17 to August 2, 1945) conferences of the leaders of three powers - the USSR, the USA and Great Britain .
IN post-war period he continued to hold the position of People's Commissar of Defense (from 03/15/1946 - Minister Armed Forces) until March 3, 1947. The USSR held the positions of General Secretary of the Party Central Committee and Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (from March 15, 1946 - Council of Ministers) until his death.
I.V. Stalin died on March 5, 1953 at the Blizhnaya dacha in the Kuntsevo district of the Moscow region (now part of Moscow). He was buried in Moscow on Red Square. From March 9, 1953 to October 31, 1961, the sarcophagus with the body of I.V. Stalin was next to the sarcophagus of V.I. Lenin in the Mausoleum. On the night of October 31 to November 1, 1961, by decision of the XXII Congress of the CPSU, the remains of I.V. Stalin is buried next to the Mausoleum.
Bust I.V. Stalin installed in the Central Museum of the Great Patriotic War on Poklonnaya Hill in Moscow. The exposition of the Central Museum of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation includes a stand dedicated to I.V. Stalin. In the year of the 60th anniversary of the Victory Soviet people over Nazi Germany monuments to I.V. Stalin was installed in the cities of Mirny (Yakutia), Digora (North Ossetia). Name I.V. Stalin wore in 1933-1956 Military Academy armored and mechanized troops of the Red Army.
Museums dedicated to the life and work of I.V. Stalin, were previously opened and are currently operating in Narym ( Tomsk region), Solvychegodsk (Arkhangelsk region), Rzhev (Tver region), Gori (Georgia).
I.V. Stalin was a member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks (1919-1952), the Presidium of the Central Committee of the CPSU (1952-1953), a member of the Executive Committee of the Comintern (1925-1943), a member of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (from 1917), the Central Executive Committee of the USSR (from 1922), and a deputy of the Supreme Council of the USSR 1st-3rd convocations.
Awarded 3 Orders of Lenin (12/20/1939; 06/26/1945; 12/20/1949), 2 Orders of Victory (07/29/1944; 06/26/1945), 3 Orders of the Red Banner (11/27/1919; 12/13/1930; 06/04/1930). 944) , Order of Suvorov 1st degree (11/06/1943), medals “XX years of the Red Army” (1938), “For the defense of Moscow” (06/20/1944, “For the victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945” (1945) ), “For the victory over Japan” (1945), “In memory of the 800th anniversary of Moscow” (1947), Order of the Red Star 1st degree of the Bukhara People’s Socialist Republic(08/18/1922). Awarded foreign awards: Order of the Tuvan Arat Republic (1943); title of Hero of the Mongolian People's Republic with the presentation of the Order of Sukhbaatar and the Gold Star medal (12/17/1949), the Order of Sukhbaatar (1945), the MPR medal “For Victory over Japan” (1945), the medal “25 Years of the Mongolian People’s Revolution” (1946); Czechoslovak Orders of the White Leo I degree (1945), White Lion "For Victory" 1st degree(1945), 2 Military Crosses 1939 (1943; 1945).
Essays:
Works, vol. 1-13, M., 1949-51 ;
Questions of Leninism, 11th ed., M., 1952;
On the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union, 5th ed., M., 1950. - (M.: "Kraft+", 2002.);
Marxism and questions of linguistics, M., 1950;
Economic problems of socialism in the USSR, M., 1952.
Initial version biography compiled by N.V. Ufarkin

Sources