Molecular composition of air. Did you know that air is a mixture of gases? Gas composition of air

Candidate of Chemical Sciences O. BELOKONEVA.

How often, after a tiring day at work, we are suddenly overcome by irresistible fatigue, our heads become heavy, our thoughts are confused, we become drowsy... Such an ailment is not considered a disease, but nevertheless it greatly interferes with normal life and work. Many people rush to take a headache pill and go to the kitchen to brew a cup of strong coffee. Or maybe you just don't have enough oxygen?

Producing air enriched with oxygen.

As you know, the earth's atmosphere consists of 78% of a chemically neutral gas - nitrogen, almost 21% is the basis of all living things - oxygen. But it wasn't always like this. As modern research shows, 150 years ago the oxygen content in the air reached 26%, and in prehistoric times dinosaurs breathed air in which oxygen was more than a third. Today, all inhabitants of the globe suffer from a chronic lack of oxygen - hypoxia. It is especially difficult for city residents. Thus, underground (in the subway, in passages and underground shopping centers) the oxygen concentration in the air is 20.4%, in high-rise buildings - 20.3%, and in a crowded carriage of ground transport - only 20.2%.

It has long been known that increasing the oxygen concentration in the inhaled air to the level established by nature (about 30%) has a beneficial effect on human health. It’s not for nothing that the cosmonauts at the International space station breathe air containing 33% oxygen.

How to protect yourself from hypoxia? In Japan, so-called “oxygen bars” have recently become popular among residents of large cities. This is a kind of cafe - anyone can drop in and, for a small fee, breathe oxygen-enriched air for 20 minutes. The “oxygen bars” have more than enough clients, and their number continues to grow. Among them are many young women, but there are also older people.

Until recently, Russians did not have the opportunity to experience the role of a visitor to a Japanese oxygen bar. But in 2004, a Japanese device for air enrichment with oxygen, Oxycool-32, manufactured by YMUP/Yamaha Motors group, entered the Russian market. Since the technology used to create the device is truly new and unique (an international patent is currently being filed for it), readers are probably interested in learning more about it.

The operation of the new Japanese device is based on the principle of membrane gas separation. Atmospheric air at normal pressure is supplied to the polymer membrane. The thickness of the gas separation layer is 0.1 micrometers. The membrane is made of a high-molecular material: at high pressure it adsorbs gas molecules, and at low pressure it releases. Gas molecules penetrate into the spaces between the polymer chains. The “slow gas” nitrogen penetrates the membrane at a lower rate than the “fast” oxygen. The amount of nitrogen “lag” depends on the difference in partial pressures on the outer and inner surfaces of the membrane and the air flow speed. On the inner side of the membrane the pressure is reduced: 560 mm Hg. Art. The pressure ratio and flow rate are selected in such a way that the concentration of nitrogen and oxygen at the outlet is 69% and 30%, respectively. Oxygen-enriched air comes out at a speed of 3 l/min.

The gas separation membrane traps microorganisms and pollen in the air. In addition, the air flow can be passed through a solution of aromatic essence, so that a person will breathe air that is not only purified from bacteria, viruses and pollen, but also has a pleasant soft aroma.

The Oxycool-32 device has a built-in air ionizer, similar to the Chizhevsky chandelier, widely known in Russia. Under the influence of ultraviolet radiation, electrons are emitted from the titanium tip. Electrons ionize oxygen molecules, forming negatively charged “aeroions” in the amount of 30,000-50,000 ions per cubic centimeter. “Aeroions” normalize the potential of the cell membrane, thereby providing a general strengthening effect on the body. In addition, they charge dust and dirt suspended in the city air in the form of a fine aerosol. As a result, the dust settles and the air in the room becomes much cleaner.

By the way, this small-sized device can also be connected to a car power source, which will allow the driver to enjoy fresh air, even while stuck in a multi-kilometer traffic jam on the Moscow Garden Ring.

The main carrier of oxygen in the body is hemoglobin, which is found in red blood cells - erythrocytes. The more oxygen red blood cells “deliver” to the body’s cells, the more intense the metabolism in general is: fats are “burned”, as well as substances harmful to the body; lactic acid is oxidized, the accumulation of which in the muscles causes symptoms of fatigue; new collagen is synthesized in skin cells; blood circulation and breathing improve. Therefore, increasing the concentration of oxygen in the inhaled air relieves fatigue, drowsiness and dizziness, eases muscle and lower back pain, stabilizes blood pressure, reduces shortness of breath, improves memory and attentiveness, improves sleep, and relieves hangover syndrome. Regular use of the device will help you lose excess weight and rejuvenate your skin. Oxygen therapy is also useful for asthmatics, patients suffering from chronic bronchitis, and severe forms of pneumonia.

Regular inhalation of oxygen-enriched air will prevent hypertension, atherosclerosis, stroke, impotence, and, in older people, sleep apnea, which sometimes leads to death. Additional oxygen will also serve well for diabetics - it will make it possible to reduce the number of daily insulin injections.

"Oxycool-32" will undoubtedly find application in sports clubs, hotels, beauty salons, offices, and entertainment complexes. But this does not mean that the new device is not suitable for individual use. Quite the contrary: even children and the elderly can use it at home. Medical supervision is not necessary with this oxygen-reducing therapy. It is very useful to breathe oxygen before or after physical education and sports, after a hard day at work, or simply to restore strength and maintain tone: 15-30 minutes in the morning and 30-45 in the evening.

"Oxycool-32" increases the concentration of oxygen in the inhaled air to the level established by nature. Therefore, the device is safe for health. But, if you suffer from any serious chronic disease, you should still consult with your doctor before starting the procedures.

The quality of air necessary to support the life processes of all living organisms on Earth is determined by its oxygen content.
    Let us consider the dependence of air quality on the percentage of oxygen in it using the example of Figure 1.

Rice. 1 Percentage of oxygen in air

   Favorable level of oxygen in the air

   Zone 1-2: This level of oxygen content is typical for ecologically clean areas and forests. The oxygen content in the air on the ocean shore can reach 21.9%

   Level of comfortable oxygen content in the air

   Zone 3-4: limited by the legally approved standard for the minimum oxygen content in indoor air (20.5%) and the fresh air “standard” (21%). For urban air, an oxygen content of 20.8% is considered normal.

   Insufficient oxygen levels in the air

   Zone 5-6: limited to the minimum permissible oxygen level when a person can be without a breathing apparatus (18%).
    Staying in rooms with such air is accompanied by rapid fatigue, drowsiness, decreased mental activity, and headaches.
    Prolonged stay in rooms with such an atmosphere is dangerous to health

    Dangerously low levels of oxygen in the air

   Zone 7 onwards: when the oxygen content is 16%, dizziness and rapid breathing are observed, 13% - loss of consciousness, 12% - irreversible changes in the functioning of the body, 7% - death.
    An unbreathable atmosphere is also characterized not only by exceeding the maximum permissible concentrations of harmful substances in the air, but also by insufficient oxygen content.
    Due to the various definitions given to the concept of “insufficient oxygen content,” gas rescuers very often make mistakes when describing gas rescue work. This occurs, among other things, as a result of studying charters, instructions, standards and other documents containing an indication of the oxygen content in the atmosphere.
    Let's look at the differences in the percentage of oxygen in the main regulatory documents.

   1.Oxygen content less than 20%.
   Gas hazardous work carried out when there is oxygen content in the air of the working area less than 20%.
    - Standard instructions for organizing the safe conduct of gas-hazardous work (approved by the USSR State Mining and Technical Supervision Committee on February 20, 1985):
   1.5. Gas hazardous work includes work... with insufficient oxygen content (volume fraction below 20%).
    - Standard instructions for organizing the safe conduct of gas-hazardous work at oil product supply enterprises TOI R-112-17-95 (approved by order of the Ministry of Fuel and Energy of the Russian Federation dated July 4, 1995 N 144):
   1.3. Gas hazardous work includes work... when the oxygen content in the air is less than 20% by volume.
    - National standard of the Russian Federation GOST R 55892-2013 "Facilities of small-scale production and consumption of liquefied natural gas. General technical requirements" (approved by order of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology dated December 17, 2013 N 2278-st):
   K.1 Gas hazardous work includes work... when the oxygen content in the air of the working area is less than 20%.

   2. Oxygen content less than 18%.
   Gas rescue work carried out at oxygen levels less than 18%.
    - Regulations on the gas rescue formation (approved and put into effect by the First Deputy Minister of Industry, Science and Technology A.G. Svinarenko on 06/05/2003; approved by: Federal Mining and Industrial Supervision of the Russian Federation on 05/16/2003 N AS 04-35/ 373).
   3. Gas rescue operations ... in conditions of reducing the oxygen content in the atmosphere to a level of less than 18 vol.% ...
    - Guidelines for organizing and conducting emergency rescue operations at chemical enterprises (approved by UAC No. 5/6, protocol No. 2 of July 11, 2015).
   2. Gas rescue operations... in conditions of insufficient (less than 18%) oxygen content...
    - GOST R 22.9.02-95 Safety in emergency situations. Modes of activity of rescuers using personal protective equipment when eliminating the consequences of accidents at chemically hazardous facilities. General requirements (adopted as an interstate standard GOST 22.9.02-97)
   6.5 At high concentrations of chemical substances and insufficient oxygen content (less than 18%) at the source of chemical contamination, use only insulating respiratory protective equipment.

   3. Oxygen content less than 17%.
   The use of filters is prohibited RPE at oxygen content less than 17%.
    - GOST R 12.4.233-2012 (EN 132:1998) System of occupational safety standards. Personal respiratory protection equipment. Terms, definitions and designations (approved and put into effect by order of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology dated November 29, 2012 N 1824-st)
   2.87...oxygen-deficient atmosphere: Ambient air containing less than 17% oxygen by volume in which filtering RPE cannot be used.
    - Interstate standard GOST 12.4.299-2015 System of occupational safety standards. Personal respiratory protection equipment. Recommendations for selection, application and maintenance(put into effect by order of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology dated June 24, 2015 N 792-st)
   B.2.1 Oxygen deficiency. If an analysis of environmental conditions indicates the presence or possibility of oxygen deficiency (volume fraction less than 17%), then filter-type RPE is not used...
    - Decision of the Customs Union Commission of December 9, 2011 N 878 On the adoption of the technical regulations of the Customs Union "On the safety of personal protective equipment"
   7) ...the use of filtering personal respiratory protection equipment is not allowed if the oxygen content in the inhaled air is less than 17 percent
    - Interstate standard GOST 12.4.041-2001 System of occupational safety standards. Filtering personal respiratory protection equipment. General technical requirements (put into effect by Decree of the State Standard of the Russian Federation dated September 19, 2001 N 386-st)
   1 ...filtering personal protective equipment for the respiratory system designed to protect against harmful aerosols, gases and vapors and their combinations in the ambient air, provided that it contains at least 17 vol oxygen. %.

Air is a mixture of gases necessary for the existence and maintenance of life on the planet. What are its features, and what substances are included in the air?

Air is necessary for breathing for all living organisms. It consists of nitrogen, oxygen, argon, carbon dioxide and a number of impurities. The composition of atmospheric air may vary depending on conditions and terrain. Thus, in an urban environment, the level of carbon dioxide in the air increases compared to a forest belt due to the abundance of vehicles. At high altitudes, oxygen concentration decreases because nitrogen molecules are lighter than oxygen molecules. Therefore, the oxygen concentration decreases faster.

Scottish physicist and chemist Joseph Black experimentally proved in 1754 that air is not just a substance, but a gas mixture

Rice. 1. Joseph Black.

If we talk about the composition of air in percentage, then its main component is nitrogen. Nitrogen occupies 78% of the total volume of air. The percentage of oxygen in the air molecule is 20.9%. Nitrogen and oxygen are the 2 main elements of air. The content of other substances is much less and does not exceed 1%. Thus, argon occupies a volume of 0.9%, and carbon dioxide - 0.03%. Air also contains impurities such as neon, krypton, methane, helium, hydrogen and xenon.

Rice. 2. Air composition.

In industrial premises, great importance is given to the aeroionic composition of air. The negatively charged ions in the air have a beneficial effect on the human body, charge it with energy, and improve mood.

Nitrogen

Nitrogen is the main component of air. The translation of the name of the element - “lifeless” - may refer to nitrogen as a simple substance, but nitrogen in a bound state is one of the main elements of life and is part of proteins, nucleic acids, vitamins, etc.

Nitrogen is an element of the second period, has no excited states, since the atom does not have free orbitals. However, nitrogen is capable of exhibiting valency not only III, but also IV in the ground state due to the formation of a covalent bond via a donor-acceptor mechanism with the participation of a lone electron pair of nitrogen. The degree of oxidation that nitrogen can exhibit varies widely: from -3 to +5.

In nature, nitrogen occurs in the form of a simple substance - gas N2 and in a bound state. In a nitrogen molecule, the atoms are connected by a strong triple bond (bond energy 940 kJ/mol). At normal temperatures, nitrogen can only react with lithium. After preliminary activation of molecules by heating, irradiation or the action of catalysts, nitrogen reacts with metals and non-metals.

Oxygen

Oxygen is the most common element on Earth: the mass fraction in the earth’s crust is 47.3%, the volume fraction in the atmosphere is 20.95%, the mass fraction in living organisms is about 65%.

In almost all compounds (except for compounds with fluorine and peroxides), oxygen exhibits a constant valence of II and an oxidation state of 2. The oxygen atom has no excited states, since there are no free orbitals in the second outer level. As a simple substance, oxygen exists in the form of two allotropic modifications - oxygen gases O2 and ozone O3. The most important oxygen compound is water. About 71% of the earth's surface is occupied by water; life is impossible without water.

Ozone in nature is formed from oxygen in the air during lightning discharges, and in the laboratory - by passing an electrical discharge through oxygen.

Rice. 3. Ozone.

Ozone is an even stronger oxidizing agent than oxygen. In particular? it oxidizes gold and platinum

Oxygen in industry is usually obtained by liquefying air with subsequent separation of nitrogen due to its evaporation (there is a difference in boiling points: -183 degrees for liquid oxygen and -196 degrees for liquid nitrogen.). Total ratings received: 249.

The atmosphere is the gaseous shell of our planet, which rotates along with the Earth. The gas in the atmosphere is called air. The atmosphere is in contact with the hydrosphere and partially covers the lithosphere. But the upper limits are difficult to determine. It is conventionally accepted that the atmosphere extends upward for approximately three thousand kilometers. There it smoothly flows into airless space.

Chemical composition of the Earth's atmosphere

The formation of the chemical composition of the atmosphere began about four billion years ago. Initially, the atmosphere consisted only of light gases - helium and hydrogen. According to scientists, the initial prerequisites for the creation of a gas shell around the Earth were volcanic eruptions, which, along with lava, ejected huge amount gases Subsequently, gas exchange began with water spaces, with living organisms, and with the products of their activities. The composition of the air gradually changed and was fixed in its modern form several million years ago.

The main components of the atmosphere are nitrogen (about 79%) and oxygen (20%). The remaining percentage (1%) is made up of the following gases: argon, neon, helium, methane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, krypton, xenon, ozone, ammonia, sulfur and nitrogen dioxides, nitrous oxide and carbon monoxide, which are included in this one percent.

In addition, the air contains water vapor and particulate matter (pollen, dust, salt crystals, aerosol impurities).

Recently, scientists have noted not a qualitative, but a quantitative change in some air ingredients. And the reason for this is man and his activities. In the last 100 years alone, carbon dioxide levels have increased significantly! This is fraught with many problems, the most global of which is climate change.

Formation of weather and climate

The atmosphere plays a critical role in shaping the climate and weather on Earth. A lot depends on the amount of sunlight, the nature of the underlying surface and atmospheric circulation.

Let's look at the factors in order.

1. The atmosphere transmits the heat of the sun's rays and absorbs harmful radiation. The ancient Greeks knew that the rays of the Sun fall on different parts of the Earth at different angles. The word “climate” itself translated from ancient Greek means “slope”. So, at the equator, the sun's rays fall almost vertically, which is why it is very hot here. The closer to the poles, the greater the angle of inclination. And the temperature drops.

2. Due to the uneven heating of the Earth, air currents are formed in the atmosphere. They are classified according to their sizes. The smallest (tens and hundreds of meters) are local winds. This is followed by monsoons and trade winds, cyclones and anticyclones, and planetary frontal zones.

All these air masses are constantly moving. Some of them are quite static. For example, trade winds that blow from the subtropics towards the equator. The movement of others depends largely on atmospheric pressure.

3. Atmospheric pressure is another factor influencing climate formation. This is the air pressure on the surface of the earth. As is known, air masses move from an area with high atmospheric pressure towards an area where this pressure is lower.

A total of 7 zones are allocated. The equator is a low pressure zone. Further, on both sides of the equator up to the thirties latitudes there is an area of ​​high pressure. From 30° to 60° - low pressure again. And from 60° to the poles is a high pressure zone. Air masses circulate between these zones. Those that come from the sea to land bring rain and bad weather, and those that blow from the continents bring clear and dry weather. In places where air currents collide, atmospheric front zones are formed, which are characterized by precipitation and inclement, windy weather.

Scientists have proven that even a person’s well-being depends on atmospheric pressure. According to international standards, normal atmospheric pressure is 760 mm Hg. column at a temperature of 0°C. This indicator is calculated for those areas of land that are almost level with sea level. With altitude the pressure decreases. Therefore, for example, for St. Petersburg 760 mm Hg. - this is the norm. But for Moscow, which is located higher, normal pressure is 748 mm Hg.

The pressure changes not only vertically, but also horizontally. This is especially felt during the passage of cyclones.

The structure of the atmosphere

The atmosphere is reminiscent of a layer cake. And each layer has its own characteristics.

. Troposphere- the layer closest to the Earth. The "thickness" of this layer changes with distance from the equator. Above the equator, the layer extends upward by 16-18 km, in temperate zones by 10-12 km, at the poles by 8-10 km.

It is here that 80% of the total air mass and 90% of water vapor are contained. Clouds form here, cyclones and anticyclones arise. The air temperature depends on the altitude of the area. On average, it decreases by 0.65° C for every 100 meters.

. Tropopause- transition layer of the atmosphere. Its height ranges from several hundred meters to 1-2 km. The air temperature in summer is higher than in winter. For example, above the poles in winter it is -65° C. And above the equator it is -70° C at any time of the year.

. Stratosphere- this is a layer whose upper boundary lies at an altitude of 50-55 kilometers. Turbulence here is low, the content of water vapor in the air is negligible. But there is a lot of ozone. Its maximum concentration is at an altitude of 20-25 km. In the stratosphere, the air temperature begins to rise and reaches +0.8° C. This is due to the fact that the ozone layer interacts with ultraviolet radiation.

. Stratopause- a low intermediate layer between the stratosphere and the mesosphere that follows it.

. Mesosphere- the upper boundary of this layer is 80-85 kilometers. Complex photochemical processes involving free radicals occur here. They are the ones who provide that gentle blue glow of our planet, which is seen from space.

Most comets and meteorites burn up in the mesosphere.

. Mesopause- the next intermediate layer, the air temperature in which is at least -90°.

. Thermosphere- the lower boundary begins at an altitude of 80 - 90 km, and the upper boundary of the layer runs approximately at 800 km. The air temperature is rising. It can vary from +500° C to +1000° C. During the day, temperature fluctuations amount to hundreds of degrees! But the air here is so rarefied that understanding the term “temperature” as we imagine it is not appropriate here.

. Ionosphere- combines the mesosphere, mesopause and thermosphere. The air here consists mainly of oxygen and nitrogen molecules, as well as quasi-neutral plasma. The sun's rays entering the ionosphere strongly ionize air molecules. In the lower layer (up to 90 km) the degree of ionization is low. The higher, the greater the ionization. So, at an altitude of 100-110 km, electrons are concentrated. This helps to reflect short and medium radio waves.

The most important layer of the ionosphere is the upper one, which is located at an altitude of 150-400 km. Its peculiarity is that it reflects radio waves, and this facilitates the transmission of radio signals over considerable distances.

It is in the ionosphere that such a phenomenon as the aurora occurs.

. Exosphere- consists of oxygen, helium and hydrogen atoms. The gas in this layer is very rarefied and hydrogen atoms often escape into outer space. Therefore, this layer is called the “dispersion zone”.

The first scientist to suggest that our atmosphere has weight was the Italian E. Torricelli. Ostap Bender, for example, in his novel “The Golden Calf” lamented that every person is pressed by a column of air weighing 14 kg! But the great schemer was a little mistaken. An adult experiences pressure of 13-15 tons! But we do not feel this heaviness, because atmospheric pressure is balanced by the internal pressure of a person. The weight of our atmosphere is 5,300,000,000,000,000 tons. The figure is colossal, although it is only a millionth of the weight of our planet.

Removal, processing and disposal of waste from hazard classes 1 to 5

We work with all regions of Russia. Valid license. A complete set of closing documents. Individual approach to the client and flexible pricing policy.

Using this form, you can submit a request for services, request a commercial offer, or receive a free consultation from our specialists.

Send

The atmosphere is the air environment that surrounds the globe and is one of the most important reasons for the emergence of life on earth. It was atmospheric air, its unique composition, that gave living beings the opportunity to oxidize organic substances with oxygen and obtain energy for existence. Without it, human existence will be impossible, as well as all representatives of the animal kingdom, most plants, fungi and bacteria.

Meaning for humans

The air environment is not only a source of oxygen. It allows a person to see, perceive spatial signals, and use the senses. Hearing, vision, smell - they all depend on the state of the air.

The second important point is protection from solar radiation. The atmosphere envelops the planet with a shell that blocks part of the spectrum of solar rays. As a result, about 30% of solar radiation reaches the earth.

The air environment is a shell in which precipitation forms and evaporation rises. It is she who is responsible for half of the moisture exchange cycle. Precipitation formed in the atmosphere affects the functioning of the World Ocean, contributes to the accumulation of moisture on continents, and determines the destruction of exposed rocks. She takes part in climate formation. Circulation of air masses is the most important factor in the formation of specific climatic zones and natural areas. Winds arising above the Earth determine temperature, humidity, precipitation levels, pressure, and weather stability in the region.

Currently, chemicals are extracted from the air: oxygen, helium, argon, nitrogen. The technology is still at the testing stage, but in the future this can be considered a promising direction for the chemical industry.

The above are obvious things. But the air environment is also important for industry and human economic activity:

• It is the most important chemical agent for combustion and oxidation reactions.
• Transfers heat.

Thus, atmospheric air is a unique air environment that allows living things to exist and humans to develop industry. There is a close interaction between the human body and the air environment. If you violate it, serious consequences will not keep you waiting.

Hygienic characteristics of air

Pollution is the process of introducing impurities into the atmospheric air that should not normally exist. Pollution can be natural or artificial. Impurities that come from natural sources are neutralized in the planetary cycle of matter. With artificial pollution the situation is more complicated.

Natural pollution includes:

• Cosmic dust.
• Impurities formed during volcanic eruptions, weathering, and fires.

Artificial pollution is anthropogenic in nature. There are global and local pollution. Global is all emissions that can affect the composition or structure of the atmosphere. Local is a change in indicators in a specific area or in a room used for living, work or public events.

Ambient air hygiene is an important section of hygiene that deals with the assessment and control of indoor air parameters. This section appeared in connection with the need for sanitary protection. Hygienic value atmospheric air is difficult to overestimate - along with breathing, all the impurities and particles contained in the air enter the human body.

Hygienic assessment includes the following indicators:

1. Physical properties of atmospheric air. This includes temperature (the most common violation of SanPin in workplaces is that the air gets too hot), pressure, wind speed (in open areas), radioactivity, humidity and other indicators.
2. The presence of impurities and deviations from the standard chemical composition. Atmospheric air is characterized by its suitability for breathing.
3. The presence of solid impurities - dust, other microparticles.
4. The presence of bacterial contamination – pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic microorganisms.

To compile a hygienic characteristic, the readings obtained on four points are compared with established standards.

Environmental protection

Recently, the state of atmospheric air has been causing concern among environmentalists. As industry develops, environmental risks also grow. Factories and industrial zones not only destroy the ozone layer, heating the atmosphere and saturating it with carbon impurities, but also reduce hygiene. Therefore, in developed countries it is customary to carry out comprehensive measures to protect the air environment.

Main directions of protection:

• Legislative regulation.
• Development of recommendations for the placement of industrial zones, taking into account climatic and geographical factors.
• Carrying out measures to reduce emissions.
• Sanitary and hygienic control at enterprises.
• Regular monitoring of composition.

Protection measures also include planting green spaces, creating artificial reservoirs, and creating barrier zones between industrial and residential areas. Recommendations for carrying out protective measures have been developed by organizations such as WHO and UNESCO. State and regional recommendations are developed on the basis of international ones.

Currently, the problem of air hygiene is receiving more and more attention. Unfortunately, at the moment, the measures taken are not enough to completely minimize anthropogenic harm. But we can hope that in the future, together with the development of more environmentally friendly industries, it will be possible to reduce the load on the atmosphere.