Monograph and N Naimushin Marine Engineering School. Military Institute (Naval Polytechnic) Vunts VMF "Naval Academy

From 1798 to the present (in 1798 - 1827 - the School of Naval Architecture; in 1827 - 1856 - the training marine working crew; in 1856 - 1867 - the Engineering and Artillery School of the Naval Department; in 1867 - 1872 - Engineering School of the Naval Department, in 1872 - 1896 - the Technical School of the Naval Department, in 1896 - 1898 - the Naval Technical School of Emperor Nicholas I, in 1898 - 1917 - the Naval Engineering School named after Emperor Nicholas I).
The School of Naval Architecture at the St. Petersburg Admiralty was organized on the basis of the report of the Committee on the establishment of schools for students of navigational and naval architecture, approved on August 20, 1798. Subordinated to the chief sarvaer of the St. Petersburg port. The state provides for 122 ranks, incl. 100 students. At the end of the course and passing the final exam, students were released "navigators into officer rank navigators, and ship, galley, flipper and machine apprentices in the art in which they will show their success."
Based on the first charter of the school, approved on March 4, 1803 by Emperor Alexander I, it was subordinate to the quartermaster general of the quartermaster department. Prepared shipbuilders, apprentices, mechanics, hydraulics and teachers in various parts. Noble, chief officer and soldier children aged 12-14 were accepted, who could read and write.
Transformed into a training marine working crew on the basis of the Regulations approved on January 27, 1827 by the emperor. Reported to the General Staff of H.I.V. for military settlements. Since 1842, it was transferred to the Inspection Department of the Main Naval Headquarters h.i.v. According to the state: 27 officers, 96 non-commissioned officers, a doctor, 2 paramedics, 3 clerks, 17 drummers, 50 sailors and 800 students, a total of 996 people. It consisted of conductors (training ship conductors into the corps of ship engineers, and then also into the corps of mechanical engineers, engineers of military settlements, engineers of the marine construction unit, engineers of communications and naval artillery) and workshop companies (training masters (non-commissioned officers) into workers crews).
Disbanded April 6, 1856 by order. Conductor companies received the name of the Engineering and Artillery School of the Naval Department. Reported directly to the Inspector of the Corps of Naval Engineers until December 1857, then to the Inspectorate Department of the Main Naval Staff H.I.V. On May 8, 1867, it received the name of the Engineering School of the Naval Department. It is included in the category of higher specialized educational institutions with a 4-year course of study and admission on a competitive basis of persons of all classes aged 15-18 years.
On June 17, 1872, it was transferred by order to Kronstadt and merged with the Navigator and Artillery School and renamed the Technical School of the Naval Department. According to the staff, put into effect by order from May 1, 1873: 20 officers, a priest, a psalmist, a doctor, 4 paramedics, a caretaker for the economic part, 5 non-commissioned officers, 3 drummers, 3 buglers and 220 pupils, a total of 260 people. Trained ship engineers, mechanical engineers, navigators and naval gunners. Navigational and artillery departments were closed in 1883-1884.
On June 25, 1896, on the centenary of the birth of Nicholas I, it was renamed the Naval Technical School of Emperor Nicholas I.
On September 24, 1898, by order of the manager, in connection with the centennial anniversary, it received the name of the Naval Engineering School of Emperor Nicholas I.
The administration of the Naval Engineering School included: a senior company commander, senior and junior officers, a class inspector and his assistant.
Regular teachers of the civil department were approved and promoted to the ranks in the same way as teachers of secondary educational institutions. Economic and disciplinary committees operated at the Marine Engineering School. The latter was chaired by the head of the school and consisted of: the class inspector, his assistant, the priest, the battalion commander and junior officers. His tasks included overseeing the morality of the pupils, discussing the misdeeds of the junkers, and imposing penalties.
The Naval Engineering School consisted of two departments: shipbuilding and mechanical. Young people aged 16-20 who completed the full course of secondary educational institutions were accepted on a competitive basis. The usual reception consisted of 5 people for the shipbuilding department and 40 for the mechanical department.
The tasks of the Naval Engineering School included general education, military educational and drill training of officers of the engineering troops. The course of study was divided into 4 classes, 1 general and 3 special. The curriculum was approved by the Minister of War and included the military sciences (fortification, railroad business, artillery, tactics, military topography, and others); general education (God's law, mathematics, foreign languages ​​and others); all branches of military service training.
Those who completed the course were required to serve in active service for 1.5 years for each year they were in special classes. After a 10-month voyage with the rank of ship midshipmen and a practical exam on ships, they were released with a rank in the Corps of Ship Engineers and midshipman in a mechanical engineer of the fleet.
By order of the Provisional Government, it was transferred in September 1917 from Kronstadt to Petrograd. When the naval educational institutions were disbanded after the October Revolution, the Naval Engineering School continued its activities. In October 1918, everything at the School was reduced, except for the "senior graduation". The transition period lasted from 1917 to 1922.

Currently exists.

Article title: (title) Theme category: Author(s) of the article: A.I. Kalinin, T.Yu. Prosyankina Article source: Russian statehood Date of writing the article: (date) Articles used in writing this article: PSZ II. T. 31. No. 30478; PSZ III. T. 16. No. 12511; T. 17. No. 15602; RGAVMF. F. 227,434; Sobr. laws and regulations, up to part of the sea. management related, for 1827 St. Petersburg, 1828; In the same place, for 1857, St. Petersburg, 1857; Sobr. legalizations, resolutions and other orders on sea. department for 1872 St. Petersburg, 1873; In the same place, for 1873, St. Petersburg, 1874; In the same place, for 1898, St. Petersburg, 1899; Paromensky A.M. East Mor essay. eng. schools imp. Nicholas I. 1798-1898. SPb., 1898, 1900, 1911. Issue. 1-3; Usik N.P., Polyakh Ya.I. Higher Naval. eng. Order of Lenin School. F.E. Dzerzhinsky: East. feature article. L., 1990; Ivanov A.E. Higher uch. institutions of Russia in con. XIX - beginning. 20th century M, 1991; Volkov S.S. Rus. officer corps. M., 1993.

In accordance with the Order of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation dated March 15, 2012 No. 545 “On measures to improve the structure of military educational institutions of higher professional education of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation”, the branches of the VUNC of the Navy “Naval Academy” in the cities of St. Petersburg, Pushkin and St. Petersburg, Petrodvorets from July 1, 2012 were renamed the Military Institute (Naval Polytechnic) VUNTS Navy "Naval Academy".

VVMUZ has no analogues in the Armed Forces of Russia. The concept of polytechnic education permeates the entire cadet training program for five years. Particular emphasis is placed on the first two years. It is during this period, regardless of the chosen specialty, that cadets will receive a powerful basic level of technical knowledge, which they will be able to fully use in the next three-year period of specialization. In five years, the fleet will be replenished with specialists with a solid polytechnic training foundation.

The formation and development of the Russian fleet is inextricably linked with the practical and scientific activities of the university. A whole galaxy of outstanding scientists, designers, mechanical engineers emerged from its walls over a period of more than two centuries. Thanks to their scientific and practical activities, a first-class sailing, steam, and then nuclear fleet was built in Russia. School graduates designed, built and maintained combat surface ships, ships, submarines of the Russian fleet.

The history of the institute dates back to August 20 (31), 1798, when the Law of the Russian Empire No. 18634, approved by Emperor Paul I, founded the School of Naval Architecture in St. Petersburg - the world's first naval engineering educational institution.

The school has repeatedly changed its name and location (for more than 130 years it has been located in the Main Admiralty). The buildings of the institute in Pushkin were built in the 18th-19th centuries as part of the city of Sofia. Until 1829, the buildings belonged to the Noble Boarding School of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, and then they housed the Alexander Cadet Corps, from where the pupils were transferred to the Naval Cadet Corps. In 1948, a decision was made to establish the Higher Naval Engineering School named after V.I. Lenin.

In accordance with the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of August 29, 1998 No. 1009, by merging two well-known educational institutions in the country - the Higher Naval Engineering School named after V.I. Lenin and the Higher Naval Engineering Order of Lenin School named after F.E. Dzerzhinsky - the Naval Engineering Institute was created, which in 2009 was attached to the state educational institution of higher professional education "Naval Academy named after Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union N.G. Kuznetsov.

In accordance with the resolution "On the personnel of the commanders of the Navy of the Red Army and on measures to expand naval educational institutions" of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics dated May 17, 1932 at the Leningrad Naval Engineering School. F.E. Dzerzhinsky, the School of Communications of the Navy of the Red Army and the training of "commanding staff of communications" for the Navy was formed. Over the years of its existence, more than 25 thousand highly qualified specialists have been trained within the walls of the school - college - of the Naval Institute of Radio Electronics named after A.S. Popov.

In the process of training, cadets annually undergo training practice on ships with visits to foreign ports.

The Military Institute (Naval Polytechnic) of the VUNC of the Navy "Naval Academy" occupies a leading position in the training of engineering specialists of the Navy.

Training of officers of the Russian fleet in 1905–1920

Educational institutions that trained officers of the Russian Imperial Navy were divided into two groups: those that gave their graduates the first officer rank (or the right to production), and those where officers improved their education.

The first group included the Naval Corps, the Naval Engineering School and educational institutions with an accelerated period of study that appeared with the outbreak of the First World War, the second group included the Nikolaev Naval Academy and various officer classes and schools.

Marine Corps

The Naval Corps was an educational institution that trained naval officers. It was the successor of the School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences established in 1701 in Moscow. The Naval Corps changed its name several times: Naval Corps in 1762-1867 and in 1906-1915; in 1891-1906 - Naval Cadet Corps, in 1867-1891 and 1915-1918. - Maritime School. On November 6, 1914, the corps was given the patronage of the Heir to the Tsesarevich.

The bulk of the cadets were hereditary nobles or children of personal nobles. When recruiting into the corps, preference was given to the sons and grandchildren of naval officers. According to the approved states, there were 740 people in the corps. Until 1910, the corps annually produced 80-90 people, in 1911-1913. - an average of 119, and in 1914, together with an accelerated release, gave 260, in 1915. - 173, in 1916 and 1917. - 200 people each.

Since 1906, the corps has been graduating pupils as ship midshipmen (1860-1882 - midshipman of the fleet, 1906-1917 - ship midshipman), and they received the first officer rank of midshipman only after practical navigation and passing exams by a special commission. According to their status, ship midshipmen enjoyed the “ordinary rights” (that is, rights with a number of restrictions) of second lieutenants in the Admiralty.

In 1915, after the Naval Corps was renamed into the Naval School, its general classes were allocated to the Naval Cadet Corps in Sevastopol (where the 2nd Naval Corps was going to be opened even before the war).

The Naval School in Petrograd was closed on March 7, 1918. Senior midshipmen received certificates of graduation from the school, senior cadets - certificates of completion of general classes, and all were issued certificates of "military sailors of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Fleet."

Naval Cadet Corps in Sevastopol

The highest position on the opening of the building was approved on October 26, 1915, but its opening took place only the following year. The corps included general classes separated from the Petrograd Naval School.

According to the original plan, the body was supposed to “... to deliver to minors intended for naval service in the officer rank and, mainly to the sons of officers of the fleet and the maritime department, general education and upbringing appropriate to their purpose”. It was assumed that the corps would consist of four classes, each with a one-year term of study. Unfortunately, he did not have time to produce a single issue, since he was abolished on July 22, 1917 by a decree of the Admiralties - Council. The corps reopened in October 1919, in November of the following year it had to be evacuated along with the Black Sea Fleet and continue its activities in Bizerte (Tunisia).

Marine Engineering School

This school trained technical specialists for the fleet. Initially, a similar educational institution - the School of Naval Architecture - was established in 1798 in St. Petersburg. Until 1894, representatives of almost all classes of the Russian Empire were accepted into it - nobles, bourgeois, merchants, peasants. In this it differed significantly from the Naval Corps. Since 1894, only children of nobles, hereditary honorary citizens, officers and officials of the Naval Department were admitted to the school. Class restrictions were introduced in order to reduce possible conflict situations of graduates in further joint service with graduates of the Marine Corps.

In 1897, the technical school was transformed into the Naval Engineering School of Emperor Nicholas I (it had this name until March 1917, after which it became simply called the Naval Engineering School) with two departments - mechanical and shipbuilding.

Graduates were enrolled in the corps of ship engineers (shipbuilding department) and in the corps of fleet mechanics (mechanical department). Two years later, they received the preferential right to enter the Naval Academy. From 1877 to 1904 122 ship engineers and 495 mechanical engineers completed the full course of the school. From 1905 to 1909 27 ship engineers and 141 mechanical engineers graduated. In 1900-1912. the average release was 30 people, in 1913. 43 people were released, in 1915. - 45 people. Ship engineers in the issues of 1906-1915. There were an average of 5 people.

In March 1918, together with the Naval Corps, the school was liquidated.

Naval training institutions with accelerated training

Due to a significant shortage of officers in the fleet, the Naval Department had to organize a number of educational institutions with an accelerated training period that produced wartime officers. Such educational institutions included Separate cadet classes, Navy cadet courses, and the School of Ensigns for the Admiralty (wartime midshipmen).

On August 5, 1913, Temporary courses for cadets of the fleet were opened in St. Petersburg with a training course under the program of the Naval Corps. On June 1, 1914, they were transformed into Separate midshipmen's classes (OGK), and 60 cadets of the fleet who were previously enrolled there were renamed midshipmen. Children of officers, hereditary nobles, clergymen (at a rank not lower than a priest), civil officials (not lower than grade VII of the table of ranks), as well as representatives of other classes of the Christian faith who completed the course at any civil university, were admitted to the classes on a competitive basis.

After enrolling in the OGK, the midshipman was immediately sworn in. The full course of study was calculated for three years. Then the pupils were promoted to ship midshipmen and sent to the ships of the Artillery Training and Mine Training Squads. After practice and passing exams, they received the first rank of midshipman. The classes produced three graduations of midshipmen: January 30, 1916, March 25, 1917, and February 20, 1918. Unlike the midshipmen of the Marine Corps, who wore white shoulder straps, the midshipmen of the OGK had black shoulder straps, for which they were unofficially called "black midshipmen".

Separate cadet classes were abolished by a decree of the Supreme Naval Collegium (a fleet management body created after the Bolsheviks came to power) of November 28, 1917.

Courses for midshipmen of the fleet were organized in 1916 on the basis of the company of the so-called naval midshipmen formed under the 2nd Baltic naval crew, which consisted of persons with higher education who wished to pass the exam for the rank of midshipman. The courses were supposed to last for a year, with 3 months for practice. The midshipmen were supposed to take the exam for the officer rank at the Naval Corps or the Naval Engineering School, depending on their specialization. The first enrollment in the courses took place on December 17, 1916. In addition to the maritime department, hydrographic and shipbuilding departments were also opened at the courses. On May 5, 1917, the first graduation of the courses took place. After the October Revolution of 1917, the courses ceased to exist in their previous form: midshipmen in the naval unit were offered to pass the remaining exams until April 28, 1918, the mechanical and shipbuilding departments were closed, and their midshipmen were allowed to continue their studies at the newly organized short-term military shipbuilding courses until August 1, 1918 . The Hydrographic Department, renamed the Navy Hydrograph Class, was allowed to practice until June 1, 1918. The midshipmen who studied in the courses wore gray overcoats, for which they were unofficially nicknamed "gray midshipmen".

The school of ensigns for the Admiralty (wartime midshipmen) opened in July 1916 in Oranienbaum. Volunteers, hunters of the fleet, combatant lower ranks, and in general “young people of the Christian denomination not younger than 17 years old who have certificates or certificates of graduation from one of the secondary educational institutions”. There were three releases of ensigns for the Admiralty: October 1 and 23, 1916 and March 15, 1917. In May 1917, the school was transferred to New Peterhof and renamed the School of wartime midshipmen of the coastal staff. The first issue of wartime midshipmen in the mechanical part was made on September 11, 1917. In the same year, two more graduations took place: on September 20 - wartime midshipmen of the coastal staff, and on September 23 - just wartime midshipmen.

Nikolaev Maritime Academy

The Nikolaev Naval Academy has been counting its history since January 28, 1827, when officer classes began to operate under the Naval Corps on the initiative of the famous Russian navigator and maritime teacher I.F. Kruzenshtern. By the beginning of the First World War, the academy consisted of three departments: hydrographic, shipbuilding and mechanical.

For 25 years, the academy has produced 100 hydrographers, 47 shipbuilders and 54 mechanics. In 1910, the duration of the naval sciences course was increased to 12 months, reorganized as a department. Release of the technical departments of the academy in 1906-1914. ranged from 15 to 55 people per year (total 199), and the naval course - from 7 to 18 people per year (total 113).

In addition to the Nikolaev Naval Academy, fleet officers could be trained in some land educational institutions. 6-7 people were annually sent to the Mikhailovsky Artillery and Imperial Nikolaev Engineering Academy, 1-2 officers were seconded to the Academy of the General Staff. Also, training could be conducted at the Alexander Military Law Academy, the Mining Institute, the St. Petersburg Polytechnic Institute of Emperor Peter the Great and the Electrotechnical Institute.

Officer classes and schools

The officer classes and schools were short-term "advancement courses" in naval specialties. Officers who served for at least 2 years were accepted for training.

The naval gymnastic institution, opened in 1862, was engaged in drill retraining of the fleet personnel (officers and sailors). Every two years, 12 officers were sent to it.

The mine officer class was created in 1874 in Kronstadt. During the war years, instead of the Mine class, short courses were created for 36 officers, another 51 people were trained at mine divisions and 22 at electrical courses. Mine courses for 24 officers also operated in Sevastopol. In 1913, a school of radio engineers was formed under the Mine Class, which operated throughout the war. In 1918, the Mine Officer Class, along with other similar classes and officer schools, was transformed into the United Classes for the training of special command personnel of the RKKF.

The diving class was part of the Diving School, which also trained divers from the lower ranks. Founded in 1905 with an annual intake of 5-6 officers. During the First World War, no reception was made. In total, about 50 officers were trained before the start of the war.

The officer class of scuba diving was formed in 1906 as part of the Scuba Diving Training Squad. 120 people graduated before the war: from 5 to 24 per year.

The naval artillery class operated in 1905-1914, releasing an average of 15 people until 1909, then more (in 1914 - 23). Since 1915, on the basis of the class, there were short-term artillery courses, which were completed in 1915 by 16 people, and in 1916 - by 35. The same courses, which opened in Sevastopol in 1916, were completed by 24 people.

Navigator classes were created in 1910. In 1911, 12 officers graduated from them, in 1912 - 14, in 1913 - 14, in 1914 - 23 officers. In 1915, 13 officers were trained at temporary courses created on the basis and according to the program of these classes.

For naval aviation, initially naval pilots were trained at the theoretical aviation courses at the St. Petersburg Polytechnic Institute of Peter the Great and at the Officer School of Aviation of the Air Fleet Department in Sevastopol (it was founded in 1910).

Due to the lack of opportunities to train pilots to fly seaplanes, at the suggestion of the Black Sea Fleet command, they began to train pilots directly on the fleet, which, among other things, reduced the training time and reduced its cost. In 1915, the Officer School of Naval Aviation was founded in Petrograd. From the end of November of the same year, a branch of the school in Baku began to operate, which was soon transformed into the Baku School of Naval Aviation.

Naval educational institutions of the White Fleets

Naval educational institutions that existed in the territories controlled by the White governments can be divided into two types - higher educational institutions, the ultimate goal of which was the release of naval officers, and various schools that train specialists from among sailors and non-commissioned officers. There were two higher maritime educational institutions that continued to some extent the traditions of the Marine Corps during the Civil War - the Naval School in Vladivostok and the Naval Cadet Corps in Sevastopol.

The Naval School in Vladivostok was opened in November 1918 on the basis of the 3rd company of Separate Midshipmen Classes sent in the fall of 1917 for swimming practice from Petrograd to Vladivostok, consisting of midshipmen who studied at the Naval School disbanded by the Provisional Government. Training sailing in the Eastern Seas on the auxiliary cruiser Oryol and the destroyers Boyky and Grozny continued until June 1918. During this time, tragic events took place in Russia, which also affected the fate of the training detachment. In the French port of Saigon, the entire crew and a minority of officers and midshipmen left the ships. Young sailors, who did not want to join the revolutionary-minded colleagues who went to Russia, decided to take part in the fight against the Bolsheviks in the units of Ataman Semenov and as part of the Harbin Marine Company. In the summer of 1918, the midshipmen who remained in Saigon, led by the head of the detachment, captain of the 1st rank, M.A. Kititsyn, received an order to return to Vladivostok to continue their studies at the re-created Naval School.

In addition to the newly arrived midshipmen, the school was replenished with naval cadets and midshipmen from other companies of the midshipmen classes and the Naval School, who ended up in the Far East. On the other hand, some midshipmen were expelled for various reasons.

The school started classes with 129 people. In addition to training, midshipmen had to take part in hostilities against partisans and in the suppression of uprisings. In the summer of 1919, recruitment was made to the 2nd, junior company of the school. At the same time, midshipmen were practicing on the ships of the Siberian flotilla.

After the fall of the power of Admiral Kolchak and the approach of the Red partisans to the city, a threat arose to the existence of the Naval School. A decision was made to evacuate him on the Orel auxiliary cruiser and the Yakut messenger ship. During the evacuation on January 31, 1920, the school consisted of over 40 officers and more than 250 cadets and midshipmen. On April 11, 1920, the first release of 119 people into ship midshipmen was made in Singapore (the head of the detachment did not have the right to assign them the rank of midshipman). This issue received an unofficial name in honor of the Naval School, the famous Russian submarine captain of the 1st rank M.A. Kititsyn - "Kititsynsky".

On August 12, Orel and Yakut arrived at the Yugoslav port of Dubrovnik, where the fleet command, located in Sevastopol, ordered the return of the Orel mobilized at the beginning of the war to the Volunteer Fleet. The way to Sevastopol continued only "Yakut". Most of the midshipmen and ship midshipmen, considering further struggle useless, refused to follow to the Crimea. Together with Kititsyn, 111 (according to other sources, 96) midshipmen came to the Crimea. The Yakut arrived in Sevastopol five days before the general evacuation of Crimea.

Already during the transition to Constantinople, 49 midshipmen, by order of General Wrangel, were promoted to midshipman. Part of the midshipmen who did not complete their naval education continued their studies within the walls of the Naval Corps, located in Bizerte, forming a separate "Vladivostok" company in it. Of the "Vladivostok" midshipmen in Bizerte, 45 people (2 graduations) were promoted to midshipmen in 1922, many of whom continued naval service in other countries.

The Naval Cadet Corps in Sevastopol, created in 1915, was revived in the summer of 1919, during the period of the greatest successes of the Armed Forces of the South of Russia. On June 15, 1919, the power of the whites was established in Sevastopol. The restoration of the Naval Forces on the Black Sea began. Naturally, the question of personnel training arose before the command of the fleet. However, in the conditions of the Civil War, it turned out to be extremely difficult to solve it. Thanks to the titanic efforts of Senior Lieutenant N.N. Mashukov, the most energetic officer in the fleet of the Volunteer Army, the Corps was opened on October 17, 1919.

Despite all sorts of difficulties, on September 6, 1919, the recruitment of 130 people with a secondary education began in the cadet company and the same number who graduated from three classes - in the junior cadet company. At the same time, the number of cadets and midshipmen of the Naval School dispersed by the Bolsheviks in the ranks of pupils turned out to be minimal, since most of them, who took part in the Civil War, had already been promoted to officers in those armies and navies where they served.

Only in the middle of 1920, after the order of General Wrangel on the return of students from the front, was it possible to form a “Consolidated Company” of two platoons at the corps. One platoon included former cadets of the Naval Academy, the other included midshipmen of the Separate Midshipmen Classes and midshipmen of the fleet to complete the course. There were about 70 people in the Consolidated Company. More than half of the company had already been promoted to officers of the Admiralty Corps or Ship Officers (the Corps of Ship Officers was formed in 1919. After accelerated training, students, army officers, former midshipmen and conductors were enrolled in it), "until passing the exam for the full course of the Marine Corps", as stated in the production order. Initially, the midshipmen and combat commanders of the corps were dressed in English infantry uniforms, for which they received the unofficial name "green midshipmen".

On October 21, 1919, classes began within the walls of the corps. Theoretical classes, which were mainly conducted according to the program of the pre-revolutionary Naval School, were combined with boating practice, visiting warships. In addition, cadets and midshipmen carried security service. In the summer of 1920, midshipmen underwent swimming practice on the cruiser General Kornilov, which took part in military operations, the battleships General Alekseev, Rostislav and the yacht Zabava. Such "practice" in combat conditions gave a lot of experience to young sailors. Classes in the corps continued until the very evacuation of the Crimea. During the evacuation, the corps consisted of 235 midshipmen, 110 cadets and 17 extern officers (persons who already had officer ranks). The bulk of the pupils of the Corps received certificates of graduation already in Bizerte.

The process of training personnel for the fleet during the Civil War did not stop, midshipmen and cadets had to combine the educational process with participation in hostilities. It was the pupils of military educational institutions who turned out to be the most "ideologically reliable" component of the white forces in exile.

In addition to educational institutions that trained officer cadres, the White Fleets had various schools for the training of specialists from among sailors and non-commissioned officers. The largest of them were: the Engine and Motor School of the Maritime Department in Tomsk and the radio school in Vladivostok.

The engine and engine school was founded on January 25, 1919 by order of the Administration of the Fleet Personnel and the Naval Department of the government of Admiral Kolchak. It trained specialists for the maintenance of the ships of the River Combat Flotilla. Volunteers and literate soldiers and sailors who knew technical crafts or were familiar with internal combustion engines were trained at the school. There was a class of aviation mechanics at the school (opened on March 28). On June 10, 1919, the school was transferred to Omsk, and on August 10, 1919 it was liquidated.

The Radio School of the Naval Department was established in early 1919 in Vladivostok. Its main task was to train specialists in radiotelegraphy and electrical engineering for the ships of the white fleets and units of naval gunners. The school was supposed to be staffed by volunteers aged at least 18 with a secondary education. The training period was planned for 3 months, at the end the students took the final exam. 50% of the best students in the second month of training were allocated to the non-commissioned officer class. Officers could also be attached to the school as students. On March 7, 1919, a class of minders was organized at the school to service radiotelegraph installations, and on June 3, a class of mine drivers. In connection with the change in the situation at the front and the liquidation of many naval units, on October 1, 1919, the radio school was also liquidated. In total, during its existence, it trained 102 radio telegraph operators, 8 radio telegraph officers, 15 electricians, 21 minders, 23 mine operators.

Various schools and training teams also existed in other white fleets and flotillas. Their activity was extremely hampered by the conditions of the ongoing war, but, nevertheless, they played an important role in providing the flotilla with qualified personnel.

TRAINING OF OFFICERS OF THE USSR NAVY

Naval educational institutions that trained officers for the USSR Navy were divided into two groups: higher naval schools, after graduating from which, graduates were awarded the military rank of "lieutenant" or "lieutenant-engineer" and a diploma of higher education of the all-Union sample with the appropriate qualifications, those where the officers improved their education.

The training of officers in higher naval schools, military educational institutions intended for the training of officers of the USSR Navy, was carried out in the following profiles:

• command schools - in navigation specialty, missile, artillery, anti-submarine and other types of weapons;
• engineering schools - in energy, electrical engineering, radio-electronic and other specialties;
• political school - social sciences, theory and practice of political-educational and party-political work with personnel.

The term of study in command and engineering schools is 5 years, in political - 4 years. Higher naval schools were staffed by graduates of Nakhimov schools, privates, sergeants and senior officers, midshipmen and ensigns of the SA and Navy, as well as civilian youth with a secondary education. Graduates were awarded the military rank of "lieutenant" or "lieutenant-engineer" and issued a diploma of higher education of the all-Union standard with the appropriate qualification.

The highest naval schools in the USSR were:

1. Higher Naval Order of Lenin, Red Banner, Order of Ushakov School named after M.V. Frunze (Leningrad).
2. Higher Naval Engineering Order of Lenin School named after F.E. Dzerzhinsky (Leningrad).
3. Caspian Higher Naval Red Banner School named after S.M. Kirov (Baku).
4. Higher Naval School of Diving named after Lenin Komsomol (Leningrad).
5. Pacific Higher Naval School named after S.O. Makarov (Vladivostok).
6. Black Sea Higher Naval School named after PS Nakhimov (Sevastopol).
7. Sevastopol Higher Naval Engineering School.
8. Higher Naval School of Radioelectronics named after A.S. Popov (Leningrad).
9. Higher Naval Engineering School named after V.I. Lenin (Pushkin, Leningrad region).
10. Kaliningrad Higher Naval School.
11. Kiev Higher Naval Political School.

Naval Academy named after Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union N.G. Kuznetsov, a higher military educational institution that trained command and engineering officers for the Navy; scientific center for the development of problems of naval art, shipbuilding and weapons, as well as the training of scientific and scientific-pedagogical personnel.

The story goes back to the Officer class, created at the suggestion of Admiral I.F. Kruzenshtern in January 1827 at the Naval Cadet Corps, which trained the most promising naval officers in "the higher parts of the sciences, required for naval service."

In April 1919, classes were resumed at the academy, and in 1922 the academy was renamed the Naval Academy of the Red Army. Since 1931, the academy was called the Naval Academy named after K.E. Voroshilov. In 1976, the Academy was named after A.A. Grechko. In August 1990, the academy was renamed the Naval Academy named after Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union N.G. Kuznetsov.

The Academy was awarded the Orders of Lenin (1944), the October Revolution (1977), Ushakov 1st degree (1968), foreign orders.

Naval Medical Academy, a higher military educational institution intended for the training and improvement of naval doctors; scientific center for the development of problems of medical support for the fleet, training of scientific and scientific-pedagogical personnel. It was created in July 1940 on the basis of the 3rd Leningrad Medical Institute and the Institute of Sanitary and Chemical Protection of the People's Commissariat of Health of the RSFSR.

Higher Special Officer Classes of the Navy (VSOK), a military educational institution of the Navy for the training and retraining of fleet officers. They trace their history from the Mine (1784), Artillery (1878), Underwater (1906), Navigator (1910) and Aviation (1914) officer classes created in different years.

In November 1918, United Classes for the Training of Naval Officers were organized at their base. From 1921 to 1923 the classes were part of the Naval Academy. Restored by order of the RVSR in 1923 under the name "Higher Special Courses for the Commanding Officers of the Fleet" and classified as higher military educational institutions. From the beginning of 1925, they began to be called "Special Courses for the Improvement of the Commanding Staff of the Fleet." In 1939, all the classes and courses included in the composition were united under the name "Higher Special Courses for the Command Staff of the Republic of Kazakhstan Navy." Later, after a series of renamings, in 1983 they received their modern name.

VSOK carried out training and retraining of officers of the Navy in command and special (navigation, rocket and artillery, aviation, mine and torpedo, engineering, etc.) profiles. Training in the classroom was supplemented by practice on ships and parts of the Navy.

In the first part, based on the memoirs of V.P. Kostenko “On the “Eagle” in Tsushima”, I want to talk about how shipbuilding engineers were trained at the Kronstadt Marine Engineering School before the Russo-Japanese War.

Learning features

All enrolled in the school entered the full government dependency. First-year students of both departments listened to lectures together, and the division of shipbuilders and mechanics began from the second year.
All those accepted were obliged to serve in the Navy for 4 ½ years upon graduation to cover the costs of their education and maintenance for 3 special courses.

The school was a closed educational institution, and the presence of pupils at all lectures was mandatory. Progress was checked periodically at regular rehearsals and at spring transitional exams after the end of the academic year (according to a twelve-point system).

Every day at the end of daytime classes, pupils were allowed to leave the school until 11 pm. On Saturdays, the pupils had the right to travel to St. Petersburg until 11 pm on Sunday.

From the second year, mechanics went to sail the Baltic Sea on the ships of the training detachment of the Engineering School, and the first course practiced in Kronstadt on the old gunboat "Tucha".

In the last - fourth year, shipbuilders and mechanics devoted the entire academic year to the preparation of graduation projects in their specialty. Project defense and final exams took place with the participation of a special commission appointed by the Main Naval Staff.

The production of graduates and their release into the fleet took place in a solemn atmosphere on the "royal day" on May 6. Shipbuilders received the title of "junior assistant shipbuilder" with one star on a narrow silver shoulder strap, corresponding to the rank of midshipman of naval officers, and were appointed to available vacancies in naval ports for the construction and repair of ships. Mechanics were issued into the fleet with the title of "Junior Mechanical Engineer".

At the school, lectures began at 8 o'clock in the morning, and until 3 o'clock 6 lectures were held daily, and after 6 o'clock in the evening work began in workshops and laboratories.

Since lectures and interviews with teachers are obligatory, training courses are usually learned before rehearsals and almost no time is required to prepare for testing.

Mandatory and well-organized three-month summer practice reinforces the knowledge gained during the theoretical courses taken.

It takes no more than one and a half months for holidays and rest in a year, and 10 ½ months remain for study.

Waking up at 6 ½ in the morning and finishing the working day at 11 pm gives more than 16 hours a day for lectures, classes, reading and walking.

It is also impossible not to note the influence that a close connection with the life of the fleet, port and factories has. The fleet brings up young cadres for itself. Cadets in the port have access to all ships under construction, armed and ready, standing in the roadstead.

Pupils of the school had the opportunity in their free time to visit new ships, study their internal layout and equipment, and receive the latest information from the personnel. This lively and direct connection with the daily life of the fleet involved both shipbuilders and mechanics from the school bench into the life of the fleet and made them imbued with its urgent tasks.

Ship mechanics and officers always attentively introduced us to all the novelties in ship equipment. This communication with the personnel of the fleet drew the younger generation of specialists into the circle of the current life and interests of the naval forces.

Entrance exams

Of the 50 who held competitive exams<на кораблестроительное отделение>5 people were enrolled. Those who did not qualify for the shipbuilding department could, if desired, enter the mechanical department. Mechanics were accepted 32 people out of 80 who took the exams.

Practice after the first year of study

In the summer, after the transitional exams, shipbuilders went to St. Petersburg for a three-month industrial practice and were distributed among the Admiralty factories. At the end of the summer practice, a verification exam was carried out by the commission of engineers of the St. Petersburg port, after which the pupils were given a month's vacation.

Every day at 9 o'clock in the morning we set off across the Nikolaevsky bridge on the left bank of the Neva to the Admiralty factories. One group, which worked in practice for the first year, remained at the plant of the New Admiralty, and the other two courses went to the shipyard of Galerny Island.

In the first year of practice, we had to study the construction of wooden keel boats in the boat workshop for three months, and then get acquainted with the location and equipment of all workshops for cold and hot processing of sheet and profile steel going to the construction of ship hulls.

Further, the program included the study of plaza works and the assembly of the hull on the slipway. By the end of the practice, a detailed written report was required, illustrated with copies of drawings, freehand sketches, drawings and photographs. To collect all the information, copies of drawings and technical data, we could turn to engineers in the offices of builders, to designers in drawing rooms and to foremen on buildings, as well as to all workers at the machines and assemblers on the stocks.

Practice after the second year of study

In 1902<после второго года обучения>our practice has been different. We were seconded to the construction of the battleship "Eagle", and we ended up with Mikhail Karlovich Yakovlev. Preparations were underway for the launch of the ship, we got the opportunity to see the laying of the foundation, the preparation of the skids and the assembly of the skids between the ship's hull and the skids. Of particular interest was the assembly of spears in the bow and stern.

Before the end of the summer, we had to study the entire internal location of the battleship, its ventilation and drainage systems, the flooding of the cellars and the ship's heeling from the kingstons. Yakovlev often tested our knowledge of all the schemes of ship systems. This second year of practice greatly expanded our understanding of all the interconnected devices of the ship and more fully illuminated the future duties of a ship engineer in construction.

During the summer, we also managed to get acquainted with the construction of all ships at other St. Petersburg plants. We were present at the descent of destroyers from Creighton's Okhtensky plant and visited the Nevsky plant, where the light cruisers Zhemchug and Izumrud were laid down, built according to the drawings of the Novik cruiser, ordered in Germany at the Shihau plant in Danzig.

Practice after the third year of study, preparation of diploma projects

Arriving for summer practice in the spring of 1903.<после третьего года обучения>, we received assignments for the preparation of graduation projects, approved by the design manager, engineer Nevrazhin.

In the free evening time of summer practice, we began to study the issues that were subject to theoretical and constructive solutions in graduation projects, and at factories and technical bureaus we tried to collect preliminary information and factory data on the weights of various ship structures and weapons to substantiate our design assumptions. It was also required to give a technical justification for the selected types of ships, their weapons and main elements.

Inspired by this project, I did not take advantage of my vacation in 1903, and at the end of my summer practice I entered the design bureau of the Baltic Plant and worked there for another month and a half before the start of autumn classes in Kronstadt. This additional practice gave me access to the factory technical archive and allowed me to collect valuable materials for the project.

When the next classes began in the fourth year, I already had a draft of the whole project, a theoretical drawing of the hull shape, the general arrangement and the main structural drawings were drawn up. It remained to make all the theoretical calculations of stability at large angles of inclination and calculations of unsinkability in case of damage.

Final exams and defense of diploma projects

The period of transitional exams has begun at the school, and our graduation course of shipbuilders must, in addition, defend graduation projects. Therefore, I don’t leave the school anywhere and sit up every day in the design class until 12 o’clock at night.

The defense is scheduled after all the final exams for May 4th. On May 6, production will take place, after which all new shipbuilders are supposed to appear at their destination and immediately begin work.

Finally, all the examination fever was over. Yesterday our projects were defended, which was attended by specially invited engineers from the Kronstadt port. Our entire group of seven people was recognized as worthy of production and graduation into the corps of shipboard engineers of the fleet. We receive the title of "junior shipbuilder's assistants" and are civilian ranks of the fleet, like marine doctors.

Already now we approximately know who and where will get for further service. I and Kuteinikov will be enrolled in the port of St. Petersburg at the Admiralty factories. We will immediately get to the construction of new ships. And two of our issue will remain in Kronstadt. The rest will be sent to Sevastopol and to the ports of the Finnish coast.