The German plural form is character. Pluralization of nouns in German

Nouns in German can be divided into plural and singular. They are divided into 3 types:

Nouns that have only a singular number. These include abstract and real names. Sign: die Milch, das Fleisch (meat), der Schnee; die Kälte (cold), die Geduld (patience).
Nouns that can only have a plural form. For example, dieLeute, dieGeschwister, dieEltern. Please note that Singulariatantum and Pluraliatantum (nouns of the 1st and 2nd types) are not in all cases similar to words in Russian. Example: die Ferien - vacation, but die Masern (Plural) - smallpox, die Pocken (Plural) - measles and dieUhr (Singular) - watch, dieHose (Singular) - trousers.
Most often, the word has a singular and plural form of German nouns. For example, Tisch - die Tische, das Kind - die Kinder, die Frau - die Frauen.

Formation of the plural of nouns in German

To form the plural of German nouns, 3 grammatical means are used:

Article. In the absence of other grammatical means, this is the only sign plural of nouns in German. Online you can see examples: das Zimmer – die Zimmer, der Arbeiter – die Arbeiter.
Umlaut. Example: der Wald – die Wälder, die Hand – die Hände, der Viertel – die Viertel (quarter).
With the suffixes -e, -en, -er, -s, as well as the zero suffix: der Tisch – die Tische, die Frau – die Frauen, das Kind – die Kinder, das Handy – die Handys, der Arbeiter – die Arbeiter.

Plurals of nouns in German online suffixes can be formed in 5 ways:

With the suffix -en, the umlaut is not used.
Using the suffix -e (with or without umlaut).
The suffix -er with an umlaut.
Suffix – s (with or without umlaut).
No suffix.

Since the topic is quite extensive, experts recommend learning plural of nouns in German by using dictionary.

Dictionary of plural nouns in German

Table 1 " Plurals of nouns in German».

Masculine	Neuter gender	Feminine
1. Typically -e	1. Typically -er	1. Typically -(e)n
A). Most nouns receive an umlaut:	das Kind – die Kinder, das Lied – die Lieder Some nouns get an umlaut: das Buch – die Bücher	A). Polysyllabic nouns (Zeitung - die Zeitungen), as well as nouns with suffixes -e, -el, -er:
der Gast – die Gäste, der Stuhl – die Stühle	2. Null suffix	die Blume – die Blumen, die Schwester – die Schwestern
b). Some nouns do not receive an umlaut:	A). Nouns with suffixes -er, -en, -el, -sel	b). Some monosyllabic nouns:
der Tag – die Tage, der Hund – die Hunde	das Ufer – die Ufer, das Mittel – die Mittel	die Frau – die Frauen die Form – die Formen
V). Internationalisms with suffixes (inanimate) Al, -at, -it, -ar, -an, -og, -ent:	b). Nouns with diminutive suffixes -chen, -lein	V). Internationalisms with suffixes -ie, -(t)ät, -tion, -ik, -ur, -anz, -enz, -age, -a:
der Vokal – die Vokal, der Kanal – die Kanale,	das Mädchen – die Mädchen, das Fräulein – die Fräulein	2. Suffix -e (with umlaut):
G). Internationalisms with suffixes (animate) Eur, -ier, -an, -al, -är, -ar, -on:	V). Nouns with the prefix -ge and suffix -e	die Hand – die Hände, die Bank – die Bänke
der Ingenieur – die Ingenieure	das Gemüse – die Gemüse	3. Zero suffix (+ umlaut):
2. Suffix -er	3. Suffix -e	die Mutter – die Mütter, die Tochter – die Tochter
der Mann – die Männer	A). Monosyllabic nouns:
3. Suffix -en	das Jahr – die Jahr
A). Nouns with the suffix -e:	b). Nouns with the suffix -nis, which is subsequently doubled:
der Junge – die Jungen	das Ergebnis – die Ergebnisse
b). The following nouns:	V). Internationalisms ending in -ent, -at, -phon, -ut, -um, -et, -em
der Mensch – die Menschen, der Herr – die Herren, etc.	das Problem – die Probleme, das Institut – die Institute
V). Internationalisms with suffixes -ant, -ent, -ist, -et, Al, -it, -ot, -loge, -graph, -nom, -soph, -ismus	4. Suffix -(e)n
der Student – die Studenten	A). A small group of nouns like das Auge
4. Zero suffix (nouns with suffixes -el. -er, -en)	b). Internationalisms with suffixes -um, -ion, -a das Museum – die Museen, das Thema – die Themen
der Vater – die Vater
5. Suffix -s (borrowings)	5. Suffix -s (borrowings)
der Klub – die Klubs	das Auto – die Autos

Uncountable nouns

Countable and uncountable nouns in German found in the same way as in Russian.

Uncountables include those that are used only in the singular:

Abstract nouns: die Kindheit (childhood), die Schönheit (beauty), die Freiheit (freedom), die Treue (fidelity), die Musik (music), die Hitze (heat).
Names of materials, liquids and solids: Mehl (flour), das Gold (gold), das Papier (paper), die Milch (milk), das Salz (salt), der Zement (cement), der Stahl (steel), das Eisen (iron), der Kaffee (coffee).

Pluralizing nouns in German: exercises

To consolidate the material covered, you need to practice a lot. Therefore, we recommend completing exercises to determine the plural of nouns in German.

Formed using:

Suffixes: -e, -er, -en

der Tag – die Tage – days

Suffixes: -e, -er and umlaut:

der Sohn – die Söhne – sons

Umlauta:

der Vater – die Väter – fathers

der Lehrer – die Lehrer - teachers

There are the following ways to form the plural in German:

1. groups of monosyllabic masculine nouns:

1.1. formation of the plural with umlaut if the root vowels are -a, -o, -u:

der Arzt – die Ärzte – doctor

der Block – die Blöcke – deck, block

der Bruch – die Bräüche – fracture

1.2. formation of the plural without umlaut if the root vowels are -a, -o, -u:

der Aal – die Aale (eel)

der Docht – die Dochte (wick)

der Huf – die Hufe (hoof)

1.3. formation of plurals without umlaut if root vowels cannot receive umlaut:

der Brief – die Brief (letter)

2. group of polysyllabic masculine nouns:

2.1. formation of the plural with umlaut for root vowels -a, -o, -u:

der Anfang – die Anfänge (beginning)

der Stoß – die Stoße (strike)

der Ausdruck – die Ausdrücke (expression)

2.2. formation of the plural without an umlaut if the root vowels cannot receive one:

der Bericht – message

der Käfig – cell

3. A group of monosyllabic neuter nouns and neuter nouns with inseparable prefixes(without umlaut):

das Beil – die Beile – ax

Note:

das Floß – die Floße (rafts)

Foreign words of the neuter form starting with –ier:

der Grenadier – die Grenadier (grenadier)

(but: der Bankier – die Bankiers (banker)

Many foreign words are neuter:

das Adjektiv – die Adjektive – adjective

3.1. a number of monosyllabic and polysyllabic feminine nouns:

die Angst – die Ängste (fear)

3.2. a number of foreign words, masculine nouns (with umlaut):

der Marschall – die Marschälle (marshal)

3.3. nouns ending in –is, -as, -os, -us (s is doubled):

der Buss – die Busse (bus)

3.4. masculine nouns ending in -ling, -nis (s doubled):

der Besorgnis – die Besorgnisse (fear)

3.5. foreign words:

3.5.1. masculine and neuter with stressed suffixes -al, -ar, -iv:

der Plural – die Plurale (plural)

Note:

der Kanal – die Kanäle (channel)

der Admiral – die Admirale (Admiräle) (admiral)

der Material – die Materialien (material)

3.5.2. masculine with -är, -eur:

der Funktionär – die Funktionäre (functionary)

3.5.3. masculine and neuter starting with -on:

der Bariton – die Baritone (baritone)

3.5.4. neuter on -at, -ment, -ent, -ett, -il:

das Fabrikat – die Fabrikate (fabricated product)

3.5.5. masculine and neuter with –in:

der Delphin – die Delphine (dolphin)

3.5.6. masculine and neuter with other suffixes:

der Dekan - die Dekane (Dean)

Forming the plural of nouns in German using the following endings:

-en: if words end in a consonant (except –er, -el) or –ei, -au
-n: if words end in –e or suffixes –er, -es

Feminine polysyllabic nouns:

die Frage – die Fragen (question)

All nouns are feminine and some are masculine in -er, -el:

die Gabel – die Gabeln (fork)

Masculine nouns of weak declension, mixed declension, strong declension:

der Automat – die Automaten

der Dorn – die Dornen/die Dörnen (thorn)

Foreign masculine words with endings: -loge, -ant, -ent, -ist, -at, -nom, -et:

der Biologe – die Biologen

der Artist – die Artisten

Foreign words with endings: -age, -ät, -anz/-enz, -ie, -ik, -ion, -or, -ur:

die Etage – die Etagen (floor)

die Realität – Realitäten

die Chronik – die Chroniken (chronicle)

der Doktor – die Doktoren

die Dresseur – die Dresseuren (training)

Note:

But: das Genie – die Genies

das Porträt – die Porträts

der Salat – die Salate

6. Neuter nouns with endings: -um, -ma, -on:

das Album – die Alben (album)

das Drama – die Dramen

Masculine nouns with endings: -us, -ismus:

der Kubus – die Kuben

7. Many foreign words lose their endings before –en:

die Firma - die Firmen

das Museum – die Museen

Some neuter words:

das Auge – die Augen (eye)

das Bett – die Betten (bed)

Note:

Feminine nouns ending in –sicht, -in (n doubles):

die Absich – die Absichen (intention)

die Freundin – die Freundinnen (friend)

In the next article we will continue our study of the German language and look at other ways to form the plural of nouns in German.

In German, like in Russian, there are words that are used only in the singular. These are nouns denoting substances (das Eisen, das Gold, das Silber, das Leder), abstract concepts (die Liebe, der Stolz), some collective (das Publikum, die Studentenschaft), however, in Russian these nouns exist only in the singular number. But in German there are nouns that are used in the singular, and in Russian only in the plural (die Brille (glasses) is singular, die Brillen (glasses) is plural). Masculine and neuter nouns denoting quantity and size, if preceded by a cardinal numeral, are always singular (zwei Glas Wasser), feminine nouns are always plural (zwei Flaschen Bier).
In German, as in Russian, there are several words that are used only in the plural:

die Eltern - parents

die Ferien - holidays

die Mobel - furniture

die Trümer - ruins

With such words everything is clear, they are even in the plural in the dictionary and they never had a singular number.
When forming the plural from singular nouns, the following can happen:

- adding an ending to a noun (-e, -en, er, s)

- adding an umlaut to the root vowel (a->ä, u->ü, o-> ö)

- changing the entire word

It is worth saying and emphasizing that

Most masculine plural nouns add the ending -e (der Fisch - die Fisch e), often receiving the umlaut of the root vowel;

feminine - ending -(e)n (die Frau - die Frau en) or -nen if the word ends in -in (die Lehrerin - die Lehrerinnen);

neuter - ending -er and always with an umlaut at the root, if possible (das Kind - die Kind er, das Buch - die Bücher, das Land - die Länder).

But you shouldn't rely on this. This is not a rule, it's just a sign. The plural of nouns must be memorized, just like the gender.
As you noticed, for plural nouns, regardless of gender, the definite article is always the same die. The plural does not have an indefinite article; in this case, the word is used without an article (Kinder - children in general, die Kinder - some specific children)
Ending -e Most masculine nouns are pluralized, often receiving an umlaut ( der Tag - die Tage, der Kopf - die Köpfe, der Schrank - die Schränke). Masculine nouns formed from verbal roots always receive an umlaut ( der Klang - die Klänge, der Fall - die Fälle).

There are not many feminine nouns that add -e to the plural. They need to be remembered ( die Stadt - die Städte,die Hand - die Hände, die Wand - die Wände, die Kunst - die Künste, die Wurst - die Würste,die Kraft - die Krafte, die Maus - die Mäuse, die Kuh - die Kühe, die Nuß - die Nüße, die Bank - die Bänke, die Macht - die Mächte,). They always accept the umlaut.

Nouns ending in -nis always form the plural by adding -se regardless of gender .

Also, many neuter nouns end in -e in plural ( das Jahr - die Jahre, das Heft - die Hefte, das Pferd - die Pferde, das Werk - die Werke), but they are always without an umlaut. These nouns also include neuter nouns of Latin origin, often ending in -at, al, ent (das Diplom - die Diplom e, das Element - die Elemente, das Signal - die Signale, das Modell - die Modell e das Plakat - die Plakate). They can be recognized by the fact that they sound approximately the same in many languages.

Most feminine nouns add - (e)n . (die Schule - die Schulen, die Regel - die Regeln, die Zeitung - die Zeitungen). For feminine nouns ending in -in, in the plural, another -n is added before -en ( die Studentin — die Studentin nen, die Lehrerin - die Lehrerinnen,).

Most nouns ending in -e, plural adds -n (der Jung e— die Jung en ). These words include many feminine words, many masculine words called weak nouns, and some neuter words ( das Auge - die Augen, das Interesse - Interessen, exception das Knie - die Knie). The ending en is also given to the names of masculine animate objects that have lost the suffix. -e (der Mensch - die Mensch en ) (again, these nouns are also weak). Weak nouns also include borrowed animate masculine nouns ending in -ant, -ent, -at, -ist, -nom, soph, log(e), -graph, having stress on the last syllable and denoting profession, occupation, etc. They all have plural endings too -en (der Aspirant, der Student, der Kandidat, der Kommunist, der Agronom, der Philosopher, der Geolog(e), der Photograph - die Photographen).

Ending -en Some strong masculine nouns also receive the plural (der Schmerz - die Schmerz en, der Staat - die Staat en, der Nerv — die Nerv en,Der Strahl - die Strahlen ), borrowed with the suffix -or (der Professor - die Professoren, der Doktor - die Doktoren), borrowed with double suffix -ismus(is+mus) ( der Mechanismus - die Mechanismen)

Also ending -en Some neuter nouns receive a suffix ( das Bett - die Betten, das Ohr - die Ohren, das Hemd - die Hemden, das Insekt - die Insekten) and borrowed nouns ending in a suffix -um , which replace this suffix -um with -en in the plural ( das Auditorium - die Auditorien,das Museum - die Museen, das Album - die Alben,das Datum - die Daten). Other suffixes in neuter nouns also change to -en in the plural ( das Virus - die Viren,das Stadion - die Stadien, das Drama - die Dramen)

Most very common neuter words get plural -er (das Buch - die Bücher, das Lied - die Lieder, das Kind - die Kinder, das Land - die Länder) and umlaut root vowel. Masculine and neuter words ending in -tum add -er in the plural and -tum changes to -tum (der Irrtum - die Irrtümer, der Reichtum - die Reichtümer, das Herzogtum - die Herzogtümer).

There are several monosyllabic masculine nouns without endings that take the plural form -er and umlaut ( der Wald - die Walder,der Mann - die Männer,der Rand - die Ränder, der Gott - die Götter, der Geist - die Geister). Feminine plural nouns never end in -er.

Nouns that come from English or French retain their native ending -s (der Park - die Parks, der Clown - die Clowns, das Büro - die Büros), but sometimes when words begin to “Germanize” the endings become German ( der Bus - die Busse, die Bank - die Banken).

Ending -s German words ending in a vowel except -e ( der Opa - die Opa s, die Oma - die Oma s, der Uhu - die Uhu s ), various abbreviations ( die Ags(Aktiengesellschaft)) and family names ( die Müllers(Müller Family))

Masculine words ending in -en, -er, el they do not undergo any changes in the plural, since they already initially have a plural suffix ( der Fahrer - die Fahrer, der Wagen - die Wagen,der Schlüssell - die Schlüssell, der Lehrer - die Lehrer,Butder Bayer - die Bayern, der Pantoffel - die Pantoffeln, der Muskel - die Muskeln, der Stachel - die Stacheln), but sometimes an umlaut appears ( der Hafen - die Häfen, der Bruder - die Brüder). Neuter nouns with the same suffixes and with diminutive suffixes also do not undergo changes. -chen, -lein, but they never get umlyut in this case ( das Mädchen — die Mädchen, das Tischlein - die Tischlein). Also, neuter nouns that have the prefix ge- and the ending -e (das Gebirge - die Gebirge) do not change.

Feminine words ending with suffixes -er or -el, in the plural the ending is added -n (die Schwester - die Schwester n, die Kartoffel - die Kartoffel n , die Mutter —die Muttern(nut-nuts)), but there are a couple of exceptions ( die Mutter - die Mütter, die Tochter - die Tochter)

Some plural nouns change completely. Such nouns include words with the suffix -mann, which in the plural becomes leute (der Seeman - die Seeleute, der Landmann - die Landleute, der Kaufmann - die Kaufleute, der Bergmann - die Bergleute). But when talking about individuals, especially if they are male, -mann in the plural becomes männer. (der Staatsman - die Staatsmänner, der Kaufmann - die Kaufmänner)

Words that are used in two versions: in the abbreviated and in the unabridged plural, only the unabridged version is used (der Rat (der Ratschlag) - die Ratschläge, der Regen - die Regensfälle, der Stock (der Stockwerk) - die Stockwerke, das Unglück - die Unglücksfälle, der Mord - die Mordtaten)

It is worth paying attention to the fact that some words that are pronounced the same, but have different genders, can have different endings in the plural:

der Bauer (peasant) - die Bauern (peasants), das Bauer (cell) - die Bauer (cells)

der Tor (fool) - die Toren, das Tor (one gate) - die Tore (many gates)

Two words that are spelled exactly the same in the singular and have the same gender, but denote different things (homonyms), can form the plural differently:

die Bank (bench) - die Bänke (benches), die Bank (bank) - die Banken (banks)

die Mutter (mother) - die Mütter (mother) - die Mutter (nut) - die Mutttern (nuts)

das Wort (word) - die Worte (words, coherent speech) - die Wörter (individual words)

der Fisch (fish) die Fisch e(fish)

die Blume (flower) die Bloom en(flowers)

das Kind (child) die Kind er(children)

In the plural we already see only one definite article: die.

So, die– not only a feminine definite article, but also a plural definite article. Die Kinder- those very specific children. How can I just say children, some children? Word ein(e)(indefinite article) is not suitable here, since it itself means one: ein Kind – one (some) child. That's why some children it will be easy Kinder- without article. There is no plural indefinite article; indefiniteness is expressed by the absence of an article:

Im Hof spielen Kinder. - Children are playing in the yard.

Ich kenne die Kinder. – I know these children.

In the plural there is one article for all three genders. But at the same time, the gender is not completely dissolved; it is visible in the plural endings. Look again at the examples. Masculine words receive a plural ending -e, female – ending -(e)n (die Frau – die Frauen) or, for words ending in -in, ending -nen (die Ärztin (female doctor) – die Ärztin nen), neuter words - ending -er. But, as it is said in Faust:

Grau, teurer Freund, ist Theorie

Und grün des Lebens goldner Baum.

(Suha, my friend, theory is everywhere,

And the tree of life is lushly green!)

For example:

der Mann (man) – die Männer,

die Stadt (city) – die Städte,

das Gespräch (conversation) – die Gespräche…

Since there are a lot of such deviations from the “gray theory”, the plural, like the gender, needs to be remembered for each individual word. (This, however, does not cause any special problems: you only have to encounter this plural of a word a couple of times, and it you will remember).

As they say, a drowning man clutches at straws. Here is one of those straws.

If the word ends in -e, then it most likely forms the plural by adding -n: der Junge (boy) – die Jungen.

If the word is feminine, then you can also be almost sure that in the plural it will receive the ending -(e)n. With the exception of a small group of monosyllabic words that receive reversals - Umlaut(a -> ä) and ending -e:

die Hand (hand) – die Hände, die Stadt (city) – die Städte, die Maus (mouse) – die Mäuse…

Remember also two special cases:

die Tochter (daughter), die Mutter (mother) – die Töchter, die Mütter.

Please note that words borrowed from English or French most often receive (or rather, simply retain) the plural form. -s:

der Park – die Parks, die Bar – die Bars, das Büro – die Büros.

But not always. Some of them “Germanized”, that is, they ceased to be perceived as foreign and received German plural endings:

die Bank (bank) – die Banken, der Bus (bus) – die Busse, das Telefon – die Telefone.

Masculine and neuter words ending in -en, –er(and these are plural endings!) and on -el, as well as words with diminutive suffixes, do not receive any endings in the plural:

das Tischlein (table) – die Tischlein,

der Wagen (machine) – die Wagen,

der Fahrer (driver) – die Fahrer,

der Schlüssel (key) – die Schlüssel.

If the ending -er or -el has a feminine word, it adds in the plural -n(according to the general rule for feminine words):

die Schwester (sister) – die Schwestern,

die Kartoffel (potato) – die Kartoffeln.

There are exceptions, for example: der Muskel – die Muskeln (muscles), der Pantoffel – die Pantoffeln (slippers), der Stachel – die Stacheln (stings; thorns, thorns), der Bayer – die Bayern (Bavarians).

So, the plural ending may not change. But a discrepancy may “unexpectedly” appear - Umlaut, which, as you may have noticed, often helps form the plural:

der Hafen (port) – die Häfen, der Apfel (apple) – die Äpfel, der Garten (garden) – die Gärten, das Kloster (monastery) – die Klöster. This needs to be remembered.

Most masculine nouns form their plural using the ending -e. In this case, a reversal often appears (Umlaut): der Tag – die Tage (day – days), der Sohn – die Söhne (son – sons).

With a "feminine" ending -en The plural is formed, firstly, by the so-called weak masculine nouns (which will be discussed below), and secondly, by a small group of words that need to be taken into account “as they come,” for example: der Staat (state) – die Staaten, der Nerv – die Nerven, der Schmerz (pain) – die Schmerzen…

Some masculine words (there are not many of them) form the plural with a “genderless”, “neutral” (neuter) ending -er: der Wald (forest) – die Wälder, der Mann (man) – die Männer, der Irrtum (delusion) – die Irrtümer…

Most monosyllabic neuter nouns are pluralized using a suffix -er(always with Umlaut, wherever possible):

das Land (country) – die Länder, das Buch (book) – die Bücher, das Lied (song) – die Lieder.

With a "feminine" ending -en The following neuter nouns form the plural:

das Bett (bed, bed) – die Betten, das Hemd (shirt), das Ohr (ear), das Auge (eye).

And also (less common): das Insekt (insect), das Juwel (jewel), das Verb (verb).

In case of das Auge and so it is clear: if a word ends in -e, then in the plural it is added -n(as a general rule). For example: das Interesse – die Interessen. But there are exceptions: das Knie (knee) – die Knie, as well as words like das Ge bäud e(building, structure) – die Gebäude, das Ge Birg e(mountainous area) – die Gebirge…

Some neuter words with atypical plurals have -en, this ending replaces the singular suffix and slightly changes the word itself: das Museum – die Museen, das Stadion – die Stadien, das Album – die Alben, das Datum – die Daten (date – dates; data), das Thema – die Themen, das Drama – die Dramen, das Prinzip – die Prinzipien, das Material – die Materialien, das Virus – die Viren, das Visum – die Visa (die Visen).(In the latter case, there are two plurals: the old Latin and the new “Germanized.”)

Many neuter nouns form the plural with a “masculine” ending -e(this is where you really have to remember!). The only consolation is that they never have Umlaut:

das Pferd (horse) – die Pferde, das Jahr (year) – die Jahre, das Werk (plant, work) – die Werke.

And here there is a “straw”: words of foreign origin (mostly Latin, which you can easily recognize by their “internationality”) receive a “masculine” ending in the plural -e:

das Modell - die Modelle, das Element - die Elemente, das Diplom - die Diplome.

Words with the suffix do the same -nis(regardless of their type):

das Hindernis – die Hindernisse (obstacles), die Kenntnis – die Kenntnisse (knowledge).

You see they add one more -s-. This is done in order to preserve the pronunciation (otherwise it would be pronounced “z”).

Certain native German nouns can be pluralized using a suffix -s- in colloquial speech: Jung(en)s (guys), Mädels (girls). How did this happen? The fact is that even before any borrowings from English and French, the suffix -s came to German from the closely related Dutch. (German and Dutch are related roughly like Russian and Ukrainian.)

Suffix -s turned out to be convenient for many German words ending in a vowel (except -e), as well as for various abbreviations:

die Oma (grandmother) – die Omas, der Uhu (eagle owl) – die Uhus,

die AGs (Aktiengesellschaft - joint stock company), die PKWs (Personenkraftwagen - passenger car).

And also for last names: die Müllers - Müllers.

In some cases, the plural is formed by changing the word:

der Seemann – die Seeleute (sailors: “sea people”),

der Kaufmann – die Kaufleute (merchants: “buying people”),

der Rat (der Ratschlag) – die Ratschläge (advice),

der Stock (das Stockwerk) – die Stockwerke (floors),

1. The situation is easiest with masculine and neuter nouns in -er. They do not change in the plural.

der Lehrer - teacher- die Lehrer - teachers
der Fahrer - chauffeur- die Fahrer - drivers
der Fehler - error- die Fehler - errors
das Zimmer - room- die Zimmer - rooms
das Fenster - window- die Fenster - window

This type also includes masculine and neuter nouns. -en, -el and neuter on -chen, -lein.

der Wagen - railway carriage; car- die Wagen - carriages; cars
der Kuchen - pastry, cake- die Kuchen - pastries, cakes
der Bügel - hanger (hangers)- die Bügel - hangers
das Becken - sink (sink)- die Becken - shells
das Mädchen - girl, girl- die Mädchen - girls, girls
das Büchlein - little book- die Büchlein - little books

But: Some masculine (but not neuter) nouns can receive an umlaut.

der Mantel - coat (units)- die Mäntel - coat (plural)
der Vogel - bird- die Vögel - birds
der Bruder - Brother- die Bruder - brothers

2. Very common ending -e.

masculine nouns with and without umlaut.
- without umlaut
  - der Tag - day- die Tage - days
  - der Monat - month- die Monate - months
  - der Brief - letter- die Briefe - letters
  - der Weg - way, road- die Wege - ways, roads
- with umlaut
  - der Pass - passport- die Passe - passports
  - der Gast - guest- die Gäste - guests
  - der Arzt - doctor- die Ärzte - doctors
  - der Sohn - son- die Söhne - sons
neuter nouns - monosyllabic or with a prefix (always without an umlaut in the plural).
- monosyllabic
  - das Haar - hair- die Haare - hair
  - das Jahr - year- die Jahre - years
  - das Schiff - ship- die Schiffe - ships

with attachment
- das Geschäft - shop- die Geschäfte - the shops
- das Gesetz - law- die Gesetze - laws

masculine nouns with suffix -ling.
- der Lehrling - apprentice (master)- die Lehrlinge - students
masculine and neuter borrowings with suffixes -eur, -är, -ar, -at, -ett etc.
- der Ingenieur - engineer– die Ingenieure - engineers
- der Funktionär - functionary- die Funktionäre - functionaries
- das Formular - form- die Formulare - forms
- das Zitat - quote- die Zitate - quotes
- das Paket - plastic bag- die Packet - packages
neuter and feminine nouns with suffix -nis:
- das Ergebnis - result- die Ergebnisse - results
- das Verhältnis - attitude- die Verhältnisse - relationship
- die Kentnis - knowledge– die Kentnisse - knowledge
monosyllabic feminine nouns; always with umlaut in plural. h.
- die Hand - arm hand)- die Hande - hands
- die Wand - wall- die Wände - walls
- die Nacht - night- die Nächte - nights
- die Macht - power; power- die Mächte - powers
- die Kraft - force- die Krafte - strength
- die Stadt - city- die Städte - cities
- die Wurst - sausage- die Würste - sausages
- die Maus - mouse- die Mäuse - mice

3. Endings -en/-n.

the vast majority of nouns are feminine. The model is so simple and common that such feminine nouns can be learned without the plural form!
- die Rose - rose- die Rosen - roses
- die Frau - woman- die Frauen - women
- die Woche - a week- die Wochen - weeks
- die Epoche [ε"pɔxə] - era- die Epochen - era
- die Lehrerin - teacher- die Lehrerinnen - teachers
masculine nouns belonging to the weak declension, that is, having an ending in oblique cases -en(see next part for details).
- der Mensch - Human- die Menschen - People
- der Junge - boy- die Jungen - boys(but the colloquial form is die Jungs)
- der Held - hero- die Helden - heroes
- der Lowe - a lion- die Lowen - lions
- der Bär - bear- die Bären - the Bears
- der Hase - hare- die Hasen - hares
- der Name - Name- die Namen - names
- der Buchstabe - letter- die Buchstaben - letters
- das Herz - heart- die Herzen - hearts
words das Ende, das Interesse:
- das Ende - end- die Enden - ends
- das Interesse - interest– die Interessen - interests
borrowings with suffixes -ant, -ent, -at, -ist, -or:
- der Laborant - laboratory assistant- die Laboranten - laboratory assistants
- der Student - student- die Studenten - students
- der Pirat - pirate- die Piraten - pirates
- der Polizist - police officer- die Polizisten - police
- der Professor - Professor- die Professoren - professors

4. End -er.

monosyllabic neuter nouns (without umlaut and with plural umlaut).
- das Bild - painting- die Bilder - paintings
- das Feld - field- die Felder - fields
- das Buch - book- die Bücher - books
- das Haus - house- die Hauser - Houses
some (few) masculine nouns.
- der Gott - God; God- die Gütter - gods
- der Wald - forest- die Walder - forests
- der Mann - man, husband- die Männer - men, husbands

5. End -s. Nouns are borrowings from English and French.

der Park - a park- die Parks - parks
das Kino - movie; cinema- die Kinos - cinemas
das Hotel - hotel- die Hotels - hotels
das Cafe - cafe (units)- die Cafés - cafe (plural)