Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov biography. Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov Pirogov the father of Russian surgery

Pirogov and sisters She walked next to a tall truck loaded with wounded. Quite recently, the dead were transported to the Count's pier in the same trucks, and then a non-commissioned officer, nicknamed Charon, transported them to the North side to bury them... Now between the South and North sides

The future great doctor was born on November 27, 1810 in Moscow. His father Ivan Ivanovich Pirogov served as treasurer. He had fourteen children, most of whom died in infancy. Of the six survivors, Nikolai was the youngest.

He was helped to get an education by a family acquaintance - a famous Moscow doctor, professor at Moscow University E. Mukhin, who noticed the boy’s abilities and began to work with him individually. And already at the age of fourteen, Nikolai entered the medical faculty of Moscow University, for which he had to add two years to himself, but he passed the exams no worse than his older comrades. Pirogov studied easily. In addition, he had to constantly work part-time to help his family. Finally, Pirogov managed to get a position as a dissector in the anatomical theater. This work gave him invaluable experience and convinced him that he should become a surgeon.

Having graduated from the university one of the first in academic performance, Pirogov went to prepare for professorship at one of the best at that time in Russia, Yuryev University in the city of Tartu. Here, in the surgical clinic, Pirogov worked for five years, brilliantly defended his doctoral dissertation, and at the age of twenty-six became a professor of surgery. In his dissertation, he was the first to study and describe the location of the abdominal aorta in humans, circulatory disorders during its ligation, circulatory pathways in case of its obstruction, and explained the causes of postoperative complications. After five years in Dorpat, Pirogov went to Berlin to study; the famous surgeons, to whom he went with his head bowed respectfully, read his dissertation, hastily translated into German. He found the teacher who more than others combined everything that he was looking for in a surgeon Pirogov not in Berlin, but in Göttingen, in the person of Professor Langenbeck. The Gottingen professor taught him the purity of surgical techniques.

Returning home, Pirogov became seriously ill and was forced to stop in Riga. As soon as Pirogov got out of his hospital bed, he began to operate. He started with rhinoplasty: he cut out a new nose for the noseless barber. Plastic surgery was followed by inevitable lithotomy, amputation, and tumor removal. Having gone from Riga to Dorpat, he learned that the Moscow department promised to him had been given to another candidate. Pirogov received a clinic in Dorpat, where he created one of his most significant works - “Surgical anatomy of arterial trunks and fascia.”

Pirogov provided a description of the operations with drawings. Nothing like the anatomical atlases and tables that were used before him. Finally, he goes to France, where five years earlier, after the professorial institute, his superiors did not want to let him go. In Parisian clinics, Nikolai Ivanovich does not find anything unknown. It’s curious: as soon as he found himself in Paris, he hurried to the famous professor of surgery and anatomy Velpeau and found him reading “Surgical anatomy of the arterial trunks and fascia.”

In 1841, Pirogov was invited to the department of surgery at the Medical-Surgical Academy of St. Petersburg. Here the scientist worked for more than ten years and created the first surgical clinic in Russia. In it, he founded another branch of medicine - hospital surgery. Nikolai Ivanovich is appointed director of the Tool Plant, and he agrees. Now he is coming up with tools that any surgeon can use to perform an operation well and quickly. He is asked to accept a position as a consultant in one hospital, in another, in a third, and he again agrees. In the second year of his life in St. Petersburg, Pirogov became seriously ill, poisoned by the hospital miasma and the bad air of the dead. I couldn’t get up for a month and a half. He felt sorry for himself, poisoning his soul with sad thoughts about years lived without love and lonely old age. He went through his memory of everyone who could bring him family love and happiness. The most suitable of them seemed to him Ekaterina Dmitrievna Berezina, a girl from a well-born, but collapsed and greatly impoverished family. A hasty, modest wedding took place.

Pirogov had no time - great things awaited him. He simply locked his wife within the four walls of a rented and, on the advice of friends, furnished apartment. Ekaterina Dmitrievna died in the fourth year of marriage, leaving Pirogov with two sons: the second cost her her life. But in the difficult days of grief and despair for Pirogov, a great event happened - his project for the world's first Anatomical Institute was approved by the highest authorities.

On October 16, 1846, the first trial of ether anesthesia took place. In Russia, the first operation under anesthesia was performed on February 7, 1847 by Pirogov’s friend at the professorial institute, Fyodor Ivanovich Inozemtsev.

Soon Nikolai Ivanovich took part in military operations in the Caucasus. Here the great surgeon performed about 10,000 operations under ether anesthesia.

After the death of Ekaterina Dmitrievna, Pirogov was left alone. “I have no friends,” he admitted with his usual frankness. And boys, sons, Nikolai and Vladimir were waiting for him at home. Pirogov twice unsuccessfully tried to marry for convenience, which he did not consider necessary to hide from himself, from his acquaintances, and, it seems, from the girls planned as brides.

In a small circle of acquaintances, where Pirogov sometimes spent evenings, he was told about the twenty-two-year-old Baroness Alexandra Antonovna Bistrom. Pirogov proposed to Baroness Bistrom. She agreed.

When the Crimean War began in 1853, Nikolai Ivanovich considered it his civic duty to go to Sevastopol. He achieved appointment to the active army. While operating on the wounded, Pirogov, for the first time in the history of medicine, used a plaster cast, which accelerated the healing process of fractures and saved many soldiers and officers from ugly curvature of their limbs. On his initiative, a new form of medical care was introduced in the Russian army - nurses appeared. Thus, it was Pirogov who laid the foundations of military field medicine, and his achievements formed the basis for the activities of military field surgeons of the 19th-20th centuries; They were also used by Soviet surgeons during the Great Patriotic War.

After the fall of Sevastopol, Pirogov returned to St. Petersburg, where, at a reception with Alexander II, he reported on the incompetent leadership of the army by Prince Menshikov. The Tsar did not want to listen to Pirogov’s advice, and from that moment Nikolai Ivanovich fell out of favor. He was forced to leave the Medical-Surgical Academy. Appointed trustee of the Odessa and Kyiv educational districts, Pirogov is trying to change the school education system that existed in them. Naturally, his actions led to a conflict with the authorities, and the scientist again had to leave his post. In 1862-1866. supervised young Russian scientists sent to Germany. At the same time, Giusepe Garibaldi successfully operated on him. Since 1866 he lived on his estate in the village. Cherry, where he opened a hospital, a pharmacy and donated land to the peasants. He traveled from there only abroad, and also at the invitation of St. Petersburg University to give lectures. By this time, Pirogov was already a member of several foreign academies. As a consultant in military medicine and surgery, he went to the front during the Franco-Prussian (1870-1871) and Russian-Turkish (1877-1878) wars.

In 1879-1881. worked on “The Diary of an Old Doctor,” completing the manuscript shortly before his death. In May 1881, the fiftieth anniversary of Pirogov’s scientific activity was solemnly celebrated in Moscow and St. Petersburg. However, at this time the scientist was already terminally ill, and in the summer of 1881 he died on his estate. But by his own death he managed to immortalize himself. Shortly before his death, the scientist made another discovery - he proposed a completely new method of embalming the dead. Pirogov’s body was embalmed, placed in a crypt and is now preserved in Vinnitsa, within the boundaries of which the estate was turned into a museum. I.E. Repin painted a portrait of Pirogov, located in the Tretyakov Gallery. After Pirogov’s death, the Society of Russian Doctors was founded in his memory, which regularly convened Pirogov congresses. The memory of the great surgeon continues to this day. Every year on his birthday, a prize and medal are awarded in his name for achievements in the field of anatomy and surgery. The 2nd Moscow, Odessa and Vinnitsa medical institutes are named after Pirogov.

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Biography of Pirogov Nikolai Ivanovich.

The last orders have been given. The voices in the house fell silent.

Alexandra Antonovna sat comfortably in a large chair in the living room, put a stack of letters on her lap and began to read. Congratulations, wishes of happiness to the newlyweds, promises that the entire family of distant relatives will certainly be at the wedding. Here is a letter from Nikolai. In the letter, Nikolai asked the bride to look in advance for the sick and disabled in the area who need help. “Work will sweeten the first season of love,” he wrote to the bride. Alexandra smiled. If he had been even a little different, he would never have become the man she fell in love with - the surgical genius Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov.

People called Nikolai Ivanovich “the wonderful doctor.” The “miracles” that this remarkable Russian scientist, surgeon, and anatomist performed for half a century were not only a manifestation of his high talent. All of Pirogov’s thoughts were guided by love for ordinary people and for his Motherland. His scientific works on the anatomy of the human body and innovations in surgery brought him worldwide fame.

Nikolai Pirogov was born in November 1810 in Moscow. The father of the family, Ivan Ivanovich Pirogov, used his modest salary as treasurer to feed his wife and six children, among whom Nikolai was the youngest. And although the Pirogov family did not live in poverty, everyone in the household knew how to count money.

From childhood, little Kolya knew that someday he would become a doctor. After the doctor Efrem Osipovich Mukhin looked into the Pirogovs’ house, who was treating one of his children for a cold, Nikolai was fascinated by this profession. For days on end, Kolya tormented his family, listening to them with a toy tube and prescribing “treatment.” Parents were confident that this hobby would soon pass: at that time it was believed that medicine was too low an occupation for noble children.

Nikolai received his primary education at home, and when he turned 10, his parents sent him to study at a boarding school for boys. It was planned that Kolya would finish his studies at the boarding school at the age of 16, but it turned out differently. My father’s colleague went missing in the Caucasus along with 30 thousand government rubles. The money was listed on Major Pirogov, and the shortage was recovered from him. Almost all the property went under the hammer - the house, furniture, dishes. There was no money to pay for Nikolai’s education at the boarding school. A friend of the Pirogov family, doctor Mukhin, offered to facilitate the boy’s admission to the Faculty of Medicine, bypassing the rule to admit students from 16 years of age. Nikolai used a trick and added two years to himself. He passed the entrance exam along with everyone else, because he knew much more than was required in those years to enter the university.

The father cried in front of the icons: “I treated my boy badly. Is he, a noble son, born for such a low field? - but there was no choice. And Nikolai was simply delighted that he would be allowed to practice medicine. He studied easily, but he also had to think about his daily bread.

When the father died, the house and almost all the property went to pay off debts - the family was immediately left without a breadwinner and without shelter. Nikolai sometimes had nothing to wear to lectures: his boots were thin, and his jacket was such that he was ashamed to take off his overcoat. So, subsisting on bread and kvass. At the age of less than 18, Nikolai graduated from the university, at 22 he became a doctor of science, and at 26 he became a professor of medicine. His dissertation on surgery on the abdominal aorta was translated into all European languages, and venerable surgeons admired his work. After graduating from the university, a young but promising doctor Nikolai Pirogov went to the Estonian town of Tartu to prepare his dissertation at the department of Yuryev University. There was nothing to live on, and Pirogov got a job as a dissector. Here, in the surgical clinic of the university, Pirogov worked for five years and performed the first large scientific study, “On ligation of the abdominal aorta.” He was then twenty-two.

Subsequently, he said that working in the anatomical theater gave him a lot - it was there that he began to study the location of internal organs relative to each other (at that time doctors did not pay too much attention to anatomy). Well, in order to improve his skills as a surgeon, Pirogov did not disdain dissecting sheep. Pirogov performed a huge number of operations in those years in clinics, hospitals and clinics. The surgeon's practice grew rapidly, and his fame outstripped it.

Only four years passed after defending his dissertation, and the young scientist so far surpassed his peers in the breadth of knowledge and brilliant technique in performing operations that he was able to rightfully become a professor at the surgical clinic of Yuryev University at the age of 26. Here, in a short period of time, he wrote remarkable scientific works on surgical anatomy. Pirogov created topographic anatomy. In 1837-1838 he published an atlas that provided all the information a surgeon needed to accurately locate and ligate any artery during an operation. The scientist developed rules for how a surgeon should move a knife from the surface of the body into the depths without causing unnecessary damage to the tissues. This hitherto unsurpassed work put Pirogov in one of the first places in world surgery. His research became the basis for everything that followed.

In 1841, the young scientist was invited to the Department of Surgery at the Medical-Surgical Academy in St. Petersburg. It was one of the best educational institutions in the country. Here, at the insistence of Pirogov, a special clinic was created, which was called “Hospital Surgical”. Pirogov became the first professor of hospital surgery in Russia. The desire to serve his people and true democracy were the main character traits of the great scientist.

However, in the series of endless stitches there was room for quite romantic thoughts. The bright image of Natalie Lukutina, the daughter of godfather Pirogov, no, no, and distracted the young surgeon from thinking about the incisions and bleeding. But disappointment in first love came very quickly. Finding himself on a visit to Moscow, Pirogov carefully curled his thinning hair using medical curling irons and went to the Lukins. During dinner, he entertained Natalie with conversations about his life in Estonia. However, to Nikolai’s great disappointment, she suddenly said: “Nicolas, enough about the corpses. This, by golly, is disgusting!” Offended by the lack of understanding, Pirogov forever forgot the way to the Lukutins’ house.

Several years after a disagreement with Natalie, Nikolai finally decided to get married. Someone must take care of him! After all, he is already a professor and it is no good for him to walk around in a blood-spattered frock coat and a stale shirt. Pirogov’s chosen one was young Ekaterina Berezina. As a doctor, he liked her blooming appearance and excellent health. Having married 20-year-old Katya, 32-year-old Nikolai immediately took up her education - he believed that this would make his wife happy. He forbade her to waste time on visits to friends and balls, removed all books about love from the house, and in return provided his wife with medical articles. In 1846, after four years of marriage, Ekaterina Berezina died, leaving Pirogov with two sons. There were rumors that Pirogov killed his wife with his science, but in fact Berezina died due to bleeding during her second birth. Pirogov tried to operate on his wife, but even he was unable to help her. For six months after the death of his wife, Pirogov did not touch a scalpel - he helped so many patients whom others considered hopeless, but was unable to save Katya. And yet, over time, the pain dulled a little, and he returned to surgery.

Three years after the death of Ekaterina Berezina, Nikolai Ivanovich realized that he needed to marry a second time. The sons needed a kind mother, and it was difficult for him to cope with the household. This time, Pirogov approached the choice of a bride even more thoroughly. He wrote down on paper all the qualities that he would like to see in his wife. When he read out this list at a reception in one of the social drawing rooms, the ladies whispered indignantly. But suddenly the young Baroness Bistorm rose from her chair and declared that she completely agreed with Pirogov’s opinion about the qualities that an ideal wife should have. Pirogov did not delay the marriage proposal - Alexandra Bistorm really understood him like no one else, and in July 1850, 40-year-old Nikolai Pirogov married 25-year-old Alexandra Bistorm.

Three years after the wedding, Nikolai Ivanovich had to part with his young wife for a while. When the Crimean War began in 1853 and the glory of the heroic defenders of Sevastopol spread throughout the country, Pirogov decided that his place was not in the capital, but in the besieged city. He achieved appointment to the active army. Pirogov worked almost around the clock. During the war, doctors were forced to resort very often, even with simple fractures, to amputation of limbs. Pirogov was the first to use a plaster cast. She saved many soldiers and officers from a disfiguring operation.

Six years before the defense of Sevastopol (in 1847), Pirogov took part in military operations in the Caucasus. The village of Salty became the place where, for the first time in the history of wars, 100 operations were performed, during which the wounded were euthanized with ether. In Sevastopol, 10,000 operations have already been performed under anesthesia. Pirogov taught doctors especially a lot in the treatment of wounds. Nothing was yet known about vitamins, and he already claimed that carrots, yeast and fish oil were very helpful for the wounded and sick. In Pirogov’s time, they did not know that germs transmitted infection from person to person; Doctors did not understand why, for example, wounds suppurate after surgery. Pirogov used disinfectants - iodine and alcohol - during his operations, so the wounded he treated were less likely to suffer from infections. He was the first to use ether for anesthesia in surgery and created a number of new surgical methods that bear his name.

Pirogov's works brought Russian surgery to one of the first places in the world.

The First Moscow Medical Institute is named after Pirogov.

Pirogov’s main merit during the Crimean War was in organizing a clear military medical service. Pirogov proposed a well-thought-out system for evacuating the wounded from the battlefield. He also created a new form of medical care in war - he proposed using the work of nurses, i.e. anticipated the creation of the international organization of the Red Cross. Much of what he did in those early years was used by Soviet doctors during the Great Patriotic War.

The people knew and loved Pirogov. He treated everyone: from a poor peasant to members of the royal family - and always did it selflessly. One day Pirogov was invited to the bedside of the wounded hero of the Italian people, Garibaldi. None of the most famous doctors in Europe could find the bullet lodged in his body. Only a Russian surgeon managed to remove the bullet and cure the famous Italian. The wounded called him nothing more than “a wonderful doctor,” and there were legends at the front about his skill as a surgeon. One day the body of a dead soldier was brought into Pirogov’s tent. The body was missing its head. The soldiers explained that they were carrying the head behind them, now Professor Pirogov would somehow “tie it up”, and the dead soldier would return to duty again.

Soon after returning from Sevastopol to the capital, Pirogov left the Medical-Surgical Academy and devoted himself entirely to teaching and social activities. He was appointed trustee of the Odessa and then the Kyiv educational district. As a teacher, Pirogov published a number of essays. They aroused great interest. The Decembrists read them in exile. Pirogov called for making knowledge accessible to the people - “publishing science.” But Pirogov fell out of favor with the authorities - at every corner he tried to expose the quartermasters who were stealing soldiers’ rations, sheets, lint and medicine, and Nikolai Ivanovich’s accusatory speeches were not in vain. The great scientist boldly declared that all classes and all nationalities, including the smallest, have the right to education. The scientist's new views on school and education caused furious attacks from officials, and he had to resign. In 1861, he settled on his estate "Vishnya" near Vinnitsa and lived there until the end of his life.

In May 1881, the 50th anniversary of Pirogov’s scientific and social activities was solemnly celebrated. On this day he was presented with an address from St. Petersburg University, written by I.M. Sechenov. For his love for the Motherland, tested by hard, selfless work, for the steadfastness and independence of the convictions of a truly honest person, for his talent and loyalty to his obligations, Sechenov called Pirogov “a glorious citizen of his land.” Talent and a great heart made the name of the patriotic scientist immortal: the streets and squares of many cities, scientific institutes bear his name, the Pirogov Prize is awarded for the best works in surgery, the so-called “Pirogov Readings” are held annually on the day of the scientist’s memory, and Pirogov’s house, where it has spent recent years converted into a museum.

N.I. Pirogov was a passionate smoker and died of a cancerous tumor in his mouth. The great surgeon was 71 years old. His body, with the consent of the church authorities, was embalmed with a special composition developed by the scientist shortly before his death. The embalming was carried out entirely on the initiative of the widow - Pirogov himself wanted to be buried in the ground under the linden trees of his estate.

Above the tomb is the Church of St. Nicholas. The tomb is located at some distance from the estate: the wife was afraid that the descendants might sell Pirogov’s estate and therefore purchased another plot of land. Pirogov’s remains, untouched by time, are still kept in the museum named after him in the Ukrainian city of Vinnitsa, in the family tomb. Alexandra Bistorm survived her husband by 21 years.

On September 9, 1947, the opening of the memorial museum-estate of N.I. took place. Pirogov, created in the village of Sheremetka (later Pirogovo), Vinnytsia region. Here in 1861-1881. there was the estate “Cherry”, the estate of the “first surgeon of Russia”, where he spent the last years of his life. However, only a few original exhibits from the former museum of N.I. were transferred to the memorial estate museum. Pirogov, who at one time was in St. Petersburg. Most of the Pirogov rarities exhibited in the estate museum were presented in the form of copies.

Internet resources used:

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