List of basic human feelings. What are the feelings, emotions and sensations a person has? Negative emotions: functionality

Concentrated around a person’s emotions and feelings great amount various myths. This is due to the fact that people have a poor understanding of their diversity and importance. To learn to understand each other correctly, you need to understand what types of emotions exist and find out their characteristics. In addition, you need to learn to distinguish genuine feelings from mere window dressing.

What are emotions and feelings?

The emotional sphere of a person is a complex intricacy of elements that together make it possible to experience everything that happens to him and around him. It consists of four main components:

Emotional tone is a response in the form of an experience that sets the state of the body. It is this that informs the body about how satisfied its current needs are and how comfortable it is now. If you listen to yourself, you can evaluate your emotional tone.
Emotions are subjective experiences relating to situations and events that are important to a person.
Feeling is sustainable emotional attitude person to some object. They are always subjective and appear in the process of interaction with others.
An emotional state differs from a feeling in its weak focus on an object, and from an emotion - longer duration and sustainability. It is always triggered by certain feelings and emotions, but at the same time as if on its own. A person may be in a state of euphoria, anger, depression, melancholy, etc.

Video: Psychology. Emotions and feelings

Functions and types of emotions

Emotions, to a greater or lesser extent, regulate the lives of each of us. Usually they have four main functions:

Motivational-regulatory, designed to encourage action, guide and regulate. Often emotions completely suppress thinking in regulating human behavior.
Communication is responsible for mutual understanding. It is emotions that tell us about the mental and physical condition person and help to choose the right line of behavior when communicating with him. Thanks to emotions, we can understand each other even without knowing the language.
Signaling allows you to communicate your needs to others using emotionally expressive movements, gestures, facial expressions, etc.
Protective is expressed in the fact that a person’s instant emotional reaction can, in some cases, save him from danger.

Scientists have already proven that the more complex the organization Living being, the richer and more varied is the range of emotions that it is capable of experiencing.

Emotions and feelings

In addition, all emotions can be divided into several types. The nature of the experience (pleasant or unpleasant) determines the sign of the emotion - positive or negative. Emotions are also divided into types depending on the impact on human activity - sthenic and asthenic. The former encourage a person to act, while the latter, on the contrary, lead to stiffness and passivity. But the same emotion can affect people or the same person differently in different situations. For example, great grief one person plunges into despondency and inaction, and the second person seeks solace in work.

Not only people have emotions, but also animals. For example, experiencing severe stress, they can change their behavior - become more calm or nervous, refuse food or stop reacting to the world around them.

Also, the type of emotions determines their modality. According to modality, three basic emotions are distinguished: fear, anger and joy, and the rest are only their peculiar expression. For example, fear, worry, worry and horror are various manifestations fear.

The main human emotions

As we have already said, emotions are usually associated with the current moment and are a person’s reaction to changes in his current state. Among them, several main ones stand out:

joy is an intense feeling of satisfaction with one’s condition and situation;
fear is the body’s defensive reaction in the event of a threat to its health and well-being;
excitement - increased excitability caused by both positive and negative experiences, takes part in the formation of a person’s readiness for important event and activates his nervous system;
interest is an innate emotion that spurs the cognitive aspect of the emotional sphere;
surprise is an experience reflecting the contradiction between existing experience and new one;
resentment is an experience associated with the manifestation of injustice towards a person;
anger, anger, rage are negatively colored affects directed against perceived injustice;
embarrassment - worry about the impression made on others;
pity is a surge of emotions that occurs when the suffering of another person is perceived as one’s own.

Most of us easily distinguish the emotions of another by external manifestations.

Types of human feelings

Human feelings are often confused with emotions, but they have many differences. Feelings take time to arise; they are more persistent and less likely to change. They are all divided into three categories:

Moral (moral or emotional) feelings arise in relation to the behavior of others or oneself. Their development occurs in the course of any activity and is usually associated with moral standards accepted in society. Depending on how much what is happening corresponds to a person’s internal attitudes, he develops a feeling of indignation or, conversely, satisfaction. This category also includes all attachments, likes and dislikes, love and hatred.
Intellectual feelings are experienced by a person during mental activity. These include inspiration, joy from success and stress from failure.
A person experiences aesthetic feelings when creating or appreciating something beautiful. This can apply to both objects of art and natural phenomena.
Practical feelings give rise to human activity, its results, success or failure.

1. Psychological characteristics of the atmosphere of society

(and corresponding human conditions)

	Aggressiveness
	Greed
	Altruism
	Anomia (deviant behavior: suicidal tendencies, apathy, disappointment, illegal behavior).

	Irresponsibility
	Lack of ideas
	Unselfishness
	Lack of rights
	Unscrupulousness
	Rudeness
	Mutual aid
	Understanding
	Mutual respect
	Hostility
	Permissiveness
	Coarseness
	Discipline
	Integrity


	Cruelty
	Law-abiding

	Intelligence
	Intelligence
	Sincerity
	Conflict
	Creativity
	Xenophobia (fear or hatred of someone or something foreign, unfamiliar, unusual)
	Culture

	Mafia
	Commercialism
	Courage
	Impudence
	Reliability
	Tension

	Bad manners
	Hatred
	Optional
	Moral
	Optimism
	Responsiveness
	Patriotism
	meanness
	Suspicion
	Decency
	Psychological safety
	Idle talk
	Swagger
	Rationality
	Self-control

	Foul language
	Modesty
	Sympathy
	Calm
	Justice

	Tact
	Anxiety
	Hard work
	Familiarity

	Civility
	Humanity
	Honesty

2. List of basic emotions and feelings

Positive

1. Pleasure

2. Joy.

3. Rejoicing.

4. Delight.

5. Pride.

6. Confidence.

7. Trust.

8. Sympathy.

9. Admiration.

10. Love (sexual).

11. Love (affection).

12. Respect.

13. Tenderness.

14. Gratitude (appreciation).

15. Tenderness.

16. Complacency.

17. Bliss

18. Schadenfreude.

19. Feeling of satisfied revenge.

20. Peace of mind.

21. Feeling of relief.

22. Feeling satisfied with yourself.

23. Feeling of security.

24. Anticipation.

Neutral

25. Curiosity.

26. Surprise.

27. Amazement.

28. Indifference.

29. Calm and contemplative mood.

Negative

30. Displeasure.

31. Grief (sorrow).

33. Sadness (sadness).

34. Despair.

35. Chagrin.

36. Anxiety.

38. Fear.

41. Pity.

42. Sympathy (compassion).

43. Regret.

44. Annoyance.

46. Feeling insulted.

47. Indignation (indignation).

48. Hatred.

49. Dislike.

50. Envy.

52. Anger.

53. Dejection.

55. Jealousy.

57. Uncertainty (doubt).

58. Mistrust.

60. Confusion.

61. Rage.

62. Contempt.

63. Disgust.

64. Disappointment.

65. Disgust.

66. Dissatisfaction with oneself.

67. Repentance.

68. Remorse.

69. Impatience.

70. Bitterness.

The feelings we have listed do not exhaust the entire palette, the entire diversity of human emotional states. A comparison with the colors of the solar spectrum is appropriate here. There are 7 basic tones, but how many more intermediate colors do we know and how many shades can be obtained by mixing them!

It is difficult to say how many different emotional states there may be - but, in any case, there are immeasurably more than 70. Emotional states are highly specific, even if they are in modern times. rough methods assessments have the same name. There seem to be many shades of anger, joy, sadness and other feelings.

Love for an older brother and love for a younger sister are similar, but far from identical feelings. The first is colored with admiration, pride, and sometimes envy; the second is a sense of self-superiority, a desire to provide patronage, sometimes pity and tenderness. A completely different feeling is love for parents, love for children. But to designate all these feelings we use one name.

We have made the division of feelings into positive and negative not on ethical grounds, but solely on the basis of the pleasure or displeasure delivered. Therefore, gloating ended up in the column of positive feelings, and sympathy - in the negative feelings column. As we see, there are significantly more negative ones than positive ones. Why? Several explanations can be offered.

Sometimes the idea is expressed that there are simply many more words in the language that express unpleasant feelings, because in good mood a person is generally less inclined to introspection. This explanation seems unsatisfactory to us.

The initial biological role of emotions is signaling, of the “pleasant - unpleasant”, “safe - dangerous” type. Apparently, the signaling “dangerous” and “unpleasant” is more significant for the animal; it is vitally important, more relevant, because it directs its behavior in critical situations.

It is clear that such information in the process of evolution should receive priority over information signaling “comfort”.

But what has developed historically can change historically. When a person masters the laws social development, then this will change his emotional life, moving the center of gravity towards positive, pleasant feelings.

Let's return to the list of feelings. If you carefully read all 70 names, you will notice that some of the listed feelings coincide in content and differ only in intensity. For example, surprise and amazement differ only in strength, that is, in degree of expression. The same is anger and rage, pleasure and bliss, etc. Therefore, some clarifications need to be made to the list.

Typically, feelings come in four main forms:

1. The actual feeling.

2. Affect.

3. Passion.

4. Mood.

Definition feelings given by us above.

Affect - this is a very strong short-term feeling associated with a motor reaction (or with complete immobility - numbness. But numbness is also a motor reaction).

Passion called a strong and lasting feeling.

Mood - the resultant of many feelings. This state is distinguished by a certain duration, stability and serves as the background against which all other elements of mental activity take place.

Thus, if we consider surprise a feeling, then amazement is the same feeling, but brought to the level of affect (remember the final silent scene of “The Inspector General”).

Similarly, we call anger brought to the level of passion by rage, bliss is the affect of pleasure, delight is the affect of joy, despair is the affect of grief, horror is the affect of fear, adoration is love that has become passion in duration and strength, etc.

3. Option: List of basic emotions and feelings

There is no definitive list of emotions either in psychology or physiology. You can count more 500 different emotional states . In conversational practice, people often use the same word to designate different experiences, and their actual nature becomes clear only from the context. At the same time, the same emotion can be designated by different words.

ExcitementSerenityIndifferenceHelplessness PowerlessnessGratitude CheerfulnessInspirationGuiltIndignationExcitementInspirationDelightAdmirationArroganceAngerPridePrideGriefSadnessContentmentAnnoyance Drive, Pity, Care, Envy Interest Ingratiation Confusion ArroganceShyness SchadenfreudeAngerAmazeInterestIronyIs fright Jubilation Cunning Admiration Curiosity Plea Gloominess Hope Arrogance Tension, Wariness Equanimity Indignation Tenderness, Awkwardness Impatience Discouragement Resentment, Doom Concern Mischief Disgust Insult, Caution Disgust Daze Detachment Detachment Numbness Sadness Tearfulness Depression Suspiciousness Submissiveness Patronizing existence Impulse Loss Superiority Anticipation Contempt Disregard Inquisitiveness JoyAnnoyance Absent-mindedness Confusion, Zealousness Sarcasm Grief Boredom Laughter Confusion Confusion Composure Regret Calm Shyness Suffering Fear Longing Shame Anxiety Trembling Passion Surprise Satisfaction Pleasure Dejection Tenderness Peaceful Dejection Tenacity Fatigue Royalty Euphoria Exaltation Ecstasy Energy Enthusiasm Rage...

However, some researchers believe that there are few basic, elementary emotions, and the entire huge list of emotions are the constructions of these bricks, their one or another combination. So, for example, anger is disgust plus aggression. And love is joy when a loved one is nearby and sadness when apart; aggression - in in this case this desire to be close; fear is the fear of losing the object of love... What emotions can be classified as elementary? The list of elementary emotions is controversial. Miscellaneous lists elementary emotions offer Izard,McDowell and other researchers.

IN Gestalt therapy it is believed that the most elementary emotions five : MAD – anger, aggression, disgust. SAD – sadness, sadness, suffering. GLAD - joy. SCARED - fear. SEXY – pleasure, bliss, tenderness.

The whole variety of emotions cannot be reduced only to elementary and composite emotions. Having a more complex and original structure - complex emotions. Light sadness, tender gratitude, pride in success...

In this article you will become familiar with feelings and emotions.

We fall in love, rejoice, get angry, indignant, hate, love - and all this is called emotions and feelings. Let's talk about them in this article.

What is it and what are the feelings and emotions: definition, names

Expression of emotions and feelings

Emotions– a person’s immediate reaction to what is happening around him. Emotions manifest themselves in humans at the animal level, appearing and disappearing. The manifestation of emotions can be:

Chagrin
Sadness
Joy
Dejection
Indifference
Anger

Feelings– these are also emotions, but on an ongoing basis, they last a long time. Feelings arise in the process of long thoughts, experiences, based on life experience. There are feelings:

The biggest and constant feeling– love, but most likely not between men and women, but between mother and child, and vice versa.
A sense of duty to parents and family.
Feeling of devotion to spouse.
A sense of responsibility for family and children.
Some people know the feeling of being inspired by an interesting job.

List of positive and negative feelings and emotions: table with interpretation

Negative and positive emotions

Positive emotions and feelings:

Joy
Delight
Pleasure
Pride
Rejoicing
Confidence
Sympathy
Confidence
Delight
Attachment
Gratitude
Respect
Tenderness
Tenderness
Bliss
Anticipation
Clear conscience
Feeling safe

Negative emotions and feelings:

Gloat
Dissatisfaction with something
Sadness
Anxiety
Sorrow
Yearning
Chagrin
Fear
Despair
Resentment
Fright
A pity
Fear
Sympathy
Regret
Dislike
Annoyance
Hatred
Disturbance
Dejection
Jealousy
Envy
Boredom
Malice
Uncertainty
Mistrust
Fury
Confusion
Disgust
Contempt
Disappointment
Repentance
Bitterness
Intolerance

These are not all the emotions and feelings shown by a person. All manifestations of emotions cannot be counted, they are like two or three colors added together, from which a third, completely new color appears.

Emotions and feelings are called positive because, when expressed, they bring pleasure to a person, and negative ones cause dissatisfaction. From the list of emotions we see that negative emotions much more than positive ones.

Types, classification of feelings and emotions

Basic feelings and emotions, and their derivatives

Emotions are momentary manifestations of our reaction to external actions. We are born with emotions such as dissatisfaction, surprise, joy, fear and anger. If a small child is uncomfortable, he cries; if they feed him or change him, he rejoices.

But not all emotions are innate, some can be acquired in certain life situations. Even kids understand this, throwing a tantrum if they want to achieve something.

There are 5 main manifestations of emotions and feelings, and derivatives come from them:

Joy, and from it came: delight, fun, surprise, tenderness, gratitude, inspiration, passion, peace.
Love and beyond: infatuation, trust, tenderness, bliss.
Sadness, and let's go: disappointment, sadness, regret, despair, loneliness, depression, bitterness.
Anger, and it went further: rage, irritation, anger, hatred, revenge, indignation, resentment, envy.
Fear and its derivatives: anxiety, excitement, alarm, fright, shame, guilt, horror, revenge.

All emotions, except those with which we are born, are acquired along our life path.

Why are there more emotions than feelings?

Expressing emotions and feelings

Emotions are temporary states, and even within one hour they can change in dozens. For an emotion to turn into a feeling, you need to wait a long time, sometimes years. And if we have a feeling, it can persist for decades, while an emotion lasts a couple of seconds, so there are much more emotions than feelings.

How a person’s feelings differ from his emotions: comparison, psychology, brief description of characteristics and properties

How do you know what is a feeling and what is an emotion?

We manage feelings, but emotions are very difficult to manage, most often impossible.
Feelings manifest themselves based on constant simple emotions, and emotions are momentary.
Feelings are formed through life experiences, and we are born with emotions.
The feeling is impossible to comprehend, but we are fully aware of emotions, often in the past tense.
Feelings are durable, and emotions arise on a short time in response to some action from the outside. We express our emotions by screaming, laughing, crying, hysterics.
Feelings arise from emotions, and this transition of emotions into feelings takes time.

The boundary between feelings and emotions is very difficult to define. Sometimes for a long time we cannot understand what state we really have - emotions or feelings. An example of this is love and love.

Functions and role of emotions and feelings in psychology, human life, the connection of emotions and feelings with the body: description, external manifestations

Anger brought to the point of passion

Emotions are not only words, but can also be actions. Everyone knows how the smile of another affects one person. If a smiling person is sincere, he can infect others with his smile. Thanks to emotions, we understand each other better.

Feelings and emotions are manifested in 4 types:

The feeling itself
Manifestation of mood
Passion
Affect

Feeling– a negative or positive manifestation of human properties.

Mood– background for the actions of the human psyche.

Passion– the feeling is strong and quite long lasting.

Affect- Very strong feeling, lasting a short time.

Following this classification:

Surprise is a feeling, and amazement, bliss is the same feeling, but brought to the point of passion
Anger is a feeling, rage is a feeling brought to the point of passion
Joy is a feeling, delight is a feeling brought to the point of passion

Words expressing feelings and emotions: list

Expression of emotions on the face

We are born with certain emotions. Emotions show up well on our faces. Small child, who cannot speak, already shows his emotions perfectly.

Expressing the simplest emotions and feelings:

Apathy is complete indifference.
Hopelessness is the loss of all hope.
Anxiety is a manifestation of anxiety, excitement, and bad feelings.
Fun - I want to laugh.
Indignation is dissatisfaction with everyone.
Arrogance is a contemptuous attitude towards other people.
Sadness is a state when it seems that everything around is in shades of gray.
Pity is a feeling of compassion for others.
Envy is a feeling of bitterness because others succeed and you don’t.
Anger is indignation and the desire to do something unpleasant to another object.
Fear is a reaction to sudden danger.
Pleasure is a feeling associated with the satisfaction of one's interests.
Hatred is intense anger towards another object.
Loneliness is a state when there is no one to talk to heart to heart.
Sadness is a state of longing for the past or present.
Shame is feelings about an unworthy act.
Happiness is a state of inner satisfaction with something.
Anxiety is a condition caused by internal tension.
Surprise is a quick reaction to seeing a sudden event.
Terror is intense fear when confronted with a threatening object.
Rage is the manifestation of anger in an aggressive form.

Luule Viilma - A woman lives by emotions, a man lives by feelings: what does this mean?

Depending on the prevailing emotions, each person has their own diseases

Luule Viilma- Estonian gynecologist and great expert on the human soul, author of 8 books. In her articles, she tried to convey to people that our health is connected to our state of mind, our emotions are connected to diseases, and only we, by adjusting our emotions, are able to cure ourselves.

You can learn that a woman lives by emotions, and a man lives by feelings, from Luule Viilma’s book “The Beginnings of Masculine and Feminine.” If anyone is interested, you can.

Is it possible and how to manage emotions and feelings: education of emotions and feelings

Emotions can be channeled in the right direction from childhood

Thanks to emotions and feelings, our life becomes interesting, but at the same time, excessive emotions affect our health and psyche, so we need to learn how to manage our emotions.

How to manage emotions?

First, you need to admit to yourself that not all the emotions that appear in you are positive.
Deal with every manifestation of negative emotions.
Don't take all negative emotions personally. If your boss yelled at you, this does not mean that you are a bad employee, maybe he was in a bad mood.
Control your negative emotions and prevent them from appearing next time.
Learn to control your explosive nature and the manifestation of violent emotions, for example, with the help simple ways meditation, special trainings.
Now there are a lot of books and films with which you can learn to control your emotions.

So, we learned a little more and got to know our feelings and emotions.

Video: Disney cartoon for children Puzzle, our emotions

It's no secret that emotions play important role in our life. When communicating with people, you can probably notice that people show emotions in different ways and share their feelings.

Emotions are an adaptive mechanism that is inherent in us by nature to assess the situation. After all, a person does not always have time when he can correctly and accurately assess what is happening to him. Let’s say in a situation of danger... And then once - I felt something and there is a feeling that I either “like” or “don’t like”.

Moreover, the emotional assessment is the most accurate - nature cannot deceive. Emotional assessment occurs very quickly and reason and logic are not “mixed” here. After all, you can logically explain anything and give a bunch of rational arguments.

Watching people (including myself), I notice that there are situations in which people either ignore their emotions, or try not to notice them, or simply are not aware of them. I will not now make assumptions regarding the reasons for this, I will only say that without listening to myself, to my emotional life, a person cannot adequately and most fully perceive the situation, and thereby make the most effective decision.

IN ordinary life This can manifest itself in the fact that by ignoring or repressing his emotions, a person can create an incorrect belief for himself. For example, if a wife ignores/does not recognize or does not want to admit her anger towards her husband, she may take out her irritation on another person or children, in a completely different situation.

Or, I had a client who had the following belief: “I cannot offend a person, upset him.” As it turned out, if a person gets angry, she will experience a feeling of guilt that she did not want to face.

In my consultations, I very often encounter emotional sphere. I once noticed that sometimes it is very difficult for people to say what they really feel or what emotion they are experiencing right now. Even if a person realizes that he has some kind of feeling now, sometimes it is very difficult to say it in words, to name it.

One of my clients told me this: “I feel Good feeling, but I don’t know what it’s called...”

And I decided to fill this gap on the pages of my site. Below is a list of emotions and feelings that I managed to find, I hope that by reading it you can significantly increase your awareness of what may be happening to you.

And, by the way, you can test yourself: before you look at the list, I suggest you compose it yourself, and then compare how complete your list is...

Everything that a person encounters in his life evokes one attitude or another in him. A person’s certain attitude is manifested even towards individual qualities and properties of surrounding objects. The sphere of feelings includes annoyance and patriotism, joy and fear, delight and grief.

Feelings- these are experienced in various forms a person’s relationship to objects and phenomena of reality. Human life is unbearable without experiences; if a person is deprived of the opportunity to experience feelings, then the so-called “emotional hunger” sets in, which he seeks to satisfy by listening to his favorite music, reading an action-packed book, etc. Moreover, for emotional saturation, not only positive feelings are needed, but also feelings associated with suffering.

The most developed and complex shape emotional processes in humans, these are feelings that represent not only an emotional, but also a conceptual reflection.

Feelings are formed throughout a person’s life in conditions. Feelings that respond to the highest social needs, are called higher feelings. For example, love for the Motherland, your people, your city, and other people. They are characterized by the complexity of their structure, great strength, duration, stability, independence from specific situations and the state of the body. Such an example is the love of a mother for her child; the mother may become angry with the child, be dissatisfied with his behavior, punish, but all this does not affect her feeling, which remains strong and relatively stable.

The complexity of higher feelings is determined by their complex structure. That is, they consist of several different and sometimes opposing emotions, which seem to crystallize on a certain object. For example, falling in love is less complicated feeling than love, since in addition to falling in love, the latter presupposes tenderness, friendship, affection, jealousy and other emotions that produce a feeling of love that cannot be expressed in words.

Depending on the nature of a person’s relationship to various objects social environment the main types of higher feelings are highlighted: moral, practical, intellectual, aesthetic.

Moral feelings a person experiences in relation to society, other people, as well as to himself, such as a sense of patriotism, friendship, love, conscience, which regulate interpersonal relationships.

Feelings that are associated with a person’s performance of other activities are called practical. They arise in the process of activity in connection with its success or failure. Positive practical feelings include hard work, pleasant fatigue, a sense of passion for work, and satisfaction with the work done. When negative practical feelings predominate, a person perceives work as hard labor.

Certain types of work, learning, and some games require intense mental activity. The process of mental activity is accompanied by intellectual emotions. If they acquire the qualities of stability and stability, they appear as intellectual feelings: curiosity, joy of discovering truth, surprise, doubt.

The feelings that a person experiences when creating beauty in life and in art are called aesthetic. Aesthetic feelings are cultivated through familiarization with nature, admiring the forest, sun, river, etc. In order to comprehend the laws of beauty and harmony, it is useful for children to engage in drawing, dancing, music and other types of artistic activities.

Throughout the development of people, it has formed special shape mental reflection significant objects and events - emotions. The same object or event causes different people different emotions, because everyone has their own specific attitude.

Emotions- these are subjective human reactions to external influences and internal stimuli, reflecting in the form of experiences their personal significance for the subject and manifesting themselves in the form of pleasure or displeasure.

In the narrow sense of the word, emotions are the direct, temporary experience of some feeling. So, if we consider the feelings experienced by fans on the stands of the stadium and sports in general (the feeling of love for football, hockey, tennis), then these experiences cannot be called an emotion. Emotions here will be represented by the state of pleasure and admiration that a fan experiences when watching a good game.

Functions and types of emotions

Emotions were recognized as having an important positive role in people’s lives, and the following positive functions began to be associated with them: motivational-regulatory, communicative, signaling and protective.

Motivational-regulatory function is that emotions are involved in motivating human behavior and can motivate, guide and regulate. Sometimes emotions can replace thinking in regulating behavior.

Communication function lies in the fact that emotions, or more precisely, the methods of their external expression, carry information about the mental and physical state of a person. Thanks to emotions, we understand each other better. By observing changes in emotional states, it becomes possible to judge what is happening in the psyche. Comment: people belonging to different cultures, are able to accurately perceive and evaluate many expressions human face, identify by it such emotions as joy, anger, sadness, fear, disgust, surprise. This also applies to those peoples who have never been in direct contact with each other.

Signal function. Life without emotions is just as impossible as life without. Emotions, Charles Darwin argued, arose in the process of evolution as a means by which living beings establish the significance of certain conditions to satisfy their actual needs. Emotionally expressive movements (facial expressions, gestures, pantomime) serve as signals about the state of the human needs system.

Protective function is expressed in the fact that, arising as an instant, quick reaction of the body, it can protect a person from dangers.

It has been established that the more complex a living being is organized, the higher the level on the evolutionary ladder it occupies, the richer and more diverse the range of emotions that it is capable of experiencing.

The nature of the experience (pleasure or displeasure) determines the sign of emotions - positive And negative. From the point of view of influence on human activity, emotions are divided into sthenic and asthenic. Stenic emotions stimulate activity, increase a person’s energy and tension, and encourage him to act and speak. Popular expression: “ready to move mountains.” And, conversely, sometimes experiences are characterized by a kind of stiffness, passivity, then they talk about asthenic emotions. Therefore, depending on the situation and individual characteristics emotions can influence behavior in different ways. Thus, grief can cause apathy and inactivity in weak person, while strong man redoubles his energy, finding solace in work and creativity.

Modality- main quality characteristic emotions, which determines their type according to the specificity and special coloring of experiences. According to modality, three basic emotions are distinguished: fear, anger and joy. With all its diversity, almost any emotion is a unique expression of one of these emotions. Anxiety, worry, fear, horror are various manifestations of fear; anger, irritability, rage - anger; fun, rejoicing, triumph - joy.

K. Izard identified the following basic emotions

Interest(as an emotion) - positive emotional condition, promoting the development of skills and abilities, the acquisition of knowledge.

Joy- a positive emotional state associated with the ability to sufficiently fully satisfy an actual need, the likelihood of which until this moment was small or, in any case, uncertain.

Astonishment- an emotional reaction to sudden circumstances that does not have a clearly defined positive or negative sign. Surprise inhibits all previous emotions, directing attention to the object that caused it, and can turn into interest.

Suffering- a negative emotional state associated with received reliable or apparent information about the impossibility of satisfying the most important needs of life, which until that moment seemed more or less probable, most often occurs in the form of emotional stress.

Anger- an emotional state, negative in sign, usually occurring in the form of affect and caused by the sudden emergence of a serious obstacle to the satisfaction of a need that is extremely important for the subject.

Disgust- a negative emotional state caused by objects (objects, people, circumstances), contact with which ( physical interaction, communication in communication, etc.) comes into sharp conflict with the ideological, moral or aesthetic principles and attitudes of the subject. Disgust, if combined with anger, can interpersonal relationships motivate aggressive behavior, where attack is motivated by anger, and disgust is motivated by the desire to get rid of someone or something.

Contempt- a negative emotional state that arises in interpersonal relationships and is generated by a mismatch in the life positions, views and behavior of the subject with life positions, views and behavior of the object of feeling. The latter are presented to the subject as base, not corresponding to accepted moral standards and aesthetic criteria.

Fear- a negative emotional state that appears when the subject receives information about a possible threat to his well-being in life, about a real or imaginary danger. In contrast to the emotion of suffering, caused by direct blocking of the most important needs, a person, experiencing the emotion of fear, has only a probabilistic forecast of possible trouble and acts on the basis of this (often an insufficiently reliable or exaggerated forecast).

Shame- a negative state, expressed in the awareness of the inconsistency of one’s own thoughts, actions and appearance not only with the expectations of others, but also own ideas about appropriate behavior and appearance.

Emotions are also characterized by strength, duration and awareness. The range of differences in the strength of internal experience and external manifestations is very large for emotions of any modality. Joy can manifest itself as a weak emotion, for example, when a person experiences a feeling of satisfaction. Delight is an emotion of greater power. Anger ranges from irritability and indignation to hatred and rage; fear ranges from mild anxiety to horror. The duration of emotions lasts from a few seconds to many years. The degree of awareness of emotions can also vary. Sometimes it is difficult for a person to understand what emotion he is experiencing and why it arises.

Emotional experiences are ambiguous. The same object can evoke inconsistent, contradictory emotions. This phenomenon is called ambivalence(duality) of feelings. For example, you can respect someone for their ability to work and at the same time condemn them for their temper.

The qualities that characterize each specific emotional reaction can be combined in different ways, which creates many-sided forms of their expression. The main forms of expression of emotions are feeling tone, situational emotion, affect, passion, stress, mood and feeling.

Sensual tone is expressed in the fact that many human sensations have their own emotional coloring. That is, people do not just feel a smell or taste, but perceive it as pleasant or unpleasant. Images of perception, memory, thinking, imagination are also emotionally charged. A. N. Leontiev considered one of essential qualities human cognition a phenomenon that he called “bias” in the reflection of the world.

Situational emotions arise in the process of human life more often than others emotional reactions. Their main characteristics are considered to be relatively low strength, short duration, rapid change of emotions, and low external visibility.