The main milestones of the Time of Troubles in Rus'. Time of Troubles (Trouble)

(Trouble) is a term denoting the events of the late 16th-early 17th centuries in Russia. The era of the crisis of statehood, interpreted by a number of historians as a civil war. It was accompanied by popular uprisings and rebellions, the rule of impostors, Polish and Swedish interventions, the destruction of state power and the ruin of the country.

The turmoil is closely connected with the dynastic crisis and the struggle of boyar groups for power. The term was introduced by Russian writers of the 17th century.

The prerequisites for the Troubles were the consequences of the oprichnina and the Livonian War of 1558-1583: the ruin of the economy, the growth of social tension.

Regarding the time of the beginning and end of the Troubles, historians do not have a single opinion. Most often, the Time of Troubles is understood as the period of Russian history from 1598-1613, from the death of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich, the last representative of the Rurik dynasty on the Moscow throne, to the accession of Mikhail Romanov, the first representative of the new dynasty. Some sources indicate that the Time of Troubles lasted until 1619, when Patriarch Filaret, the father of the ruler, returned to Russia from Polish captivity.

The first stage of the Time of Troubles began with a dynastic crisis. The death of the childless tsar Fyodor Ivanovich in 1598 allowed Boris Godunov to come to power, who won the difficult struggle for the throne between representatives of the highest nobility. He was the first Russian tsar to receive the throne not by inheritance, but by election at the Zemsky Sobor.

The accession of Godunov, who did not belong to the royal family, intensified the strife among the various factions of the boyars, who did not recognize his authority. In an effort to maintain power, Godunov did everything to remove potential opponents. The persecution of representatives of the most noble families only aggravated the latent enmity towards the king in court circles. The reign of Godunov caused discontent among the broad masses of the people.

The situation in the country worsened due to the famine of 1601-1603, caused by prolonged crop failures. In 1603, an uprising that broke out led by Cotton was put down.

Rumors began to spread among the people that misfortunes were sent down to Russia by the will of God as punishment for the sins of the unrighteous Tsar Boris. The fragility of Boris Godunov's position was exacerbated by rumors that Ivan the Terrible's son, Tsarevich Dmitry, who mysteriously died in Uglich, is still alive. Under these conditions, Tsarevich Dmitry Ivanovich, "miraculously saved", appeared in the Commonwealth. The Polish king Sigismund III Vasa supported him in his claims to the Russian throne. At the end of 1604, having converted to Catholicism, False Dmitry I with a small detachment entered the territory of Russia.

In 1605, Boris Godunov died suddenly, his son Fyodor was killed, and False Dmitry I took the throne. However, his policy was not to the liking of the boyar elite. The uprising of Muscovites in May 1606 overthrew False Dmitry I from the throne. Soon the boyar Vasily Shuisky came to the throne.

In the summer of 1606, rumors spread about a miraculous new rescue of Tsarevich Dmitry. In the wake of these rumors, the runaway serf Ivan Bolotnikov raised an uprising in Putivl. The rebel army reached Moscow, but was defeated. Bolotnikov was captured and killed in the summer of 1607.

The new impostor False Dmitry II united around him the surviving participants in the Bolotnikov uprising, detachments of Cossacks and Polish-Lithuanian detachments. In June 1608, he settled in the village of Tushino near Moscow - hence his nickname "Tushinsky Thief".

The second stage of the Troubles is associated with the split of the country in 1609: two tsars, two Boyar Dumas, two patriarchs (Germogenes in Moscow and Filaret in Tushino), territories recognizing the authority of False Dmitry II, and territories remaining faithful to Shuisky were formed in Muscovy.

Tushintsy focused on supporting the Commonwealth. Their success forced Shuisky in February 1609 to conclude an agreement with Sweden, hostile to Poland. Having given the Russian fortress of Korela to the Swedes, he received military assistance, and the Russian-Swedish army liberated a number of cities in the north of the country. The entry of the Swedish troops into the territory of Russia gave Sigismund III a pretext for intervention: in the autumn of 1609, the Polish-Lithuanian troops besieged Smolensk and occupied a number of Russian cities. After the flight of False Dmitry II under the onslaught of the troops of Mikhail Skopin-Shuisky, at the beginning of 1610, part of the Tushino people concluded an agreement with Sigismund III on the election of his son Vladislav to the Russian throne.

In July 1610, Vasily Shuisky was deposed from the throne by the boyars and forcibly tonsured a monk. Power passed to the government of the Seven Boyars, which in August 1610 signed an agreement with Sigismund III on the election of Vladislav as king, on the condition that he accept Orthodoxy. After that, the Polish-Lithuanian troops entered Moscow.

The third stage of the Troubles is associated with the desire to overcome the conciliatory position of the Seven Boyars, which had no real power and failed to force Vladislav to fulfill the terms of the contract.

Since 1611, patriotic sentiments have been growing in Russia. The First Militia, formed against the Poles, united the detachments of the former Tushinites led by Prince Dmitry Trubetskoy, the noble detachments of Prokopy Lyapunov, and the Cossacks of Ivan Zarutsky. The leaders of the militia created a provisional government - the "Council of All the Earth". However, they failed to drive the Poles out of Moscow, and in the summer of 1611 the First Home Guard broke up.

At this time, the Poles succeeded in capturing Smolensk after a two-year siege, the Swedes occupied Novgorod, and a new impostor, False Dmitry III, appeared in Pskov, who in December 1611 was "declared" there as king.

In the autumn of 1611, at the initiative of Kuzma Minin, the formation of the Second Militia began in Nizhny Novgorod, headed by Prince Dmitry Pozharsky. In August 1612, it approached Moscow and liberated it in the autumn.

In 1613, the Zemsky Sobor elected Mikhail Romanov as Tsar. For several more years, the unsuccessful attempts of the Commonwealth to establish, to one degree or another, their control over the Russian lands continued. In 1617, the Treaty of Stolbovsky was signed with Sweden, which received the fortress of Korela and the coast of the Gulf of Finland. In 1618, the Deulino truce was concluded with the Commonwealth: Russia ceded the Smolensk and Chernihiv lands to it.

In 1619, Patriarch Filaret, the father of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, returned to Russia from Polish captivity, with whose name the people linked their hopes for the eradication of robbery and robbery.

The material was prepared on the basis of information from RIA Novosti and open sources

On July 21, 1613, the wedding of Mikhail Romanov took place in the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. This event was a turning point in the history of the country - it marked the founding of a new ruling dynasty of the Romanovs and put an end to the Great Troubles.

After the expulsion of the Poles from Moscow in August 1612, it became possible to elect a new tsar in a calmer atmosphere. Among the contenders were the Polish prince Vladislav, the Swedish prince Carl-Philip and others. However, the Zemsky Sobor, convened at the beginning of 1613, elected 16-year-old Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov to the kingdom.

He was closest in kinship to the former Russian tsars: the great-nephew of Anastasia Romanovna Zakharyina, the first wife of Ivan the Terrible. The ambassadors of the Zemsky Sobor found him with his mother in Kostroma, in the Ipatiev Monastery. Mikhail's mother, Nun Martha, was in despair, she tearfully begged her son not to accept such a heavy burden. Michael himself hesitated for a long time. Only after an appeal to the mother and Michael of Ryazan Archbishop Feodorita Martha gave her consent to the elevation of her son to the throne. A few days later, Mikhail left for Moscow.

It is worth saying that Martha's experiences were not in vain. Upon learning of the election of her son as king, the Poles tried to prevent him from taking the throne. A small Polish detachment went to the Ipatiev Monastery in order to kill Mikhail. The crime was prevented by the feat of Ivan Susanin, the peasant headman. Having given "consent" to show the way, he sent his son-in-law to warn Martha and her son, and led the enemies into the dense forest. After torture, the Poles executed Susanin, but they themselves died, bogged down in the swamps.

The Russian throne at that moment was a heavy burden, so it is not surprising that Mikhail did not immediately agree to occupy it. The new king was still very young, and his state lay in ruins after unrest and endless foreign interventions. His father, the future Russian Patriarch Filaret, who himself was aiming for the king, was at that time in Polish captivity. But in the end, the young man nevertheless went to Moscow and on July 21, 1613, in the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin, Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov was married to the kingdom. This helped his father too - Filaret was soon released from captivity, returned to Moscow and became patriarch.

From that moment on, there were actually two sovereigns in Rus': Mikhail - the son, Filaret - the father. State affairs were decided by both, the relationship between them, according to the chronicles, was friendly, although the patriarch had a large share in the government. With the arrival of Filaret, the troubled and powerless time ended. The era of the reign of the Romanov dynasty began, which lasted more than three centuries.

Letters were sent to the cities with an invitation to send authorities and elected officials to Moscow for a great cause; they wrote that Moscow had been cleansed of Polish and Lithuanian people, the churches of God were clothed in their former splendor, and God's name was still glorified in them; but without the sovereign, the Muscovite state cannot stand, there is no one to take care of him and there is no one to provide for the people of God, without the sovereign, the Muscovite state will be ruined by everything: without the sovereign, the state is not built by anything and the thieves' factories are divided into many parts and theft multiplies a lot, and therefore the boyars and governors were invited, so that all the spiritual authorities were to them in Moscow, and from the nobles, the children of the boyars, guests, merchants, townsmen and county people, choosing the best, strong and reasonable people, since the person is fit for the zemstvo council and state election, all cities would be sent to Well, Moscow, and so that these authorities and the elected best people come to an agreement in their cities firmly and take full contracts from all people about the election of the state. When quite a lot of authorities and elected officials gathered, a three-day fast was appointed, after which councils began. First of all, they began to talk about whether to choose from foreign royal houses or their natural Russian, and decided not to elect the Lithuanian and Swedish king and their children and other German faiths and none of the states of the non-Christian faith of the Greek law on the Vladimir and Moscow state, and Don’t want Marinka and her son in the state, because the Polish and German kings saw in themselves a lie and a crime of the cross and a peaceful violation: the Lithuanian king ruined the Muscovite state, and the Swedish king Veliky Novgorod took it by deceit. They began to choose their own: here intrigues, unrest and unrest began; everyone wanted to do according to his own thought, everyone wanted his own, some wanted the throne themselves, bribed and sent; sides formed, but none of them prevailed. Once, says the chronograph, some nobleman from Galich brought a written opinion to the cathedral, which said that Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov was the closest in kinship with the former tsars, and he should be elected tsars. Dissatisfied voices were heard: “Who brought such a letter, who, from where?” At that time, the Don ataman comes out and also submits a written opinion: “What did you submit, ataman?” - Prince Dmitry Mikhailovich Pozharsky asked him. “About the natural tsar Mikhail Fedorovich,” answered the ataman. The same opinion, submitted by the nobleman and the Don ataman, decided the matter: Mikhail Fedorovich was proclaimed tsar. But not all of the elected were in Moscow; there were no noble boyars; Prince Mstislavsky and his comrades left Moscow immediately after their liberation: it was embarrassing for them to remain in it near the liberators; now they sent to call them to Moscow for a common cause, they also sent reliable people around the cities and counties to find out the people's thoughts about the new chosen one, and the final decision was postponed for two weeks, from February 8 to February 21, 1613.

COMPOSITION OF THE CATHEDRAL

Elected people gathered in Moscow in January 1613. From Moscow they asked the cities to send people “the best, strong and reasonable” for the royal choice. The cities, by the way, had to think not only about the election of the king, but also about how to “build” the state and how to conduct business until the election, and about this give the elected “contracts”, that is, instructions that they had to guided by. For a more complete coverage and understanding of the cathedral of 1613, one should turn to the analysis of its composition, which can only be determined by the signatures on the electoral letter of Mikhail Fedorovich, written in the summer of 1613. We see only 277 signatures on it, but the participants of the cathedral, obviously, were more, since not all conciliar people signed the conciliar charter. Evidence of this is, for example, the following: for Nizhny Novgorod, 4 people signed the charter (Archpriest Savva, 1 townsman, 2 archers), and it is reliably known that there were 19 people elected from Nizhny Novgorod (3 priests, 13 townsmen, a deacon and 2 archers). If each city were satisfied with ten elected people, as the book determined their number. Dm. Mich. Pozharsky, then up to 500 people would have gathered in Moscow, as representatives of 50 cities (northern, eastern and southern) participated in the cathedral; and together with the people of Moscow and the clergy, the number of participants in the cathedral would have extended to 700 people. The cathedral was really crowded. He often met in the Assumption Cathedral, perhaps precisely because none of the other Moscow buildings could accommodate him. Now the question arises which classes of society were represented at the council and whether the council was full in terms of its class composition. Of the 277 signatures mentioned, 57 belong to the clergy (part of the "elected" from the cities), 136 - to the highest service ranks (boyars - 17), 84 - to the city elected. It has already been said above that these digital data are far from reliable. According to them, there were few provincial elected representatives at the council, but in fact these elected representatives undoubtedly constituted the majority, and although it is impossible to determine with accuracy either their number, or how many of them were taxpayers and how many servicemen, nevertheless, it can be said that servicemen there were, it seems, more than townspeople, but there was also a very large percentage of townspeople, which rarely happened at cathedrals. And, besides, there are traces of the participation of "district" people (12 signatures). These were, firstly, the peasants of not the owner's, but the black sovereign lands, representatives of the free northern peasant communities, and secondly, small service people from the southern counties. Thus, the representation at the council of 1613 was exceptionally complete.

We do not know anything exact about what happened at this cathedral, because only fragments of traditions, allusions and legends remained in the acts and literary works of that time, so that the historian here is, as it were, among the incoherent fragments of an ancient building, to restore the appearance of which he has no strength. Official documents do not say anything about the course of the meetings. True, the electoral charter has been preserved, but it is of little help to us, since it was by no means written independently and, moreover, does not contain information about the very course of the election. As for unofficial documents, they are either legends or meager, obscure and rhetorical stories from which nothing definitive can be extracted.

ROMANOVS UNDER BORIS GODUNOV

This clan was the closest to the former dynasty, they were cousins ​​of the late Tsar Fedor. The Romanovs were not disposed towards Boris. Boris could suspect the Romanovs when he had to look for secret enemies. According to the chronicles, Boris found fault with the Romanovs about the denunciation of one of their lackeys, as if they wanted to exterminate the tsar by means of roots and get the kingdom by “witchcraft” (witchcraft). The four Romanov brothers - Alexander, Vasily, Ivan and Mikhail were sent to remote places in difficult imprisonment, and the fifth Fyodor, who, it seems, was smarter than all of them, was forcibly tonsured under the name Filaret in the monastery of Anthony Siysky. Then they exiled their relatives and friends - Cherkassky, Sitsky, Repnins, Karpovs, Shestunovs, Pushkins and others.

ROMANOVS

So the conciliar election of Mikhail was prepared and supported at the council and among the people by a number of auxiliary means: election campaigning with the participation of the numerous relatives of the Romanovs, pressure from the Cossack force, unspoken inquiry among the people, and the cry of the capital's crowd on Red Square. But all these electoral methods were successful because they found support in society's attitude to the family name. Mikhail was endured not by personal or propaganda, but by family popularity. He belonged to a boyar family, perhaps the most beloved then in Moscow society. The Romanovs are a recently isolated branch of the old boyar family of the Koshkins. For a long time, still led. book. Ivan Danilovich Kalita, left for Moscow from the "Prussian lands", as the pedigree says, a noble man, who was nicknamed Andrei Ivanovich Kobyla in Moscow. He became a prominent boyar at the Moscow court. From his fifth son, Fyodor Koshka, came the "Cat's clan", as it is called in our annals. The Koshkins shone at the Moscow court in the 14th and 15th centuries. This was the only untitled boyar family that did not drown in the stream of new titled servants that flooded the Moscow court from the middle of the 15th century. Among the princes Shuisky, Vorotynsky, Mstislavsky, the Koshkins knew how to stay in the front row of the boyars. At the beginning of the XVI century. a prominent place at the court was occupied by the boyar Roman Yuryevich Zakharyin, who came from Koshkin's grandson Zakhary. He became the founder of a new branch of this family - the Romanovs. Roman's son Nikita, the brother of Empress Anastasia, is the only Moscow boyar of the 16th century who left a good memory among the people: his name was remembered by the folk epic, depicting him in their songs about Grozny as a complacent mediator between the people and the angry tsar. Of the six sons of Nikita, the eldest, Fedor, stood out especially. He was a very kind and affectionate boyar, a dandy and a very inquisitive person. The Englishman Horsey, who then lived in Moscow, tells in his notes that this boyar certainly wanted to learn Latin, and at his request, Horsey compiled a Latin grammar for him, writing Latin words in it in Russian letters. The popularity of the Romanovs, acquired by their personal qualities, undoubtedly increased from the persecution that Nikitichi was subjected to under the suspicious Godunov; A. Palitsyn even puts this persecution among those sins for which God punished the Russian land with Troubles. Enmity with Tsar Vasily and ties with Tushin brought the Romanovs the patronage of the second False Dmitry and popularity in the Cossack camps. So the ambiguous behavior of the surname in the troubled years prepared for Mikhail bilateral support, both in the Zemstvo and in the Cossacks. But most of all, the kinship of the Romanovs with the former dynasty helped Michael in the conciliar elections. In the course of the Time of Troubles, the Russian people unsuccessfully elected new tsars so many times, and now only that election seemed to them lasting, which fell on the face, although somehow connected with the former royal house. Tsar Michael was seen not as a conciliar elect, but as Tsar Fedor's nephew, a natural, hereditary tsar. The modern chronograph directly says that Michael was asked to take over the kingdom "of his kindred for the sake of the union of royal sparks." It is not for nothing that Avraamiy Palitsyn calls Mikhail “chosen from God before his birth,” and the clerk I. Timofeev, in an unbroken chain of hereditary tsars, placed Mikhail right after Fyodor Ivanovich, ignoring Godunov, Shuisky, and all impostors. And Tsar Mikhail himself in his letters usually called Ivan the Terrible his grandfather. It is difficult to say how much the then-circulating rumor helped the election of Mikhail, that Tsar Fyodor, dying, verbally bequeathed the throne to his cousin Fyodor, Mikhail's father. But the boyars, who led the elections, had to be persuaded in favor of Mikhail by another convenience, to which they could not be indifferent. There is news that F.I. Sheremetev wrote to Poland, Prince. Golitsyn: "Misha-de Romanov is young, he has not yet reached his mind and he will be familiar with us." Sheremetev, of course, knew that the throne would not deprive Mikhail of the ability to mature and his youth would not be permanent. But they promised to show other qualities. That the nephew will be a second uncle, reminding him of his mental and physical frailty, will come out as a kind, meek tsar, under whom the trials experienced by the boyars during the reign of Ivan the Terrible and Boris will not be repeated. They wanted to choose not the most capable, but the most convenient. So the founder of a new dynasty appeared, putting an end to the Troubles.

Reasons for the beginning and results of the Time of Troubles

- indignation, uprising, rebellion, general disobedience, discord between the government and the people.

Time of Troubles- the era of socio-political dynastic crisis. It was accompanied by popular uprisings, the rule of impostors, the destruction of state power, the Polish-Swedish-Lithuanian intervention, and the ruin of the country.

Causes of unrest

The consequences of the ruin of the state during the period of the oprichnina.
Aggravation of the social situation as a consequence of the processes of state enslavement of the peasantry.
The crisis of the dynasty: the suppression of the male branch of the ruling princely-royal Moscow house.
The crisis of power: the intensification of the struggle for supreme power between noble boyar families. Appearance of impostors.
Poland's claims to Russian lands and the throne.
Famine of 1601-1603. The death of people and the surge of migration within the state.

Rule during the Time of Troubles

Boris Godunov (1598-1605)
Fyodor Godunov (1605)
False Dmitry I (1605-1606)
Vasily Shuisky (1606-1610)
Seven Boyars (1610-1613)

Time of Troubles (1598 - 1613) Chronicle of events

1598 - 1605 - Board of Boris Godunov.
1603 Cotton Rebellion.
1604 - The appearance of detachments of False Dmitry I in the southwestern Russian lands.
1605 - The overthrow of the Godunov dynasty.
1605 - 1606 - Board of False Dmitry I.
1606 - 1607 - Bolotnikov's uprising.
1606 - 1610 - The reign of Vasily Shuisky.
1607 - Publication of a decree on a fifteen-year investigation of fugitive peasants.
1607 - 1610 - False Dmitry II attempts to seize power in Russia.
1610 - 1613 - "Seven Boyars".
1611 March - Uprising in Moscow against the Poles.
1611, September - October - Formation in Nizhny Novgorod of the second militia under the leadership.
1612, October 26 - The liberation of Moscow from the invaders by the second militia.
1613 - Accession to the throne.

1) Portrait of Boris Godunov; 2) False Dmitry I; 3) Tsar Vasily IV Shuisky

Beginning of the Time of Troubles. Godunov

When Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich died and the Rurik dynasty ended, on February 21, 1598, Boris Godunov ascended the throne. The formal act of limiting the power of the new sovereign, expected by the boyars, did not follow. The muffled murmur of this estate caused a secret police supervision of the boyars on the part of the new tsar, in which the main tool was the serfs who denounced their masters. Further tortures and executions followed. The general shaking of the sovereign order could not be adjusted by Godunov, despite all the energy he showed. The famine years that began in 1601 increased the general dissatisfaction with the king. The struggle for the royal throne at the top of the boyars, gradually supplemented by fermentation from below, laid the foundation for the Time of Troubles - the Troubles. In this connection, everything can be considered its first period.

False Dmitry I

Soon, rumors spread about the rescue of the previously considered killed in Uglich and about his being in Poland. The first news about him began to reach the capital at the very beginning of 1604. It was created by the Moscow boyars with the help of the Poles. His imposture was no secret to the boyars, and Godunov directly said that it was they who framed the impostor.

1604, autumn - False Dmitry with a detachment assembled in Poland and Ukraine entered the borders of the Moscow state through the Severshchina - the southwestern border region, which was quickly seized by popular unrest. 1605, April 13 - Boris Godunov died, and the impostor was able to freely approach the capital, where he entered on June 20.

During the 11-month reign of False Dmitry, boyar conspiracies against him did not stop. He did not fit either the boyars (because of the independence and independence of his character), or the people (because of their “Westernizing” policy, which was unusual for Muscovites). 1606, May 17 - conspirators, led by princes V.I. Shuisky, V.V. Golitsyn and others overthrew the impostor and killed him.

Vasily Shuisky

Then he was elected tsar, but without the participation of the Zemsky Sobor, but only by the boyar party and the crowd of Muscovites devoted to him, who “shouted out” Shuisky after the death of False Dmitry. His reign was limited by the boyar oligarchy, which took from the sovereign an oath limiting his power. This reign covers four years and two months; during all this time the Troubles continued and grew.

The first to revolt was Seversk Ukraine, led by the Putivl voivode, Prince Shakhovsky, under the name of the allegedly saved False Dmitry I. The leader of the uprising was the fugitive serf Bolotnikov (), who was, as it were, an agent sent by an impostor from Poland. The initial successes of the rebels forced many to join the rebellion. Ryazan land was outraged by Sunbulov and the Lyapunov brothers, Tula and the surrounding cities were raised by Istoma Pashkov.

The turmoil was able to penetrate other places: Nizhny Novgorod was besieged by a crowd of serfs and foreigners, led by two Mordvins; in Perm and Vyatka shakiness and confusion were noticed. Astrakhan was outraged by the governor himself, Prince Khvorostinin; a gang raged along the Volga, which put up their impostor, a certain Muromet Ileyka, who was called Peter - the unprecedented son of Tsar Fedor Ioannovich.

1606, October 12 - Bolotnikov approached Moscow and was able to defeat the Moscow army near the village of Troitsky, Kolomna district, but soon M.V. Skopin-Shuisky near Kolomenskoye and went to Kaluga, which the tsar's brother, Dmitry, tried to besiege. The impostor Peter appeared in the Seversk land, who in Tula joined with Bolotnikov, who had left the Moscow troops from Kaluga. Tsar Vasily himself advanced to Tula, which he besieged from June 30 to October 1, 1607. During the siege of the city, a new formidable impostor False Dmitry II appeared in Starodub.

Minin's Appeal on Nizhny Novgorod Square

False Dmitry II

The death of Bolotnikov, who surrendered in Tula, could not stop the Time of Troubles. , with the support of the Poles and Cossacks, approached Moscow and settled in the so-called Tushino camp. A significant part of the cities (up to 22) in the northeast submitted to the impostor. Only the Trinity-Sergius Lavra was able to withstand a long siege by its detachments from September 1608 to January 1610.

In difficult circumstances, Shuisky turned to the Swedes for help. Then Poland in September 1609 declared war on Moscow under the pretext that Moscow had concluded an agreement with Sweden, which was hostile to the Poles. Thus, internal Troubles were supplemented by the intervention of foreigners. King of Poland Sigismund III went to Smolensk. Sent to Novgorod for negotiations with the Swedes in the spring of 1609, Skopin-Shuisky, together with the Swedish auxiliary detachment of Delagardie, moved to the capital. Moscow was freed from the Tushinsky thief, who fled to Kaluga in February 1610. The Tushino camp dispersed. The Poles who were in it went to their king near Smolensk.

Russian adherents of False Dmitry II from the boyars and nobles, led by Mikhail Saltykov, left alone, also decided to send representatives to the Polish camp near Smolensk and recognize Sigismund's son Vladislav as king. But they recognized him under certain conditions, which were set out in an agreement with the king of February 4, 1610. However, while negotiations were underway with Sigismund, 2 important events occurred that had a strong influence on the course of the Time of Troubles: in April 1610, the tsar's nephew, the popular liberator of Moscow, M.V., died. Skopin-Shuisky, and in June Hetman Zholkevsky inflicted a heavy defeat on the Moscow troops near Klushino. These events decided the fate of Tsar Vasily: Muscovites, under the command of Zakhar Lyapunov, overthrew Shuisky on July 17, 1610 and forced him to cut his hair.

The last period of Troubles

The last period of the Time of Troubles has come. Near Moscow, the Polish hetman Zholkievsky, who demanded the election of Vladislav, was stationed with an army, and False Dmitry II, who again came there, to whom the Moscow mob was located. The Boyar Duma became the head of the board, headed by F.I. Mstislavsky, V.V. Golitsyn and others (the so-called Seven Boyars). She began to negotiate with Zholkiewski on the recognition of Vladislav as the Russian Tsar. On September 19, Zholkievsky brought Polish troops to Moscow and drove False Dmitry II away from the capital. At the same time, an embassy was sent from the capital that had sworn allegiance to Prince Vladislav to Sigismund III, which consisted of the most noble Moscow boyars, but the king detained them and announced that he personally intended to be king in Moscow.

1611 - was marked by a rapid rise in the midst of the Troubles of Russian national feeling. Patriarch Hermogenes and Prokopy Lyapunov were at the head of the patriotic movement against the Poles. Sigismund's claims to unite Russia with Poland as a subordinate state and the assassination of the leader of the mob, False Dmitry II, whose danger made many involuntarily rely on Vladislav, favored the growth of the movement.

The uprising quickly swept Nizhny Novgorod, Yaroslavl, Suzdal, Kostroma, Vologda, Ustyug, Novgorod and other cities. Militias gathered everywhere and were drawn to the capital. Cossacks under the command of the Don ataman Zarutsky and Prince Trubetskoy joined the service people of Lyapunov. At the beginning of March 1611, the militia approached Moscow, where an uprising against the Poles arose with the news of this. The Poles burned the entire Moscow Posad (March 19), but with the approach of the detachments of Lyapunov and other leaders, they were forced, together with their Muscovite supporters, to lock themselves in the Kremlin and Kitai-Gorod.

The case of the first patriotic militia of the Time of Troubles ended in failure, due to the complete disunity of the interests of the individual groups that were part of it. On July 25, the Cossacks killed Lyapunov. Even earlier, on June 3, King Sigismund finally captured Smolensk, and on July 8, 1611, Delagardie took Novgorod by storm and forced the Swedish prince Philip to be recognized there as king. A new leader of the tramps, False Dmitry III, appeared in Pskov.

Expulsion of Poles from the Kremlin

Minin and Pozharsky

Then Archimandrite of the Trinity Monastery Dionysius and his cellarer Avraamiy Palitsyn preached national self-defence. Their messages found a response in Nizhny Novgorod and the northern Volga region. 1611, October - the Nizhny Novgorod butcher Kuzma Minin Sukhoruky took the initiative to collect the militia and funds, and already in early February 1612, organized detachments under the command of Prince Dmitry Pozharsky advanced up the Volga. At that time (February 17), Patriarch Germogen, who stubbornly blessed the militia, died, whom the Poles imprisoned in the Kremlin.

In early April, the second patriotic militia of the Time of Troubles arrived in Yaroslavl and, slowly advancing, gradually strengthening their detachments, approached Moscow on August 20. Zarutsky with his gangs left for the southeastern regions, and Trubetskoy joined Pozharsky. On August 24-28, Pozharsky's soldiers and Trubetskoy's Cossacks repulsed Hetman Khodkevich from Moscow, who arrived with a convoy of supplies to help the Poles besieged in the Kremlin. On October 22, they occupied Kitai-Gorod, and on October 26, the Kremlin was also cleared of Poles. The attempt of Sigismund III to move towards Moscow was unsuccessful: the king turned back from Volokolamsk.

Results of the Time of Troubles

In December, letters were sent everywhere about sending the best and most intelligent people to the capital to elect a king. They got together early next year. 1613, February 21 - was elected by the Zemsky Sobor to the Russian tsars, who married in Moscow on July 11 of the same year and founded a new, 300-year-old dynasty. The main events of the Time of Troubles ended with this, but a firm order had to be established for a long time.

Time of Troubles - Chronology of events

The chronology of events helps to better imagine how events developed in a historical period. The Time of Troubles chronology presented in the article will help students to better write an essay or prepare for a report, and teachers to choose key events that should be told in class.

The Time of Troubles is a designation of the period of Russian history from 1598 to 1613. This period was marked by natural disasters, the Polish-Swedish intervention, the most severe political, economic, state and social crisis.

Chronology of events of troubled times

The prelude to troubled times

1565-1572 - oprichnina of Ivan the Terrible. The beginning of a systemic political and economic crisis in Russia.

1569 - Lublin Union of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Formation of the Commonwealth.

1581 - murder by Ivan the Terrible in a fit of anger, the eldest son of Ivan Ivanovich.

1584, March 18 - the death of Ivan the Terrible while playing chess, the accession to the throne of Fedor Ivanovich.

1596. October - Schism in the church. Cathedral in Brest, split into two cathedrals: Uniate and Orthodox. The Kiev Metropolitanate was divided into two - faithful to Orthodoxy and Uniates.

December 15, 1596 - Royal Universal to the Orthodox with support for the decisions of the Uniate Council, with a ban on obeying Orthodox clergy, an order to accept the union (in violation of the law on freedom of religion in Poland). The beginning of an open persecution of Orthodoxy in Lithuania and Poland.

The beginning of troubled times

1598 - the death of Fedor Ivanovich, the termination of the Rurik dynasty, the election of boyar Boris Fedorovich Godunov, brother-in-law of the late tsar, as tsar at the Zemsky Sobor.

January 01, 1598. The death of Tsar Theodore Ioannovich, the end of the Rurik dynasty. The rumor that Tsarevich Dimitri is alive is spreading in Moscow for the first time

February 22, 1598. Consent of Boris Godunov to accept the royal crown after much persuasion and threats to excommunicate Patriarch Job from the Church for disobedience to the decision of the Zemsky Sobor.

1600 Bishop Ignatius Grek becomes the representative of the Ecumenical Patriarch in Moscow.

1601 Great famine in Rus'.

Two contradictory rumors are spreading: the first is that Tsarevich Dimitri was killed on the orders of Godunov, the second is about his “miraculous salvation”. Both rumors were taken seriously, despite the contradiction, spread and provided anti-Godunov forces with help among the "masses".

Impostor

1602 Hierodeacon Grigory Otrepyev of the Chudov Monastery escapes to Lithuania. the appearance in Lithuania of the first impostor, posing as the miraculously saved Tsarevich Dmitry.

1603 - Ignatius Grek becomes Archbishop of Ryazan.

1604 - False Dmitry I in a letter to Pope Clement VIII promises to spread the Catholic faith in Russia.

April 13, 1605 - Death of Tsar Boris Feodorovich Godunov. Muscovites' oath to Tsarina Maria Grigorievna, Tsar Feodor Borisovich and Princess Xenia Borisovna.

June 3, 1605 - Public murder on the fiftieth day of the reign of the sixteen-year-old Tsar Feodor Borisovich Godunov by princes Vasily Vas. Golitsyn and Vasily Mosalsky, Mikhail Molchanov, Sherefedinov and three archers.

June 20, 1605 - False Dmitry I in Moscow; a few days later he appoints Ignatius the Greek as patriarch.

Tushino camp

May 17, 1606 - Conspiracy led by Prince. Vasily Shuisky, the uprising in Moscow against False Dmitry I, the deposition and death of False Dmitry I.

1606-1610 - the reign of the "boyar tsar" Vasily Ivanovich Shuisky.

June 03, 1606 - Transfer of relics and canonization of St. Right-Believing Tsarevich Dimitry of Uglich.

1606-1607 - an uprising led by the "voivode of Tsar Dmitry" Ivan Bolotnikov.

February 14, 1607 - Arrival in Moscow at the royal command and at the request of Patriarch Hermogenes "byvago" Patriarch Job.

February 16, 1607 - "Letter of Permit" - a conciliar ruling on the innocence of Boris Godunov in the death of Tsarevich Dimitry of Uglich, on the legal rights of the Godunov dynasty and on the guilt of Moscow people in the murder of Tsar Fyodor and Tsarina Maria Godunov.

February 20, 1607 - Reading of the petition of the people and the "letter of permission" in the Assumption Cathedral of the Kremlin in the presence of Sts. Patriarchs Job and Hermogenes.

1608 - False Dmitry II's campaign against Moscow: the impostor besieged the capital for 21 months.

The beginning of the Russian-Polish war, the Seven Boyars

1609 - Vasily Shuisky's agreement with Sweden on military assistance, the open intervention of the Polish king Sigismund III in Russian affairs, the siege of Smolensk.

1610 - the assassination of False Dmitry II, the mysterious death of the talented commander Mikhail Skopin-Shuisky, the defeat of the Polish-Lithuanian troops near Klushino, the overthrow of Vasily Shuisky and his full tonsure as a monk.

1610, August - Hetman Zholkevsky's troops entered Moscow, Prince Vladislav was called to the Russian throne.

militias

1611 - the creation of the First Militia by the Ryazan nobleman Prokopy Lyapunov, an unsuccessful attempt to liberate Moscow, the capture of Novgorod by the Swedes and the Poles of Smolensk.

1611, autumn - the creation of the Second Militia, led by the Nizhny Novgorod townsman headman Kuzma Minin and Prince Dmitry Pozharsky.

1612, spring - The second militia moved to Yaroslavl, the creation of the "Council of All the Earth".

1612, summer - connection of the Second and the remnants of the First militia near Moscow.

1612, August - Hetman Khodkevich's attempt to break through to the Polish-Lithuanian garrison besieged in the Kremlin was repulsed.

1612, the end of October - the liberation of Moscow from the invaders.

The election of the king

1613 - Zemsky Sobor elects Mikhail Romanov as Tsar (February 21). Mikhail's arrival from Kostroma to Moscow (May 2) and his coronation to the kingdom (May 11).

The defeat of Zarutsky and Marina Mnishek near Voronezh.