Peloponnesian War (briefly). The cities of Hellas are subject to Macedonia Outline of the Peloponnesian War download the Belarusian edition

Class work Lesson topic: The struggle for dominance over the Mediterranean. Lesson plan: Greco-Persian Wars Peloponnesian Wars IV-V centuries BC. Rise of Macedonia. Conquests of Alexander the Great

Greco-Persian wars (BC) Reason: aggressive policy of Persia.

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Peloponnesian Wars (BC) Reason: dissatisfaction of the Greek city-states with the hegemony of Athens.

Peloponnesian Wars (BC) Reason: dissatisfaction of the Greek city-states with the hegemony of Athens. Results: Defeat of Sparta Weakening of all Greek city-states Undermining the influence of Athens

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Peloponnesian War Stages of the war: 459-446. Little Peloponnesian War. 431-421 - "Archidam's War." 421 – Peace of Nikiev. 421-404 – End of the Peloponnesian War.

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Opponents Peloponnesian League: Delian League: Archidamus II Pericles Agis Themistocles Brasidas Cleon Lysander Alcibiades

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Battles Battle of Naupactus 429 Battle of Olpi 426 Battle of Amphiopolis 422 Battle of Mantinea 416 Battle of Aegospotomi 405

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Peloponnesian War Causes and prerequisites for the war. Thucydides: out of fear of the growing power of the Athenians, who even then... subjugated most of Hellas.

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Peloponnesian War. Reasons: 1. Strengthening of Athens. It was Athens that was able to bring decisive efforts to end the Greco-Persian wars in favor of Greece. They led the Delian Maritime League. 2. In the period from 480 (after the victory at Salamis) to 431, Pentecontaetia (“fiftieth anniversary”, the name given by Thucydides) takes place. The power of Athens grew significantly; many of their formerly independent allies turned into dependent states obliged to pay tribute. These funds allowed Athens to maintain a strong navy, and since the middle of the century they have also been used for Athens' own needs - financing large-scale construction of public buildings and beautifying the city. After the Persians retreated from Greece, Sparta tried to prevent the restoration of the walls of Athens (without walls, Athens had little protection from attack from land and could easily fall under Spartan control), but was rebuffed. According to Thucydides, although the Spartans took no action at this time, they were "secretly... very vexed that they had failed to achieve their goal."

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Peloponnesian War. Reasons: 3. Having completely mastered trade routes and markets in the northeastern direction (in Macedonia and Thrace, as well as along the shores of the Black Sea), the Athenians turned their attention to the Western Mediterranean. This circumstance especially affected the interests of Corinth, which was traditionally closely associated with its colonies in southern Italy and Sicily and was part of the Peloponnesian League led by Sparta. 4. Revolt of the Spartan helots (slaves) in 465. Athens sent troops, but after their arrival the Spartans declared that “their help was no longer needed” and sent the Athenians home (other allies remained). According to Thucydides, the Spartans refused help out of fear that the Athenians might defect to the rebels. The rebel helots eventually surrendered, but on the condition that they would be expelled rather than executed; Athens settled them in the strategically important city of Nafpaktos, located at the narrowest point of the Gulf of Corinth. The result of this incident was the withdrawal of the offended Athenians from the alliance with Sparta, and the conclusion of an alliance with Argos and Thessaly.

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Peloponnesian War. Reasons: 5. In 459 BC. e. Athens took advantage of the war between their neighbors Megara and Corinth, which were part of the Peloponnesian League, and concluded an alliance treaty with Megara. As a result, the Athenians gained a foothold on the Isthmus of Corinth and the Gulf of Corinth. All this led to the entry of Sparta into the war, and the so-called Lesser Peloponnesian War began. During its course, Athens was forced to leave possessions on the Greek mainland outside Attica (including Megara and Boeotia) under Spartan control, but the important island of Aegina remained within the Athenian League. Prisoner in the winter of 446/445 BC. e. The thirty-year peace recognized both states' right to control their own allies. 6. The reason for the outbreak of hostilities was the intervention of Athens in the conflict between Corinth and its colony of Kerkyra (on the eastern coast of the Adriatic), which sent its ships and troops there in September 433. This was followed (432) by the blockade of the city of Potidaea on the Chalkidiki peninsula, which did not want to submit to the Athenians. (northern coast of the Aegean Sea). Finally, the Athenian government imposed extremely harsh economic sanctions against Megara, another member of the Peloponnesian League. A serious source of tension was the Athenian decree (adopted in 433/432), which introduced strict trade sanctions against Megara (which became an ally of Sparta after the Lesser Peloponnesian War). These sanctions, now known as Megarian psephism, are practically unnoticed by Thucydides, but modern historians believe that Megara’s ban on trading with the prosperous Athenian power dealt a terrible blow to its economy and was one of the reasons for the war. The problem was that now the Athenians, taking advantage of the Megarian precedent, would be able to close their ports to ships of other states under any pretext.

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Ultimatum In the autumn of 432 BC. e. Representatives of the Peloponnesian League (“syllogos”) were gathered in Sparta. This meeting became a real diplomatic conference, at which the interests of the Greek states sharply collided. The debate was heated. Corinth, Megara, and some other states tried to convince the Spartan popular assembly of the need to start a war. The ambassadors of Corinth accused Sparta of indecisiveness and inaction and demanded an immediate declaration of war on Athens. The Athenian ambassadors argued that they acquired hegemony by legal means and showed more moderation and fairness in using their advantage than anyone else would have shown. The Athenian ambassadors also pointed out to the allied assembly the power of the Athenian state and suggested not to violate the peace treaty. After this speech, all allied ambassadors left the meeting. Left alone, the Spartans weighed all the arguments for and against war. King Archidamus spoke in favor of a cautious policy due to the uncertainty of the outcome of the war with a first-class military power without a powerful fleet, and proposed to act diplomatically, while simultaneously increasing the economic and military power of the alliance. Ephor Sphenalaides proposed to immediately declare war on Athens, to achieve success by surprise, thereby fulfilling his allied duty. At the end of the speech, Sfenalaid put the question to a vote of the authorized allied states. Convened in connection with all these events in Sparta, a meeting of delegates from all its allies decided to present an ultimatum to Athens. Its conditions were as follows: it is necessary to abolish the anti-Megarian sanctions, all the policies included in the arche in the position of subordinates must gain real autonomy, representatives of the Alcmaeonid clan, defiled by a long-standing religious crime (including the actual leader of the Athenian state, Pericles), must be expelled from the borders of Attica; otherwise war becomes inevitable. This ultimatum was, of course, rejected, and both sides began to prepare for the coming battles.

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War strategy: Peloponnesian League: win through ground forces. Annual invasions of Attica. Plundering of the countryside. Athenian League: win due to a threefold superiority of the fleet. Invite war on land. Evacuation of residents within the Long Walls during the invasion of Sparta.

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Progress of the war Significant changes also occurred in the internal political life of Athens. The death of Pericles (429) led to the radicalization of their politics. The influence of Cleon, who advocated a more aggressive conduct of the war and a rejection of the predominantly defensive policy of Pericles, grew significantly. Cleon relied mainly on the radical democratic elements of Athenian society, primarily the urban trade and craft circles. A more moderate party, based on landowners and Attic peasants and advocating peace, was led by the wealthy landowner Nicias. Due to the fact that the situation in Athens finally began to improve, Cleon's group gradually began to gain more and more weight in the People's Assembly. Despite serious problems, Athens nevertheless withstood the heavy blows of the first period of the war. In 429 BC. e. The rebel Potidaea was finally taken. The uprising on the island of Lesbos (427 BC) was also unsuccessful; The Athenians took the main city of the island - Mytilene.

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Course of the war From 426 BC. e. Athens took the initiative in the war. This was facilitated by an increase in 427 BC. e. foros (tribute levied from the allies) approximately doubled. In addition, in 427 BC. e. a small Athenian squadron was sent to Sicily, where, with the help of allied cities (primarily Regia), it successfully fought against the Spartan allies there. Under the leadership of the energetic strategist Demosthenes (not to be confused with the Athenian orator Demosthenes, who lived later), Athens managed to achieve certain successes in Greece itself: the war was transferred to the territory of Boeotia and Aetolia - at Sola, a large detachment of Peloponnesians of 3 thousand hoplites was defeated; Nicias captured Cythera, an island south of Laconia; A chain of strongholds was created around the Peloponnese. In 424 BC Athenian troops planned to invade Boeotia from both sides, hoping for the performance of their democratic supporters within the country. However, the Boeotian authorities warned the democrats to act. But Demosthenes was stopped, having suffered defeat at Olpi. And the second army of the Athenians of Hippocrates was defeated at Delium. A major success of the Athenians at this stage of the war was the capture of the town of Pylos in western Messenia, which had a convenient harbor. This actually struck at the very heart of the Spartan state (Pylos is located 70 kilometers from Sparta) and created an overt threat to the dominance of the Spartans over the helots. In response, Sparta took decisive action. The troops besieging Athens were recalled from Attica, a fleet was assembled, and a selected Spartan detachment was landed on the island of Sphacteria, which blocked the entrance to the harbor of Pylos. However, Demosthenes recaptured the island.

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Before the truce. Progress of the war The blow dealt to Sparta was so strong that the Spartans offered peace. However, Athens, expecting a quick final victory, did not agree. It also played a role that the head of the party supporting the continuation of the war, Cleon, after the fall of Sphacteria, became the most influential Athenian politician. However, it soon became clear that Athens underestimated the strength of the Peloponnesian League. Although the Spartans stopped devastating Attica, the Athenians were plagued by failures: an attempt to land at Corinth failed, and in Sicily the unification of local policies forced the Athenians to sail home. The Athenian army suffered a major defeat in the battle of Delium, trying to withdraw Boeotia from the war. The biggest failure awaited the Athenians in Thrace. Having entered into an alliance with Macedonia, the talented Spartan commander Brasidas took the city of Amphipolis, the center of Athenian possessions in this region; Athens lost its strategically important silver mines (it was for this defeat that the historian Thucydides, son of Olor, was expelled from Athens). To recapture Thrace, Athens sent an army, headed by Cleon. However, at the Battle of Amphipolis, the Spartans defeated the Athenians; both Cleon and Brasidas died in this battle.

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Progress of the War With the deaths of Cleon and Brasidas, the two main supporters of the war, the war was brought to an end. However, despite the peace conditions, the parties did not return the captured territories to each other, although they handed over prisoners. The Treaty of Nicias, concluded for fifty years, lasted only six. This time was filled with constant skirmishes, the arena of which became the Peloponnese. While Sparta refrained from active action, some of its allies came to the conclusion that it was necessary to leave the Peloponnesian League. They began to group around Argos - a strong, democratically oriented polis not controlled by Sparta in the eastern Peloponnese. The resulting alliance included Argos, Mantinea and Elis, who broke the alliance with Sparta, in which, as a result of dissatisfaction with the Treaty of Nice, democratic elements also came to power (initially, Corinth also entered the alliance, but due to ongoing disputes with Athens, it went over to the side of Sparta). The allied coalition received some support from Athens and attempted to seize leadership in the Peloponnese. However, in 418 BC. e. the coalition troops (Argos, Mantinea, Arcadia, Athens) were completely defeated in the Battle of Mantinea; in the cities of the Peloponnese, supporters of the alliance with Sparta triumphed and an oligarchy was established. The Democratic Alliance disintegrated, and most of its members re-entered the Peloponnesian League. Alcibiades took part in this battle.

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The last offensive of Athens in the spring of 413 BC. e. The village of Dekeleya, located 18 km from Athens, was occupied and fortified, which now housed a permanent garrison. Thus, the Athenians were forced to completely transfer the city to sea supply. In addition, access to the Laurian silver mines was cut off, which also affected the position of Athens, and about twenty thousand Athenian slaves fled to the Spartans. Significant changes took place in Athens itself. Military failures led to the growing influence of supporters of the oligarchy, and in 411 BC. e. they carried out a coup d'état. The number of full-fledged citizens was limited to 5,000 people, and the Council of 400 received real power. Such an important element of Athenian democracy as payment for the performance of official duties was abolished. The new government offered peace to Sparta. However, the Spartans rejected the proposals. The Athenian fleet based on Samos did not recognize the oligarchic government either. In fact, a dual power developed in the Athenian state, which the Athenian allies were quick to take advantage of: the rich island of Euboea and the cities in the straits rebelled. The Athenian fleet had to suppress these protests, headed by Alcibiades, who had again transferred to the Athenians and received significant powers. In 411 BC. e. The Athenians won a victory at Abydos in 410 BC. e. - under Cyzicus, and in 408 BC. e. took the key city of Byzantium.

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The genius of Lysander But the Spartans were also not going to sit idly by. The energetic military leader Lysander, who possessed rare talents as a diplomat and naval commander, was sent to Ionia with the fleet. In addition, he had excellent personal relations with the Persians, who stopped financial assistance to Athens and sent him significant funds. The situation for the Spartans was made easier by the fact that after a slight defeat at Notius (406), the most capable Athenian military leader and elected by the Athenians in 408/407. - Alcibiades - was removed from command of the fleet and went into voluntary exile. In 406, the Athenian fleet, the creation of which took the last reserve of funds - the gold and silver utensils of the Parthenon - still won a significant victory at the Arginus Islands, destroying more than 70 enemy triremes and losing 25 of their own. However, the storm made it impossible to rescue the sailors from the sunken Athenian ships, and upon returning home the victorious strategists faced trial.

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