Rules for placing commas in complex sentences. How to put commas correctly Rules for placing commas in sentences

Target: Creating conditions for developing the ability to put punctuation marks in a complex sentence through the algorithmization of students’ activities.

Introduce the rules for placing punctuation marks in a complex sentence; compare the placement of punctuation marks between parts of a complex sentence and between homogeneous members connected by a single conjunction And.
Contribute to the development of educational information skills and communication skills.
Foster a culture of mental work and accuracy.

Equipment:

Ivanov S.V. and others. Russian language: 4th grade: textbook for students of general education institutions: part 2 - M.: Ventana-Graf, 2009.
Kuznetsova M.I. Writing correctly: workbook No. 2 for 4th grade students in general education institutions. – M.: Ventana-Graf, 2009.

Lesson progress

1. Organizational moment

Guys, look at the guests, say hello and give them your kind smiles.

2. Calligraphy

Open your notebooks, sign the number, great job.

Look at the board, what did I write? ( And but but)

How to call it in one word? (Unions)

What do you know about them? (They connect homogeneous members of a sentence and parts of a complex sentence; they are called coordinating)

Let's work on cursive writing. Write two chains without interruption.

Make your own pattern from these letters.

3. Interactive warm-up

Now let's do an interactive warm-up.

If you agree that syntax is a branch of the science of language that studies the structure of coherent speech, clap your hands.

If you are sure that syntactic units of speech include phrases, sentences, texts, nod your head.

If you know that the grammatical basis, phraseology and homogeneous members are not a phrase, wave your hand.

If you are sure that a complex sentence is a sentence that consists of two or more parts that are related in meaning and intonation, stamp your foot.

If you agree that a sentence cannot exist without minor members, stand up.

Why didn't you complete the last step? (A sentence cannot exist without a grammatical basis)

Did you like the interactive warm-up? Why did we do it? (To remember the material studied)

4. Introduction to the topic of the lesson. Setting a learning task

a) Write the following sentence in your notebook (one student at the blackboard):

Streams run, meet each other and turn into a forest rivulet.

Emphasize the grammatical basis.

Describe this sentence (declarative, non-exclamatory, simple, complete, common, with homogeneous predicates).

b) Read the sentences on the board:

We boarded the train and my mother waved to us.

Lilacs grew along the path, and in the depths of the garden my father planted a jasmine bush.

What can you say about these proposals?

How did you determine that these sentences are complex? (each sentence consists of two parts, each part has its own grammatical basis)

Compare the placement of commas in complex sentences and a simple sentence. What did you notice?

Does placing a comma between parts of a complex sentence depend on what conjunction the parts are connected by? (No)

What conclusion can be drawn? (A comma is always placed between parts of a complex sentence.) A diagram appears on the board:, and

Name the topic of our lesson. (Punctuation marks in a complex sentence).

Set a learning task for the lesson. What are we going to learn? (We will learn to put punctuation marks in a complex sentence, distinguish between a simple sentence and a complex one)

5. Learning new material

a) Drawing up the algorithm “Placing a comma between parts of a complex sentence.”

– What conclusion did we just draw? (Parts of a complex sentence are separated by a comma)

Now try to determine what actions need to be performed in order to correctly place punctuation marks in a complex sentence.

Unite in groups and try to create such an algorithm of actions.

b) Checking work in groups:

What's the first step? (Find the grammatical basis)
What's the second step? (Determine how many parts there are in this complex sentence)
Third step? (Find a conjunction that connects parts of a complex sentence)
Fourth step? (At the boundary of parts of a complex sentence, place a comma before the conjunction)

c) Checking the algorithm using the textbook.

Let's check ourselves. Open your textbooks to page 135 and read the rule.

What is there in the rule that we haven’t mentioned? (Parts of a complex sentence can be connected by a conjunction; a comma must be placed before the conjunction)

Why did we create the algorithm?

Let's move on to doing the exercises.

6. Consolidating the rules for placing punctuation marks

a) Primary consolidation of the rule.

Execution of exercise 1 page 135 with commentary.

Why even before a single union And in two sentences was there a comma?

b) Performing exercise. 2 p. 136.

Read the assignment to yourself.

What should we do?

Write out a complex sentence.

Who didn't make mistakes?

Why did you complete the task easily?

Read the rest of the sentences.

How are they similar? (Simple sentences with homogeneous predicates)

You will write down these sentences at home and underline the homogeneous parts of the sentence.

c) Work in pairs - exercise 3 p. 136

Read the assignment. You will work in pairs, orally.

Are there any errors in punctuation? In what sentences?

Write these sentences correctly.

Explain why some sentences have a comma before the conjunction And needed, but not in others?

7. Work in printed notebooks

Open p.42, exercise 2.

Let's read the task.

When before single unions And And or is there a comma, and when not?

What proposals do these schemes correspond to? (1,4 – with homogeneous and members; 2, 3 – complex sentence)

Choose two schemes and continue the sentences according to the schemes.

8. Homework

Exercise 2 p. 136 (write out simple sentences, underline homogeneous parts of the sentence); additionally - ex. 3 p.42 in a printed notebook.

9. Reflection. Lesson summary

What learning task was set for the lesson?

How does a simple sentence with homogeneous members differ from a complex sentence?

Where will the new knowledge be used?

Who would you like to recognize in class and give a compliment to?

Complete the sentence:

Today I found out...

I can...

I will try…

It was difficult for me...

It is known that the sign that performs the function of a comma was invented in the third century BC by the philosopher of Ancient Greece Aristophanes of Byzantium. Already in those distant times, humanity felt the need to clarify written language. Aristophanes of Byzantium invented a system of signs that was not very similar to current punctuation marks. The system had special points that were placed, depending on the pronunciation of the phrase when reading, at the top, middle or bottom of the line. The dot in the middle of the line served as a comma and was called “comma”.

The sign we now use to denote a comma is derived from the fraction sign; it is also called the “straight slash”. This sign was used from the 13th to 17th centuries AD to indicate a pause. But the modern comma is a mini-copy of the forward slash.

How can you tell if a comma is used in a given sentence? In Russian, as in many other languages, the comma is a punctuation mark. In writing it is used for highlighting and isolation:

circumstances;

participial and participial phrases;

definitions;

appeals;

interjections;

clarifications, introductory words.

In addition, commas are also used for separation:

between direct and indirect speech;

between parts of a complex, complex and compound sentence;

homogeneous members of the sentence.

The comma is a very interesting punctuation mark. This is proven by numerous funny and not so funny situations that actually happened. To prevent such situations from happening to you, take the trouble to learn some rules for placing commas in sentences.

Commas are placed either in pairs or alone. Single commas divide a whole sentence into parts, separating these parts by marking their boundaries. For example, in a complex sentence you need to separate two simple parts, or in a simple sentence - homogeneous members of the sentence used in listing. Paired or double commas highlight an independent part of it, marking boundaries on both sides. Usually, introductory words, adverbial and participial phrases, and appeals are highlighted on both sides if they are in the middle of the sentence and if all the necessary conditions for this are met. Understanding where commas are placed is quite difficult. But you can simplify this by remembering a few simple rules.

First rule

The main thing is to understand the meaning of the sentence. After all, punctuation marks are placed in sentences precisely to convey the correct meaning. When a comma is placed in the wrong place in a sentence, the meaning is distorted. For example: “In the evening I entertained my brother, who was sick, by reading aloud”; “Masha, with whom I quarreled yesterday, ran towards me with a cheerful face.”

Second rule

It is important to remember which conjunctions are preceded by a comma. Such conjunctions include: since, because, where, what, when, which and many others. For example: “I’ll stop by when I’m free”; "He said he'd be late."

Third rule

To highlight an independent part of a sentence, you need to read the sentence without this part. If the meaning of the sentence is clear, then the removed part is independent. Participial phrases, introductory sentences and words must be highlighted with commas. For example: “I recently learned that my neighbor, returning from London, fell ill.” Remove the adverbial phrase “returning from London” from the sentence; its meaning will remain virtually unchanged. That is, the meaning of the sentence is preserved - “I recently found out that my neighbor got sick.”

But this does not always happen with participle phrases; there are sentences in which the participle adjoins the predicate, and in meaning it becomes very similar to an adverb. In such cases, single gerunds are separated by commas. For example, Griboyedov’s phrase: “Why, sir, are you crying? Live your life laughing." If you remove a gerund from a sentence, it will become incomprehensible, so there is no need to put a comma.

Regarding introductory words, they are always separated by commas on both sides. There are a lot of them: of course, fortunately, firstly, by the way, imagine, by the way, etc. It’s not difficult to find them in a sentence, you just have to try to remove them from the sentence.

Fourth rule

Addresses are always separated by commas in sentences. When it is in the middle or at the end of a sentence, it is not very easy to identify. For example: “Alas, Margarita, but you are wrong. Because I was there too. And I saw everything. And you, Lida, I saw among those people who sang in the choir.”

Fifth rule

In what cases is a comma used in comparative phrases? Almost all of them! It is very easy to find a comparative phrase in a sentence using conjunctions: exactly, as, as if, that, as, rather than, than, and so on. But there are exceptions. Comparative phrases are not highlighted if they are stable figures of speech or phraseological units. For example: it pours like a bucket, it cuts like clockwork.

Sixth rule

A comma is placed between homogeneous members, but not always. A comma is necessary for the conjunctions a, yes, but, but, however.

Also, a comma is needed between homogeneous members that are connected by repeating conjunctions (and ... and, or ... or, not that ... not that, either ... or).

There is no need to place a comma between homogeneous members that are connected by single conjunctions yes, and, either, or.

Also, repeating conjunctions before homogeneous members of a sentence will help determine where commas are placed. Complexity is created only by homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions. A comma must be placed between homogeneous definitions. For example: “an interesting, exciting film.” For heterogeneous definitions, a comma is not needed. For example: "exciting Hollywood action movie." The word "exciting" is an expression of impression, and "Hollywood" in turn means the film belongs to the place where it was made.

Seventh rule

Coordinating conjunctions in complex sentences must be preceded by a comma. These are such conjunctions: and, yes, or, either, yes and. The main thing is to correctly determine where one sentence ends and another begins. To do this, you need to find the subjects and predicate in each sentence or divide a complex sentence according to its meaning.

Eighth rule

A comma is always placed before contrastive conjunctions: but, yes, and.

Ninth Rule

When is a comma used in sentences with a participial phrase? Understanding this rule is somewhat more difficult than with the adverbial phrase. It is important to remember that participles are separated by commas only when they come after the word they define. The rule being defined is the word from which the question is asked to the participial phrase. For example: “a friend (what?) who was delighted at my arrival.” It is worth understanding the difference: “a pear grown in the garden” – “a pear grown in the garden.”

Tenth Rule

Affirmative, interrogative, negative words and interjections are separated by commas. An interjection is always followed by a comma. For example: “Life, alas, is not an eternal gift.” But we should distinguish the interjection from the particles oh, ah, well, which are used to enhance the shade, and the particle o, which is used when addressing. For example: “Oh, what are you!”; "Oh field, field!"

Commas must be treated very carefully, because a misspelled word can be mistaken for a typo, and missing a comma, as linguists say, can greatly distort the meaning of the written text.

I have already told you about three rules for placing commas. Today I will remind you about other punctuation rules. Maybe someone will learn something new for themselves!

So, where and when is a comma placed?

4. A comma is always placed before conjunctions a, but, then, yes (meaning “but”)

We always put a comma before conjunctions a, but, but, yes (meaning “but”)
5. Commas separate homogeneous members of a sentence

Homogeneous members of the sentence answer the same question, refer to one member of the sentence and perform the same syntactic function. Between each other connected by a coordinating or non-conjunctive syntactic connection.

Comma between homogeneous members of a sentence
Homogeneous members of the sentence characterize an object on one side.

Red, yellow, blue flowers decorated the meadow (color).

Bloomed in the front garden big red ones tulips (large - size, red - color). This heterogeneous members of a sentence, you cannot put the conjunction “and” between them, so we don’t put a comma.

♦ No comma in integral phraseological combinations with repeated conjunctions and... and, neither... nor(they connect words with opposing meanings): day and night, old and young, laughter and grief, here and there, this and that, here and there...

♦ No comma with paired combinations of words when there is no third option: both husband and wife, and earth and sky.

Love is when you want to sing day and night. No fee or manager.
Frank Sinatra

6. A comma separates two or more simple sentences within one complex sentence.

These suggestions could be:

A) Non-union.

Hatred does not solve any problems, it only creates them.
Frank Sinatra

Here are two sentences: 1. Hate does not solve any problems. 2. She only creates them.

B) Compound (sentences with coordinating conjunctions a, but, and...).

The more unusual something is, the simpler it appears, and only the wise can understand its meaning.
Paulo Coelho "The Alchemist"

Here are two sentences connected by the conjunction “and”: 1. The more unusual something is, the simpler it looks. 2. Only the wise can understand its meaning.

To avoid mistakes in punctuation, always try to break down a complex sentence into simple ones.

Important! A comma is not used if the sentences have a common member or a common subordinate clause.

By nightfall the rain stopped and it became quieter.

By nightfall the rain stopped.

By night it became quieter.

By nightfall - a common member.

7. A comma separates the main and subordinate clauses in complex sentences.

The subordinate clause is added to the main clause:

Subordinating conjunctions(what, in order, as, as if, since, because, than that...):

Comma between allied words
Union words(who, which, whose, how many, where, when, why...). Conjunctive words are members of subordinate clauses (including may be the subject):

If the subordinate clause is inside the main clause, then it is separated by commas on both sides.

Life doesn’t always give you a second try; it’s better to accept the gifts it gives you.
Paulo Coelho "Eleven Minutes"

8. Comma for complex subordinating conjunctions

A. The comma is placed once if there are conjunctions: thanks to the fact that; due to the fact that; due to the fact that; due to the fact that; because; because; instead of; in order to; in order to; while; after; before; since; just like others.

B. However depending on the meaning, a complex union can be divided into two parts: the first is part of the main sentence, and the second serves as a conjunction. In these cases, a comma is placed only before the second part of the combination.

Comma for complex subordinating conjunctions
IN. The comma is not used in irreducible combinations: do it properly (as it should, as it should), do it as it should (as it should, as it should), grab whatever comes along, appear as if nothing had happened, etc.

These are general rules for placing commas in sentences with subordinating conjunctions, but there are particulars that require special attention (the conjunction “despite the fact that”, two conjunctions in a row, etc.).

9. Participial and adverbial phrases, adjectives with dependent words and applications are highlighted with a comma

A comma is placed between participial phrases

Sometimes commas highlight not only participial phrases and adjectives with dependent words, but also single participles and adjectives.

Only small children, street children, are without supervision.
Ilya Ilf, Evgeny Petrov “Twelve Chairs”

Participles and adverbial phrases are set off with a comma

Participles are separated by commas
♦ If the participial phrase has turned into a stable expression (phraseologism), no commas are used.

He said with his hand on his heart. He ran headlong. He worked carelessly (rolling up his sleeves).

Not separated by commas and gerunds that turned into adverbs (joking, lying down, silently, reluctantly, slowly, standing, etc.).

He got up reluctantly; walked slowly; I read while lying down.

10. Comparative phrases are highlighted with a comma

They are joined by conjunctions: as, as if, exactly, as if, as if, that, rather than, etc.

Comparative phrases are highlighted with a comma
Sit down, my friend, I'll tell you a story.
Once upon a time, in blessed ancient times, books were written not only without punctuation marks, but also without spaces at all, and nothing - somehow they were understood.
Then times began to rapidly deteriorate. And so, in the 15th century, She appeared, a comma!!
Well, it began...
Perhaps the comma is the sign that helps more than others to understand the meaning of what is written. “Execution cannot be pardoned” everyone knows.
And there was another case.
One greedy barber decided to save money on a professional artist and painted his own sign. It read:
“Here is the tooth, beards are pulled, smallpox is shaved, ulcers are inoculated, blood is destroyed, hair is grown, nails are curled, heads are cut, etc.”
Do you think it's a joke?
But like this?
In the evenings, I entertained my brother, who was sick, by reading aloud.
The cat watched the movements of the fish that swam in the aquarium with greedy eyes.
Vaska, with whom I had quarreled yesterday, ran towards me with a cheerful face.
Commas, everything - commas, damn them!
For some reason, it is believed that the rules for placing commas are very complex and numerous, so it is easier to use the so-called. "author's" punctuation than to deal with the correct one.
However, it is in vain to think so. The rules for placing commas are quite simple. Let's remember them, but not as in school - “according to the rules”, but - in life, that is, according to the logic of the text. (May Russian language teachers forgive me!)
First, you need to firmly understand that commas can be either PAIRED or SINGLE.
SINGLE COMMA
divide a sentence into parts and allow you to mark the boundaries between these parts.
For example, you need to list homogeneous members.
And how could he not recognize people when tens of thousands of people passed before him over the fifteen years of his service. Among them were engineers, surgeons, actors, women's organizers, embezzlers, housewives, machinists, teachers, mezzo-sopranos, developers, guitarists, pickpockets, dentists, firefighters, girls without specific occupations, photographers, planners, pilots, Pushkin scholars, collective farm chairmen , secret cocottes, racing jockeys, linemen, department store saleswomen, students, hairdressers, designers, lyricists, criminals, professors, former homeowners, pensioners, country teachers, winemakers, cellists, magicians, divorced wives, cafe managers, poker players, homeopaths, accompanists, graphomaniacs, conservatory usherettes, chemists, conductors, athletes, chess players, laboratory assistants, rogues, accountants, schizophrenics, tasters, manicurists, accountants, former clergy, speculators, photographic technicians.
Why did Philip Philipovich need the papers? (Bulgakov. Theatrical novel)
It’s hard to make a mistake here – the intonation of the enumeration helps. You can get confused on homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions.
Example.
In the mornings, the sun hits the gazebo through purple, lilac, green and lemon foliage (Paustovsky).
This sentence contains four definitions for the word “foliage”; they are uniform, since they all name the color and are pronounced with the intonation of enumeration. A COMMA IS APPLIED.
Heterogeneous definitions characterize an object from different angles and are pronounced without enumerative intonation, for example:
It was an unbearably hot July day (Turgenev).
The definition of “hot” tells us about the weather, and the definition of “July” tells us what month that day was in.
You can check whether a comma is needed using the conjunction AND. If it can be inserted, then a comma should be inserted.
He spoke German, French, and English.
He spoke German, French and English.
He spoke German, French, and English.
Now try inserting the conjunction And here:
“Finally we have waited for the first warm days” - the first AND warm ones?? No ice, that means down with the comma.
Likewise:
“Yellow maple leaves were lying everywhere” - “yellow” denotes the color, “maple” the type of tree” - these are heterogeneous definitions. (=conjunction And you can’t insert).
But “yellow, red, green (maple leaves)” are homogeneous definitions, separated by commas.
Let's continue talking about single commas.
In addition to homogeneous members, there is also a need to separate simple parts of a complex sentence from each other. Complex sentences are those that contain two or more grammatical stems (subject-predicate).
For example,
The reeds rustled, the trees bent.
Evening came, it was raining, and the wind was blowing intermittently from the north.
If at school you still couldn’t remember what a subject and predicate are, call on common sense to help. Look for where one part ends (kagbe short sentence) and another begins.
Your reasoning will be something like this: aha! “Evening has come” is an independent unit of information; let me separate it with a comma from another = equally independent in terms of information (“it was raining”). And everything will be fine.
The union I can confuse you. He is so insidious!
As a rule, it is not preceded by a comma.
“The men took off their hats and bowed to the ground.”
This sentence has 1 subject (men) and 2 predicates connected by a conjunction (they took off and bowed).
Or “Women and children fled from shelling” - the opposite case. 2 subjects (women and children) per 1 predicate (saved).
NO COMMA NEEDED!
But it happens that the conjunction AND connects PARTS of sentences.
“The gentleman drove up, and the men took off their hats.” Do you see? 2 grammatical bases - subject “master”, predicate “drove up” and “men” (subject) “took off” (predicate).
This is where we need to take a closer look.
With the union A and BUT (YES in the meaning of BUT) everything is simpler - a comma is always placed before them.
The hut is not red in its corners, but red in its pies.
It was smooth on paper, but they forgot about the ravines.
The spool is small, but expensive.
In general, as a rule, you need to put a comma before conjunctions.
I know he will come.
He will come when he wants.
I would like to draw your attention to two subtleties.
The first is the conjunction “because”.
This is where it gets very interesting!
A comma can be placed before a conjunction, or between “because” and “that.” How to figure it out? Only by meaning. The placement of the comma depends on the meaning of the sentence and on some linguistic situations.
Fools and narrow-minded people believe everything because they cannot investigate anything. (Belinsky)
Should you give up on a difficult task just because it is difficult?
The second is “such as”.
He, the red-haired man, can name SUCH names as Dmitry Alekseevich Malyanov, astronomer, Zakhar Zakharovich Gubar, engineer, and Arnold Pavlovich Snegovoy, chemical physicist. (Strugatskys)
Again, catch the meaning of the sentence.
The weather is rainy like in autumn
The weather is like autumn.
The address is ALWAYS SEPARATED BY A COMMA.
He said: I love you, Naina.
But my timid sorrow
Naina listened with pride,
Loving only your charms,
And she answered indifferently:
“Shepherd, I don’t love you!” (Pushkin)
So, friends! After “hello K2!” You MUST use a comma.
If the address is in the middle of a sentence, it is separated by commas on both sides.
Forgive me, peaceful valleys, and you, familiar mountain peaks, and you, familiar forests. (Pushkin)
There are three appeals in this sentence: “peaceful valleys”, “familiar mountain peaks” and “familiar forests”.
As you can see, we have already moved a little away from single commas and are closer to PAIRED commas.
Paired commas highlight the so-called. an independent part of a sentence.
Your test action is to read the sentence WITHOUT the part separated by commas. If the meaning remains the same, you have placed the commas correctly.
“I recently learned that Pechorin died while returning from Persia” (Lermontov).
If we remove “returning from Persia,” the sentence will remain virtually unchanged. It will turn out: “I recently learned that Pechorin died.” This means the commas are placed correctly.
But the options “I recently learned that Pechorin died while returning from Persia” or “I recently learned that Pechorin died while returning from Persia” are incorrect.
So, commas IN MANDATORY ORDER are highlighted:
- participial phrases\individual participles,
- introductory words and sentences,
- comparative turnover.
Participial phrases:
The goose, seeing the children, flew away.
Dymov, smiling good-naturedly and naively, extended his hand to Ryabovsky.
Introductory words:
Vronsky, TO HIS HORROR, felt that he had made a bad, unforgivable move.
Mountain air, WITHOUT ANY DOUBT, has a beneficial effect on human health.
Comparative turnover:
(They can be easily detected by the following conjunctions: as, exactly, as if (as if), as if, that, as and, with what, rather than and many others)
Grandfather threw money at them like they were dogs.
His existence is enclosed in this tight program, like an egg in a shell.
The coachman was as amazed at his generosity as the Frenchman himself at Dubrovsky’s offer.
Attention! Comparative phrases that have become phraseological units (=stable figures of speech) are not separated by commas.
For example,
it cuts like butter, it pours like buckets, it’s red as a lobster, pale as death
Commas and participial phrases.
Participial phrases will be more difficult than participial phrases, because they are separated by commas only if they appear after the word being defined.
Apple grown in the garden - apple grown in the garden
bus painted yellow - bus painted yellow
river covered with ice - river covered with ice
It is clear to PTA that in one article it is impossible to cover all the rules for placing PTA commas, because PTA, after all, PTA there are textbooks!
The purpose of this article was the desire to remind some rules from the school course and call for common sense - when you put commas, think: WHY are you putting them?
Because a misspelled word can still be understood, but missing a single comma can lead to a distortion of the meaning.
To consolidate your memories, we invite you to take a test

There are only 10 punctuation marks. But in writing they help to express all the variety of shades of meaning in oral speech. The same sign can be used in different cases. And at the same time play a different role. 20 chapters outline the main patterns of punctuation marks that are studied at school. All rules are illustrated with clear examples. Give them special attention. If you remember the example, you will avoid mistakes.

Introduction: What is punctuation?
§1. Meaning of the term punctuation
§2. What punctuation marks are used in written speech in Russian?
§3. What role do punctuation marks play?
Chapter 1. Signs of completeness and incompleteness of thought. Period, question mark, exclamation mark. Ellipsis
Period, question and exclamation marks
Ellipsis at the end of a sentence
Chapter 2. Signs of incompleteness of a statement. Comma, semicolon
§1. Comma
§2. Semicolon
Chapter 3. Sign of incompleteness of a statement. Colon
Why do you need a colon?
Colon in a simple sentence
Colon in a complex sentence
Chapter 4. Sign of incompleteness of a statement. Dash
§1. Dash
§2. Double dash
Chapter 5. Double signs. Quotes. Parentheses
§1. Quotes
§2. Parentheses
Chapter 6. Punctuation of a simple sentence. Dash between subject and predicate
A dash is placed
There is no dash
Chapter 7. Punctuation of a simple sentence with a complex structure. Punctuation marks for homogeneous members
§1. Punctuation marks for homogeneous members without a generalizing word
§2. Punctuation marks for homogeneous members with a generalizing word
Chapter 8. Punctuation of a simple sentence complicated by a separate definition
§1. Separating agreed definitions
§2. Separating inconsistent definitions
§3. Segregation of applications
Chapter 9. Punctuation of a simple sentence complicated by a separate circumstance
Circumstances are isolated
Circumstances are not isolated
Chapter 10. Punctuation of a simple sentence, complicated by clarifying or explanatory members of the sentence.
§1. Clarification
§2. Explanation
Chapter 11. Punctuation of a simple sentence complicated by introductory words, introductory sentences and inserted constructions
§1. Sentences with introductory words
§2. Sentences with introductory sentences
§3. Offers with plug-in structures
Chapter 12. Punctuation when addressing
Addresses and their punctuation in writing
Chapter 13. Punctuation in comparative phrases
§1. Separate comparative turns with commas
§2. Turns with a conjunction: comparative and non-comparative
Chapter 14. Punctuation in direct speech
§1. Punctuation of direct speech accompanied by the words of the author
§2. Dialogue punctuation