Presentation on the theme of the 100 Years War. Presentation on the topic "Hundred Years' War"

Slide 2

Lesson Plan

Repetition of what has been learned Assignment for lesson 1. The causes of the war and the reason for it. 2. Armies of two countries.

4. Continuation of the war. 5. War of the Burgundians with the Armagnacs.

7. Folk heroine Joan of Arc. 8. Death of Joan of Arc. 9. The end of the Hundred Years' War. Consolidation

Slide 3

Lesson assignment

Why did England and France fight the long Hundred Years' War? What are the reasons for France's victory?

Slide 4

1. The causes of the war and the reason for it.

In the 14th century, a long and difficult war began between England and France. It lasted intermittently for more than a hundred years, and therefore it was called 1369-1420 1429-1453 1337-1360 1337 The Hundred Years' War1453

Slide 5

The French king sought to win Aquitaine from England: without this, the unification of France could not be completed. But Aquitaine was a valuable source of income, and the English king did not want to lose it. The English king was a relative of the king of France: his mother was the daughter of Philip IV the Fair. Taking advantage of the fact that after the death of the sons of Philip IV the Valois dynasty began to rule, he declared his rights to the French throne. Coat of arms of the English king: French lilies added to the heraldic lions

Slide 6

Slide 7

2. Armies of two countries.

The French army consisted of knightly detachments led by lords. The knights did not recognize discipline: in battle, each of them acted independently and tried to stand out with personal valor. The infantry consisted of foreign mercenaries. The knights treated the infantrymen with contempt. Knights

Slide 8

The English army was better organized than the French. It was commanded by the king himself. In addition to the knightly cavalry, the British had numerous disciplined infantry, which consisted of free peasants. Infantry archers fired arrows from crossbows at 600 steps, and pierced knights' armor at 200. English infantry

Slide 9

3. Defeat of the French troops.

Having a strong fleet, the English army crossed the English Channel. In 1340, in a naval battle in the narrow strait of Sluyseu on the coast of Flanders, the British defeated the French fleet, only a few ships survived. Battle of Sluys

The English army was better organized than the French. It was commanded by the king himself. In addition to the knightly cavalry, the British had numerous disciplined infantry, which consisted of free peasants. Infantry archers fired arrows from crossbows at 600 steps, and pierced knights' armor at 200. English infantry

A few years later, hostilities resumed. The British captured Normandy, moved to Flanders and from there launched an attack on Paris. A French army led by the king came out to meet them. But in 1346, in the battle of Creci, the French were defeated: they lost one and a half thousand knights and 10 thousand infantry. End of the Battle of Crecy

Slide 12

The incursions of English troops into France brought them rich booty: money, weapons, jewelry, as well as ransoms for rich captives. The plunder flowed like a river to England. It is no wonder that this war was approved by different sections of the population in England. The English, led by the heir to the throne Edward, nicknamed the Black Prince by the color of his armor, began their new offensive from Aquitaine. The French, led by the king, had a double numerical superiority, but acted scatteredly, this prevented them from winning. Edward "Black Prince" John the Good 

Slide 13

Slide 14

The English army was better organized than the French. It was commanded by the king himself. In addition to the knightly cavalry, the British had numerous disciplined infantry, which consisted of free peasants. Infantry archers fired arrows from crossbows at 600 steps, and pierced knights' armor at 200. English infantry

In 1356, a battle took place near the city of Poitiers, south of the Loire. The British strengthened their position and built a stockade. The French knights of the vanguard, without waiting for the main forces to arrive, attacked the British. Rushing forward, they broke the formation and prevented each other from fighting. Under clouds of English arrows, the main French forces that approached the battlefield were also defeated and fled. The chronicler reports that in the battle “the whole flower of France died”: of the 5-6 thousand dead, half were knights. The most noble gentlemen, along with the king, were captured by the British. The British ruled in the north and south of the country. Battle of Poitiers

Slide 15

4. Continuation of the war.

The brilliant successes of the British in the war did not lead to their complete victory due to the persistent resistance of the people of France. In 1360, a truce was concluded between France and England. According to the treaty, large territories in the southwest of France and the port of Calais in the North were ceded to England. Having received a respite, the king of France increased his troops of mercenaries and began to build a navy. Strong artillery was created. Heavy guns, which first appeared in Western Europe during the Hundred Years' War, were then used to destroy and defend fortresses. French King Charles V

Slide 16

Slide 17

4. Continuation of the war.

The French army was led by the talented and cautious commander Bertrand Du Guesclin, from a family of small knights. He avoided major battles and suddenly attacked individual enemy units, inflicting great damage on them. The army gradually liberated city after city in Aquitaine. The French fleet won several naval battles. By 1380, the part of Aquitaine remaining in English hands was smaller than at the start of the war. In the north they retained only a few coastal cities. Bertrand Du Guesclin

Slide 18

5. War of the Burgundians with the Armagnacs.

However, at the end of the 14th century, the situation in France became more complicated again. The country was torn apart by the struggle of two feudal groups for power and influence over the mentally ill king. They were led by the king's uncles - the Duke of Burgundy and the Duke of Orleans (with his close relative the Count of Armagnac). Therefore, the internecine strife was called the war of the Burgundians with the Armagnacs. John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy Louis, Duke of Orleans

Slide 19

Both dukes had large estates and many vassals. The opponents mercilessly exterminated each other and mercilessly plundered the country. Peasants fled from the villages; burghers left the cities. The warring feudal groups conducted secret negotiations with the British and asked for their help. The British helped either the Burgundians or the Armagnacs - those who made big concessions. But in the end, an alliance between England and the Duke of Burgundy arose. Medieval miniature

Slide 20

6. Captures of the British in France at the beginning of the 15th century.

In 1415, a large English army landed at the mouth of the Seine and headed towards Calais. Near the village of Agincourt, 60 km from Calais, the French army was again defeated and fled from the battlefield. Many knights died, one and a half thousand were captured. The defeat was perceived as "a very great shame for the French kingdom." Miniature depicting the Battle of Agincourt 

Slide 21

Slide 22

6. Captures of the British in France at the beginning of the 15th century.

A few years after the Battle of Agincourt, the Burgundians occupied Paris and killed many Armagnac supporters who were taken by surprise. The King of France fell into the hands of the Duke of Burgundy: on his behalf the Duke ruled the country. Soon the sick king died. The English king, an infant who was not yet one year old, was declared the new king of France. Not agreeing with this, the legal heir, the 15-year-old son of King Charles of France, fled from Paris and proclaimed himself King Charles VII (1422-1461). He attracted sympathy by defending the independence of France. Charles VII

Slide 23

Slide 24

6. Captures of the British in France at the beginning of the 15th century.

The British advanced south. The remnants of the French troops settled in fortresses on the banks of the Loire. English troops besieged the city of Orleans. Its fall would have opened the way for the invaders to the south of the country. The fate of France was decided at Orleans. The French army lost faith in victory. The heir to the throne and the nobility were confused and acted indecisively. But the people retained their courage and will to fight. Peasants fought off attacks by robbers on villages; they ambushed and exterminated the invaders. A guerrilla war flared up in the country. Orleans had been heroically defending itself for two hundred days. The townspeople carried stones for cannonballs from distant quarries and forged weapons. During the assaults, the entire population fought on the fortress walls. Detachments of townspeople made bold forays into the enemy camp. Siege of Orleans

Slide 25

7. Folk heroine Joan of Arc.

Joan of Arc played a large role in the rise of the people's struggle against the invaders and their expulsion. According to contemporaries, she was a tall, strong and resilient peasant shepherdess girl. Although illiterate, she, however, had a quick, resourceful mind and excellent memory, good navigated in a difficult situation. From childhood, Zhanna saw the misfortunes of her people. An impressionable, very religious girl, it seemed that she heard the voices of saints, urging her to a military feat. She was convinced that she was destined by God to save her homeland from the enemy. At the age of 18, when she left her native place to participate in the fight against the British, Jeanne said: “No one in the world... will save the kingdom of France and help it, except me, Jeanne first of all wanted to prove: God wants the English to leave.” her country. The house in Doremi where Jeanne was born 

Slide 26

Jeanne had to overcome many difficulties in order to take part in the war, which was considered the work of men. In the nearest town, she managed to convince the commandant of the fortress to help her. He gave her men's clothing, weapons and several warriors to accompany her. Finally, the girl reached the fortress on the Loire, where the heir to the throne was, and managed to meet with him. The courtiers realized that her deep belief in victory could raise the morale of the troops. Therefore, Jeanne was given a detachment of knights, which joined the army heading to help Orleans. The army was led by experienced military leaders. Along the way, the girl was greeted with delight: the people believed that the Virgin (as Jeanne was called) would save the country. Craftsmen forged knightly armor for Jeanne and sewed a marching uniform. Joan of Arc in armor Reconstruction 

Slide 27

Before the campaign, Joan of Arc sent a letter to the British who stood under the walls of Orleans. She demanded that they give her the keys to all the captured cities and offered peace if the British left France and compensated for the damage caused. Otherwise, Joan threatened the enemies “to inflict such a defeat as have not been seen in France for a thousand years.”

Slide 28

With the arrival of Jeanne in Orleans, decisive actions against the enemy began. In battles with enemies, Zhanna showed courage and resourcefulness. Her example inspired the warriors who, according to a participant in the battles, “fought as if they considered themselves immortal.” Nine days later the siege of Orleans was lifted. The British retreated north. The year 1429, the year of the liberation of Orleans from the siege, became a turning point in the course of the war. With the participation of Jeanne, large areas of France were liberated. Raising the siege of Orleans 

Slide 29

But until Charles was crowned, he was not considered the legitimate king. Jeanne convinced him to march on Reims, the city where French kings had long been crowned. The army covered the entire journey to Reims, 300 km away, in two weeks. The heir to the throne was crowned at Reims Cathedral. Jeanne stood in knightly armor near the king with a banner in her hands. Coronation of Charles VII in Reims 

Slide 30

8. Death of Joan of Arc.

The unusual success and fame of the peasant girl aroused the envy of noble gentlemen. They wanted to push Jeanne out of the leadership of military operations and get rid of her. Once Jeanne, with a detachment of warriors loyal to her, fought with the Burgundians, making a sortie from the Compiegne fortress. Surrounded on all sides by enemies, she tried to return to the fortress, but its gates were closed and the bridge was raised. Whether this was betrayal or cowardice of the fortress commandant is unknown. The Burgundians captured Jeanne and sold her to the British. Charles, to whom Jeanne secured the crown, did not even try to ransom the heroine from captivity or exchange her for any of the noble captives. Captivity of Joan of Arc 

Slide 31

Zhanna spent many months in prison. She was kept in an iron cage, with chains around her neck and legs. To slander Jeanne in the eyes of the people, the British decided to attribute the heroine’s victories to the intervention of the devil; she was charged with a terrible charge of witchcraft at that time. Jeanne appeared before the Inquisition. The girl was tried by French bishops who went over to the side of the king’s enemies. The tower in Rouen where Joan was kept

Slide 32

The learned judges tried their best to confuse and confuse the illiterate girl. But Zhanna answered questions reasonably and with dignity. When she was asked the question: “Does God hate the English?” - Zhanna answered: “I don’t know that. But I am convinced that the English will be expelled from France, except those who find death here, and that God will send the French victory over the English." So skillfully she waged a verbal duel with the learned judges, having neither advice nor help. The inquisitors threatened Jeanne and frightened her with torture, although they did not dare to use them. Interrogation of Joan by the Cardinal of Winchester

Slide 33

The brave girl was sentenced to a terrible death, and in May 1431 the Virgin was burned at the stake in the city of Rouen. Execution of Joan 

Slide 34

Slide 35

8. Death of Joan of Arc.

Only a quarter of a century later, the king ordered a review of the trial: otherwise, it turned out that he owed his crown to the witch. The new court declared the previous verdict a mistake, and Jeanne was found not guilty of witchcraft. In the 20th century, the Pope canonized Joan of Arc. The people for a long time did not believe in the death of their Virgin. Her unique fate, glorious exploits and courageous death still attract the attention of poets, writers, historians. The memory of Joan of Arc is carefully preserved Grateful France. Holy 

Slide 36

Slide 37

9. The end of the Hundred Years' War.

After the death of Jeanne, the people's liberation war unfolded with renewed vigor. In Normandy, tens of thousands of peasants acted against the British. Armed with stakes and pitchforks, they inflicted unexpected blows on the invaders. The war was becoming ruinous for England. The great success of the King of France was his reconciliation with the Duke of Burgundy. Having received the acquired territories under the treaty, the duke and his army went over to the side of the king. An uprising against the British began in Paris, and the capital of France was liberated. Duke of Burgundy Philip the Good, made peace with Charles VII

Slide 38

The King of France created a permanent mercenary army and increased artillery. Discipline was strengthened in the army. The French army successfully drove the British out of the country. With the support of rebellious peasants and townspeople, she liberated Normandy and then completely ousted the British from Aquitaine. In 1453, the last stronghold of the British in Aquitaine, the city of Bordeaux surrendered. This was the end of the Hundred Years' War. The British had only one port, Calais, left on French soil for another century. The British leave France 

Slide 39

Slide 40

From the “Chronicles” of the French poet and chronicler Froissart about the Battle of Crecy in 1346.

When King Philip reached the place near which the English were positioned in battle formation, and he saw them, his blood boiled in him, for he hated them too much. So, he did not at all restrain himself from entering into battle with them, nor did he need to force himself to do so, but told his marshals: “Let our Genoese pass ahead and begin the battle in the name of God and Monseigneur Saint Dionysius! There were about 15 thousand of these Genoese crossbow shooters, who were not able to start the battle, because they were very tired and exhausted due to the long march... When the Genoese were all gathered and lined up and were supposed to begin the offensive, they began amazingly bawling loudly; and they did this to hit the British, but the British stood silently in place and paid absolutely no attention to it. The second time they also screamed and moved a little forward, but the British continued to remain silent, not moving a single step. For the third time they screamed very loudly and piercingly, walked forward, pulled the bowstrings of their crossbows and began to shoot. And the English archers, when they saw this state of affairs, moved a little forward and began to shoot their arrows at the Genoese with great skill, which fell and pierced as thickly as snow. The Genoese had never before encountered such archers in battle as the English, and when they felt these arrows piercing their arms, legs and head, they were immediately defeated. And many of them cut the strings of their bows, and some threw their bows to the ground, so they began to retreat. Return

Slide 41

The English formed two wings of their archers on each side of their line of battle and formed into battle formation in a large field covered with vineyards and surrounded by a hedge in which there were many gaps. King John had up to 12 thousand heavily armed, but few other fighters, such as archers and crossbows, and because of this, the English archers hit more accurately when it came to battle. King John formed several battle lines and entrusted the first of them to the marshals, who were in such a hurry to engage the enemy that the king's line was still far behind, and the marshals had already passed through the hedge and came into contact with the British inside the fenced field, where they stood in battle formation . And immediately they were defeated, and most of their people were killed and taken prisoner... And immediately the Duke of Normandy, who had a very dense line of heavily armed men, approached, but the English gathered at the gaps in the fence and came out a little ahead; Some of the Duke's men penetrated the fence, but the English archers began to shoot such a cloud of arrows that the Duke's line began to move back, and then the English went on the offensive against the French. Here a large number of the duke's line of battle were killed and captured, many escaped, and some joined the king's corps, which was now just approaching. The Duke of Orleans' fighters fled, and those who remained joined the king's corps. The English drew up their ranks and took a little breath, and the king and his people walked a long, long way, which made them very tired. Then the king and his corps began to close in, and then a great and fierce battle took place, and many of the English turned and fled, but the French were so crowded under the cruel fire of the archers who hit them on the heads that most of them could not fight, and they fell one on top of the other . Here the defeat of the French became clear. Here King John and his son Philip were taken prisoner... And the number of those killed in this battle was not so great as the defeat was severe. Return From the Norman Chronicle about the Battle of Poitiers 1356

View all slides

Hundred Years' War

Completed by a 6th grade student

Krylov Dmitry

Teacher Balasyan L.V.

series military conflicts between Kingdom of England and its allies, on the one hand, and France and its allies, on the other hand, lasted for about 1337 By 1453 . The reason for these conflicts was claims to French throne English royal dynasty Plantagenets , seeking to regain territories on the continent that previously belonged to the English kings.

Hundred Years' War

116 years of war

The war lasted 116 years (with interruptions) - it was a series of military conflicts:

1. Edwardian War- V 1337 - 1360 ,

2. Carolingian War- V 1369 - 1396 ,

3. Lancastrian War- V 1415 - 1428 ,

4. Final period - in 1428 - 1453 .

Opponents

Kingdom of England Kingdom of Portugal Kingdom of Navarre Duchy of Aquitaine Duchy of Burgundy Duchy of Brittany (House of Montfort-l'Amaury) Duchy of Luxembourg County of Flanders County Gennegau

Kingdom of France Kingdom of Aragon Kingdom of Castile Kingdom of Mallorca Kingdom of Scotland Kingdom of Bohemia Genoese Republic Duchy of Brittany (House of Chatillon)

Edwardian War (I period)

Edward III's claim to the French throne, as well as control of disputed territories.

English victory and Peace at Bretigny

Edward III , Edward III (the 13th of November 1312 - 21st of June 1377 ) - king England from 1327 from the dynasty Plantagenets

name of peasant anti-feudal uprisings in France V 1358, caused by the situation in which France found itself due to wars With Edward III of England; The largest peasant uprising in French history. The Jacquerie began in May 1357. The immediate cause of the uprising was the devastation caused by the Navarrese king Karl the Evil around Paris and which had a particularly hard impact on the rural population. The peasants, cruelly oppressed by rude and dissolute nobles who raped their wives and daughters, rushed at their tormentors, turned hundreds of castles into ruins, beat the nobles and raped their wives and daughters. The revolt soon spread to Bree , Soissons , Laone and on the banks Marne And Oise. Finally, the nobles of all parties managed to drown the uprising in streams of blood with their joint forces

Jacquerie

Battle of La Rochelle- a major naval battle that took place from June 22 to 23, 1372 between the English fleet under the leadership of the English Earl John of Hastings and the allied French-Castilian fleet under the leadership of the Castilian admiral Ambrosio Bocanegro during the second stage of the Hundred Years' War.

Carolingian War (1369-1396) (II period)

As a result of the defeat in Battle of La Rochelle The English fleet temporarily lost its undeniable advantage at sea in the waters of the Atlantic Ocean. This fact became the most favorable for France, which began to push the British troops, deprived of support from the sea, closer and closer to the shore. France took advantage of the temporary helplessness of the English garrisons and pushed them to the very shore, leaving in the hands of England only a narrow strip of land between the cities of Bordeaux and Bayonne, thereby returning all its possessions lost during the first stage of the Hundred Years' War. In addition, the victory at the Battle of La Rochelle served as deep moral support for the French army, which took revenge for the defeat at the Battle of Sluys. Moreover, not a single ship of the French fleet in Battle of La Rochelle did not participate.

Wat Tyler's Rebellion

large peasant insurrection 1381, covering almost all England. The uprising occurred for various reasons, including political and economic tensions, especially exacerbated after bubonic plague epidemics of the 1340s, the prohibitively high growth of taxes collected to maintain wars with France, as well as unsettled relations within the city government London

Lancastrian War

Joan of Arc , Maid of Orleans (6th January 1412 - May 30 1431 ) - national heroine France, one of the commanders of the French troops in Hundred Years' War. Having been captured by Burgundians, was handed over to the British, condemned as heretic And burned at the stake. Subsequently in 1456 there was rehabilitated and in 1920 canonized- ranked Catholic Church to the ranks of saints .

third stage Hundred Years' War. Started in 1415 landing English army led by Henry V Lancaster in the Norman port of Affleur and ended in 1428 with the appearance Joan of Arc and the transition of the French army to a counteroffensive

In 1453, the surrender of the English garrison in Bordeaux brought an end to the Hundred Years' War.

The last possession of the British in what is now France - city of Calais and district- preserved by them until 1558 .

IN 1449 the French reconquered Rouen. IN battle of Formigny The Count de Clermont completely defeated the English troops. On July 6 the French liberated Kahn. An attempt by British troops under the command Jonah Talbot , column Shrewsbury to recapture Gascony, which remained loyal to the English crown, failed: English troops suffered a crushing defeat at Castiglione V 1453. This battle was the last battle of the Hundred Years' War.

Final period: Displacement of the English from France (1428-1453)

Consequences of the war

As a result of the war, England lost all its possessions on the continent, except for Calais, which remained part of England until 1558. The English crown lost vast territories in southwestern France, which it had controlled since the 12th century. The madness of the English king plunged the country into a period of anarchy and civil strife, in which the central characters were the warring houses of Lancaster and York. Due to the war, England did not have the strength and means to return lost territories on the continent. On top of this, the treasury was devastated by military expenses.

The war had a strong influence on the development of military affairs: the role of infantry on the battlefield increased, requiring less expenditure when creating large armies, and the first standing armies appeared. New types of weapons were invented, and favorable conditions appeared for the development of firearms.

Armies of two countries

The king himself led the army.

The main composition of the army is cavalry and numerous infantry, consisting of free peasants, and archers.

The Hundred Years' War between England and France is the longest military and political conflict in the history of the past. The term “war” in relation to this event, as well as its chronological framework, is quite arbitrary, since military operations were not constantly carried out over a period of more than a hundred years. The source of the contradictions between England and France was the bizarre interweaving of the historical destinies of these countries, which began with the Norman conquest of England in 1066. The Norman dukes who established themselves on the English throne came from Northern France. They united England and part of the continent - the northern French region of Normandy - under their rule. In the 12th century The possessions of the English kings in France increased sharply as a result of the annexation of regions in Central and Southwestern France through dynastic marriages. After a long and difficult struggle, the French monarchy at the beginning of the 13th century. regained most of these lands. Together with the traditional possessions of the French kings, they formed the core of modern France.

However, the territory in the southwest remained under English rule - between the Pyrenees and the Loire Valley. In France it was called Guienne, in England Gascony. “English Gascony” became one of the main reasons that caused the Hundred Years' War. The preservation of English domination in the southwest made the position of the French Capetians precarious and interfered with the real political centralization of the country. For the English monarchy, this area could become a springboard in an attempt to regain its former vast possessions on the continent.

In addition, the two largest Western European monarchies vied for political and economic influence in the virtually independent County of Flanders (modern Netherlands). The Flemish cities, which purchased English wool, sent a wealthy merchant from Ghent, Jacob Artevelde, to England and offered Edward III the crown of France. At this time, the Valois dynasty (1328-1589), the younger line of the Capetians (the previous royal dynasty), established itself in France.

Another object of acute controversy was Scotland, whose independence was threatened by England. In search of political support in Europe, the Scottish kingdom sought an alliance with the main rivals of the English crown - France. As Anglo-French tensions intensified, both monarchies tried to strengthen their positions on the Iberian Peninsula. The Pyrenees countries were of particular interest to them due to the fact that they bordered on “English Gascony.” All this led to the emergence of military-political alliances: Franco-Castilian (1288), Franco-Scottish (1295), between the English crown and the cities of Flanders (1340).

In 1337, the English king Edward III declared war on France, resorting to a legal form that was natural for that time: he proclaimed himself the legitimate king of France in opposition to Philip VI of Valois, elected to the throne by the French feudal lords in 1328, after the death of his cousin, who had no sons, King Charles IV - the last of the senior branch of the Capetian dynasty. Meanwhile, Edward III was the son of the elder sister of Charles IV, who was married to the English king.

There are four stages in the history of the war, between which there were periods of relatively long calm. The first stage is from the declaration of war in 1337 to the peace of 1360 in Bretigny. At this time, military superiority was on the side of England. The best organized English army won several famous victories - in the naval battles of Sluys (1346) and Poitiers (1356). The main reason for the English victories at Crecy and Poitiers was the discipline and tactical excellence of the infantry, which consisted of archers. The English army went through the harsh school of warfare in the Scottish Highlands, while the French knights were accustomed to relatively easy victories and the glory of the best cavalry in Europe. Capable in fact only of individual combat, they did not know discipline and maneuver, they fought effectively, but not prudently. The organized actions of the English infantry under the clear command of Edward III led to two crushing defeats of the French army. A chronicler and contemporary of the Hundred Years' War wrote about the “death of French chivalry.” The terrible defeats of France, which lost its army and king (after Poitiers he ended up in English captivity), allowed the British to mercilessly plunder the country. And then the people of France - townspeople and peasants themselves rose to their defense. The self-defense of residents of villages and cities, the first partisan detachments became the beginning of a future broad liberation movement. This forced the English king to conclude a difficult peace for France in Bretigny. She lost huge possessions in the southwest, but remained an independent kingdom (Edward III renounced his claims to the French crown).

The war resumed in 1369. Its second stage (1369-1396) was generally successful for France. The French king Charles V and the talented military leader Bertrand Du Guesclin used the support of the masses to help the partially reorganized French army drive the British out of the southwest. Several large and strategically important ports on the French coast still remained under their rule - Bordeaux, Bayonne, Brest, Cherbourg, Calais. The truce of 1396 was concluded due to the extreme depletion of the forces of both sides. It did not resolve a single controversial issue, which made the continuation of the war inevitable.

The third stage of the Hundred Years' War (1415-1420) is the shortest and most dramatic for France. After a new landing of the English army in the north of France and the terrible defeat of the French at Agincourt (1415), the independent existence of the French kingdom was under threat. The English king Henry V, in five years of much more active military action than before, subjugated approximately half of France and achieved the conclusion of the Treaty of Troyes (1420), according to which the unification of the English and French crowns was to take place under his rule. And again the masses of France intervened even more decisively than before in the fate of the war. This determined her character in the final fourth stage.

Warriors from the Hundred Years' War

The fourth stage began in the 20s. 15th century and ended with the expulsion of the British from France in the mid-50s. During these three decades, the war on the part of France was of a liberation character. Beginning almost a hundred years ago as a conflict between the ruling royal houses, it became for the French a struggle to preserve the possibility of independent development and create the foundations of a future national state. In 1429, a simple peasant girl, Joan of Arc (c. 1412 - 1431), led the fight to lift the siege of Orleans and achieved the official coronation in Reims of the legitimate heir to the French throne, Charles VII. She instilled in the people of France a firm belief in victory.

Joan of Arc was born in the town of Domremy on the French border with Lorraine. By 1428 the war had reached this outskirts. “Great pity, biting like a snake,” sorrow for the misfortunes of “dear France,” entered the girl’s heart. This is how Jeanne herself defined the feeling that prompted her to leave her father’s house and go to Charles VII to become the head of the army and expel the British from France. Through the areas occupied by the British and their Burgudian allies, she reached Chinon, where Charles VII was located. She was put at the head of the army, because everyone - ordinary people, experienced military leaders, soldiers - believed in this extraordinary girl and her promises to save her homeland. Her natural intelligence and keen powers of observation helped her to correctly navigate the situation and quickly master the simple military tactics of that time. She was always ahead of everyone in the most dangerous places, and her devoted warriors rushed there after her. After the victory at Orleans (Jeanne took only 9 days to lift the siege of the city, which lasted over 200 days) and the coronation of Charles VII, the fame of Joan of Arc increased extraordinary. The people, the army, the cities saw in her not only the savior of the homeland, but also a leader. She was consulted on a variety of occasions. Charles VII and his inner circle began to show more and more distrust of Jeanne and finally simply betrayed her. During one sortie, retreating with a handful of brave men towards Compiegne, Jeanne found herself trapped: on the orders of the French commandant, the bridge was raised and the gates of the fortress were tightly slammed shut. Jeanne was captured by the Burgundians, who sold her to the British for 10 thousand gold. The girl was kept in an iron cage, chained to her bed at night. The French king, who owed her the throne, did not take any measures to save Jeanne. The British accused her of heresy and witchcraft and executed her (she was burned at the stake in Rouen by the verdict of a church court).

But this could no longer change the real state of affairs. The French army, reorganized by Charles VII, won several important victories with the support of townspeople and peasants. The largest among them is the Battle of Formigny in Normandy. In 1453, the English garrison in Bordeaux capitulated, which is conventionally considered the end of the Hundred Years' War. For another hundred years the British held the French port of Calais in the north of the country. But the main contradictions were resolved in the mid-15th century.

France emerged from the war extremely devastated, many areas were devastated and plundered. And yet, the victory objectively helped complete the unification of French lands and the development of the country along the path of political centralization. For England, the war also had serious consequences - the English crown abandoned attempts to create an empire in the British Isles and the continent, and national self-awareness grew in the country. All this prepared the way for the formation of national states in both countries.

Bibliography

Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Young Historian M., 1993

R.Yu.Vipper “A short textbook on the history of the Middle Ages”

Lesson plan Repetition of what has been learned Repetition of what has been passed Repetition of what has been passed Repetition of what has been passed Assignment for the lesson Assignment for the lesson Assignment for the lesson Assignment for the lesson 1. The causes of the war and the reason for it. 1. The causes of the war and the reason for it. 1. The causes of the war and the reason for it. 1. The causes of the war and the reason for it. 2.Armies of two countries. 2.Armies of two countries. 2.Armies of two countries. 2.Armies of two countries. 3. Defeat of the French troops. 3. Defeat of the French troops. 3. Defeat of the French troops. 3. Defeat of the French troops. 4. Continuation of the war. 4. Continuation of the war. 4. Continuation of the war. 4. Continuation of the war. 5. War of the Burgundians with the Armagnacs. 5. War of the Burgundians with the Armagnacs. 5. War of the Burgundians with the Armagnacs. 5. War of the Burgundians with the Armagnacs. 6. Captures of the British in France at the beginning of the 15th century. 6. Captures of the British in France at the beginning of the 15th century. 6. Captures of the British in France at the beginning of the 15th century. 6. Captures of the British in France at the beginning of the 15th century. 7. Folk heroine Joan of Arc. 7. Folk heroine Joan of Arc. 7. Folk heroine Joan of Arc. 7. Folk heroine Joan of Arc. 8. The death of Joan of Arc. 8. The death of Joan of Arc. 8. The death of Joan of Arc. 8. The death of Joan of Arc. 9. The end of the Hundred Years' War. 9. The end of the Hundred Years' War. 9. The end of the Hundred Years' War. 9. The end of the Hundred Years' War. Pinning Pinning Pinning

1. The causes of the war and the reason for it. In the 14th century, a long and difficult war began between England and France. It continued intermittently for more than a hundred years, and therefore it was called the war between England and France the Hundred Years' War of 1453

1. The causes of the war and the reason for it. The French king The French king sought to win Aquitaine from England: without this the unification of France could not be completed. But Aquitaine was a valuable source of income, and the English king did not want to lose it. The English king The English king was a relative of the king of France: his mother was the daughter of Philip IV the Fair. Taking advantage of the fact that after the death of the sons of Philip IV the Valois dynasty began to rule, he declared his rights to the French throne. Coat of arms of the English king: French lilies added to the heraldic lions

2.Armies of two countries. The French army consisted of knightly detachments led by lords. The knights did not recognize discipline: in battle, each of them acted independently and tried to stand out with personal valor. The infantry consisted of foreign mercenaries. The knights treated the infantrymen with contempt. Knights

2.Armies of two countries. The English army was better organized than the French. It was commanded by the king himself. In addition to the knightly cavalry, the British had numerous disciplined infantry, which consisted of free peasants. Infantry archers fired arrows from crossbows at 600 steps, and pierced knights' armor at 200. English infantry

3. Defeat of the French troops. Having a strong fleet, the English army crossed the English Channel. In 1340, in a naval battle in the narrow strait of Sluis off the coast of Flanders, the British defeated the French fleet, only a few ships survived. Sluise Battle of Sluise

3. Defeat of the French troops. A few years later, hostilities resumed. The British captured Normandy, moved to Flanders and from there launched an attack on Paris. A French army led by the king came out to meet them. But in 1346, in the battle of Crecy, the French were defeated: they lost one and a half thousand knights and 10 thousand infantry. Crecy End of the Battle of Crecy

3. Defeat of the French troops. The incursions of English troops into France brought them rich booty: money, weapons, jewelry, as well as ransoms for rich captives. The plunder flowed like a river to England. It is no wonder that this war was approved by different sections of the population in England. The English, led by the heir to the throne Edward, nicknamed the Black Prince by the color of his armor, began their new offensive from Aquitaine. The French, led by the king, had a double numerical superiority, but acted scatteredly, this prevented them from winning. Edward "Black Prince" John the Good

3. Defeat of the French troops. In 1356, a battle took place near the city of Poitiers, south of the Loire. The British strengthened their position and built a stockade. The French knights of the vanguard, without waiting for the main forces to arrive, attacked the British. Rushing forward, they broke the formation and prevented each other from fighting. Under clouds of English arrows, the main French forces that approached the battlefield were also defeated and fled. The chronicler reports that in the battle “the whole flower of France died”: of the 56 thousand dead, half were knights. The most noble gentlemen, along with the king, were captured by the British. The British ruled in the north and south of the country. Poitiers Battle of Poitiers

4. Continuation of the war. The brilliant successes of the British in the war did not lead to their complete victory due to the persistent resistance of the people of France. In 1360, a truce was concluded between France and England. According to the treaty, large territories in the southwest of France and the port of Calais in the North were ceded to England. truce Having received a respite, the king of France increased his mercenary detachments and began to build a navy. Strong artillery was created. Heavy guns, which first appeared in Western Europe during the Hundred Years' War, were then used to destroy and defend fortresses. French King Charles VCharles V

4. Continuation of the war. The French army was led by the talented and cautious commander Bertrand Du Guesclin, from a family of small knights. He avoided major battles and suddenly attacked individual enemy units, inflicting great damage on them. The army gradually liberated city after city in Aquitaine. The French fleet won several naval battles. By 1380, the part of Aquitaine remaining in English hands was smaller than at the start of the war. In the north they retained only a few coastal cities. Bertrand Du Guesclin

5. War of the Burgundians with the Armagnacs. However, at the end of the 14th century, the situation in France became more complicated again. The country was torn apart by the struggle of two feudal groups for power and influence over the mentally ill king. They were led by the king's uncles, the Duke of Burgundy and the Duke of Orleans (with his close relative the Count of Armagnac). Therefore, the internecine strife was called the war of the Burgundians with the Armagnacs. Burgundians with Armagnacs Burgundians with Armagnacs John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy Louis, Duke of Orleans

5. War of the Burgundians with the Armagnacs. Both dukes had large estates and many vassals. The opponents mercilessly exterminated each other and mercilessly plundered the country. Peasants fled from the villages; burghers left the cities. The warring feudal groups conducted secret negotiations with the British and asked for their help. The British helped either the Burgundians or the Armagnacs, those who made big concessions. But in the end, an alliance between England and the Duke of Burgundy arose. Medieval miniature

6. Captures of the British in France at the beginning of the 15th century. In 1415, a large English army landed at the mouth of the Seine and headed towards Calais. Near the village of Agincourt, 60 km from Calais, the French army was again defeated and fled from the battlefield. Many knights died, one and a half thousand were captured. The defeat was perceived as "a very great shame for the French kingdom." Agincourt is a very great shame for the Kingdom of France Agincourt is a very great shame for the Kingdom of France Miniature depicting the Battle of Agincourt

6. Captures of the British in France at the beginning of the 15th century. A few years after the Battle of Agincourt, the Burgundians occupied Paris and killed many Armagnac supporters who were taken by surprise. The King of France fell into the hands of the Duke of Burgundy: on his behalf the Duke ruled the country. Soon the sick king died. The baby English king, who was not yet one year old, was declared the new king of France. Not agreeing with this, the legal heir, the 15-year-old son of King Charles of France, fled Paris and proclaimed himself King Charles VII (). He attracted sympathy by defending the independence of France. Charles VII Charles VII

6. Captures of the British in France at the beginning of the 15th century. The British advanced south. The remnants of the French troops settled in fortresses on the banks of the Loire. English troops besieged the city of Orleans. Its fall would have opened the way for the invaders to the south of the country. The fate of France was decided at Orleans. The French army lost faith in victory. The heir to the throne and the nobility were confused and acted indecisively. But the people retained their courage and will to fight. Peasants fought off attacks by robbers on villages; they ambushed and exterminated the invaders. A guerrilla war flared up in the country. Orleans had been heroically defending itself for two hundred days. The townspeople carried stones for cannonballs from distant quarries and forged weapons. During the assaults, the entire population fought on the fortress walls. Detachments of townspeople made bold forays into the enemy camp. Siege of Orleans

7. People's heroine Joan of Arc. Joan of Arc played a major role in the rise of the people's struggle against the invaders and their expulsion. According to the description of contemporaries, she was a tall, strong and resilient peasant shepherdess girl. Although illiterate, she, however, had a quick, resourceful mind and excellent memory, and was well versed in difficult situations. From childhood, Zhanna saw the disasters of her people. The impressionable, very religious girl seemed to hear the voices of saints urging her to a military feat. She was convinced that she was destined by God to save her homeland from the enemy. Joan of Arc. She was not even 18 years old when she left her native place to participate in the fight against the British. Jeanne said: “No one in the world... will save the kingdom of France and will not help him except me.” Jeanne first of all wanted to prove: God wants the English to leave her country. The house in Doremi, in which Jeanne was born.

7. Folk heroine Joan of Arc. Jeanne had to overcome many difficulties in order to take part in the war, which was considered the work of men. In the nearest town, she managed to convince the commandant of the fortress to help her. He gave her men's clothes, weapons and several warriors to accompany her. Finally, the girl reached the fortress on the Loire, where the heir to the throne was, and the courtiers realized that her deep faith in victory could raise the morale of the troops. Therefore, Jeanne was assigned a detachment of knights, which joined the army heading to help Orleans. The army was led by experienced military leaders. Along the way, the girl was greeted with delight: the people believed that the Virgin (as Joan was called) would save the country. Craftsmen forged knightly armor for Jeanne and sewed a marching uniform for Joan of Arc. Reconstruction.

7. Folk heroine Joan of Arc. Before the campaign, Joan of Arc sent a letter to the British who stood under the walls of Orleans. She demanded that she be given the keys to all the captured cities and offered peace if the British left France and compensated for the damage caused. Otherwise, Jeanne threatened her enemies “to inflict such a defeat as has not been seen in France for a thousand years.” Jeanne in battle

7. Folk heroine Joan of Arc. With the arrival of Jeanne in Orleans, decisive actions against the enemy began. In battles with enemies, Jeanne showed courage and resourcefulness. Her example inspired the soldiers who, according to a participant in the battles, “fought as if they considered themselves immortal." Nine days later, the siege of Orleans was lifted. The British retreated to the north. The year of the liberation of Orleans from the siege became a turning point in the course of the war. With the participation of Jeanne, large areas of France were liberated.

7. Folk heroine Joan of Arc. But until Charles was crowned, he was not considered the legitimate king. Jeanne convinced him to go on a campaign against Reims, the city where French kings had long been crowned. The army traveled all the way to Reims, 300 km away, in two weeks The heir to the throne was crowned in the Reims Cathedral. Jeanne stood in knightly armor near the king with a banner in her hands. The Coronation of Charles VII in Reims.

8. The death of Joan of Arc. The unusual success and glory of the peasant girl aroused the envy of noble gentlemen. They wanted to push Joan away from the leadership of military operations, to get rid of her. Once Jeanne, with a detachment of warriors devoted to her, fought with the Burgundians, making a sortie from the Compiegne fortress. Surrounded on all sides by enemies, she tried to return to the fortress, but its gates were closed, and the bridge was raised. Whether this was betrayal or the cowardice of the commandant of the fortress, it is unknown. The Burgundians captured Jeanne and sold her to the British, to whom Jeanne secured the crown. , did not even try to ransom the heroine from captivity or exchange it for any of the noble captives. The Captivity of Joan of Arc.

8. The death of Joan of Arc. Joan spent many months in prison. She was kept in an iron cage, with a chain around her neck and legs. In order to slander Joan in the eyes of the people, the British decided to attribute the heroine’s victories to the intervention of the devil; she was presented with something terrible at that time accused of witchcraft, Jeanne was brought before the Inquisition. The girl was tried by French bishops who sided with the enemies of the king. The Tower in Rouen, where Jeanne was kept.

8. The death of Joan of Arc. The learned judges tried in every possible way to confuse and confuse the illiterate girl. But Joan answered questions intelligently and with dignity. When she was asked the question: “Does God hate the English?” Jeanne answered: “I don’t know this. But I am convinced that the English will be expelled from France, except those who find death here, and that God will send the French victory over the English. So skillfully she fought a verbal duel with the learned judges, without having.” no advice, no help. The inquisitors threatened Jeanne, frightened her with torture, although they did not dare to use them. Interrogation of Jeanne by the Cardinal of Winchester.

8. Death of Joan of Arc. The brave girl was sentenced to a terrible death, and in May 1431 the Virgin was burned at the stake in the city of Rouen. Execution of Joan

8. The death of Joan of Arc. Only a quarter of a century later, the king ordered a review of the trial: otherwise, it turned out that he owed his crown to the witch. The new court declared the previous verdict a mistake, and Jeanne was found not guilty of witchcraft. In the 20th century, the Pope declared Joan of Arc to sainthood. For a long time the people did not believe in the death of their Virgin. Her unique fate, glorious exploits and courageous death still attract the attention of poets, writers, and historians. The memory of Joan of Arc is carefully preserved by grateful France. Saint

9. The end of the Hundred Years' War. After the death of Jeanne, the people's liberation war unfolded with renewed vigor. In Normandy, tens of thousands of peasants acted against the British. Armed with stakes and pitchforks, they inflicted unexpected blows on the invaders. The war was becoming ruinous for England. The great success of the King of France was his reconciliation with the Duke of Burgundy. Having received the acquired territories under the treaty, the duke and his army went over to the side of the king. An uprising against the British began in Paris, and the capital of France was liberated. Duke of Burgundy Philip the Good, made peace with Charles VII

9. The end of the Hundred Years' War. The King of France created a permanent mercenary army and increased artillery. Discipline was strengthened in the army. The French army successfully drove the British out of the country. With the support of rebellious peasants and townspeople, she liberated Normandy and then completely ousted the British from Aquitaine. In 1453, the last British stronghold in Aquitaine, the city of Bordeaux, surrendered. This was the end of the Hundred Years' War. The British had only one port, Calais, left on French soil for another century. The British leave France

From the “Chronicles” of the French poet and chronicler Froissart about the Battle of Crecy in 1346. When King Philip reached the place near which the English were positioned in battle formation, and he saw them, his blood boiled in him, for he hated them too much. So, he did not at all restrain himself from entering into battle with them, nor did he need to force himself to do so, but told his marshals: “Let our Genoese pass ahead and begin the battle in the name of God and Monseigneur Saint Dionysius! There were about 15 thousand of these Genoese crossbow shooters, who were not able to start the battle, because they were very tired and exhausted due to the long march... When the Genoese were all gathered and lined up and were supposed to begin the offensive, they began amazingly bawling loudly; and they did this to hit the British, but the British stood silently in place and paid absolutely no attention to it. The second time they also screamed and moved a little forward, but the British continued to remain silent, not moving a single step. For the third time they screamed very loudly and piercingly, walked forward, pulled the bowstrings of their crossbows and began to shoot. And the English archers, when they saw this state of affairs, moved a little forward and began to shoot their arrows at the Genoese with great skill, which fell and pierced as thickly as snow. The Genoese had never before encountered such archers in battle as the English, and when they felt these arrows piercing their arms, legs and head, they were immediately defeated. And many of them cut the strings of their bows, and some threw their bows to the ground, so they began to retreat. Return

Edward III decided to seize the French throne by force. Centennial war: territorial contradictions Since the time of William the Conqueror, England... ships have been sunk. Centennial war The English army landed in Normandy.

: comparative characteristics of the armies of the warring parties French army: ... Economic and political rivalry between England and France Stages Centennial wars Economic and political rivalry between England and France Stages Centennial Stage I – 1337-1360 – France loses... Economic and political rivalry between England and France Stages Centennial 1346 - Battle of Crecy Battles Economic and political rivalry between England and France Stages Centennial 1356 – Battle of Poitiers Battles Economic and political rivalry between England and France Stages Centennial ...

Centennial war 1337 1337-1360 Centennial war 1453 1369-1420 1429-1453 Reasons Centennial Suggest: what were the reasons for the struggle between England and France? Economic and political rivalry between England and France Stages Centennial 1. ... the place of Joan of Arc's execution.

Centennial war Ending Centennial The British leave France Homework Retelling the text of paragraph No. 19, ... Economic and political rivalry between England and France Stages Centennial Causes war and the reason for it. ... only a few ships survived. End

... Economic and political rivalry between England and France Stages. Centennial After the death of Jeanne, the people's liberation movement Economic and political rivalry between England and France Stages Centennial unfolded with renewed vigor. In... and with pitchforks, they inflicted unexpected blows on the invaders. Centennial war War Centennial became ruinous for England. Great success for the king... Economic and political rivalry between England and France Stages Centennial warDate Event Result 1. Reasons

and her reason. Map . Centennial war In 1337 it began war, which lasted until 1453. Reasons Economic and political rivalry between England and France Stages ... strength. The longbow was the weapon of English warriors. Centennial During Centennial Revolutionary changes took place in military affairs. For changing...

Stg-11 Kuzmina Daria Bolgov Philip Economic and political rivalry between England and France Stages Centennial CENTENNIAL Economic and political rivalry between England and France Stages Centennial WAR