Production, transmission and use of electricity. Physics presentation on the topic “Production, transmission and use of electrical energy” download for free Production and use of electricity presentation

Startsova Tatyana

NPP, HPP, CHPP, types of electricity transmission.

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Presentation on the topic: “Electricity production and transmission” by Tatyana Startsova, 11th grade student of GBOU Secondary School No. 1465. Teacher: Kruglova Larisa Yurievna

Electricity production Electricity is produced in power plants. There are three main types of power plants: Nuclear power plants (NPP) Hydroelectric power plants (HPP) Thermal power plants, or combined heat and power plants (CHP)

Nuclear power plants A nuclear power plant (NPP) is a nuclear installation for producing energy in specified modes and conditions of use, located within the territory defined by the project, in which a nuclear reactor (reactors) and a complex of necessary systems, devices, equipment and structures with essential workers

Operating principle

The figure shows a diagram of the operation of a nuclear power plant with a double-circuit water-water power reactor. The energy released in the reactor core is transferred to the primary coolant. Next, the coolant enters the heat exchanger (steam generator), where it heats the secondary circuit water to a boil. The resulting steam enters turbines that rotate electric generators. At the exit of the turbines, the steam enters the condenser, where it is cooled by a large amount of water coming from the reservoir. The pressure compensator is a rather complex and cumbersome structure that serves to equalize pressure fluctuations in the circuit during reactor operation that arise due to thermal expansion of the coolant. The pressure in the 1st circuit can reach up to 160 atm (VVER-1000).

In addition to water, metal melts can also be used as a coolant in various reactors: sodium, lead, a eutectic alloy of lead with bismuth, etc. The use of liquid metal coolants makes it possible to simplify the design of the reactor core shell (unlike the water circuit, the pressure in the liquid metal circuit does not exceed atmospheric), get rid of the pressure compensator. The total number of circuits may vary for different reactors, the diagram in the figure is shown for reactors of the VVER type (Water-Water Energy Reactor). Reactors of the RBMK type (High Power Channel Type Reactor) use one water circuit, fast neutron reactors - two sodium and one water circuits, promising designs of the SVBR-100 and BREST reactor plants assume a double-circuit design, with a heavy coolant in the primary circuit and water in the second .

Electricity generation The world leaders in the production of nuclear electricity are: USA (836.63 billion kWh/year), 104 nuclear reactors are operating (20% of generated electricity) France (439.73 billion kWh/year), Japan (263 .83 billion kWh/year), Russia (177.39 billion kWh/year), Korea (142.94 billion kWh/year) Germany (140.53 billion kWh/year). There are 436 power nuclear reactors operating in the world with a total capacity of 371.923 GW, the Russian company TVEL supplies fuel for 73 of them (17% of the world market)

Hydroelectric power plants A hydroelectric power station (HPP) is a power plant that uses the energy of water flow as an energy source. Hydroelectric power plants are usually built on rivers by constructing dams and reservoirs. For the efficient production of electricity at a hydroelectric power station, two main factors are necessary: ​​a guaranteed supply of water all year round and possibly large slopes of the river; canyon-like terrain types are favorable for hydraulic construction.

Operating principle

The circuit of hydraulic structures is to provide the necessary pressure of water flowing to the blades of a hydraulic turbine, which drives generators that produce electricity. The required water pressure is formed through the construction of a dam, and as a result of the concentration of the river in a certain place, or by diversion - the natural flow of water. In some cases, both a dam and a diversion are used together to obtain the required water pressure. All power equipment is located directly in the hydroelectric power station building itself. Depending on the purpose, it has its own specific division. In the machine room there are hydraulic units that directly convert the energy of water flow into electrical energy.

Hydroelectric stations are divided depending on the generated power: powerful - produce from 25 MW and above; medium - up to 25 MW; small hydroelectric power plants - up to 5 MW. They are also divided depending on the maximum use of water pressure: high-pressure - more than 60 m; medium-pressure - from 25 m; low-pressure - from 3 to 25 m.

The largest hydroelectric power plants in the world Name Capacity GW Average annual generation Owner Geography Three Gorges 22.5 100 billion kWh r. Yangtze, Sandouping, China Itaipu 14,100 billion kWh r. Caroni, Venezuela Guri 10.3 40 billion kWh r. Tocantins, Brazil Churchill Falls 5.43 35 billion kWh r. Churchill, Canada Tukurui 8.3 21 billion kWh r. Parana, Brazil / Paraguay

Thermal power plants A thermal power plant (or thermal power plant) is a power plant that generates electrical energy by converting the chemical energy of fuel into the mechanical energy of rotation of the electric generator shaft.

Operating principle

Types Boiler-turbine power plants Condensing power plants (CPS, historically called GRES - state district power plant) Combined heat and power plants (cogeneration power plants, CHP) Gas turbine power plants Power plants based on combined-cycle plants Power plants based on piston engines Compression ignition (diesel) Spark ignition Combined cycle

Electricity transmission The transmission of electrical energy from power plants to consumers is carried out via electrical networks. The electric grid industry is a natural monopoly sector of the electric power industry: the consumer can choose from whom to buy electricity (that is, the energy sales company), the energy sales company can choose among wholesale suppliers (electricity producers), but the network through which electricity is supplied is usually one, and the consumer technically cannot choose the electric utility company. From a technical point of view, the electrical network is a collection of power transmission lines (PTLs) and transformers located at substations.

Power lines are metal conductors that carry electric current. Currently, alternating current is used almost everywhere. Electricity supply in the vast majority of cases is three-phase, so a power line usually consists of three phases, each of which may include several wires.

Power lines are divided into 2 types: Overhead Cable

Overhead Overhead power lines are suspended above the ground at a safe height on special structures called supports. As a rule, the wire on an overhead line does not have surface insulation; insulation is present at the points of attachment to the supports. There are lightning protection systems on overhead lines. The main advantage of overhead power lines is their relative cheapness compared to cable lines. Maintainability is also much better (especially in comparison with brushless cable lines): there is no need to carry out excavation work to replace the wire, and visual inspection of the condition of the line is not difficult. However, overhead power lines have a number of disadvantages: wide right-of-way: it is prohibited to erect any structures or plant trees in the vicinity of power lines; when the line passes through a forest, trees along the entire width of the right-of-way are cut down; insecurity from external influences, for example, trees falling on the line and wire theft; Despite lightning protection devices, overhead lines also suffer from lightning strikes. Due to vulnerability, two circuits are often installed on one overhead line: the main and backup; aesthetic unattractiveness; This is one of the reasons for the almost universal transition to cable power transmission in the city.

Cable Cable lines (CL) are laid underground. Electrical cables vary in design, but common elements can be identified. The core of the cable is three conductive cores (according to the number of phases). The cables have both external and intercore insulation. Typically, liquid transformer oil or oiled paper acts as an insulator. The conductive core of the cable is usually protected by steel armor. The outside of the cable is coated with bitumen. There are collector and collectorless cable lines. In the first case, the cable is laid in underground concrete channels - collectors. At certain intervals, the line is equipped with exits to the surface in the form of hatches to facilitate the penetration of repair crews into the collector. Brushless cable lines are laid directly in the ground.

Brushless lines are significantly cheaper than collector lines during construction, but their operation is more expensive due to the inaccessibility of the cable. The main advantage of cable power lines (compared to overhead lines) is the absence of a wide right-of-way. Provided it is deep enough, various structures (including residential) can be built directly above the collector line. In the case of a collectorless installation, construction is possible in the immediate vicinity of the line. Cable lines do not spoil the cityscape with their appearance; they are much better protected from external influences than air lines. The disadvantages of cable power lines include the high cost of construction and subsequent operation: even in the case of brushless installation, the estimated cost per linear meter of a cable line is several times higher than the cost of an overhead line of the same voltage class. Cable lines are less accessible for visual observation of their condition (and in the case of brushless installation, they are generally inaccessible), which is also a significant operational disadvantage.

Use of electricity The main consumer of electricity is industry, which accounts for about 70% of the electricity produced. Transport is also a major consumer. An increasing number of railway lines are being converted to electric traction.

About a third of the electricity consumed by industry is used for technological purposes (electric welding, electrical heating and melting of metals, electrolysis, etc.). Modern civilization is unthinkable without the widespread use of electricity. A disruption in the power supply to a large city during an accident paralyzes his life.

Electricity transmission Electricity consumers are everywhere. It is produced in relatively few places close to sources of fuel and hydro resources. Electricity cannot be conserved on a large scale. It must be consumed immediately upon receipt. Therefore, there is a need to transmit electricity over long distances.

Energy transfer is associated with noticeable losses. The fact is that electric current heats the wires of power lines. In accordance with the Joule-Lenz law, the energy spent on heating the line wires is determined by the formula where R is the line resistance.

Since current power is proportional to the product of current and voltage, to maintain the transmitted power, it is necessary to increase the voltage in the transmission line. The longer the transmission line, the more beneficial it is to use a higher voltage. Thus, in the high-voltage transmission line Volzhskaya HPP - Moscow and some others, a voltage of 500 kV is used. Meanwhile, alternating current generators are built for voltages not exceeding kV.

Higher voltages would require complex special measures to insulate the windings and other parts of the generators. That's why step-up transformers are installed at large power plants. To directly use electricity in the electric drive motors of machine tools, in the lighting network and for other purposes, the voltage at the ends of the line must be reduced. This is achieved using step-down transformers.

Recently, due to environmental problems, the shortage of fossil fuels and its uneven geographical distribution, it has become expedient to generate electricity using wind power plants, solar panels, and small gas generators.

Production, transmission and use of electrical energy Question

• What advantages does alternating current have over direct current?

Generator

• Generator - devices that convert energy of one type or another into electrical energy.

Types of energy Alternator

• The generator consists of
• a permanent magnet that creates a magnetic field, and a winding in which an alternating emf is induced

• The predominant role in our time is played by electromechanical induction alternating current generators. There mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy.

Transformers

• TRANSFORMER – a device that converts alternating current, in which the voltage increases or decreases several times with virtually no loss of power.
• In the simplest case, the transformer consists of a closed steel core, on which two coils with wire windings are placed. The one of the windings that is connected to an alternating voltage source is called primary, and the one to which the “load” is connected, i.e., devices that consume electricity, is called secondary.

Transformer

• Primary Secondary
• winding winding
• Connects
• to the source
• ~ voltage to “load”
• closed steel core

• The operating principle of the transformer is based on the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction.

Transformer characteristics

• Transformation ratio
• U1/U2 =N1/N2=K
• K>1 step-down transformer
• K<1трансформатор повышающий

Electrical energy production

• Electricity is produced at large and small power plants mainly using electromechanical induction generators. There are several types of power plants: thermal, hydroelectric and nuclear power plants.

• Thermal power plants

Electricity usage

• The main consumer of electricity is industry, which accounts for about 70% of the electricity produced. Transport is also a major consumer. An increasing number of railway lines are being converted to electric traction. Almost all villages and villages receive electricity from state power plants for industrial and domestic needs. About a third of the electricity consumed by industry is used for technological purposes (electric welding, electrical heating and melting of metals, electrolysis, etc.).

Electricity transmission

• Transformers change voltage
• at several points along the line.

Efficient use of electricity

• The demand for electricity is constantly increasing. There are two ways to satisfy this need.
• The most natural and at first glance the only way is the construction of new powerful power plants. But thermal power plants consume non-renewable natural resources, and also cause great damage to the ecological balance on our planet.
• Advanced technologies make it possible to meet energy needs in a different way. Priority should be given to increasing energy efficiency rather than increasing power plant capacity.

Tasks

• № 966, 967

Answer

• 1) voltage and current can be converted (transformed) within a very wide range with almost no energy loss;
• 2) alternating current is easily converted to direct current
• 3) an alternator is much simpler and cheaper.

Homework

• §§38-41 exercise 5 (from 123)
• THINK:
• WHY DOES THE TRANSFORMER HUMM?
• Prepare a presentation “Use of transformers”
• (for those interested)

References:

• Physics. 11th grade: textbook for general education institutions: basic and profile. levels /G.Ya. Myakishev, B.B. Bukhovtsev. – M: Education, 2014. – 399 p.
• O.I. Gromtseva. Physics. Unified State Exam. Full course. – M.: Publishing house “Exam”, 2015.-367 p.
• Volkov V.A. Universal lesson developments in physics. 11th grade. – M.: VAKO, 2014. – 464 p.
• Rymkevich A.P., Rymkevich P.A. Collection of problems in physics for 10-11 grades of high school. – 13th ed. – M.: Education, 2014. – 160 s

Slide 1

Physics lesson in grade 11b using a regional component. Author: S.V. Gavrilova - physics teacher of MKOU Secondary School with. Vladimir-Alexandrovskoe 2012
Subject. Production, transmission and use of electrical energy

Slide 2

Lesson type: lesson on learning new material using regional material. Purpose of the lesson: study the use of electricity, starting with the process of its generation. Lesson objectives: Educational: to concretize schoolchildren’s ideas about methods of transmitting electricity, about the mutual transitions of one type of energy to another. Developmental: further development of students' practical research skills, bringing children's cognitive activity to a creative level of knowledge, development of analytical skills (when determining the location of various types of power plants in the Primorsky Territory). Educational: practicing and consolidating the concept of “energy system” using local history material, instilling a careful attitude towards energy consumption. Equipment for the lesson: physics textbook for grade 11 G.Ya. Myakishev, B.B. Bukhovtsev, V.M. Charugin. Classic course. M., “Enlightenment”, 2009; slide presentation for the lesson; projector; screen.

Slide 3

What device is called a transformer? What phenomenon is the operating principle of a transformer based on? Which winding of the transformer is the primary winding? Secondary? Give the definition of transformation ratio. How is the efficiency of a transformer determined?
Repetition

Slide 4

How would our planet live, How would people live on it Without heat, magnets, light And electric rays? A. Mitskevich

Slide 6

Rapid development of the electric power industry; Increasing the power of power plants; Centralization of electricity production; Widespread use of local fuel and energy resources; Gradual transition of industry, agriculture, transport to electricity.
GOELRO plan

Slide 7

Electrification of Vladivostok
In February 1912, the first public power plant, called VGES No. 1, was put into operation in Vladivostok. The station became the founder of “big” energy in the Primorsky Territory. Its power was 1350 kW.

Slide 8

By June 20, 1912, the station provided energy to 1,785 Vladivostok subscribers and 1,200 street lamps. Since the launch of the tram on October 27, 1912, the station has been overloaded.

Slide 9

The rapid growth of Vladivostok, as well as the implementation of GOELRO plans, forced the expansion of the power station. In 1927-28, and then in 1930-1932. Work was carried out on it to dismantle old and install new equipment. First of all, a major overhaul of all boilers and steam turbines was carried out, which guaranteed the continuous operation of the station with energy output of up to 2775 kW per hour. In 1933, the station completed its reconstruction and reached a power of 11,000 kW.

Slide 10

– Why was the development of the electric power industry put in first place for the development of the state? – What is the advantage of electricity over other types of energy? – How is electricity transmitted? – What is the energy system of our region like?

Slide 11

Transmission by wire to any populated area; Easy conversion into any type of energy; Easy to obtain from other types of energy.
The advantage of electricity over other types of energy.

Slide 12

Types of energy converted into electricity

Slide 13

Wind (WPP) Thermal (TPP) Water (HPP) Nuclear (NPP) Geothermal Solar
Depending on the type of energy converted, power plants are:
Where is electricity produced?

Slide 14

Slide 15

Vladivostok CHPP-1
Since 1959, the station began to operate at a heat load, for which a number of measures were taken to transfer it to heating mode. In 1975, electricity generation at VTETs-1 was stopped, and the CHPP began to specialize exclusively in heat generation. Today it is still in service and operates successfully, supplying Vladivostok with heat. In 2008, two mobile gas turbine units with a total capacity of 45 MW were installed at the VTETs-1 site.
During the construction of the station

Slide 16

Vladivostok CHPP-2
- the youngest station in the Primorsky Territory and the most powerful in the structure of Primorsky generation.
The huge CHPP-2 was erected in a short time. On April 22, 1970, the first units of the station were launched and turned on: a turbine and two boilers.
Currently, Vladivostok CHPP-2 operates 14 identical boilers with a steam capacity of 210 tons/hour of steam each and 6 turbine units. Vladivostok CHPP-2 is the main source of supplying industrial steam, thermal and electrical energy to the industry and population of Vladivostok. The main type of fuel for thermal power plants is coal.

Slide 17

Partizanskaya GRES
The Partisan State District Power Plant (GRES) is the main source of electricity supply to the south-eastern part of the Primorsky Territory. The construction of a power plant in the immediate vicinity of the Suchansky coal region was planned back in 1939–1940, but with the outbreak of the Great Patriotic War, work on the project stopped.
On February 1, 2010, a turbine was installed at the Partizanskaya State District Power Plant

Slide 18

Artemovskaya CHPP
On November 6, 1936, a test run of the first turbine of the new station was carried out. This day of power engineering is considered the birthday of the Artemovsk State District Power Plant. Already on December 18 of the same year, Artemovskaya GRES entered into operation at existing enterprises in Primorye. On November 6, 2012, Artyomovskaya CHPP celebrated its 76th anniversary.
In 1984, the station was transferred to the category of combined heat and power plants.

Slide 19

Primorskaya GRES
On January 15, 1974, the 1st power unit of the largest thermal power plant in the Far East, the Primorskaya State District Power Plant, was launched. Its commissioning became a major milestone in the socio-economic development of the region, which in the 60-70s experienced a large shortage of electricity.
The launch of the 1st power unit, the subsequent construction and commissioning of the remaining eight power units of Primorskaya GRES helped the United Energy System of the Far East to radically solve the problem of meeting the region’s growing demand for electricity. Today the station generates half of the electricity consumed in the Primorsky Territory and produces thermal energy for the village of Luchegorsk.

Slide 20

Electricity transmission.

Slide 21

Main consumers of electricity
Industry (almost 70%) Transport Agriculture Domestic needs of the population

Slide 22

Transformer
a device that allows you to convert alternating electric current in such a way that when the voltage increases, the current strength will decrease and vice versa.

Slide 23

Slide 24

The UES of the Far East includes the energy systems of the following regions: Amur Region; Khabarovsk Territory and Jewish Autonomous Region; Primorsky Krai; South Yakutsk energy district of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). The UES of the East operates in isolation from the UES of Russia.

Slide 25

Electricity generation in the regions of the Far East in 1980-1998 (billion kWh)
Region 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Far East 30,000 38,100 47,349 48,090 44.2 41.4 38,658 36,600 35,907
Primorsky Krai 11,785 11,848 11.0 10.2 9,154 8,730 7,682
Khabarovsk Territory 9.678 10.125 9.7 9.4 7.974 7.566 7.642
Amur region 4.415 7.059 7.783 7.528 7.0 7.0 7.074 6.798 6.100 5.600 5.200
Kamchatka region 1.223 1.526 1.864 1.954 1.9 1.8 1.576 1.600 1.504
Magadan region 3.537 3.943 4.351 4.376 3.4 3.0 2.72 2.744 2.697
Sakhalin region 2.595 3.009 3.41 3.505 2.8 2.7 2.712 2.390 2.410
Republic of Sakha 4.311 5.463 8.478 8.754 8.4 7.3 6.998 6.887 7.438
Chukotka Autonomous Okrug - - - - n.d. n.d. 0.450 0.447 0.434 0.341 0.350

Slide 26

Power system of the Far East
In the Far East, generating capacities and transmission networks are united into six energy systems. The largest of them cover the Primorsky Territory (installed capacity 2,692 thousand kW) and the Republic of Sakha (2,036 thousand kW). The remaining energy systems have a capacity of less than 2 million kW. In order to ensure a sustainable and cost-effective energy supply to hard-to-reach areas in the Primorsky Territory, it is planned to continue the construction of small hydroelectric power stations.

Slide 27

Test yourself (test work)
Option 1 I. What is the source of energy at thermal power plants? 1. Oil, coal, gas 2. Wind energy 3. Water energy II. In which area of ​​the national economy is the largest amount of produced electricity consumed? 1. In industry 2. In transport 3. In agriculture III. How will the amount of heat released by the wires change if the cross-sectional area of ​​the wire S is increased? 1. Will not change 2. Will decrease 3. Increase IV, Which transformer should be placed on the line when leaving the power plant? 1. Step-down 2. Step-up 3. No transformer needed V. The power system is 1. The electrical system of a power plant 2. The electrical system of an individual city 3. The electrical system of regions of the country connected by high-voltage power lines
Option 2 I. What is the source of energy at a hydroelectric power station? 1. Oil, coal, gas 2. Wind energy 3. Water energy II. The transformer is designed 1. To increase the service life of wires 2. To convert energy 3. To reduce the amount of heat generated by wires III. The energy system is 1. The electrical system of a power plant 2. The electrical system of an individual city 3. The electrical system of the regions of the country, connected by high-voltage power lines IV. How will the amount of heat generated by the wires change if the length of the wire is reduced? 1. Will not change 2. Will decrease 3. Increase V. Which transformer should be installed on the line at the entrance to the city? 1. Step-down 2. Step-up 3. No transformer needed

Slide 28

How would our planet live, How would people live on it Without heat, magnets, light And electric rays?
A. Mitskevich

Slide 29

Thanks for your work in class!
D.Z. § 39-41 “Use of solar energy for heat supply in the Primorsky Territory.” “On the feasibility of using wind energy in the Primorsky Territory.” “New technologies in the global energy sector of the 21st century”

1 slide

Work of students of grade 11B of School No. 288 in Zaozersk Erina Maria and Staritsyna Svetlana

2 slide

Electricity is a physical term widely used in technology and in everyday life to determine the amount of electrical energy supplied by a generator to the electrical network or received from the network by a consumer. Electrical energy is also a product that is purchased by participants in the wholesale market from generating companies and consumers of electrical energy on the retail market from energy sales companies.

3 slide

There are several ways to create electricity: Various power plants (hydroelectric power plant, nuclear power plant, thermal power plant, power plant...) As well as alternative sources (solar energy, wind energy, Earth energy)

4 slide

Thermal power plant (TPP), a power plant that generates electrical energy as a result of the conversion of thermal energy released during the combustion of fossil fuels. The first thermal power plants appeared at the end of the 19th century and became widespread. In the mid-70s of the 20th century, thermal power plants were the main type of power plants. In thermal power plants, the chemical energy of the fuel is converted first into mechanical energy and then into electrical energy. The fuel for such a power plant can be coal, peat, gas, oil shale, and fuel oil.

5 slide

Hydroelectric station (HPP), a complex of structures and equipment through which the energy of water flow is converted into electrical energy. A hydroelectric power station consists of a sequential chain of hydraulic structures that provide the necessary concentration of water flow and the creation of pressure, and energy equipment that converts the energy of water moving under pressure into mechanical rotational energy, which, in turn, is converted into electrical energy.

6 slide

Nuclear power plant is a power plant in which nuclear energy is converted into electrical energy. The energy generator at a nuclear power plant is a nuclear reactor. The heat that is released in the reactor as a result of a chain reaction of fission of the nuclei of some heavy elements is then converted into electricity in the same way as in conventional thermal power plants. Unlike thermal power plants that run on fossil fuels, nuclear power plants run on nuclear fuel.

7 slide

About 80% of the growth in GDP (gross domestic product) of developed countries is achieved through technical innovation, the main part of which is related to the use of electricity. Everything new in industry, agriculture and everyday life comes to us thanks to new developments in various branches of science. Modern society cannot be imagined without the electrification of production activities. Already at the end of the 80s, more than 1/3 of all energy consumption in the world was carried out in the form of electrical energy. By the beginning of the next century, this share may increase to 1/2. This increase in electricity consumption is primarily associated with an increase in its consumption in industry.

8 slide

This raises the problem of efficient use of this energy. When transmitting electricity over long distances, from producer to consumer, heat losses along the transmission line increase in proportion to the square of the current, i.e. if the current doubles, then heat losses increase 4 times. Therefore, it is desirable that the current in the lines is small. To do this, the voltage on the transmission line is increased. Electricity is transmitted through lines where the voltage reaches hundreds of thousands of volts. Near cities that receive energy from transmission lines, this voltage is raised to several thousand volts using a step-down transformer. In the city itself, at substations the voltage drops to 220 volts.

Slide 9

Our country occupies a large territory, almost 12 time zones. This means that while in some regions electricity consumption is at its maximum, in others the working day has already ended and consumption is decreasing. For the rational use of electricity generated by power plants, they are united into electric power systems of individual regions: the European part, Siberia, the Urals, the Far East, etc. This unification allows for more efficient use of electricity by coordinating the operation of individual power plants. Now various energy systems are united into a single energy system of Russia.