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• Limpopo (Limpopo, Uri, Bembe, Juhampura, otherwise called Crocodile) is a river in South Africa.
• It flows south of Pretoria from the Witwatersrand Mountains (1800 m), in its upper course it crosses the Mogali Mountains and connects with Mariko. After traveling 1600 km and receiving many tributaries, it flows into the Indian Ocean north of Delagoa Bay.
• Limpopo is navigable from the point where it is 32°E. D. connects with Nuanetsi.

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  Rivers of Africa - Congo

  • Congo (Zaire) is a river in Central Africa, mainly in the DRC (partially flowing along its borders with the Republic of Congo and Angola), the deepest and second longest river in Africa, the second most water-rich river in the world after the Amazon. Discovered in 1482 by the Portuguese navigator Diogo Can. The only major river that crosses the equator twice.

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  Rivers of Africa - Niger

  • Niger, English Niger, Yoruba Niger, Ọya) is the most important river in West Africa. The length is 4180 km, the basin area is 2118 thousand km², the third according to these parameters in Africa after the Nile and Congo.
  • Niger is fed by the waters of the summer monsoon rains. In the upper reaches, the flood begins in June and near Bamako reaches its maximum in September - October. In the lower reaches, the rise of water begins in June from local rains, and in September it reaches its maximum. The average annual water flow of the Niger at the mouth is 8630 m³/s, the annual flow is 378 km³, flow rates during floods can reach 30-35 thousand m³/s

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  Rivers of Africa - Nile

  • river in Africa, one of the two longest rivers in the world. The word "Nile" comes from the Greek name of the river "Neilos" (Νείλος).
  • The river originates on the East African plateau and flows into the Mediterranean Sea, forming a delta. In the upper reaches it receives large tributaries - Bahr el-Ghazal (left) and Achwa, Sobat, Blue Nile and Atbara (right). Below the mouth of the right tributary of the Atbara, the Nile flows through a semi-desert, having no tributaries for the last 3000 km.

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  Rivers of Africa - Breede

  • The Breede (Afrikaans Breërivier) is a river in South Africa.
  • The river flows into South Africa. Its length is 337 kilometers, the basin area is about 12,384 km². Flows into the Indian Ocean.
  • It has a number of tributaries. The river waters are used for irrigation. The Breede River Valley is one of the four main wine-growing regions of the country.

"Angara River" - Burbot. About 800 km. Sable. Kobchik. Diversity of flora. Sterlet. Peregrine Falcon. Valuable fish species. Sturgeon. Black stork. Flows within the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Pike. Angara pine. Diversity of the animal world. Perhaps the Lower Angara region contains the most valuable species of plants and animals. Musk deer.

“River Skhodnya” - Pollution of rivers in the Moscow region. The gangway freezes in November - early December, and opens at the end of March - April. During the war years, the Moscow region lost a fifth of its forests. The food is predominantly snowy. Plain type. Project by Konstantinova Alexandra. Over the past 70 years, life in small rivers near Moscow has become especially difficult.

“River in Kazakhstan” - 1989. For the conditions of Kazakhstan, several groups of specific problems should be identified. The total volume of water is 190 km?. The waters of the Caspian Sea wash the Western part of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Length 4248 km. Some aspects of environmental problems in Kazakhstan. Ertis) is a river in Asia (Siberia), the main tributary of the Ob River. It flows through the territory of China (525 km), Kazakhstan (1835 km) and Russia (2010 km).

“Volga River” - Characteristics. The average fall is 7 cm per 1 kilometer. Computer presentation for a 8th grade geography lesson on the topic: “Rivers of Russia.” Therefore, the annual river level is characterized by high and prolonged spring floods. The total drop from source to mouth is 256 meters. The basin area is 1380 thousand square kilometers.

“Geography 6th class river” - Yangtze (Asia) 5800 km. America) 4740 km. 8. Mekong (Asia) 4500 km. 9. Amur with Argun (Asia) 4440 km. 10. Rivers in the works of poets. Rivers. Nile with Kagera (Africa) 6671 km. Mississippi with Missouri (Northern parts of the river. Volga (Europe) 3531 km. Ob with Irtysh (Asia) 5451 km 6. Yellow River (Asia) 4845 km 7. Missouri (North.

“Lakes and rivers” - 1) tectonic 2) glacial 3) dammed. Finish the sentence... Correct answer options. What lakes have coordinates? 5. An annual repeating rise in the water level in the river: a) tide b) flood c) flood. 8. The boundary between two river basins is called: a) threshold b) floodplain C) watershed. Rivers are fed by _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________.

Africa Prepared by: geography teacher Linkevich S.S.

Physiographic location

Africa is the world's ancient continent, the second largest after Eurasia. Its area together with the islands, of which Madagascar is the largest, is 30.3 million km2.

Features of the mainland

The longest river in the world – The Nile has a length of 6671 km, the area of ​​the Sahara is 7 million km²; the highest temperature in Al-Aziziya is +58°C; Kilimanjaro –5895 m; Assal – lowest point – 153 m; Madagascar has an area of ​​590 thousand km²; the largest Lake Victoria has an area of ​​68 thousand km²; depth of Lake Tanganyika 1470m; height of Tugela waterfall 933 m

• Africa is washed on all sides by seas and oceans, in the north by the Mediterranean Sea, in the east and north-eastern part of this continent it is washed by the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea, and in the west by the Atlantic Benguela, Canary, and Somali currents - cold. Mozambican, Guinean - warm.

History of continental exploration

The first mentions of Africa were the ancient Greeks, who settled and studied the territory of their state.

The Phoenicians explored northern Africa.

Egor Kovalsky - studied northeast Africa at the end of the 19th century.

Vasily Juncker studied Central and Eastern Africa and carried out topographical work, meteorological and hydrological observations

Relief of Africa

Plains occupy most of Africa. Based on the prevailing altitudes, the continent can be divided into Low Africa and High Africa

Atlas Mountains

In the northwest of the continent are the Atlas Mountains, the young northern ridges of which are located at the junction of two lithospheric plates

Toubkal

The highest peak of the Atlas is Mount Toubkal (4165 m), a favorite vacation spot for fans of ski tourism

Mount Kilimanjaro

Kilimanjaro is one of the largest extinct volcanoes in the world, the highest mountain in Africa.

Ethiopian Highlands

The Ethiopian Highlands is a huge mountain range with chains of high mountains and many individual extinct volcanoes

Drakensberg Mountains

The Drakensberg Mountains are like a ledge, one slope of which is gentle and the other steep, and the steep slope is half as long as the gentle one.

Minerals

Every part of Africa is rich in ore minerals of igneous and sedimentary origin.

Minerals of igneous origin correspond to mountainous terrain, and this is the eastern and southeastern parts of the continent.

Minerals of sedimentary origin correspond to the plains, and these are the northern, western and central parts of the continent.

African climate

Africa is the hottest continent on the planet. The reason for this is the geographical location of the continent: the entire territory of Africa is located in hot climate zones. It is in Africa that the hottest place on Earth is located - Dallol, and the highest temperature on Earth was recorded (+58.4 °C)

Equatorial climate zone

Equatorial belt Central Africa and the coastal areas of the Gulf of Guinea belong to the equatorial belt, where there is heavy rainfall throughout the year and there is no change of seasons. There is a constant climate here. During the day, the surface becomes very hot, and in the afternoon there are heavy rains. By evening the weather becomes clear again.

Subequatorial climate zone

The subequatorial belt reaches approximately 15-20° latitude north and south of the equator. There are two seasons - dry winter and wet summer. North and south of the subequatorial belts are the northern and southern tropical belts. They are characterized by high temperatures and low precipitation, which leads to the formation of deserts.

Tropical climate zone

Tropical climate zone. Average temperatures in winter are not lower than 10 °C, in summer 30-35 °C. In arid places there are deserts and semi-deserts, in more humid places there are savannas and deciduous forests.

• The longest river in Africa is the Nile (6671 km) and at the same time the longest river on Earth. The area of ​​the Nile basin is 2870 thousand square meters. km. The source of the Nile is the Rukarara River in the Kagera River system, originating at an altitude of 2000 m. In the next section, between Lakes Victoria and Albert (Mobutu-Sese-Seko), the river is called Victoria Nile. After crossing Lake Albert, the river is named Albert Nile. In the upper reaches of the river, it rushes down through gorges, forming rapids and waterfalls. Coming out onto the plain, it flows slowly and calmly and is called the White Nile. Near the city of Khartoum, its largest right tributary, the Blue Nile, flowing from the Ethiopian Highlands, flows into the White Nile. After the confluence of the White and Blue Nile, the river becomes twice as wide and receives the name Nile.
• The Nile crosses the Sahara without any tributaries, and when it flows into the Mediterranean Sea it forms a delta. The river is of great importance for north-east Africa (Egypt, Sudan). Along both banks of the Nile, almost across the entire Sahara, stretches an oasis with fertile lands irrigated by Nile water. In ancient times, the Nile flooded annually, bringing fertile silt to the fields of Ancient Egypt. After the construction of the hydroelectric power station in Aswan and the Nasser reservoir, the river flow was regulated, and the Nile floods stopped.

• The third largest river in Africa by length and basin area is the Niger. In the middle reaches it is a flat river, and in the upper and lower reaches there are many rapids and waterfalls in its bed. For a significant part of its course, the river crosses arid areas, so it is of great importance for irrigation; dams and irrigation canals were built for this purpose.
• The Zambezi is the largest of Africa's rivers flowing into the Indian Ocean. Its length is 2660 km. The largest waterfall on the Zambezi and one of the largest in the world - Victoria - has a height of 120 m and a width of 1800 m. As the water falls, it raises giant columns of tiny spray hundreds of meters up.

• Most lakes, especially large ones, are concentrated in eastern Africa. Their basins are located in narrow elongated depressions in the East African fault zone of the earth's crust. These lakes have steep banks and great depths. The deepest in Africa and the second deepest in the world after Baikal is lake Tanganyika(1,435 m). With a width of 60 km, it stretches for 650 km! The lake is runoff, so the water in it is fresh. It has a unique organic world and is exceptionally rich in fish. There are about 250 species of fish in the lake, most of which are endemic. Lake Nyasa It also has an elongated shape and is of tectonic origin. However, it is inferior to Tanganyika in area and depth. The lake is fresh and rich in fish.

Lake Victoria looks like the sea. It is the largest lake in Africa and one of the largest in area in the world. The lake was formed not in a fault, but in a trough of the platform. Therefore, the lake is relatively shallow (up to 80 m) and has low-lying shores, strongly dissected by bays and peninsulas. The lake is dotted with numerous islands. Hurricane winds, often accompanying thunderstorms, cause strong storms on the lake.

• The oldest lake in Africa is Lake Chad, Lying south of the Sahara in a huge flat depression. It is the remnant of an ancient lake that existed in past geological eras. The lake is shallow (7 m). In the dry season, its area is halved, and in the rainy season it increases again. The banks are low-lying, swampy in many places, covered with thickets of reeds and reeds.
• The role of lakes in people's lives is great. Their transport role is very important for Africa, since the rivers are “blocked” by numerous rapids. The lakes are rich in fish and are sources of fishing.

• Victoria Falls is undoubtedly one of the main attractions in South Africa. Victoria Falls is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It is located in southern Africa on the Zambezi River between Zambia and Zimbabwe on the border of two national parks - Mosi-oa-Tunya Park in Zambia and Victoria Falls Park in Zimbabwe. Scottish explorer David Livingstone, who visited the waterfall in 1855, named it in honor of Queen Victoria. Local tribes gave it the name "Thundering Smoke".
• The width of Victoria is approximately 1800 meters, the height is 108 meters. Thanks to this, it is unique in the world. Victoria is almost twice as tall as Niagara Falls and more than twice as wide as its main part, the Horseshoe Falls. The mass of falling water breaking into splashes forms a fog rising to a height of more than 400 meters, visible at a distance of up to 50 kilometers. During the rainy season, more than 500 million liters of water flow through the falls per minute, and in 1958 the Zambezi recorded a record flow of more than 770 million liters per minute.

• Tugela Falls, although not the most famous African waterfall, is the second highest waterfall in the world. Although, strictly speaking, the Tugela is more likely to be five free-falling waterfalls, the total height of the water falling in them is 947 meters.
• It is located in the Republic of South Africa, in the Drakensberg Mountains, which are part of the Royal Natal National Park in KwaZulu. Tugela means sudden in Zulu. The Drakensberg Mountains are called Ukhahlamba in Zulu. They contain the source of the Tugela, the largest river in this province that gave birth to the largest African waterfall. The cliff from which the Tugela Falls falls is often covered with snow during the winter months.

Kalambo Falls, 427 meters (772 feet) high, is one of the majestic waterfalls on the border

Zambia and Tanzania. The width of the waterfall is 3.6 - 18 m. It is the second highest continuously falling waterfall in Africa. The waterfall is located on the Kalambo River of the same name, which flows into Lake Tanganyika.

Vegetation

Savannah is a natural zone characterized by alternating dry and wet seasons of the year; grassy cover with individual trees or groups of trees predominates 230сш 00 230сш savannah savannah Features: 1) The largest area on the mainland. 2) Dry and wet season.

Vegetation

Vegetation Euphorbia, baobabs, Umbrella acacias, Oil palms, Various herbs The plant has developed adaptations to the dry season of the year: hard, heavily pubescent leaves, thick bark.

Fauna cheetah antelope buffalo giraffe lion Savannahs are rich in plant foods, so there are many large herbivores there. These animals are forced to run long distances in search of water.

Desert

A desert is a natural area with very little rainfall, sparse vegetation, and in some places devoid of it. Sharp temperature fluctuations. There is almost no rain. The highest temperature is +58C Sahara - the largest desert in the world

• Vegetation Plants have: long roots, thorny leaves, Velvichia Landscape in the Sahara Desert, Namib aloe

• During the day the desert is hot, at night the temperature can drop below zero. Such huge fluctuations during the day subject animals to severe trials. Fluffy tail Hiding in burrows Cooling by sweating, panting, vibrating the throat, licking Large ears - cooling radiators Lead a nocturnal lifestyle Run long distances Go for a long time without water Paws are webbed and pubescent Methods of adaptation of animals to survival

• Many scientists consider Africa to be the ancestral home of modern man. The age of the remains of the most ancient man found in Ethiopia is about 4 million years. It is believed that he was small in stature, had strong teeth and ate plant foods. Modern humans appeared in Africa approximately 11,000 years ago.
• The population of Africa belongs to three main races: Caucasoid, Mongoloid and Equatorial.
• The newcomer population of European origin lives mainly in places with better climatic conditions, and constitutes a small part of the mainland's population. But, basically, a pattern can be seen in the distribution of the population.

• Tuareg - people groups Berbers V Mali , Niger , Burkina Faso , Morocco , Algeria And Libya .

Pygmies (Greek . Πυγμαϊοι - “people the size of a fist”) - a group of short people Negroid peoples living in tropical forests Africa. The peoples of the equatorial forest zone are pygmies, short in stature (below 150 cm) - this is the smallest people in Africa, whose numbers are steadily falling.

• Afrikaners (Afrikaans Afrikaners, literally “Africans”) - people in South Africa, are descendants of colonists Dutch , German And French origin.

• Tootsie or "watutsi" , "batutsi"- people in central Africa ( Rwanda , Burundi , Democratic Republic of the Congo), numbering about 2 million. The tallest peoples - Tutsis, Maasai, Nilotes - have an average height of 180-200 cm.

• The Malagasy people live on the island.
• The most densely populated coasts of the Indian Ocean are in the south and southeast of the island. The average population density is from 10 to 100 people per km 2.
• Rare population in the northwestern and central parts of the island. The lowest density is less than 1 person per km 2.

• Currently, the population exceeds 800 million people. The population of Africa is distributed extremely unevenly. Its placement is influenced by natural conditions. The coasts of the Mediterranean Sea, the Gulf of Guinea and the southeastern tip of the mainland are densely populated. The population density is high in the Nile Delta, where there are 1000 people per 1 km2. Less than 1% of the population lives in the Sahara, which occupies almost 1/3 of the continent, and in some areas there is no population at all.
• The modern political map of Africa was formed several decades ago. There are 55 states on the mainland, of which the largest in area are Sudan, Algeria, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Libya. The smallest countries are indicated on the political map by numbers.
• The largest country by population is Nigeria

The presentation for the lesson “Rivers of Africa” presents such reservoirs of the hottest continent on Earth as: the Nile with its tributaries White and Blue, Congo, Zaire, Zambezi, Orange, Limpopo. The presentation shows the regime, nature of the flow and economic importance of water resources.

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"Presentation for the lesson "Rivers of Africa."

• The Nile is the longest river in the world (6671 km)

It starts in East African

plateau and flows through Lake Victoria.

Coming out onto the plain, it divides into Blue and

White Nile. In ancient times, river waters were used

for irrigating fields.

Congo

• The Congo is the deepest and second longest river in Africa (4320 km). In terms of water content, it is inferior to the Amazon. The river crosses the equator in two places and is full of water all year round. The river does not form a delta. Navigation is possible in certain areas

Niger

• The Niger is the second longest river in Africa. In the middle reaches it is a flat river, and in the upper and lower reaches it has many rapids and waterfalls. A significant part of the river crosses arid areas, so it is important for irrigation; dams have been built on the river for this purpose.

Zambezi

• The Zambezi is the largest of Africa's rivers flowing into the Indian Ocean. Here is one of the world's largest waterfalls - Victoria Falls. The river falls in a wide stream from a ledge 120 m high in a narrow gorge. Dams and a reservoir were built on the river.

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Presentation on the topic: GEOGRAPHY OF CONGO

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KO NGO, Republic of the Congo (French Republique du Congo), a state in Central Africa, washed in the southwest by the waters of the Atlantic Ocean. It borders the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Area 342 thousand km2. Population 3.8 million people (2007). The capital is Brazzaville. The largest cities are: Brazzaville, Pointe-Noire Nkayi (formerly Jacob), Loubomo, Mosenjo. KO NGO, Republic of the Congo (French Republique du Congo), a state in Central Africa, washed in the southwest by the waters of the Atlantic Ocean. It borders the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Area 342 thousand km2. Population 3.8 million people (2007). The capital is Brazzaville. The largest cities are: Brazzaville, Pointe-Noire Nkayi (formerly Jacob), Loubomo, Mosenjo. The Republic of the Congo consists of 12 departments, including the capital city of Brazzaville and the city of Pointe-Noire. The region with the highest population density is Pointe-Noire 18,813 thousand people/km2; the largest administrative center by population is Brazzeville, by area – Likouala. The Brazzeville region is home to 1,408,150 people, and the area of ​​Likouala is 66,044 km2

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The Republic of the Congo stretches for almost a thousand kilometers on both sides of the equator along the right bank of the Congo River. In the extreme southwest, Congo has access to the Atlantic Ocean, although the coastline is relatively short. The central part is occupied by the Bateke plateau (height up to 1040 m). The coastal lowland is bordered by the Crystal Mountains (edge ​​of the plateau), 500-1000 m high. In the northeast of the country lies the periodically flooded flat alluvial plain of the Congo Basin, along which the main river, the Congo, flows, forming the eastern border of the country. The climate is hot and humid, in the north it is constantly humid equatorial, in the south it is subequatorial with one or two rainy seasons. OK. 50% of the territory is covered with moist equatorial and subequatorial forests. In the rest of the territory, forests were destroyed at different times and replaced by secondary savannas. The Republic of the Congo stretches for almost a thousand kilometers on both sides of the equator along the right bank of the Congo River. In the extreme southwest, Congo has access to the Atlantic Ocean, although the coastline is relatively short. The central part is occupied by the Bateke plateau (height up to 1040 m). The coastal lowland is bordered by the Crystal Mountains (edge ​​of the plateau), 500-1000 m high. In the northeast of the country lies the periodically flooded flat alluvial plain of the Congo Basin, along which the main river, the Congo, flows, forming the eastern border of the country. The climate is hot and humid, in the north it is constantly humid equatorial, in the south it is subequatorial with one or two rainy seasons. OK. 50% of the territory is covered with moist equatorial and subequatorial forests. In the rest of the territory, forests were destroyed at different times and replaced by secondary savannas.

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Hot and humid, in the north - equatorial, in the south - subequatorial. Average monthly temperatures in the area of ​​the country's capital Brazzaville in April are about +26C, in July - about +22C, but daytime temperatures in all months often exceed +30C, and night temperatures drop to +17C. Almost everywhere, except for a narrow strip north of the equator, the year is divided into dry (May-September) and wet seasons (in some areas - two dry and two wet). The heaviest rains occur in March-April and October-December. January-February is the so-called short dry season, when it rains less often. However, air humidity remains very high in all months. The usual amount of precipitation is 1400-2000 mm per year, and only slightly less falls on the coast. Hot and humid, in the north - equatorial, in the south - subequatorial. Average monthly temperatures in the area of ​​the country's capital Brazzaville in April are about +26C, in July - about +22C, but daytime temperatures in all months often exceed +30C, and night temperatures drop to +17C. Almost everywhere, except for a narrow strip north of the equator, the year is divided into dry (May-September) and wet seasons (in some areas - two dry and two wet). The heaviest rains occur in March-April and October-December. January-February is the so-called short dry season, when it rains less often. However, air humidity remains very high in all months. The usual amount of precipitation is 1400-2000 mm per year, and only slightly less falls on the coast.

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About half of Congo's territory is covered by tropical forests with rich flora: limba and okoume, sapele, various types of mahogany, chitola, ayus, oil palm, raffia palm and copal tree. About half of Congo's territory is covered by tropical forests with rich flora: limba and okoume, sapele, various types of mahogany, chitola, ayus, oil palm, raffia palm and copal tree. The fauna of the Congo has suffered greatly from predatory extermination, but in areas poorly developed by humans, a fairly rich fauna has been preserved: elephants, hippos, buffalos, leopards, numerous monkeys, and forest species of birds. There are a variety of reptiles, especially snakes.

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By population: Population - 4,233,063 people. (estimated as of February 2015) Annual growth - 2.8%. Birth rate - 40.09 per 1000. Mortality - 11.25 per 1000. Emigration - 2.18 per 1000. Infant mortality - 74.22 per 1000. Average life expectancy - 54 years for men, 57 years for women. Urban population - 62%. Literacy - 83.8% as of 2003. Ethnic composition: Congo 48%, Sanga (English) Russian. 20%, Mboshi 12%, Teke 17%, Pygmies 10%, Europeans and others 3%. Languages: French (official), Lingala and Monokutuba (languages ​​of interethnic communication), many local languages, of which Kikongo is the most widespread. Religions: Christians 50%, aboriginal cults 48%, Muslims 2%. Most Christians are Catholics By population: Population - 4,233,063 people. (estimated as of February 2015) Annual growth - 2.8%. Birth rate - 40.09 per 1000. Mortality - 11.25 per 1000. Emigration - 2.18 per 1000. Infant mortality - 74.22 per 1000. Average life expectancy - 54 years for men, 57 years for women. Urban population - 62%. Literacy - 83.8% as of 2003. Ethnic composition: Congo 48%, Sanga (English) Russian. 20%, Mboshi 12%, Teke 17%, Pygmies 10%, Europeans and others 3%. Languages: French (official), Lingala and Monokutuba (languages ​​of interethnic communication), many local languages, of which Kikongo is the most widespread. Religions: Christians 50%, aboriginal cults 48%, Muslims 2%. Most Christians are Catholics