Shilo v l reference book on electronic components. Shilo its types and methods of application

About 1000 terms, concepts and definitions of the main sections of placer geology are systematized and explained in alphabetical order: the structure and types of placers, their sources of supply, the formation conditions and patterns of placement of placer deposits, the material composition of productive deposits, geological criteria for forecasting, searching and evaluating placers, methods prospecting, exploration and geological and economic assessment of placer deposits, comprehensive study and use of placers, etc.
For specialists involved in the study of alluvial deposits.

The general information about the organization of the educational process in BSATU is presented, the issues of educational work in the study group are considered. Particular attention is paid to the participation of students in the public life of the university and the culture of their behavior. Information about the employment of BSATU graduates is presented. For students, teachers and management personnel of higher education institutions.

Download and read Teacher and student: from the experience of BSATU, Shilo I.N., Romanyuk N.N., Vashchaeva T.N., 2014

The general information about the organization of the educational process in BSATU is presented, the issues of educational work in the study group are considered. Particular attention is paid to the participation of students in the public life of the university and the culture of their behavior. Information about the employment of BSATU graduates is presented.
For students, teachers and management personnel of higher education institutions.

Download and read Teacher and student, From the experience of BSATU, Shilo I.N., Romanyuk N.N., Vashaeva T.N., 2014

Abbreviation CMOS - the initial letters of four words from the full definition: complementary field-effect transistors with a metal-oxide-semiconductor structure. The word complementary is translated as complementary. This is the name of a pair of transistors that are similar in absolute values ​​of parameters, but with semiconductor structures mutually displayed as if in the form of a negative and a positive.

Name: Directory - Popular digital circuits.

Information is given on the three most common types of digital circuits in amateur radio practice: TTL, CMOS and ECL. The basics of their circuitry are briefly considered, structures, pinouts are shown, and a description of the operation of more than 300 types of mass digital microcircuits is given: logic elements, flip-flops, registers, counters, multiplexers, arithmetic, etc. Recommendations for their use are given. For trained radio amateurs and national economy specialists who develop and use pulse-digital equipment.

The proposed book is devoted to the circuitry of the most popular series of microcircuits - digital small and medium degrees of integration. It is known that in the 70s - 80s three types of such microcircuits dominated in the equipment; TTL, CMOS and ESL. They are produced in hundreds of millions of pieces a year. Perhaps many of them will be made before the end of the century.
In each of the three types of microcircuits, there are successively developing series. Having a description of the microcircuit, it is possible to realize its properties completely. Each group of microcircuits (for example, counters, registers) now has many circuitry applications. Circuit design options reflect* both the progress of microchip development and the expansion of consumer demands. A thoughtful reader can trace the path of development of circuitry from the simplest microcircuits to modern and promising ones. It is also useful to compare how source devices are optimized and converted to TTL, CMOS, and ESL circuitry.

1. TTL DIGITAL MICROCIRCUITS
1.1. General information about TTL elements
1.2. TTL circuitry
1.3. Traditional TTL Series
1.4. Promising TTL series
1.5. TTL buffer and enable elements
1.6. Circuitry elements AND, OR, AND / OR
1.7. TTL ICs: AND, AND, OR, AND / OR, expanders
1.8. Autogenerators on TTL elements
1.9. Logic elements - Schmitt triggers
1.10. XOR
1.11. trigger circuits
1.12. RS- and D-flip-flops
1.13. JK flip-flops
1.14. TTL counters
1.15. TTL registers
1.16. TTL decoders and encoders
1.17. TTL multiplexers
1.18. TTL adders
1.19. Random and read-only memory TTL
1.20. Nodes of computing devices
1.21. Standby multivibrators and oscillators
2. DIGITAL CMOS ICs
2.1. The device and properties of the logic element CMOS
2.2. Basic logic elements AND, OR, Z
2.3. Chips with inverters and their application
2.4. Schemes of generators and converters
2.5. Logic level converters
2.6. Switches for digital and analog signals
2.7. CMOS trigger chips
2.8. CMOS Divider Counters
2.9. CMOS registers
2.10. CMOS decoders
2.11. CMOS Arithmetic Circuits
2.12. FAP microcircuits and multivibrators
3. DIGITAL ESL MICROCIRCUITS
3.1. Circuitry of logic elements
3.2. Combinatorial microcircuits of the K500 series
3.3. K500 Series Triggers, Counters and Registers
3.4. Elements of computing devices from the K500 series
3.5. Combinatorial microcircuits of the K1500 series
3.6. K1500 series flip-flops and registers
3.7. K1500 Series Computing Device Nodes
Application
Bibliography

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With its help, neat holes are made, and seams are laid in thick, dense materials (leather, jeans, suede).

Some types of awls are used in the processing of wood.

This device is popular with needlewomen, seamstresses, shoemakers, carpenters, joiners.

Device and characteristics

An awl is a simple hand tool that consists of only two parts: a shaft and a handle.

The working part of the device resembles a fat game.

Its end can be straight pointed, with a hook or a hole.

A wide range of models of different types is presented in household and construction supermarkets, as well as in catalogs of online stores.

Material

The material of manufacture depends on the purpose of the tool.

The working part is made of high quality, durable steel, which is subjected to heat treatment.

Manufacturers often use chrome vanadium steel, chrome or nickel plating the needle.

The rod can be straight, cone-shaped,

trihedral, faceted, spiral, etc.

The handle is made of wood or high quality plastic with rubberized inserts for more comfortable use.

Dimensions and weight

Sewing accessories are quite light and easy to use.

The weight of the models ranges from 40 to 150 grams.

The length of the needle is 10-40 cm, the diameter is 2-4 mm.

There are other modifications, but they, as a rule, have a narrow scope, are used only when performing certain types of work.

Types of awl and their purpose

The range of sewing accessories is quite wide.

To buy a really good device that will help you in your work, first decide on its purpose.

What will you do with an awl: do needlework, sew a leather coat, repair shoes or file documents.

Depending on the scope of application, the models are divided into several types.

Shoe

The main differences between specimens of this species are a reliable handle and a durable rod.

The tool is used in shoe shops.

With it, you can sew leather products, repair shoes made of suede, leather, substitutes.

Sewing

In the design of the awl, which belongs to this species, a hole is provided for threading the thread.

The device is used when working with dense fabrics (jeans, leather, suede).

Carpentry

Models of this type are equipped with triangular needles, which gives them special strength and density.

Such devices can be used for wood processing.

Stationery

They are not so strong and reliable, because. designed to work with paper, used for stapling documents.

Carpentry

Tools of this type are also used for working with wood.

They are equipped with needles made of chrome-vanadium steel, coated with chrome, which provides them with excellent performance and long service life.

Want to get all in one?

Try making a homemade awl.

This is a universal, multifunctional device, the design of which provides a hole for different nozzles.

A set of rods for performing different types of work can be done at your leisure.

What you need to know about sewing

To work with the tool comfortably and conveniently, when choosing, pay special attention to the quality of the handle.

The handle must be strong, resistant to deformation, perfectly polished, without any defects on the surface.

You can tell a good tool from a bad one by looking at it.

If you prefer plastic, make sure that it has a dense shell that does not crack during operation.

The rod must be screwed in securely so that you can work not only with fabrics, but also with denser materials.

Even needlewomen and seamstresses who often use this tool in their work may not know how to use it correctly.

The principle of operation of the device is very simple: we pierce a hole in the material, push the thread into the eye of the awl, bring the needle back, make a loop.

But even here there are nuances.

Basic Rules:

Take the awl correctly - the end of the handle should rest against the palm;
needle tilt - 45 degrees;
the punctures are uniform, and the stitches of the thread are the same;
if the tool is stuck, gently scroll it, remove it and re-insert it into the material;
one pass - one hole.

The result should be a smooth, beautiful stitch.

Regardless of the type of tool you are working with, take precautions.

The sharp tip of the rod is easy to injure.

To prevent this from happening, use special devices to protect your fingers.

How to make an awl with your own hands

It is not necessary to buy an awl.

It can be made by hand.

How to do it?

There is nothing particularly difficult.

In addition, you can make at home not only one type of instrument.

Below is an instruction for the manufacture of an awl with replaceable rods.

That is, by replacing the working part, you get a device of exactly the type that you need right now.

So, in the work you will need the following tools and materials:

Wooden handle (you can buy a new one in the store or take an old one, for example, from an already unused file);
sandpaper;
bolt with a diameter of 8 mm and a length of 4 cm;
a screw with a diameter of 3 mm, a length of 1 cm;
wrench;
drill with drills;
tap for threading;
whetstone.

You probably have all these devices in your garage or workshop.

You can use old bicycle spokes as rods.

They are quite durable, made of carbon steel.

Work is performed in the following sequence:

1. we grind the wooden handle, remove all burrs;
2. drill a hole in the handle, the depth of which is equal to the length of the 8mm bolt;
3. drill two holes in the head of an 8mm bolt (it will act as a nozzle for the rods);
4. screw the bolt into the handle, fix it with an open-end wrench;
5. cut the thread under the 3mm bolt;
6. prepare the rod by turning a bicycle spoke;
7. insert the rod into the nozzle on the handle.

Shilo is ready.

This turned out to be an instance with an ordinary straight rod.

To get a rod with a hole, you must first cut off the spoke of the desired length, flatten the end, drill a groove of the desired diameter in the middle, grind it.

Shil Rating

Planning to buy an awl?

STANLEY 0-69-014 is an easy-to-use carpentry awl with a length of 32 cm.

The stem is made of hardened stainless steel.

The nickel coating provides the needle with reliable protection against corrosion and a long service life.

The diameter of the working part is 2.5 mm.

The MasterTool hook awl is designed for processing rubber, suede, leather and other hard materials.

The core of the tool is steel, the comfortable rounded handle is made of plastic.

The Yato YT-1375 bent-end awl is of high quality.

The device has a wide scope, it is used to perform those jobs that cannot be handled with the help of conventional models.

Tool length - 125 mm, weight - only 117 g.

Office awl BM.5550

Buromax is equipped with a durable metal rod and a comfortable wooden handle.

The device is intended for stitching documents.

The needle is sharp, easily punches through paper, leaving a smooth, neat hole.

A Japanese-made straight awl Clover is used in needlework.

It is compact in size and light in weight.

Thanks to the plastic handle with a rubber insert, it is comfortable to hold in your hand.

To choose the right awl, first determine the purpose of buying this tool.

The range of models is very wide.

Products differ in different parameters: purpose, size, weight, appearance, materials of manufacture.

Don't buy cheap copies.

They are not designed for long, intensive use.

It is better to buy a more expensive product from a well-known manufacturer and be sure of its quality and durability.