Stationary and non-stationary sources of emissions. Stationary sources of pollution

Any production activity is accompanied by pollution environment, including one of its main components – atmospheric air. Emissions industrial enterprises, power plants and transport into the atmosphere have reached such a level that pollution levels significantly exceed permissible sanitary standards.

According to GOST 17.2.1.04-77, all sources of air pollution (IPA) are divided into natural and anthropogenic origin. In turn, sources of anthropogenic pollution are stationary And mobile. Mobile sources of pollution include all types of transport (with the exception of pipelines). Currently, in connection with changes in the legislation of the Russian Federation in terms of improving regulation in the field of environmental protection and introducing measures of economic incentives for business entities to implement the best technologies, it is planned to replace the concepts of “stationary source” and “mobile source”.

Stationary sources of pollution can be point, linear And areal.

Point source of pollution is a source that releases air pollutants from an installed opening (chimneys, ventilation shafts).

Linear source of pollution- this is a source that emits air pollutants along an established line (window openings, rows of deflectors, fuel racks).

Area source of pollution is a source that releases air pollutants from an installed surface ( tank farms, open evaporation surfaces, storage and transfer areas for bulk materials, etc. ) .

According to the nature of the organization of emissions, they can be organized And unorganized.

Organized source pollution is characterized by the presence of special means of removing pollutants into the environment (mines, chimneys, etc.). In addition to organized removal, there are fugitive emissions penetrating into the atmospheric air through leaks in technological equipment, openings, as a result of spillage of raw materials and supplies.

According to their purpose, IZA is divided into technological And ventilation.

Depending on the height of the mouth on the surface of the earth, there are 4 types of IZA: high (height more than 50 m), average (10 – 50 m), low(2 – 10 m) and ground (less than 2 m).

According to the mode of action, all ISAs are divided into continuous action And salvo.

Depending on the temperature difference between the discharge and ambient atmospheric air allocate heated(hot) springs and cold.

Dispersion of pollutants in the atmosphere.

Initially, the pollutant emitted from the pipe is a cloud of smoke (plume). If the substance has a density less than or approximately equal to the density of air, then most likely the direction of movement of the pollutant (pollutant) will coincide with the speed and direction of air movement; if the substance is heavier than air, then it will settle. Industrial emissions are usually a mixture of air with relatively small amounts of pollutants. The most common case is the movement of a contaminated jet together with the horizontal movement of air masses.

The change in the concentration of pollutants with distance from the mouth of the source of pollution depends on the height and intensity of mixing of air masses. As you move away from the pipe, the concentration along the axis of the torch decreases, and the size of the torch in the direction perpendicular to the axis increases. The initial point of contact of a stream of polluted air with the surface of the earth is the beginning of the pollution zone, after which the concentration of pollutants above the surface of the earth begins to increase, reaching a maximum at distances of 10 - 40 pipe heights, which is associated with the fall out of the plume of impurities reaching the surface of the earth at the moment, and also impurities that previously reached the ground and continue their movement in the direction of the wind. Wind speed at a specified altitude at which the surface concentration from the pollutant source reaches maximum value- called dangerous wind speed. When there is calm and low wind speeds, the emission plume rises to a great height and does not fall into the ground layers of air. At strong wind the smoke plume is actively mixed with a large volume of air. Thus, between calm and high wind speed there is such a dangerous wind speed at which the smoke torch, pressing against the ground at a certain distance X m, creates the greatest value ground concentration With m .

After reaching the maximum value, the concentration of pollutants begins to first quickly and then slowly decrease, usually inversely proportional to the distance from the source. The maximum concentration is directly proportional to the productivity of the source and inversely proportional to the distance from the source.

Many factors influence the dispersion of pollutants. First of all, it depends on the height of the pipe N and from the lifting height flue gases above the mouth of the pipe. The height of the rise of gases depends on the exit speed of the gas-air mixture  0 . Harmful substances spread in the direction of the wind within a sector limited by a rather small opening angle of the torch near the exit from the pipe of 10 - 20 °. If we assume that the opening angle does not change with distance, then the cross-sectional area of the torch should increase in proportion to the square of the distance (the torch widens).

Temperature has a strong influence on the level of surface concentration. atmospheric stratification, i.e. vertical temperature distribution. IN normal conditions During the day, the earth's surface warms up and, due to convection exchange, heats the lower surface layer of air. Under these conditions, as you rise upward, the temperature drops by 0.6 °C for every 100 m. At night, in clear weather, the surface of the earth gives off heat to the surrounding space. The earth's surface cools and, at the same time, cools the ground layer of air, which cools faster than the upper layers. As a result, an inversion (rotation) of the temperature distribution occurs. Air temperature increases with altitude.

With a normal temperature gradient, favorable conditions are created for emissions to “float up”; rising currents of warmer air intensify the mixing of gases. Under inversion conditions, these processes are weakened, which contributes to the accumulation of impurities in the surface layer.

Harmful substances emitted with flue gases are transferred and dispersed in the atmosphere depending on meteorological, climatic, terrain and the nature of the location of enterprise facilities on it, the height of chimneys and aerodynamic parameters of the emission gases.

Maximum value of ground level concentration of harmful substance With m(mg/m 3) when releasing a gas-air mixture from a single point source with a round mouth is achieved under unfavorable meteorological conditions at a distance x m(m) from the source and is determined by the formula

Where A- coefficient depending on the temperature stratification of the atmosphere; M(g/s) - the mass of a harmful substance emitted into the atmosphere per unit time; F- dimensionless coefficient taking into account the subsidence rate harmful substances in atmospheric air; T And n- coefficients. taking into account the conditions for the exit of the gas-air mixture from the mouth of the emission source; H(m) - height of the emission source above ground level (for ground-based sources, calculations take N= 2 m);  - dimensionless coefficient that takes into account the influence of terrain, in the case of flat or slightly rough terrain with a height difference not exceeding 50 m per 1 km,  = 1;  T(°C) - the difference between the temperature of the emitted gas-air mixture and the temperature of the surrounding atmospheric air; V 1 (m 3 /s) - flow rate of the gas-air mixture, determined by the formula

Where D(m) - diameter of the mouth of the emission source;  0 (m/s) -average speed exit of the gas-air mixture from the mouth of the emission source.

If the pipe has a square or rectangular mouth, then the equivalent diameter is calculated using the formula:

Where a And b are the length and width of the pipe mouth, respectively. Meaning D eq is substituted instead D into the formula.

Coefficient value A, corresponding to unfavorable meteorological conditions, under which the concentration of harmful substances in the atmospheric air is maximum, is taken to be equal to:

a) 250 - for regions of Central Asia south of 40° N. sh., Buryat Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and Chita region;

b) 200 - for the European territory of the USSR: for regions of the RSFSR south of 50° N. sh., for other regions of the Lower Volga region, the Caucasus, Moldova; for the Asian territory of the USSR: for Kazakhstan. the Far East and the rest of Siberia and Central Asia;

c) 180 - for the European territory of the USSR and the Urals from 50 to 52° N. w. with the exception of the areas listed above and Ukraine falling within this zone;

d) 160 - for the European territory of the USSR and the Urals north of 52° N. w. (except for the ETS Center), as well as for Ukraine (for sources located in Ukraine with a height of less than 200 m in the zone from 50 to 52° N - 180, and south of 50° N - 200);

e) 140 - for Moscow, Tula, Ryazan, Vladimir, Kaluga, Ivanovo regions.

F accepted for gaseous harmful substances and fine aerosols (dust, ash, etc., the rate of ordered sedimentation of which is practically zero) - 1; for fine aerosols with an average operational emission purification factor of at least 90% - 2; from 75 to 90% - 2.5; less than 75% and in the absence of cleaning - 3.

When determining the value  T(°C) the ambient air temperature should be taken T V(°C), equal to the average maximum temperature of the outside air of the hottest month of the year according to SNiP 2.01.01-82, and the temperature of the gas-air mixture emitted into the atmosphere T G(°C) - according to the technological standards in force for this production. For boiler houses operating according to the heating schedule, it is allowed to take the following values in calculations: T V equal to the average outside air temperatures for the coldest month according to SNiP 2.01.01-82.

Dimensionless coefficient value F accepted:

a) for gaseous harmful substances and fine aerosols (dust, ash, etc., the rate of ordered sedimentation of which is practically zero) - 1;

b) for fine aerosols with an average operational emission purification factor of at least 90% - 2; from 75 to 90% - 2.5; less than 75% and in the absence of cleaning - 3.

Coefficient values m And n determined by nomograms or calculated.

Any production activity is accompanied by environmental pollution, including one of its main components – atmospheric air. Emissions from industrial enterprises, energy installations and transport into the atmosphere have reached such a level that pollution levels significantly exceed permissible sanitary standards.

According to GOST 17.2.1.04-77, all sources of air pollution (APP) are divided into natural and anthropogenic origin. In turn, sources of anthropogenic pollution are stationary And mobile. Mobile sources of pollution include all types of transport (with the exception of pipelines). Currently, in connection with changes in the legislation of the Russian Federation in terms of improving regulation in the field of environmental protection and introducing measures of economic incentives for business entities to implement the best technologies, it is planned to replace the concepts of “stationary source” and “mobile source”.

Stationary sources pollution may be point, linear And areal.

Point source of pollution is a source that releases air pollutants from an installed opening (chimneys, ventilation shafts).

Linear source of pollution- this is a source that emits air pollutants along an established line (window openings, rows of deflectors, fuel racks).

Area source of pollution is a source that releases air pollutants from an installed surface ( tank farms, open evaporation surfaces, storage and transfer areas bulk materials etc. ) .

According to the nature of the organization of emissions, they can be organized And unorganized.

According to their purpose, IZA is divided into technological And ventilation.

According to the mode of action, all ISAs are divided into continuous action And salvo.

Depending on the temperature difference between the emission and the surrounding atmospheric air, heated(hot) springs and cold.

End of work -

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Ecology as a science. History of the development of environmental teachings

History of the development of environmental teachings The formation of ecology as a science is associated with the names of English biologist scientists John Ray and chemist Robert Boyle D Ray in..

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Ecology as a science
As already noted, the term “ecology” appeared in the second half of the 19th century. In 1866, a young German biologist, professor at the University of Jena, Ernest Haeckel, in his fundamental work “General Pestilence”

Self-reproduction (reproduction)
2. Specificity of the organization. It is characteristic of any organisms, as a result of which they have a certain form and sizes. The unit of organization (structure and function) is the cell

Cycles of substances in nature
For the existence of living matter, other than the flow of energy High Quality, need " construction material" This is a necessary set chemical elements numbering more than 30 - 40 (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphate

Ecosystem: composition, structure, diversity
In the process of life activity, populations belonging to various types and settling common places habitats inevitably enter into relationships. This is due to nutrition, sharing

Biotic connections of organisms in biocenoses
It should be noted that the life activity of organisms is influenced not only by abiotic factors. Various living organisms are in constant interaction with each other. The totality of impacts

Trophic interactions in ecosystems
Based on their participation in the biogenic cycle of substances in the biocenosis, there are three groups of organisms: producers, consumers and decomposers. Producers (manufacturers) are autotrophic (self

Food chains. Ecological pyramids
In the process of nutrition, the energy and matter contained in the organisms of one trophic level, are consumed by organisms of another level. Transfer of energy and matter from producers through a series of heterotropes

Ecosystem dynamics
The stability and balance of the processes occurring in ecosystems allows us to state that they are generally characterized by a state of homeostasis, like their constituent parts.

Population dynamics
If, with insignificant emigration and immigration, the birth rate exceeds the death rate, then the population will grow. Population growth is continuous process, if everyone exists in it

Environmental factors
Living organisms cannot exist outside their environment with all the diversity of its natural elements and conditions. Elements of the environment include atmospheres

Basic properties of the aquatic environment
Water density is a factor that determines the conditions for the movement of aquatic organisms and pressure at different depths. For distilled water, the density is 1 g/cm3 at 4°

Ground-air habitat
The ground-air environment is the most complex environmental conditions. Life on land required such adaptations that turned out to be possible only at a sufficiently high level

Soil as a habitat
The soil is a loose thin surface layer of land in contact with air environment. Despite its insignificant thickness, this shell of the Earth plays vital role in the spread of life

Organism as a habitat
Many types of heterotrophic organisms during all or part of their life life cycle live in other living beings, whose bodies serve as an environment for them, significantly different in properties from those in

Adaptation of organisms to environmental conditions
The ability to adapt is one of the basic properties life in general, since it provides the very possibility of its existence, the ability of organisms to survive and reproduce. Adaptations appear on

Light in the life of organisms
Light spectrum and meaning different types radiation: The light spectrum is divided into several areas:<150 нм – ионизирующая радиация – < 0,1%; 150-400 нм –

Adaptations to temperature
The selection and dispersal of species in zones with different heat supply has been going on for many millennia in the direction of maximum survival, both under conditions of minimum temperatures and under conditions of maximum temperatures.

Adaptation to humidity and water regime
In relation to humidity, euryhygrobiont and stenohygrobiont organisms are distinguished. The former live in a wide range of moisture content, while for the latter it must be either high, l

Dispersion of pollutants in the atmosphere
Initially, the pollutant emitted from the pipe is a cloud of smoke (plume). If a substance has a density less than or approximately equal to the density

Sanitary and hygienic air quality standards. The concept of maximum permissible concentrations
The direction of the biological action of a substance is taken as a determining indicator of harmfulness in the air: reflexive or resorptive. Reflex (organoleptic

Sanitary protection zones (SPZ)
A sanitary protection zone is the space between the border of the territory (industrial site) of an enterprise and a residential or landscape-recreational, or resort or recreation area. She creates

Air purification from gas emissions
The main direction of protecting the environment, including atmospheric air from harmful emissions, should be the development of low-waste and waste-free technological processes. Od

Dry dust collectors
Very simple devices are dust settling chambers, in which, due to an increase in the cross-section of the air duct, the speed of the dust flow drops sharply, as a result of which dust particles

Electrostatic precipitators
The most advanced and universal devices for purifying emissions from suspended particles are electric filters, the basis of which is the sedimentation of suspended particles.

Absorption and adsorption purification
In order to purify emissions from gaseous impurities, methods of chemisorption, adsorption, catalytic and thermal oxidation are used. Chemisorption is based on

Catalytic purification methods
The catalytic method is based on the transformation of harmful components of industrial emissions into less harmful or harmless substances in the presence of catalysts. Sometimes about

Basic information about the hydrosphere
The hydrosphere is the totality of all the waters of the Earth: continental (deep, soil, surface), oceanic, atmospheric. Like a special water shell of the Earth, there is a

Mechanical methods of wastewater treatment
For mechanical cleaning, the following structures are used: grates, which retain coarse impurities larger than 5 mm in size; si

Neutralization of wastewater
A neutralization reaction is a chemical reaction between substances that have the properties of an acid and a base, which leads to the loss of the characteristic properties of both compounds. The most typical reaction

Redox wastewater treatment
Oxidation and reduction as a treatment method is used to neutralize industrial wastewater from cyanide, hydrogen sulfide, sulfides, mercury compounds, arsenic, and chromium. During the oxidation process

Coagulation
Coagulation is the process of enlargement of colloidal particles in a liquid due to the electrostatic forces of intermolecular interaction. As a result of coagulation, aggregates are formed - more

Extraction
When the content of dissolved organic substances of technical value (for example, phenols and fatty acids) in industrial wastewater is relatively high, an effective method

Ion exchange
Ion exchange is the process of interaction of a solution with a solid phase that has the ability to exchange its own ions for other ions in the solution. Substances that make up

Biochemical (biological) cleaning methods
These methods are used to purify domestic and industrial wastewater from many dissolved organic and some inorganic (hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, sulfides, nitrites, etc.)

Acid precipitation
When water vapor condenses in the atmosphere, rainwater is formed; initially it has a neutral reaction (pH = 7.0). But there is always carbon dioxide in the air

Ozone holes
In the stratosphere, at an altitude of 20 to 25 km from the Earth's surface, there is a region of the atmosphere with a high content of ozone, which serves the function of protecting life on Earth from death

Biodiversity conservation
Biodiversity is the variety of all living things in the biosphere - from genes to ecosystems. There are three types of biological diversity: 1) genetic

Greenhouse effect
The “greenhouse effect” was discovered by J. Fourier in 1824 and first quantitatively studied by S. Arrhenius in 1896. It is a process in which absorption and emission

Natural resources. Energy problem
Depending on the technical and technological perfection of the processes of extraction and processing of natural resources, economic profitability, as well as taking into account information about the volume of natural resources

Food problem
Rapid population growth in the mid-twentieth century, especially in the developing countries of Southeast Asia, South America, Africa, and the lack of fertile land in these countries led to a shortage

Population problem
Humans as a biological species are characterized by the ability to increase their numbers and spread. For most of human history, population growth

Environmental quality standards. Environmental standards
Sanitary and hygienic standards include standards for maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) of harmful substances: chemical, biological, etc., sanitary standards

Environmental economics
Funds for environmental conservation are divided into 3 groups: 1) costs associated with reducing emissions into the environment; 2) costs of compensating for social consequences from

Basic regulatory fees for natural resources
Payment for natural resources is divided into two main types - payment for the use of natural resources and payment for the reproduction and protection of the environment.

Environmental law
Environmental law is a special complex education, which is a set of legal norms regulating social relations in the sphere of interaction

Specially protected natural areas
Taking into account the peculiarities of the regime of specially protected natural territories and the status of environmental institutions located on them, the following categories of these territories are distinguished: a) state

Environmental monitoring
Environmental monitoring refers to regular observations of natural environments, natural resources, flora and fauna, carried out according to a given program, allowing

Environmental assessment
Environmental assessment is the establishment of compliance of planned economic and other activities with environmental requirements. Target environmental expert

Soil protection from pollution
Land reclamation is a set of works aimed at restoring the productivity and national economic value of disturbed lands, as well as improving environmental conditions

International environmental cooperation
Emissions into the atmosphere, pollution of rivers, seas and oceans, etc. cannot be limited by state borders. Thus, a number of the most important parts of the OS relate to

Human health and the environment
According to the Constitution of the World Health Organization (WHO), health is “a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and

Waste incineration
Incineration is the most complex and “high-tech” waste management option. Incineration requires pre-treatment of solid household waste (MSW)

Landfills and solid waste landfills
A landfill or waste disposal site is a complex system, the detailed study of which has only recently begun. The fact is that most materials that are buried

Anthropogenic pollution is pollution caused by human activities.

In turn, sources of anthropogenic pollution are stationary And mobile. Mobile sources of pollution include all types of transport (with the exception of pipelines).

According to their geometric characteristics, stationary sources of pollution can be point,linear And areal.

Point source of pollution- this is a source that releases air pollutants from an installed opening (chimneys, ventilation hoods).

Linear source of pollution- this is a source that emits air pollutants along an established line (window openings, rows of deflectors, loading racks).

Area source of pollution- this is a source that emits air pollutants from an installed surface (tank farms, open evaporation surfaces, storage and transfer areas for bulk materials, etc.).

Stationary source of pollution- this is an enterprise, workshop, unit, installation or other fixed object that maintains its spatial coordinates for a certain time and releases pollutants into the atmosphere and/or discharges pollutants into water bodies.

Sources of air pollution are stationary (industrial enterprises and municipal boiler houses) and mobile (transport). There are two groups of stationary sources of pollution: sources of release and sources of emissions of harmful substances.

Sources of air pollution in rural areas. In rural areas, the main air pollutants are livestock and poultry farms, industrial complexes for meat production, enterprises of the regional association "Agricultural Equipment", energy and heat power enterprises, pesticides used in agriculture. In the area where premises for keeping livestock and poultry are located, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and other foul-smelling gases can enter the atmosphere and spread over considerable distances.

Sources of air pollution include warehouses where seeds are treated with pesticides, fields where pesticides and mineral fertilizers are applied in one form or another, as well as cotton gins. When cotton seeds are treated with granosan and mercuzan, air pollution can be traced over a considerable distance.

As a result of draining and loading operations, as well as daily temperature fluctuations, a fairly intense release of evaporation products into the surface layer of the atmosphere occurs.

Dangerous air pollution at production facilities of the gas and oil industry occurs, on the one hand, as a result of emissions of harmful substances from various sources, on the other hand, as a result of the formation of secondary products of chemical transformation, formed during the interaction of pollutants with the components of the air, solid and liquid contained in it substances, some pollutants with others, etc. In many cases, the environmental and sanitary-hygienic danger of secondary pollutants is much higher than that of harmful emissions. Meanwhile, the composition, structure and properties of these daughter substances for production facilities in the gas and oil industries have not previously been comprehensively studied. The authors have attempted to partially fill the gap that has arisen here.

Often the air contains harmful substances, the presence of which is not caused by the activities of the polluting enterprise in question, but is a consequence of air pollution from other, often very distant sources.

Another source of environmental pollution are greases. Depending on storage and application conditions, losses of greases reach 30-40% of their total consumption. For example, when storing and filling solid oil, losses in the form of residues on the walls of the container are 0.9% from sticking to the spatula and test injections when using a manual syringe 7.6%, removal of air from the syringe 7.8%, residues on grease fittings 3 .1%, on injection parts 0.2%, etc.

Natural sources of pollution, as a rule, are dispersed in space, remote from densely populated areas and practically impossible to regulate. At the same time, the harmful effects of air pollutants entering the environment from natural sources are largely neutralized by their mixing, dispersion and the natural process of self-purification of the atmosphere.

The main sources of air pollution are industrial enterprises, thermal power plants and power plants, various heating boilers, where both gaseous and liquid hydrocarbons are used as fuel. It should be noted that if the combustion of gaseous fuels is characterized by more or less economic and environmental indicators, then the combustion of fuel oil is accompanied by the release into the atmosphere of a significant volume of incomplete combustion products - oxides of nitrogen, sulfur and carbon.

The main sources of air pollution in industrialized countries are cars and other types of transport, industrial enterprises, and thermal power plants. Every year, 200-250 million tons of ash and up to 60 million tons of sulfur dioxide are released into the atmosphere. In the United States, as a result of the combustion of coal and oil at thermal power plants, 74% of all sulfuric acid oxides entering the atmosphere and about half of nitrogen oxides are released into the country's air basin.

Reactions to air pollution can be acute or chronic, and the nature of the impact can be local or general, toxic, irritating, cumulative. In general, long-term exposures at low concentrations are considered to be more dangerous than short-term exposures at high concentrations. It is noted that the damaging factor can be either a simple sum of the corresponding effects of individual pollutants or exceed this value (synergistic effect). For example, lung diseases are much more common if the atmosphere is polluted by sulfur dioxide combined with dust emissions. There is numerous data on the connection between pulmonary, oncological, skin and other pathologies with the nature and level of air pollution. The frequency of diseases is proportional to the number of sources of pollution and depends on their composition, structure, chemical properties and a number of other factors.

The main sources of pollution of the surface layer of the atmosphere during pipeline transport of oil, petroleum products and gas include emergency gas emissions during failures and repairs of the linear part of main gas pipelines and the evaporation of oil and petroleum products during storage in tanks. An equally strong source of air pollution are fires when transported products are ignited or burned.

When analyzing the air of industrial premises, in which more complex compositions of pollutants are found than in the atmosphere, air sampling has its own characteristics. To capture toxic impurities from the air in quantities sufficient for subsequent determination, the most effective conditions for its absorption from the air are selected, if possible, based on the physicochemical properties of the substance being analyzed and its concentration. If sampling of any individual substance requires a rational choice of absorption medium and optimal air suction rate, then in the case of a more complex system, when the air is contaminated with a mixture of toxic substances, it is necessary to take into account the possible interactions of the components of the analyzed mixture of substances. The nature of the source of emission of harmful impurities is also important - instantaneous or continuously operating, with constant or varying productivity.

The sources of possible release of pollutants into the atmosphere, water bodies and soil from production facilities of the oil and gas industry are considered. The volumes, composition, structure and properties of pollutants are given, and their environmental hazard is assessed. The specific contribution of various industries to environmental pollution and the possible consequences of pollution have been determined, taking into account the chemical transformations of harmful substances in air and water and the formation of toxic products. A set of means and methods for preventing environmental pollution is recommended.

When calculating air pollution from sources of rectangular cross-section, it is advisable to use regulatory documents.

A significant source of atmospheric air pollution with dust is the so-called “tailings” of enrichment factories. Waste heaps worsen the landscape and take away agricultural land. Processing the dumps will make it possible to extract coal and raw materials from them for the production of cement and ceramics. The rock can serve as a building material. The remaining recycled waste should be used to fill mined-out mines instead of sand. The development of mineral resources should be carried out in such a way as to make the most complete use of all their constituent elements, not to throw even low-grade ores into the dump, to completely exhaust deposits, and to preserve minerals during transportation to processing sites. After the development of mineral resources, it is necessary to restore the landscape. These works must be organized very carefully: it is necessary to protect the fertile layer of soil and backfill the resulting voids.

Sinter plants are a significant source of air pollution with sulfur dioxide. During ore agglomeration, sulfur burns out from pyrites. Sulfide ores contain up to 10% sulfur, and after agglomeration only 0.2-0.8% remains. The emission of sulfur dioxide during sintering can be taken at the rate of 190 kg per 1 ton of ore, i.e. one belt machine produces about 700 tons of sulfur dioxide per day.[

The largest source of air pollution from hydrocarbons are tanks for oil and petroleum products. Hydrocarbons enter the atmosphere through special breathing valves, hatches, leaks, and when filling tanks.

In terms of chemical pollution of the air basin, Ufa is characterized as one of the most polluted cities in Russia. According to statistics from 2TP-Air, emissions of harmful substances throughout the city in 1999 amounted to 486.2 thousand tons per year, of which 218.4 thousand tons came from stationary sources and 268.2 thousand tons from vehicles. The share of motor vehicles in gross emissions is 55%.

These include the chimneys of factories and boiler houses, technological installations and deflectors, diesel locomotives and airplanes, and even the streets along which traffic flows.

IN All sources of air pollution are initially divided into two groups: sources of emissions (such as tank valves, ventilation shafts, various pipes) and sources of release of hazardous substances. The latter include treatment facilities, technological installations, cooling towers and the like.

Emissions from objects that are sources of environmental pollution are divided into organized and unorganized. The first group includes emissions through constructed waste gases and pipes. And fugitive emissions are considered industrial waste that enters the atmosphere in the form of directed gas flows due to breakdown or depressurization of equipment or insufficient gas suction.

The division of emissions into organized and unorganized was created in order to determine the approach to the source of emissions and establish control over them. For example, regular monitoring of emissions of the first type helps to establish the level of maximum permissible emissions of a particular substance.

Emissions of the second type are more difficult to recognize - and they can only be controlled when in a certain area a particular ingredient reaches the maximum permissible concentration in the air. This is dangerous primarily because fugitive emissions, as a rule, accumulate in the lower layers of the atmosphere, which creates a powerful threat to human life.

Which emissions are stationary and which are non-stationary?

Each enterprise has different sources of emissions, which in the legislation of our country have several gradations and divisions. First of all, all emissions are divided into stationary and non-stationary (mobile). What does it mean? The first group includes various organized sources of emissions, such as boiler pipes and

car exhaust pipes, ventilation systems and the like. Unorganized stationary sources of emissions represent all kinds of parking for temporary and permanently present motor transport on the territory of the organization, areas allocated for the storage of bulk cargo. In another way, such emissions are called linear or areal.

The second group, named non-stationary or mobile sources of pollution, consists of emissions that emit various types of technical equipment, as well as machines with an electric motor and those on the balance sheet of this enterprise or temporarily working on its territory.

It is worth noting that emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere occur not only during the immediate operation of this or that equipment, but also, for example, after coating any area with varnish (which has a certain degree of toxicity).

It is customary to classify so-called mobile emission sources into a separate group. Namely, various vehicles, the operation of which is accompanied by a large amount of emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere and has a negative impact on the environment. In this regard, in accordance with the Federal Law "On Environmental Protection", any organization that has sources of emissions into the atmosphere must have an appropriate emission permit from stationary sources. This document is issued to the enterprise after approval of the project, indicating permissible emission standards.

Non-stationary emission sources

According to the current classification of emission sources, sources are divided into stationary and non-stationary. By stationary sources we understand sources of emissions that are located within the territory owned by an individual or legal entity and occupy a fixed real estate position.

Stationary sources can be organized, that is, have a technical device or mouth that regulates emissions, and unorganized, that is, have a certain area unlimited by devices. Examples of the former are factory pipes or deflectors; examples of the latter include storage facilities for dust-producing materials. Owners of stationary sources are responsible for each source, are required to draw up and agree on a draft of maximum permissible emissions for these sources, obtain permission for emissions, and strictly monitor compliance with established standards.

Non-stationary, that is, mobile sources, are other sources of polluting emissions, the main example being the transport owned by an enterprise, whether shipping, motor transport or other technical means that, due to their specific nature, move and use some type of fuel for this.

Main types:

motor vehicles (except for those driven by electric motors);
aircraft and ships;
trains (except for those that move with the help of electric motors);
self-propelled vehicles.

For non-stationary emission sources, a draft maximum permissible emission is not being developed., and the standards are calculated based on the technical equipment of the product, factory characteristics, type of fuel and its consumption. Payments for negative environmental impacts for non-stationary sources have not been paid since January 2016. At the moment there are disagreements and there is no clear list of non-stationary sources. According to some experts, vehicles belong to a separate type of emission sources - mobile/mobile. However, a definition has not been formulated, and a list of non-stationary emission sources has not yet been provided.

Is a draft MPE necessary if there are only mobile sources of emissions?

in accordance with the Federal Law “On the Protection of Atmospheric Air”, managers of enterprises that have on their balance sheet STATIONARY emission sources, are obliged to carry out their inventory and develop a draft MPE.

Mobile sources of pollutant emissions include vehicles, aircraft, sea and river vessels that are equipped with engines running on gasoline, diesel fuel, kerosene or gas fuel. In case of operation of cars and other mobile vehicles that have a negative impact on the environment, their owners are obliged to:

Ensure compliance with permissible emission standards.
Carry out activities aimed at neutralizing pollutants.
Operate them only if you have certificates (declarations) of conformity that confirm compliance with technical emission standards.
Ensure that mobile pollutants are regularly tested to ensure their emissions comply with technical standards.

Of the responsibilities of enterprise owners listed above, the question raises the following: is it possible to ensure compliance with permissible emission standards without developing a draft maximum permissible limit? The legislative framework states that when operating mobile emission sources, there is a requirement to comply with technological standards established per unit of product, power, mileage of vehicles or other mobile vehicles. This means that for organizations that only have mobile sources on their balance sheet, a MPE project is not being developed.

Stationary and non-stationary sources of emissions at the enterprise

The legislation of the Russian Federation establishes that owners of sources of pollutant emissions must pay fees for negative impacts on the environment and monitor compliance

MPE standards. Sources for which a legal or natural person is responsible are divided into stationary sources of emissions and non-stationary sources of emissions.

In short, then stationary emission source It is firmly connected to the surface; its movement without stopping operation or disassembling is impossible. Such a source is located on the territory of the enterprise; its location is considered to be the municipality in which it is located. Examples include boiler houses, furniture, metallurgical production, and so on.

In this case, the owner of a stationary source of emissions is obliged to ensure that an inventory of pollutant emissions is carried out, as well as the calculation of the values of maximum permissible emissions and the establishment of maximum permissible standards. For non-compliance with current legislation, administrative and other liability is provided.

Stationary sources are also divided according to geometric characteristics. According to their geometry, they can be point (emission occurs from a fixed hole), linear (emission along a set line, for example, window openings), area (emission from a certain area, for example, a tank). Non-stationary emission source or mobile, as it is often called, is a vehicle in one form or another. These are, for example, cars, aircraft and ships, inland navigation vessels - any vehicle equipped with an engine running on gasoline, gas, kerosene, or other fuel.

The location and registration of such transport is considered to be the place of registration of its owner, who, since 2016, is not required to pay fees for non-stationary sources of emissions belonging to him. By the way, according to existing statistics, the main share of the total amount of pollutant emissions is the contribution of mobile sources of pollution.

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Gasoline evaporation into the atmosphere occurs not only in mobile sources, but also in stationary ones, which primarily include gas stations (gas stations). They receive, store and sell gasoline and other petroleum products in large quantities. This is a serious channel for environmental pollution, both as a result of fuel evaporation and spills.

When gas station tanks are filled with gasoline, large quantities of gasoline vapor are expelled into the atmosphere - this is the so-called large breathing of the tank. With daily temperature fluctuations (night - day), gasoline vapors are also released, but in smaller quantities, and this is called low tank breathing.

Approximate calculations of gasoline losses showed that with a large respiration of a tank with a volume of 20 m 3, 11 liters of gasoline evaporate into the atmosphere in winter, and 23 liters of gasoline in summer. With a daily one-time filling of the tank for a month, 330 liters of gasoline will enter the atmosphere in winter, and 690 liters in summer. Thus, the average annual loss of gasoline from one tank is 6 tons. Taking into account the number of gas stations in a particular region, it is possible to determine the degree of air pollution from volatile hydrocarbon compounds of gasoline.

Atmospheric pollution due to the “fault” of road transport occurs, in addition, as a result of the functioning of asphalt and cement concrete plants, road equipment bases and other transport infrastructure facilities. Emissions from asphalt concrete plants contain carcinogenic substances due to the lack or imperfection of treatment equipment.

Technical car service organizations when carrying out production activities, they have a negative impact on ecosystems. It occurs in the process of performing many types of work. Thus, when changing the oil in the engine and transmission units, it is drained either into the sewer network or into the ground, if the removal of used oils to the appropriate oil regeneration points has not been arranged. When washing cars, a large amount of silt and dirt is formed, which must be disinfected before being transported to disposal sites. However, often the capacity to fully process the waste generated during washing is not enough, so such waste is removed without disinfection and contains a large number of harmful elements, including petroleum products and heavy metals, which enter the environment. Water runoff from repair areas also poses a danger to nature. Substances containing synthetic components dissolved in wastewater penetrate the soil, affecting vegetation, entering groundwater, and with them into reservoirs, where they destroy wildlife.

Garages and parking lots are also sources of environmental pollution. Pollution of the territory of garage complexes with household and industrial waste occurs due to the release by drivers and garage workers of household garbage, unnecessary parts of metal, rubber and plastic products, spare parts for cars, and items used in repairs. The generated waste can be either non-hazardous, completely decomposed, but disrupts the appearance of the garage area (for example, paper), or hazardous, poorly decomposed in natural conditions, and toxic. Some types of waste are not dangerous under normal conditions, but become extremely harmful when suddenly ignited. Extinguishing fires within garages and parking lots is significantly complicated due to the fact that their territory is often saturated with gasoline, oils and other flammable liquids.

Russian roads, according to Rosavtodor, have a total length of 1.1 million km. The condition of roads significantly influences pollutant emissions. In terms of the density of roads per 1000 km 2 of territory, Russia is significantly inferior to foreign countries. New roads are being built slowly. Currently, the road network is overloaded; a further increase in traffic intensity will lead to accelerated destruction of roads and bridges, and as a result, a sharp increase in environmental impact. Over long distances, road sections have unsatisfactory smoothness, evenness and strength and are in need of repair and reconstruction. Construction and repair of roads cause soil erosion, landslides, changes in hydrological conditions (flooding, drainage, changes in groundwater levels, etc.). They cause damage to flora and fauna. The negative effect is caused by the dissection of the natural environment by the road route, which disrupts the living conditions of vegetation and animals.

Another problem in the road industry arises from garbage generated on the roadside. With the increase in traffic intensity, its volume increased significantly and amounted to over 140 thousand tons per year on federal roads and 160 thousand tons per year on regional roads. In the vast majority of roads there are no waste collection containers.

When cars move, abrasion occurs on road surfaces and car tires, the wear products of which are mixed with solid particles of exhaust gases. Added to this is dirt brought onto the roadway from the soil layer adjacent to the road. As a result, dust is formed, which rises into the air above the road in dry weather. It is carried by the wind over distances from several to hundreds of kilometers.

The chemical composition and amount of dust depend on the road surface materials. The largest amount of dust is generated on dirt and gravel roads. Roads coated with granular materials (gravel) produce dust consisting mainly of silica. On unpaved roads, the dust consists of 90% quartz particles, the rest are oxides of aluminum, iron, calcium, etc. The gross emission of dust on roads without permanent coverage (public unpaved, gravel, crushed stone) is over 56 thousand tons per year . On roads with asphalt concrete pavement, the dust additionally includes wear products of binder bitumen-containing materials, particles of paint or plastic from road marking lines and lanes.

The environmental consequences of dust affect people close to the road, drivers and passengers of vehicles, who, along with the air, inhale a huge amount of dust particles, causing harm to the body. Dust also settles on vegetation and roadside inhabitants. Forests and forest plantations along roads are being degraded. Agricultural crops planted near roads accumulate harmful substances contained in dust emissions and exhaust gases. These pollutants also enter adjacent water bodies, negatively affecting vegetation, fish and other inhabitants, accumulating in bottom sediments. Surface runoff from roads containing special solid and liquid de-icing agents also ends up there. According to statistics, in the Russian Federation the average consumption of reagents for treating federal highways is about 280 thousand tons, and regional - 680 thousand tons per year. Road transport organizations also discharge wastewater containing mainly suspended substances and petroleum products into surface water bodies.

Significant areas of land are being alienated for roads. Thus, the construction of 1 km of a modern highway requires up to 10-12 hectares of area. In addition, additional areas are allocated for technological purposes (installation of warehouses for storing construction materials, parking areas for transport equipment, placement of soil removed from the road, construction of temporary structures and entrances, etc.). Transport interchanges occupy especially large areas - from 15 hectares at the intersection of two-lane roads to 35 hectares at the intersection of six-lane highways. Every year, the area of land allocated for roads increases due to road construction.

See: State report “On the state and protection of the environment of the Russian Federation in 2011” [Electronic resource]. URL: http://www.mnr.gov.ru/regulatory/dctail.php?ID=130175, free.