Passive past participles. Spelling n and nn in participles The full form of passive participles is written nn
The Russian language is a lot of rules that you need not just to know, but to understand in order to write correctly and speak beautifully. “Partitions” is one of the important topics, having mastered which, you can learn laconic but expressive speech. The past participle is especially difficult. Although, if you approach the study thoughtfully, you can figure it out.
The difference between and without them
Compare the sentences: one with and the second - complex with a subordinate clause. The first option is more laconic, beautiful and poetic than the second.
It is especially important to be able to replace subordinate clauses for copywriters when fulfilling orders where the accuracy of the “watery” texts is indicated, because introductory words, prepositions, conjunctions and allied words are precisely included in the list of “watery” expressions.
Participle as part of speech
Many people have difficulty understanding the features of this part of speech. Children even compose funny rhymes about this:
Unlimited misfortune -
Study, inflect the sacrament!
I will suffer thoroughly,
For now I'll start with the passive
Distinguish from reality.
What is even more painful?
From the school course we know that the participle is not at all simple because it has the properties of both a verb and an adjective. From the verb, this part of speech has aspect and tense, and from the adjective - gender, number, case, full or short form. There is also an active past participle and a passive participle. It also received this function - voice - from the verb.
Communion time
Usually a distinction is made between past and present tenses in participles. It is clear that to determine this category, one should understand the semantic feature of the word, think about whether the action is happening at the moment or has already happened. There is a clear answer to the question of what a past participle is: the meaning of the word indicates that it demonstrates a result, not a process. You can compare two options: “a running boy” and “a running boy.” In the first case, the present tense is used, because the child is performing an action at the moment. In the second case, the child has already finished running and is standing in front of us. Therefore, the tense of the participle is past.
Active voice of participles
How to distinguish the active past participle from the passive? It's simple! First, you need to think about the meaning of the statement. Let's look at this with examples.
Passive participle in the past tense
The verb form we are considering can denote an action that someone else performs with an object. Then the past participle is in the passive voice. To understand this more fully, consider examples.
- “The dress the girl wore suited her so well that everyone around looked at the little girl with a smile of tenderness.” From the context it is clear that the outfit itself cannot do anything. This means that “put on” is a passive participle, because it is the girl who produces the action, because she is the one who put on the dress.
- “The dishes washed by Tanya sparkled clean.” And here it is clear that someone had done some work before the moment described - the plates themselves could not clear themselves of the remnants of food. Therefore, the word "washed" is a passive past participle.
What are the main conditions for spelling suffixes for participles in the present tense is, it seems, not difficult to understand, you just need to remember which suffix refers to a specific conjugation.
Formation of past participles
They are formed using the stem of a verb of any tense and suffixes that help: loved - loved, wanted - wanted, dreamed - dreamed, feed - fed, carry - carried, climb - climbed out. These are examples of forming active past participles. Pledge is indicated by the fact that all actions are performed by the objects themselves. For passive past participles, other examples are suitable: wish - desired, lead - driven, laugh - ridiculed, promise - promised.
Active past participle suffixes
This form is formed from the stem of the verb using suffixes: -vsh-, -sh-. The type and transitivity in this case do not matter. The suffix used to form the participle depends only on the ending of the stem of the verb.
- If it ends in a vowel, it is written -vsh-. (Examples: draw - painted, build - built, look - watched.)
- If there is a consonant sound at the end of the stem, then you should put a suffix -sh-. (Examples: carry - carried, carry - carried.)
- If the participle is formed from a verb to -th, then the suffix -vsh- will be written after the vowel that was in the original verb form before -th. (For example: wash - washed, laugh - laughed, hang - hung.)
Formation table for active past participles
Active participle | Verb initial form | Transitivity | |
looking | |||
typing | |||
brilliant | shine | ||
washed | |||
drunk | |||
interrupted | interrupt | ||
truant | play truant | ||
escaped |
Transitivity and definitions of the type of participles
To easily check the transitivity of a participle, you need to put a question to the dependent noun from the verb that forms it. If in this construction the question of the accusative case without a preposition is appropriate, then For example: watch (what?) a film, print (what?) an essay. In the construction “run (where?) along the road” the question “what?” will not work, which means it is an intransitive verb, and the participle will have the same category accordingly.
There shouldn’t be any problems with the view: if the action is in process, it is an imperfect view, if it has already happened, it is a perfect view.
Formation of passive participles in the past tense
They are formed from a transitive verb of the corresponding tense. There is very little of participles.
Suffix | How does the verb end? | Transitivity | From the verb sov./nesov. kind | Examples |
educated, shot |
||||
littered, gifted |
||||
Ot, -nut + monosyllabic verbs | broken, broken |
According to the table, only one important question now arises: when are suffixes of passive past participles written with one “n”, and when with two? It is important to remember a few simple rules here. Imperfect participles will have one “n” if they:
- do not have a dependent word, prefix, suffix -ova-/ -yova-: fried, boiled, smoked;
- short participles: the partnership is formed, the wife wears makeup.
Two “n”s have full passive past participles formed by perfective verbs with the presence of:
- dependent words: sturgeon fried in oil; peas boiled in broth;
- suffixes -ova-/-eva-(the following examples can be given: 1. A child spoiled by his mother screamed in the store. 2. Bewitched by her enchanting gaze, the man immediately fell in love with the beauty).
The participles “spoiled” and “bewitched” have the same syntactic function as adjectives, that is, they are most often definitions in a sentence.
Active past participles can also have a reflexive suffix -xia. For example: a hidden cockroach, falling sand, a laughing beauty, a frightened fly.
Exceptions to the General Rules
But the Russian language always has its exceptions. Words such as "seek", "love" and "take" are unable to form passive participles. There is also such a feature of verbs ending in -sti: They can become passive past participles. For example:
- Weave. (It’s so convenient to collect mushrooms in the baskets woven by your grandfather.)
- Steal. (We couldn’t find the slippers stolen by the cat for a long time.)
- Find. (Sharik’s newly acquired bone made him very happy, which is why he happily wagged his tail.)
- Find. (When the teacher discovered the cheat sheets, Vasya realized that he had to come up with a better way to cheat, but the more he cheated, the more he had to know.)
Knowing the rules of the Russian language is not a guarantee that a person will be able to write and speak correctly. They need to be understood. And it is extremely important to develop the ability to use your knowledge in practice.
Spelling participles includes several types of rules:
1) spelling of endings of participles;
2) spelling of vowels in participle suffixes;
3) spelling nn and n in participles (and in verbal adjectives).
Since the spelling of NN and N in verbal adjectives is similar to the spelling of NN and N in participles, these rules are discussed in one paragraph. For the same reason, this paragraph also discusses the rules for spelling nn and n in nouns and adverbs formed from participles and verbal adjectives.
1. Spelling of participle endings:
Participles have the same endings as adjectives. Therefore, the spelling of vowels at the endings of participles, like adjectives, is checked by questions.
Wed: V[which ?] stormy sea; V[which?] stormy sea; With[what?] stormy sea.
2. Spelling of vowels in participle suffixes:
A) present time depends on the conjugation of the verb from which the participle is formed:
V active participles present tense: -ush-(-yush-) - I conjugation; -ash-(-box-) - II conjugation. These vowels coincide with the vowels of the personal endings of cognate verbs in the 3rd person plural form;
Wed: I decide t(I reference) - decisive; building t(II reference) - building.
Pay attention!
In a word future(by origin - participle) the suffix -yush- is added to the stem will-, therefore you should not write an extra vowel yu (!) before the suffix.
V passive participles present tense: -om-(-em-) - I conjugation; -im- - II conjugation. These vowels coincide with the vowels of the personal endings of cognate verbs in the 3rd person singular form.
Wed: decide t(I reference) - solvable; build t(II reference) - under construction.
b) spelling vowels in participles past tense depends not on the conjugation, but on the final vowel of the infinitive (past tense) of the verb from which the participle is derived:
- V active participles;
vowels a, i, e, if the stem of the verb ends in a, i, e;
hang - hung; sow - sown, see - seen.
vowels e, е, if the stem of the verb ends in and (the verb suffix -i- is truncated) or with a consonant.
Wed: hang - hanged; build - built, sweep - swept, shoot - shot.
Glue - glued, melted - melted.
V passive participles before the suffix -nn- (-n-) the following is written:
3. Spelling n and nn in full participles and full verbal adjectives:
A) N is written in full participles and verbal adjectives:
- in phraseological units: ;
if they do not have prefixes, dependent words, combinations of suffixes -ovanne-, -evann- and if they are formed from an imperfective verb;
Color[what to do?] - painted floor; mow[what to do?] - mown meadow, write[what to do?] - painted portrait.
in a substantivized verbal adjective: dowry (of the bride).
b) NN is written in full participles and verbal adjectives:
- if there is a prefix (except non- ).
From mowing - from a mown meadow, from writing - from a painted portrait.
The prefix ne- does not affect the spelling of n and nn;
Wed: unmown meadow - unmown clover; unpainted floor - unpainted floor.
- if there is a dependent word;
Cochin[When?] last friday meadow; painted[When?] last friday floor; written[how?] oil paints portrait.
if the participle and verbal adjective are formed from a perfective verb (regardless of whether there are prefixes and dependent words);
Wed: decide[what to do?] - solved problem; quit[what to do?] - abandoned mine.
if participles and verbal adjectives end in -ovanny, -ovanny, and -ova-, -eva- are part of the verbal suffix.
Wed: pamper - spoiled, arrest - arrested, uproot - uprooted.
Exceptions: forged, chewed(-ov- is part of the root: cow-, chew-);
V exceptions(in some prefixless verbal adjectives or adjectives with the prefix non-): given, done, slow, sacred, desired, cutesy, arrogant, chased, pecked, desperate, cursed, unprecedented, unheard of, unexpected, unexpected, unexpected, awake.
Pay attention!
1) When forming a participle (verbal adjective) from a two-type verb to wound without a prefix and a dependent word, as a general rule, one letter n is written; if there is a prefix or dependent word - nn.
Wed: wounded soldier - a wounded soldier, a soldier wounded in the arm.
2) In complex words, where the second part is a verbal adjective, general rules apply. The presence of the first root does not matter: if there is no prefix before the second root, then one letter n is written, if there is a prefix before the second root, then nn is written.
Wed: freeze - freshly frozen fish; freeze - freshly frozen fish.
3) The words forged and chewed obey the general rules of writing n and nn: without a prefix or dependent word, one is written n, with a prefix or dependent words - nn.
Wed: forged chest, shod horse, shod on all four legs horse.
4) Do not confuse the main word for the participle (verbal adjective) and the words dependent on the participle (adjective)! The main thing for a participle (adjective) is the word from which the question is asked to this participle: horse[which?] forged; horse[which?] savvy. The presence or absence of the main word does not affect the spelling of n and nn! For the dependent word, the participle is already the main one, and it is from the participle that the question is asked: horse, shod[by whom?] a blacksmith. The presence or absence of a dependent word at the participle affects the spelling of n and nn!
5) One letter n is written in combinations imprisoned father, named brother only if they are phraseological units. Outside of such combinations of participles with prefixes, planted, named are written with two letters n.
Wed: It was planted by my father at my wedding. - The father, seated to the left of the groom, was gloomy; You will be called my brother. - Sergei, named after his grandfather, was proud of this.
6) The spelling n and n in participles and verbal adjectives, unlike adjectives formed from nouns, does not depend on the front vowel n, cf.:
adjectives formed from nouns: silver - solemn;
verbal adjectives and participles: written - written, wounded - wounded.
7) For memorization words that contain one letter n, you can use the following sentence:
On a windy day at Maslenitsa, in a cozy living room, the sedentary father introduced his named brother to a smart girl, a hard worker, a real beauty with a large dowry.
4. Spelling n and nn in short participles and adjectives:
A) in short participles one letter n is always written;
Wed: tied knot - the knot is tied; styled hair - hair is styled.
b) in short adjectives The same number of letters n are written as in the full forms.
Wed: valuable thing - a thing is valuable; green crops - green crops.
Pay attention!
In order to differentiate between a short participle and an adjective, the following must be taken into account:
1) If the short form is not formed from a verb, then it is, of course, a short adjective (and it will contain as much as in the full form):
sultry - sultry; worthy - worthy; valuable - valuable.
2) The short verbal form can be either a short participle or a short adjective.
A) The short verbal form would be communion(and it will contain one letter n) if:
- this form has a dependent word in the instrumental case:
the house was built by workers; the tour is organized by a well-known company; the child is spoiled by his parents;
- this form has a dependent infinitive, a dependent adverbial adverbial (except for the adverbial adverbial measure and degree):
she intends to go to university; she's well-mannered[Where?] in the monastery;
- a combination with a participle can be paraphrased using a verb.
Wed: the child is scared - the child was scared; she was raised in a monastery - she was raised in a monastery;
b) the short verbal form would be adjective(and it will contain the same number of letters n as in the full form), if it has a qualitative meaning, it gives a constant (qualitative) characteristic of a person or an inanimate object.
Wed: children are capricious and spoiled(this is their constant quality); the girl is modest and well-mannered (this is her constant quality).
5. Spelling n and nn in nouns and adverbs starting with -o, formed from participles and verbal adjectives:
A) in nouns and adverbs starting with -o, formed from participles and verbal adjectives, as many letters n are written as there are in full participles and verbal adjectives, cf.:
ONE letter N: confused y → confused ik, confused about; boiled → boiled ik; smoked → smoked awn; ice cream y → ice cream oe; martyred → martyred; scientist → scientist, scientist;
TWO letters H: given → given ic; dowry → dowerless; chosen → chosen one, chosen one; recessed → recessed; sacred → sacred; done → done about;
b) should remember noun spelling: toiler, dowry - dowryless, assigned.
-nn- are written:
1. In suffixes of full passive participles formed from non-verbs. type and used with dependent words:
fried potatoes, a well-thrown stone, a recently painted fence, a crocheted sweater.
2. In suffixes of full passive participles of the past tense and adjectives formed from verbs owls. type without prefixes and with prefixes (except non-):
a folded envelope, a confusing question, a ball thrown into a river, measured movements.
Exception: smart.
You should remember the spelling of words: named (brother), planted (father), dowry (bride), forgiven (Sunday), finished (man), which in modern Russian are not participles.
Compare:
Named after his grandfather Alexander,
The father, seated in a place of honor,
Replenishment assigned to a military unit.
Verbal adjectives with -ovanny, -yovanny are written with nn (i.e., having the suffixes -ova-nn-, -eva-nn-): spoiled child, uprooted area, risky act.
In the words forged, chewed, the spelling n or nn follows the general rule:
forged boot - (no dependent words, formed from a non-formative verb)
a ploughshare forged in a forge - (there is a dependent word “in the forge”)
bound door - (derived from the verb of the owl type). (-ov- and -ev- are part of the root).
Verbal adjectives are formed from prefixless verbs of the imperfect form and do not have explanatory words with them, except for adverbs of degree absolutely, very, absolutely, etc... Such verbal adjectives are written with one n:
fried potatoes (fry - v. non. species), painted roof, knitted scarf, clipped poodle.
The presence of a particle does not affect the writing: an uninvited guest, an unpainted roof, an uncut poodle.
In the presence of dependent words or prefixes, the meaning of participles that are written with nn is preserved.
Compare: Dried fish - (verbal adjective),
Sun-dried fish - (participle),
Dried fish - (participle).
The spelling of n or nn in complex adjectives follows the general rule: freshly painted (painted, uns. appearance), painted (painted, owl. appearance).
In combinations read - reread, washed - washed linen, etc. both words should be spelled with a single n for consistency.
Exceptions:
unprecedented slow sacred
unexpected done just a few
unexpected desired promised
unheard of cutesy plastered
accidentally minted
unexpected swagger
Brief summary of previous rules
nn are written in suffixes of passive past participles and adjectives formed from verbs.
1. There are prefixes, except non-dried flower
2. If the word is -ovanny, yovany canned vegetables
But: forged, chewed
3. There are dependent words: pan-fried pies
4. The word is formed from bes- abandoned (from the verb. throw) village
Prefix verb owl. kind of: wounded
5. In full passive trained, tested
Past participles
Pay attention!
The oath was kept = the oath was kept (can be replaced with a conjugated verb form), which means kept - a short passive participle.
The girl is very reserved and reserved (cannot be replaced with a conjugated verb form), which means reserved is a short adjective.
In short verbal adjectives, as many n are written as in full ones:
Absent-minded girl - the girl is absent-minded, a confused and unconvincing explanation - the explanation is confused and unconvincing.
Unlike short adjectives, short forms of passive past participles are always written with one n:
The softest and most touching poems (what happened to them?) were written by Russian poets about autumn. Raindrops (what happened to them?) are scattered on the glass.
- In the suffixes of passive past participles, two n are written; As a rule, these participles have prefixes or explanatory words. For example: a corrected manuscript, proofs corrected by a proofreader.
- The distinction between passive participles and adjectives formed from them (thus clarifying the issue of writing nn - n) is sometimes made not on a formal basis, but on semantic meaning. For example, in the sentence Being wounded, the soldier remained in service, the word wounded is written with two n, despite the absence of a prefix and explanatory words: it retains its verbal meaning, indicates not a permanent attribute-quality, but a temporary state, i.e. it is a participle , not an adjective; verbal adjectives do not denote actions and answer the questions: “which?”, “which?”, “which?”, “which?”.
On the contrary, in the combinations of ironed-re-ironed trousers, patched-re-patched fur coat, worn-worn suit, washed-rewashed linen, shot-re-shot sparrow, darned-re-darned stockings, etc. in the second part of complex formations, despite the presence of the prefix re-, it is advisable to write one n, since the complex word as a whole has the meaning of an adjective (high degree of quality), and not the meaning of “adjective + participle”.
When a participle changes into an adjective, the lexical meaning of the word can change, for example: a fidgety guy (fickle, frivolous), a finished person (no longer capable of anything else), a beautiful woman (beautiful, like in a picture).
Two n are written in prefixless participles formed from perfective verbs (abandoned, given, bought, deprived, captured, etc.), and in a few participles formed from imperfective verbs (seen, seen, heard, read, etc.).
- In short passive participles, unlike full participles, one n is written: During the period of palace coups in Russia, many favorites were brought closer to the court and elevated; You are always lucky, you seem to be spoiled by fate; The doctors were concerned about the patient's condition.
1. An old man (M. Isakovsky) sits near the birch trees torn out (presence of prefix and will explain, words) by shells. 2. Inside the fanza there are low stoves made (presence of prefix and explanatory words) made of stone with iron cauldrons embedded in them (presence of prefix and explanatory words) (V. Arsenyev). 3. The packs were canvas bags and camp boxes, upholstered in leather and painted (the presence of a prefix and will explain, words) with oil paint (V. Arsenyev). 4. You are spoiled (cr. Proverbs) by nature, she is partial to you (A. Pushkin). 5. She took out a decanter in which some herbs were infused (cr. acc.) and put it on the table (E. Popovkin). 6. Scattered along the mountainside (cr. Proverb) are daubed huts (A.N. Tolstoy). 7. I have all my money accounted for (cr. Proverbs), every ruble has its place (A. Ostrovsky). 8. For almost a month now, the population of the city has been alarmed (cr.) by the rumors that have spread. 9. He looked with some doubt, almost wary: before (adverb). 10. A shoddy (adj.; lack of prefix and explanatory words) horse does not stumble (Proverb). 11. I will command the parade. At one time you were notified (cr. Proverbs) about this by telegraph (I. Ilf and E. Petrov). 12. All the youth of the city were so in love (cr. Proverbs) with the secretary of the local committee of communal workers that this prevented her from collecting membership fees (I. Ilf and E. Petrov). 13. In front of me was a roughly knocked together (presence of prefix and will explain, words) and unhewn (adj.; absence of prefix and will explain, words) housing of logs (V. Bryusov).
In the section on the question NN is written in full passive past participles. What questions does it answer? given by the author European the best answer is To highlight a suffix in a participle, you first need to make sure that it is a participle. Questions about participles have nothing to do with suffixes. And any participle is formed from a verb and retains the meaning of an action, denoting the attribute of an object by its action.
NN is written only in full passive past participles in suffixes:
-NN-: heard from hear;, driven from driven; winnowed from winnowed;
-ENN- (-ENN-), -ENN- is considered a variant of the suffix -ENN- and is written only under the stress: built from build, seen from see; attracted from attract; illuminated from illuminate at the root alternation Ш//Т).
Please note:
if the verb in the infinitive ends in -AT or -YAT, then when forming participles, the infinitive suffixes -A- and -I- are preserved, the participle is formed by adding the suffix -NN- to the base of the infinitive: heardA+NNy; check+NNy;
if the infinitive ends in -ITE or -IT., then the suffix -E- or -I- is CUT OFF from the base of the infinitive and the participle is formed using the suffix -ENN- (-ЁНН-): built from build, seen from see, muffled from muffle .
From verbs not ending in -ATE, -YAT, -ET, -ITE, passive past participles are formed using the suffix -T- (many students completely forget about it): poured from vyiT (the letter And here in the root LI), pricked from prick .
The suffix is a bright morphemic sign of a participle. You will have fewer problems if you memorize all the participle suffixes. These are a few lines you need to learn (you can give your own examples):
active present participles have the suffixes -УШ- (-УШЧ-), -АШ- (-ЯШ): blooming from blooming, frightening from frightening; Screaming from shouting, building from building;
active past participles have the suffixes -ВШ-, -Ш-: built, brought;
passive participles of the present tense have the suffixes -OM- (-EM-), -IM-: read from read, carried from carry, visible from see;
Passive past participles have the suffixes -ENN- (-ЁНН-), -НН-, -Т-: prepared from prepare (at the root alternation VL//V, carried away from carry away, sown from sow, weeded from weeding.
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