ThePerson: Vladimir Dal, biography, life story, facts. Dahl's biography Message about in and out

Vladimir Ivanovich Dal, in addition to interesting, iconic works, gave Russian literature two unique and most important works, which to this day are considered the best in their genre: “Proverbs of the Russian People” and “Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language.” Such grandiose works, which entered the history of Russian literature, made his name truly immortal.

Vladimir Ivanovich Dal was born on November 10 (22), 1801 in the town of Lugansk plant, Yekaterinoslav province (hence the pseudonym Kazak Lugansky he took), where his father, a Dane, served as a doctor. The boy received a home education, and when he was ten years old, he was sent to the naval corps and, upon completion of the course in 1819, went to serve in the Black Sea Fleet, but soon transferred to the Baltic Fleet. In 1826, he left the service and entered the University of Dorpat, the Faculty of Medicine, where he studied together with Pirogov and Inozemtsev. After graduating from the university with a doctorate in medicine, on the occasion of the Turkish War in 1829, he enlisted as a doctor in the regiment, and participated in campaigns on the Danube and in Poland. Then he went to serve as a resident at the St. Petersburg military hospital, and two years later he went to the Orenburg region, which he studied well and subsequently published “The Natural History of the Orenburg Region.”

Vladimir Ivanovich began his literary experiments while still serving in the navy; composed folk tales and stories for sailors. In 1833, his “Russian Fairy Tales”, written in simple, accessible language, were published in the magazine. Instead of the author's true surname, there was a pseudonym - Kazak Lugansky.

Literary work attracted the writer, and he gave preference to it after completing his medical service.

In St. Petersburg, he got a job as an employee of several magazines, in which his “Hads and Fables” soon appeared, stories full of humor, “Soldier’s Leisure”, the story “Midshipman Kisses”, “Where you lose, you never stop”, “The Adventures of Christian Khristianovich Violdamur and his Arshet” "and many others. Soon the name of the original writer became known throughout Russia.

In 1837, the mortally wounded A.S. Pushkin died in the arms of Vladimir Ivanovich, whose death was described by V.I. Dal in the Moscow Medical Newspaper. In 1839, Dahl began compiling the “Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language” and devoted himself to scientific activities, without ceasing to write fiction. During this time, he compiled “Botany for students of military educational institutions” and his “Tales and Stories” were published.

In 1841, Vladimir Ivanovich again entered the service of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. From 1849 to 1859, he managed a specific office in Nizhny Novgorod, and then finally left the service and settled in Moscow.

Finally, in 1861, his famous work “Proverbs of the Russian People” was published, which represents a true treasury of sayings, phrases, and the diverse wealth of the Russian language. In 1862, the Explanatory Dictionary (in 4 parts) was also published, immortalizing the name of the author. Two years later he published the stories “Pictures from Russian Life,” and in 1871 a complete collection of his works was published.

Vladimir Ivanovich died in Moscow, at the 71st year of his life, shortly after the departure of his beloved wife.

Vladimir Ivanovich Dal is one of the most respected Russian writers. Dahl's works are extremely important and worthy of all attention. By turning to Dahl's works, we study the folk language in all its forms and in its full richness. V.I. Dal, with exceptional insight, realized that the time had come to study and improve our language, that we must move in this direction and it would be beneficial.

Possessing innate talent and having a serious education, Vladimir Ivanovich Dal was one of the most authoritative Russian writers. Nature endowed him with a sensitive mind. The type of activity did not bother him: physician, collector, naturalist, linguist, storyteller, administrator and, finally, an outstanding writer. Observation, knowledge of the life, customs, morals of the Russian people, clear style and vividness of presentation make the works of V.I. Dahl historical. We regard Dahl's work as a great heritage.

Vladimir Ivanovich Dal’s brief biography of the writer, doctor, lexicographer, creator of the “Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language” is presented in this article.

Vladimir Dal short biography for children

Vladimir Ivanovich Dal was born November 10, 1801 in the small village of Lugansk Plant (now Lugansk) in a highly educated family. His father was a doctor and linguist, and his mother was a pianist. She knew several languages and was interested in literature. Therefore, it is not at all surprising that Vladimir received a good education at home. Vladimir Dal was very attached with his heart and soul to his native land, and later he even took a pseudonym for himself - “Cossack Lugansky”. The first work was published under this pseudonym.

Vladimir Dal received his education at the St. Petersburg Naval Cadet Corps. After graduating from college in 1819, he went to serve in the navy. But soon after several years, Dahl decided to choose a completely different path - he began to seriously study medicine at the University of Dorpat (now the University of Tartu).

In 1828-1829 he took an active part in the Russian-Turkish war. Dahl acts on the front lines in battles, helps wounded soldiers, and operates on them in field hospitals. For such activities he was awarded, and Vladimir Ivanovich begins to work as a resident at the military land hospital in St. Petersburg. He is reputed to be an excellent doctor. Throughout his medical practice, including the military one, Dahl even wrote several sketches and articles.

Then Vladimir Dal took up literature seriously. In 1832, his “Russian Fairy Tales” was published. It's five o'clock." He began to make friends and acquaintances with famous poets and writers, such as: Gogol, Pushkin, Krylov, Zhukovsky and others. Together with Alexander Pushkin, Dal travels around Russia. He was present at the death of Alexander Pushkin, after the duel he treated him and participated in the autopsy of his body.

During his life, Vladimir Dal wrote more than 100 essays in which he talked about Russian life. The writer traveled a lot, so he knew Russian life.

Vladimir Ivanovich also compiled such textbooks as “Zoology”, “Botany”, and in 1838 he became an honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.

But Vladimir Dahl’s most voluminous and significant work was and remains the “Explanatory Dictionary,” which contains about 200 thousand words. The first volume of the Explanatory Dictionary was published in 1861.

From 1849 to 1859, Dal lived in Nizhny Novgorod, where he served as a manager in a specific office, but soon moved to Moscow. Here he published many articles and works. And in 1862, “Proverbs of the Russian People” was published.

Dal Vladimir Ivanovich(November 10 (22), 1801 - September 22 (October 4), 1872) - Ukrainian doctor, famous lexicographer and author of the “Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language.”

Vladimir Dal was born in the Yekaterinoslav province, in the Lugansk plant. The father was a Dane (Danish spelling of the surname: Dahl), who accepted Russian citizenship, a well-educated man, a linguist (he knew Hebrew, among other things), a theologian and a physician. Mother, Maria Dahl, is German, the daughter of translator Maria Ivanovna Freytag.

In 1814-1819 Dahl studied at the Naval Cadet Corps in St. Petersburg. After completing one course, he served in the navy for several years; retired and entered the University of Dorpat, Faculty of Medicine. His traveling life as a military doctor brought him into contact with residents of different regions of Russia, and allowed him to accumulate materials for the future “Explanatory Dictionary”. In 1831, Dahl took part in a campaign against the Poles, and distinguished himself while crossing the Riediger across the Vistula near Yuzefov. In the absence of an engineer, Dahl built a bridge, defended it during the crossing and then destroyed it himself. He received a reprimand from his superiors for failure to fulfill his direct duties, but Nicholas I awarded him an order. At the end of the war, he became a resident in St. Petersburg. military hospital. However, medicine did not satisfy Dahl, and he turned to literature, and became close friends with A.S. Pushkin, Zhukovsky, Krylov, Gogol, N.M. Yazykov, Prince. Odoevsky and others. The first experience (“Russian fairy tales. The first heel”, St. Petersburg, 1832 - a retelling of folk tales) already revealed ethnographic inclinations. This book brought trouble to the author. Based on Bulgarin’s denunciation, it was banned, and Dal was taken to the Third Department, but was released on the same day thanks to the intercession of Zhukovsky. Nevertheless, Dahl could not publish under his own name for a long time.

He served in Orenburg for seven years, traveled around the region and took part in the unfortunate Khiva campaign of 1839. In 1836 he came to St. Petersburg and was present here at the tragic death of Pushkin, from whom he received his talisman ring. All this time, Dahl did not abandon medicine, becoming especially addicted to ophthalmology and homeopathy (one of the first articles in defense of homeopathy belongs to Dahl: Sovremennik, 1838, No. 12).

In 1834-1839 Dahl releases his “Fairy Tales and Fables.” In 1838 he was chosen for his natural history work as a corresponding member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences; in 1841 he was appointed secretary to L. A. Perovsky, and then headed (privately) his special office as Minister of Internal Affairs. Together with N. Milyutin, he compiled and introduced the “City Regulations in St. Petersburg.” During this time he published articles:

“A word and a half about the current Russian language” (“Moskvityanin”, 1842, I, No. 2)
“Underweight” to this article (same, part V, No. 9)
brochures “On the Skoptsy Heresy” (1844, rare (another note on legislation against eunuchs was published in “Readings of General History, etc.” 1872, book IV.)
“On the killing of Christian babies by Jews” (1844)
story “The Adventures of X. X. Violdamur and his Arshet” (1844)
“Works of the Cossack Lugansk” (1846).

At the same time, Dahl compiled textbooks on botany and zoology for military institutions and published a number of stories and essays in the “Library for Reading”, “Otechest. Notes”, “Moskvityanine” and Bashutsky’s collection “Ours”, including articles:

“On Russian proverbs” (“Sovremennik”, 1847, book 6)
“On beliefs, superstitions and prejudices of Russian. people" ("Illustrated", 1845 - 46, 2nd ed. St. Petersburg, 1880)

In 1849 he was appointed manager of the Nizhny Novgorod appanage office and served in this post, which gave him the opportunity to observe a variety of ethnographic material, until 1859, when he retired and settled in Moscow. During this time the following articles and essays were published:

“On the dialects of the Russian language.” (“Vestn. Imp. G. Obshch.”, 1852, book 6; reprinted in the “Explanatory Dictionary”)
“Sailor's Leisure”, written on behalf of Prince. Konstantin Nikolaevich (St. Petersburg, 1853)
a number of articles about the dangers of literacy alone without education (“Russian Conversation”, 1856, book III; “Otech. Zap.”, 1857, book II; “SPb. Ved.”, 1857 No. 245)
a whole series of essays (100) from Russian life (separate publication “Pictures from Russian Life”, St. Petersburg, 1861)

In Nizhny, he prepared his “Proverbs” for publication and brought the dictionary to the letter P. Soon after moving to Moscow, his “Explanatory Words” began to be published. (1st ed. 1861 - 68; second ed. St. Petersburg 1880 - 82) and another major work of his life was published: “Russian Proverbs. people" (Moscow, 1862; 2nd ed. St. Petersburg, 1879). During this time, D.'s works and articles appeared in print;

“Complete collection. Op." (SPb., 1861;: 2nd ed. SPb., 1878 - 1884)
"Tales" (St. Petersburg, 1861)
“Soldiers’ Leisure” (2nd ed. St. Petersburg, 1861)
“Two forty old women for peasants” (St. Petersburg, 1862)
note about Russian dictionary (“Russian Conversation”, 1860, No. 1)
polemic with Pogodin about foreign words and Russian. spelling (“Pycskiy”, 1868, No. 25, 31, 39, 41)

In 1861, for the first issues of the Dictionary, he received the Constantine medal from the Emperor. geogr. generally, in 1868 he was elected as an honorary member of the Imp. acd. Sciences, and after the publication of the entire dictionary, he was awarded the Lomonosov Prize.

He gave the collected songs to Kireevsky, fairy tales to Afanasyev. The rich, best collection of Dahl's popular prints at that time arrived at the Imp. publ. library and was subsequently included in Rovinsky’s publications.

Neither the naval corps nor the medical faculty could provide Dahl with proper scientific training, and until the end of his days he remained a self-taught amateur. Dahl took his present path purely instinctively, and at first he collected materials without any specific scientific goals. Only personal relationships with the writers of Pushkin’s era, as well as with the Moscow Slavophiles, helped him realize his true calling and set certain goals for his activities. His dictionary, a monument to enormous personal energy, hard work and perseverance, is valuable only as a rich collection of raw material, lexical and ethnographic (various explanations of rituals, beliefs, cultural objects, etc.), unfortunately, not always reliable. Dahl could not understand (see his polemic with A.N. Pypin at the end of the IV volume of the Dictionary) that references to one “Russian ear”, to the “spirit of language”, “to the world, to all Rus'”, when it is impossible to prove , “were they in print, by whom and where were they spoken” words like posobos, posobka (from posobit), kolozemitsa, kazotka, glazoem, etc., do not prove anything and do not elevate the value of the material. The words of Dahl himself are characteristic: “from time immemorial I was in some kind of discord with grammar, not knowing how to apply it to our language and alienating it not so much out of reason, but out of some dark feeling, so that it would not confuse”, etc. d. (a parting word to the Dictionary). This discord with grammar could not but affect his Dictionary, arranged according to the etymological system of “nests,” which was reasonable at its core, but was beyond Dahl’s strength. Because of this, he has “drawbar” (borrowed from German Deichsel) in connection with breathe, breathe, “space” - with “simple”, etc. However, Dahl’s Dictionary is still the only and precious a guide for everyone studying Russian. Dal was one of the first to study Russian dialectology and was an excellent practical expert on Russian dialects, able to determine the speaker’s place of residence from two or three spoken words, but could never use this knowledge and give a scientific description of the dialectical features familiar to him. As a fiction writer, Dahl is now almost completely forgotten, although at one time he was highly regarded by such connoisseurs as V. G. Belinsky, I. S. Turgenev and others.

His numerous stories suffer from a lack of real artistic creativity, deep feeling and a broad view of the people and life. Dal did not go further than everyday pictures, anecdotes caught on the fly, told in a unique language, smartly, lively, with a certain humor, sometimes falling into mannerism and jokes, and his main merit in this area lies in the widespread use of ethnographic material. Some of Dahl’s essays have not lost their ethnographic value to this day. ()

Vladimir Ivanovich Dal was born on November 10 (22), 1801 in the village of Lugansk Plant (now Lugansk) into a highly educated family. His father was a doctor and linguist, and his mother was a pianist, knew several languages, and was interested in literature. Vladimir Ivanovich received an excellent education at home.

In 1814, Dahl entered the St. Petersburg Naval Cadet Corps. After graduating in 1819, he went to serve in the navy. After several years of military service, Dahl, whose biography changed the course, entered the medical faculty of the University of Dorpat (now the University of Tartu).

Military service and medical practice

With the outbreak of the Russian-Turkish War, Dahl had to interrupt his studies. Having passed his exams ahead of schedule, Vladimir Ivanovich went to the front. During the war of 1828-1829, as well as the Polish campaign of 1831, Dahl showed himself to be a talented doctor. He took part in battles, helped the wounded, and operated in field hospitals.

Awarded with awards, in 1832 Dahl began working at the military land hospital in St. Petersburg as a resident. Vladimir Ivanovich becomes known as a brilliant surgeon. During the war period, as well as during his medical practice, the writer Dahl created several articles and sketches. In 1832, “Russian Fairy Tales. It's five o'clock."

Civil service

In 1833, Dahl was transferred to Orenburg, appointed to the post of official of special assignments under the military governor V.A. Petrovsky. The writer traveled a lot around the Southern Urals, collecting folklore materials that formed the basis of his works.

An important event in Dahl's short biography was his acquaintance with Alexander Pushkin. Together with the poet, Vladimir Ivanovich traveled to Pugachev’s places. Dahl was present at the death of Pushkin, treated him after his duel with Dantes, and participated in the autopsy.

In 1838, Vladimir Ivanovich became a member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.

In 1841, Dahl returned to St. Petersburg, served as secretary under L. Petrovsky, and then as head of a special office under the Minister of Internal Affairs. Since 1849, the writer has run a specific office in Nizhny Novgorod.

Last years and death of the writer

In 1859, Dahl resigned and settled in Moscow. In 1861 - 1868, the most significant and voluminous work in the biography of Vladimir Ivanovich was published - “Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language,” containing approximately 200 thousand words. Being well acquainted with many professions, crafts, signs and sayings, Dahl put all his knowledge into his work. In 1862, the ethnographer’s second landmark book, “Proverbs of the Russian People,” was published.

Vladimir Ivanovich Dal died on September 22 (October 4), 1872 in Moscow. The writer was buried at the Vagankovskoye cemetery.

Other biography options

Dal fell in love with his picturesque native places - the Lugansk region, with all his soul, and later even took the pseudonym Cossack Lugansky.
Among Dahl's close friends were such famous personalities as Gogol, Krylov, Zhukovsky. At the cadet school, Vladimir Ivanovich studied with the future Decembrist D. Zavalishin and Admiral P. Nakhimov.
Before his death, Pushkin gave Dahl a gold talisman ring with an emerald.
During his biography, Vladimir Dal wrote more than a hundred essays in which he talked about Russian life, compiled textbooks “Botany” and “Zoology”, and created a collection of fairy tales for children.
In 1869, Dahl's dictionary was awarded the Lomonosov Prize.
see all

Biography and episodes of life Vladimir Dal. When born and died Vladimir Dal, memorable places and dates of important events of his life. Scientist Quotes, photos and videos.

Years of life of Vladimir Dahl:

born November 10, 1801, died September 22, 1872

Epitaph

“Alas, it has become a blind fashion
Call nature nature
And two hundred thousand words of relatives
Exchange for several imported ones
Words, opposite, alien.
Oh, how would we live without Dahl?
Who would Pushkin ask?
Can you lift it without any strength?
From a poem by poet Alexei Reshetov about Vladimir Dal

Biography

It's surprising, but the man who created the most famous dictionary of the Russian language was actually a doctor of Danish origin. Vladimir Dahl's father, Johan Christian von Dahl, accepted Russian citizenship only at the age of 35 and took the Russian name Ivan. Vladimir Dal himself always considered himself a truly Russian person and dedicated his life to his country.

Vladimir Dal was born in Lugansk (now Ukraine). Today there is a Dahl Museum in Lugansk; a university is named after him, opposite which there is a monument to the great Russian scientist. Dahl spent his childhood in Nikolaev, but as a teenager he entered the Naval Corps in St. Petersburg, after which he became an officer. Dahl's health did not allow him to devote himself to naval service, so he decided to become a doctor. As a military doctor, he participated in several military campaigns.

Like his parents, Dahl was a polyglot. His father, in addition to Russian and German, spoke English, French, Yiddish, Latin, etc., and even worked as a librarian at the court of Catherine II. Vladimir’s mother, Maria Dal, also spoke five languages. The future compiler of Vladimir Dahl's explanatory dictionary spoke Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, German, French, Serbian and other languages, and during his service in the Orenburg region he even learned Bashkir and Kazakh. It is not surprising that in addition to the fame of a brilliant doctor, Dahl soon gained fame as a talented linguist.

It is believed that Dahl was pushed to the idea of compiling an “Explanatory Dictionary” by Alexander Pushkin, whom Vladimir Ivanovich met in 1832. Pushkin was delighted with how much material Dahl had collected during his travels around Russia, and said that he was simply obliged to compile a dictionary that did not exist, a dictionary of the living Great Russian language. And despite the fact that Vladimir Dahl’s first literary experiments were perceived negatively (solely for political reasons), the scientist decided to devote many years of his life to this matter. When Vladimir Dal retired and settled in Moscow, he was already at the letter “P”. After this, he was able to devote himself entirely to completing the dictionary. The dictionary was first published in 1861, the last issues were published in 1868. Today, its works of fiction and journalism, with the exception of the dictionary, amount to eight volumes.

At the time of his death, Vladimir Dahl was almost 72 years old; he finished the dictionary five years before his death. Dahl lived a long, fruitful life, and the cause of his death was a second stroke. Vladimir Dahl's funeral took place at the Vagankovskoye cemetery, where Dahl's grave is now located. October 4 - and this is the date of death of Vladimir Dahl according to the new calendar - is the day of memory of Vladimir Dahl.

On the left is a monument to Dahl in Lugansk near the Eastern Ukrainian University, on the right is a monument to Dahl and Pushkin in Orenburg

Life line

November 10, 1801 Date of birth of Vladimir Ivanovich Dahl.
1814-1819 Studying at the St. Petersburg Naval Cadet Corps.
1826 Admission to the University of Dorpat at the Faculty of Medicine.
1827 Publication of Dahl’s first poems in the magazine “Slavyanin”.
1829 Participation in hostilities during the Russian-Turkish War as a military doctor.
1830 V. Dahl’s first story “Gypsy” was published in the Moscow Telegraph.
1831 Participation in the Polish campaign.
1832 Serving as a resident at the St. Petersburg Military Ground Hospital, publishing a book about Russian fairy tales, arrest and release of Dahl under the patronage of Vasily Zhukovsky.
1833 Marriage to Julia Andre and moving to Orenburg.
1833-1839 Publication of the book “There were stories and tales of the Cossack Lugansky.”
1834 Birth of son Leo.
1838 Birth of daughter Julia; election of V. Dahl as a corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences in the physics and mathematics department.
1839-1840 Participation in the Khiva campaign of the Russian army as a military doctor.
1840 Marriage to Ekaterina Sokolova.
1841 Birth of daughter Maria.
1843 Birth of daughter Olga.
1845 Birth of daughter Catherine.
1849 Appointment as manager of the Nizhny Novgorod specific office and move to Nizhny Novgorod.
1859 Leaving service and moving to Moscow.
1861-1868 Years of publication of Vladimir Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary.
1863 V. Dahl was awarded the title of honorary member of the Academy of Sciences in the natural science department.
1868 Election of V. Dahl as an honorary member of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature.
1871 The first blow and the transition from Lutheranism to Orthodoxy.
September 22, 1872 Date of death of Vladimir Dahl.

Memorable places

1. Lugansk, where Vladimir Dal was born.
2. Memorial plaque in honor of Dal in Nikolaev at the intersection of Budyonny and Dal streets.
3. Dahl House, today the house-museum of V.I. Dahl in Lugansk.
4. Dahl Museum in Moscow.
5. Monument to Dahl in Lugansk, near the Eastern Ukrainian University. V. I. Dalya.
6. Monument to Dahl and Pushkin in Orenburg.
7. Dahl’s house in Moscow, where he lived the last years of his life.
8. Vagankovskoe cemetery, where Dal is buried.

Episodes of life

In 1832, Dahl was transferred to the military land hospital in St. Petersburg. He soon gained fame as a wonderful surgeon and especially an ophthalmologist. All his operations were successful. An important role was played by the fact that Dahl was equally good with both hands, and therefore he was often invited to other hospitals when it was more convenient to perform the operation with his left hand.

When Pushkin was wounded in a duel, Vladimir Dal came to him. The poet died in Dahl's arms - he spent three days at the bedside of his dying friend, but was unable to save him. Before his death, Pushkin gave Dahl his talisman ring with an emerald. Vladimir Ivanovich tried to refuse, to which Pushkin replied: “Take it, friend, I won’t write anymore.” Later, Vladimir Dal admitted to the poet Vladimir Odoevsky: “When I look at this ring, I want to start doing something decent.” After Pushkin’s funeral, Dahl wrote an article in which he justified himself: “Wounds to the stomach are fatal... Maybe someday doctors will learn to save those wounded in the stomach, but until now I have not seen such miracles.” Perhaps it was the death of a friend that influenced Dahl so much that he almost left medicine, devoting himself first to bureaucratic service and then to work on a dictionary.

A few years before his death, Vladimir Dal and the writer Pavel Melnikov-Pechersky, Dal’s biographer, walked near the Vagankovskoye cemetery, which was located not far from the house on Presnya where Dal lived. Suddenly Vladimir Ivanovich, pointing to the cemetery, said: “So I’ll lie down here.” Melnikov-Pechersky remarked: “They won’t let you in there,” meaning that Dahl was a Lutheran. “They will let me in,” he replied, “I will die Orthodox in form, even though I have been Orthodox in my beliefs since my youth.” This conversation took place in the late 60s, and in 1871 Dahl had a slight stroke, after which he invited a priest to come to him and converted to Orthodoxy.

Testaments

“The church is not in logs, but in ribs.”

“Neither nickname, nor religion, nor blood itself makes a person a member of one or another nationality. The spirit, the soul of a person is where one must look for his belonging to one or another people. How can one determine the identity of a spirit? Of course, a manifestation of the spirit - thought. Whoever thinks in what language belongs to that people. I think in Russian."

“I loved my Fatherland and gave it what I owed according to my strength.”

Documentary film “Vladimir Dal - Collector of Words”

Condolences

“He was, first of all, a man of what is called a jack of all trades. Whatever Dahl undertook, he managed to master everything.”
Nikolai Pirogov, Russian surgeon, anatomist