Typical errors in the Russian language: grammatical, speech and spelling. Types of speech and grammatical errors

Grammar mistake– this is a violation of the norms of word formation, inflection, construction of phrases and sentences.

Grammar mistake

I . Grammatical errors in word structure may be associated with incorrect word formation and morphology.

1) Errors in word formation are the incorrect formation of a word according to the models available in the language, when the writer or speaker uses the wrong suffix or the wrong prefix, “loses” a morpheme, invents words that do not exist in the language and does not motivate this in any way: fawns, mocks, slipped

2) Errors in the formation of word forms appear when the speaker or writer changes the word in a way that is not typical for him. Each part of speech has its own difficult cases of formation. Let's look at examples of errors.

a) Noun: formation of the plural form ( engineer, contract); forms R.p. plural (hollows, bottoms, socks, stockings).

b) Adjective: formation of the form of degrees of comparison ( more impressive, deepest).

c) Pronouns: formation of possessive pronoun forms their(theirs, theirs); the use of the initial letter “n” in 3rd person pronouns ( thanks to him, instead of her).

d) Numeral name: declension of cardinal numerals ( with five hundred and sixty-seven subjects); Declension of ordinal numbers ( in two thousand eight); use of collective numerals ( two participants, both functions).

e) Verbs: use of colloquial forms ( measures, pinches); formation of forms of 1st person ( I'll win, I'll vacuum); formation of participles ( sleeping, eating).

II. Grammatical errors in the structure of the phrase.

a) Violation of approval norms: Described the types of essays used in Russian language lessons.

b) Violation of management norms, that is, placing the dependent word in a different case ( laughs at me, head of the department, I missed you), incorrect use of prepositions when forming the case form of a dependent word ( pay for participation in the conference).

III.Grammatical errors in sentence structure.

1) Violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate ( Those whoresearched verbal aggression, came to the conclusion...; The relationship between the theme and the main idea of the text becomes obvious to me.).

2) Violations of the way of expressing the predicate ( I found a quote in the article thatfriend ).

3) Errors in constructing sentences with homogeneous members: the use of a common object with homogeneous predicates when they require different cases of the dependent word ( We love and are passionate about psychology); use as a homogeneous phrase and subordinate clause ( This was an article written by I. Brandt and which I studied).

4) Errors in constructing sentences with participial phrases ( The data presented in the article...).

5) Errors in constructing sentences with adverbial verbs ( After reading the text, it seems to me that...; After studying the statistics, the conclusions have changed).

6) Errors in the construction of complex sentences ( The research data is reflected in the publications that he received during many years of practice).

7) Errors in transmitting someone else’s speech ( Academician L. Shcherba wrote that: “Replicas are absolutely not characterized by complex sentences, which are the domain of only a monologue»).

8) Violation of word order in a sentence ( He not only studied written speech, but also oral).

Speech error– this is the incorrect use of a linguistic unit: a word, phraseological unit, phrase. Such errors are associated with a poor or passive vocabulary, the inability to choose the right word to express a thought, the use of speech cliches, and the inability to eliminate the possibility of ambiguous understanding of a phrase due to the context.

Types of grammatical errors

Prepositions according to, contrary to, thanks to, contrary to used with D. p. (not R. p.)

ERROR: according to schedule I , contrary to the order A

Incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition

Remember the mistakes

Upon arrival, upon departure, upon departure

Upon completion, upon return, upon completion

NORMAL: upon arrival, upon arrival

Incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition

The preposition software can be used from places. 1 and 2 l. in pp.

NORMA: I miss us, you.

Incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition

Omitting a preposition.

On water, land and air- we are everywhere

protected. (in the air)

The meaning of the preposition.

Thanks to We stayed at home due to bad weather.

(as a result, due to)

Incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition

Management can be prepositional (belief in victory) and non-prepositional (slow down progress).

An error occurs when an incorrect choice is made

case or preposition.

ERROR: peculiar to us,

confidence in victory, the problem of security.

Errors in sentences whose subordinate parts begin with the conjunction words WHO, NOBODY.

WHO AND NOBODY is used with singular verbs.

Those, who have been to the city, could not help but admire

Those who has been to the city, couldn't help but admire

by sea.

Disruption of connection between subject and predicate

The predicate must be in the plural if it is expressed by adj. or par.

ERROR: A number of scenes in the play are true and

interesting.

Disruption of connection between subject and predicate

The predicate must be plural if the subject contains 2,3,4

ERROR: Three books are on the table.

Disruption of connection between subject and predicate

The predicate coming after homogeneous subjects must be in the plural.

ERROR: Industry and agriculture are developing steadily.

Disruption of connection between subject and predicate

If collected noun. does not have controlled words, then the predicate must be in the singular.

3. Violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application

The names of works, paintings, films, enclosed in quotation marks, do not change if there is a noun next to them. – genre designation.

ERROR: In the movie "War and Peace"

S. Bondarchuk played the role of Pierre.

Violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application

If adverbial noun is missing, the proper name is changed.

ERROR: In “War and Peace” S. Bondarchuk played the role of Pierre.

If homogeneous predicates have one dependent word, you need to check whether they can control it.

ERROR: During the war, people hoped and

believed in victory.

(hoped to win)

Error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members

Violation of the homogeneity of concepts.

The mountainside we were descending, covered with thick ferns, was very steep.

He remembered the taiga and how he hunted a bear.

I love football and swimming.

His conclusions are simple and clear.

Error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members

Double conjunctions cannot be changed.

ERROR: They answered well as young men, but

also girls.

It is necessary to check the place of homogeneous members in double unions.

ERROR: I not only read newspapers, but also magazines.

Error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members

You cannot mix generic and specific concepts or combine incompatible ones.

There were crucian carp, carp and fish in the boat.

He came with his wife and a bad mood.

Error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members

Violation of case forms of a generalizing word and one-word terms

ERROR: The meeting was attended by representatives of three countries: England, France, Italy.

A gerund phrase cannot be used if the action expressed by the predicate verb and the action expressed by the gerund refer to different persons.

ERROR: Using a calculator, the calculation is done quickly.

Incorrect construction of sentences with participles

The adverbial phrase cannot be used in an impersonal sentence

ERROR: Walking in the evening, I didn’t feel well.

Incorrect construction of sentences with participles

The adverbial phrase cannot be used in a sentence with a passive construction.

ERROR: Having delivered the necessary medications, the plane will be inspected by technicians.

Incorrect construction of sentences with participles

Error when the aspectual form of the verb and the gerund are not correlated.

ERROR: Meeting with the grandmaster, the young chess player won.

Breakup of the proverb by the defined word.

ERROR: Mom's pancakes were delicious.

Violation in the construction of sentences with participial phrases

Violation of agreement with a defined word.

ERROR: We are proud of the players who defeated the English team.

Violation in the construction of sentences with participial phrases

Replacing passive participles with active ones.

ERROR: The task we are performing does not cause any difficulties.

You cannot use 1st and 2nd person pronouns in the subordinate clause.
ERROR: The student said I'm not ready yet.

Incorrect construction of sentences with indirect speech

Redundancy of unions

ERROR: He was constantly asked if he would complete the work he started.

He asked where his things were.

In the story “The Jumper,” Chekhov condemns idleness.
He loved and was passionate about reading.
Great care needs to be taken towards children.
My desk neighbor asked who would go to football with me.
came to our city and admired its provincial simplicity.
The sun illuminated the mountain peaks covered with snow.
Having rested a little, the work began to be completed faster.

Check yourself I

1. In the story “The Jumper,” Chekhov condemns idleness.

violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application

2. He loved and was passionate about reading.

error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members

3. Great care must be taken towards children.

incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition

4. My desk neighbor asked who would go to football with me.

incorrect construction of sentences with indirect speech

5. Whoever came to our city admired its provincial simplicity.

disruption of the connection between subject and predicate

6. The sun illuminated the mountain peaks covered with snow.

violation in the construction of sentences with participial phrases

7. Having rested a little, the work began to be completed faster.

violation in the construction of sentences with participial phrases

Types of grammatical errors

Examples of errors

Correct option/rule

Errors in management

Incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition

* Pay for travel

I miss you

*according to the order,

on arrival

(to whom; to what?)

Lagodarya

According to

Upon arrival e, arrive And, completed And, expiration And, return And(in pp.)

Disruption of connection between subject and predicate

Mixing constructions of main and subordinate clauses

*MSU completed O reception

*The chair-bed stood A

*Came good doctor Ivanova.

No one, not even excellent students, decided And.

*Those, (who was late), didn't look movie.

Main word-m.r.

Main word-sr.r

Polezh.-zh.r./Tale-zh.r.

Nobody decided

They didn't look to see who was late.

Errors in constructing sentences with homogeneous members

1.Use of general salary at o.ch.p. , requiring different management

2. Incorrect word order in a sentence with double conjunctions

3. Use of double conjunctions in a distorted form

4. Redundancy of allied funds

5. Elimination of not only identical, but also different prepositions

6. Discrepancy between the form of the generalizing word and the o.c.p.

7. Uniting “unequal” components in a homogeneous series.

* Graduate student is engaged selection and observation over the facts.

*Living branches are not only unsuitable for starting a fire, but also for maintaining it.

*Living branches are not suitable Not only for starting a fire, and to maintain it.

*The owner was surprised, but nevertheless remained silent.

*Concerts took place IN theaters, parks, stadiums.

*She raised five children: two boys and three girls.

* Found / lost yesterday / dog and ( which the neighbors were looking for)

Selection (what?)

Observation (over what?)

not only for breeding, but also for maintenance.

Not only but

Both and

but nonetheless

ON stadiums

Two boys and three girls

Or 2 /p.o/, or 2 subordinate clauses!!!

Error in constructing a sentence with a participial phrase

- torn apart by a qualifying word

Incorrect agreement of the participle with the word being defined

*They were visible/floating from afar logs on water/

We saw logs, floating their on water

Logs /floating on water/

Error in constructing a sentence with an adverbial phrase

The participle and the verb must have the same character

* Flipping through album, me got caught two photos

Flipping through album, I saw two photos.

Violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application

- the application should be in Im.p. in the presence of a qualifying noun, and in its absence - in the required case.

*In the novel "The Captain's Daughter" Pushkin reflected the events of the 18th century.

*IN "Captain's daughter" the main character is P. Grinev.

In the novel "Captain's daughter"..

IN "The Captain's Daughter"...

Error in constructing a complex sentence

- with attributive clause(it refers to the last noun in the main)

-using compound conjunctions in a distorted form

-redundancy of allied means

*The seminar was organized by Professor Matveev, who passed very interesting.

* Before to write a letter, he searched for the right words for a long time.

* He asked, What is where his things.

* I don't know, What we can whether we find a common language

Professor Matveev organized seminar that took place very interesting

Before as

In order to

Instead of

Before

Since

Similar to

In view of the fact that

Due to the fact that despite the fact that

He asked, Where his things.

I don't know if we can whether we will find...

Indirect speech

Direct speech	Means of communication when replaced with indirect one	Indirect speech
Declarative sentence * « I I’ll wait for you somewhere nearby,” said Valya.		Valya said thatshe will be waiting for me nearby.*
Incentive offer *Ivan asked: “Name, Lyuba, all the members of the headquarters and describe each of them.”	to	* Ivan asked Lyuba to name all the members of the headquarters and describe each of them.”
Interrogative sentence “Aren’t you thinking of playing hide and seek with me?” Vanya said with annoyance.		*Vanya said with annoyance, am I thinking of playing hide and seek with him?

In indirect

Direct speech	Examples of errors	Indirect speech
He said:		He said,that he will do this work for me.
He said:"Come early."		He said,so that I come early.
You ask:		You ask,
I'm asking:“Were you at the institute yesterday?”		I'm asking,were you at the institute yesterday?

5. fall; the shades they express are conveyed only approximately by other lexical means, for example:

1. If direct speech is declarative sentence, then when replacing it with indirect speech, the conjunction that is used, for example:

*The servant entered and announced that the horses had been served (P.). (Wed: The servant entered and announced: “The horses have been served”).

2. If direct speech is incentive offer, then when replacing it with indirect speech, the conjunction so is used, for example:

*Tell him to get out... (Ch.). (Wed: Say: “Get out...”).

3.If direct speech is interrogative sentence, then when replacing it with indirect speech, two cases are possible:

a) when present in direct speech interrogative pronominal words they are preserved in indirect speech in the role of relative words, for example: They drove up to the hut and asked, Where here to find the economic part (Furm.). (Wed: They drove up to the hut and asked: “ Where can I find the economic part here?”).

b) in the absence of interrogative pronominal words in direct speech, an indirect question is expressed using the particle whether as a conjunction, for example: The general inquired if I was the son of Andrei Petrovich Grinev (P.). (Cf.: The general inquired: “Are you the son of Andrei Petrovich Grinev?” or “Aren’t you the son of Andrei Petrovich Grinev?”).

4. Indirect In speeches, personal and possessive pronouns and verb persons are used from the point of view of the author, and not from the person speaking, for example:

Direct speech	Examples of errors	Indirect speech
He said:"I'll do this job for you."	He said I will do this work for you.	He said,which will do the job for me.
He said:"Come early."	He said come early.	He said,so that I come early.
You ask:“When will you give me back my book?”	You are asking when you will return my book to me.	You ask,when I return your book to you.
I'm asking:“Were you at the institute yesterday?”	I ask that you were at the institute yesterday?	I'm asking,were you at the institute yesterday?

5.Addresses, interjections, emotional particles, available in direct speech, in indirect speech fall; the shades they express are conveyed only approximately by other lexical means, for example.

Grammatical errors occur when the rules of the Russian language are not followed, which sometimes gives speech an unflattering sound. We cannot always convey a beautifully presented idea to our interlocutor if we allow such inaccuracies in oral and written speech. By remembering the rules in speech patterns, you can avoid the occurrence of grammatical errors in order to speak or write beautifully, elegantly and expressively. A grammatical error is the weakest point in completing tasks in the Russian language, so in this article we will look at them in more detail.

A little theory

Grammatical errors are errors in the structures of linguistic units, in the structures of words, phrases, and sentences. These also include violations of one or another grammatical norm: morphological, word-formation or syntactic. Below you can take a closer look at the table, which shows options for such a violation as a grammatical error. Study the examples of incorrect use of words and their combinations carefully. Try to remember simple rules that will be useful in later life when constructing beautiful dialogues.

Grammatical errors

No.	Type of error	Example
1	Erroneous word formations	Hardworking, you mock me
2	Erroneous formations of noun forms	Various miracles of electronics, not enough time
3	Erroneous formations of adjective forms	More attractive, beautiful
4	Erroneous formations of numeral forms	With six hundred rubles
5	Erroneous formations of pronoun forms	Their neighbor, their urchins
6	Erroneous formations of verb forms	They walk around, unwillingly, writing about what happened
7	Negotiation violations	He knows a lot of girls who do needlework
8	Control violations	You need to make your speech more correct. Tells readers
9	Violations of connections between subjects and predicates	A minority objected to such an assessment of his creation
10	Violations of ways of expressing predicates in individual constructions	He wrote a novel that is epic
11	Errors in sentences with homogeneous members	The team loved and was proud of the goalkeeper. In the letter I wanted to show the importance of competitions and why I love them
12	Errors in sentences with participial phrases	Reading the article, I get this feeling...
13	Errors in sentences with participial phrases	The wide road was covered with snow falling under the boots
14	Errors in constructing complex sentences	This book made me respect and appreciate my parents, which I read in my youth. It seemed to me that this...
15	Violation of sentence boundaries	And when the hero came to his senses. It was too late.
16	Mixing indirect and direct speech	The author wrote that I agree with this reviewer’s opinion

Conclusion

Studying the grammatical rules of the language and cases of their violation will allow you to make your speech more accurate and expressive. Your cultural level as a native speaker will increase. Indeed, beautiful, pure speech, in compliance with all the rules and norms of the literary language, is distinguished by logic, richness, purity and euphony. Believe me, in conversation and writing, grammatical errors (and any others) do not look very dignified, so remember the simple rules and try to speak and write beautifully!

Error classification

Grammatical errors (G)– these are errors in the structure of a linguistic unit: words, phrases or sentences, i.e. violation of any grammatical norm - word formation, morphological, syntactic.

No.

Type of error Examples

Incorrect word formation. Erroneous formation of forms of a noun, adjective, numeral, pronoun, verb (personal forms of verbs, active and passive participles, gerunds).

Noble ness, miracle technology, according to d cherk, above laugh; more interesting, more beautiful; With five hundred rubles; juggled both hands, theirs pathos, around his there is nothing; How many We have lost our moral principles due to the loss of spirituality; them moves feeling of compassion; streams of water, flowable down, struck the author of the text; higher onto the stage, the singers bowed.

Violation of approval norms

I know a group of guys who are seriously into... imisya jazz.

Violation of management norms

We need to make nature more beautiful. Everyone was surprised at him by force.

Disruption of the connection between the subject and the predicate or the way of expressing the predicate

The main thing I want to pay attention to now is artistic side of the work. He wrote a book that epic. Everyone was glad, happy and funny.

Errors in constructing sentences with homogeneous members

A country loved And was proud poet.

In the essay I wanted to say about the meaning of sports and why I love it.

Errors in constructing sentences with participles

Reading the text, such a feeling of empathy arises.

Errors in constructing sentences with participial phrases

The narrow path was covered failing snow under your feet.

Errors in the construction of complex sentences

This book taught me to appreciate and respect friends, which I read as a child.

It seemed to the man That that this is a dream.

Violation of sentence boundaries

He was not accepted into the basketball team. Because he was short.

Violation of the types of tense correlation of verb forms

Freezes for a moment the heart and suddenly will knock again.

Omitting a sentence member (ellipsis)

At the meeting there was accepted (?) hold a cleanup day.

Errors associated with the use of particles: separation of a particle from the component of the sentence to which it belongs

It would be nice if the picture showed would artist's signature. In the text Total two problems are revealed.

Speech errors (P)– these are errors not in the construction of a sentence, not in the structure of a linguistic unit, but in its use, most often in the use of a word, i.e. a violation of lexical norms. This is pleonasm, tautology, speech cliches, inappropriate use of colloquial vocabulary, dialectisms, jargon; expressive means, non-discrimination of paronyms. Errors in the use of homonyms, antonyms, synonyms, polysemy not eliminated by the context.

No.

Type of error Examples

Using a word in a meaning that is unusual for it

We were shocked wonderful acting. Thanks to fire, the forest burned down.

Unjustified use of dialect and colloquial words

Such people always succeed burn others. Oblomov did nothing all day long played the fool.

Poor use of pronouns

The text was written by V. Belov. He refers to artistic style; I immediately had a picture of his imagination.

The use of words of a different stylistic coloring; mixing vocabulary from different eras; inappropriate use of clerical language, expressive, emotionally charged words, outdated vocabulary, jargon, inappropriate use of phraseological units

By idea author, the hero wins; Molchalin works secretary of Famusov; In the novel by A.S. Pushkin take place lyrical digressions; Author every now and then resorts to the use of metaphors and personifications. If I were there, then for such an attitude towards my mother I would cupcake V gnawing would give; Zoshchenko don't put your finger in your mouth, but let me just make the reader laugh.

Failure to distinguish shades of meaning introduced into a word by prefix and suffix

In such cases I I glance to the dictionary.

Failure to distinguish between paronyms and synonymous words; errors in the use of antonyms when constructing an antithesis; destruction of the figurative meaning of a phraseological unit in an unsuccessfully organized context

Were accepted spectacular measures; The name of this poet familiar in many countries; The third part of the text is not funny, but also not a major motive makes us think; the record hasn't said its thing yet last word.

Violation of lexical compatibility

Use of unnecessary words, including pleonasm

Young young man; Very beautiful.

Using nearby or closely related words (tautology)

In that the story is told about real events.

Unjustified repetition of a word

Hero story does not think about his actions. Hero He doesn’t even understand the depth of what he has done.

Poverty and monotony of syntactic structures

When the writer came to the editorial office, he was accepted by the editor-in-chief. When they talked, the writer went to the hotel.

Use of unnecessary words, lexical redundancy

Then so that you can smile, about it Our bookstore will take care of it.

Logical errors (L). Logical errors are associated with a violation of the logical correctness of speech. They arise as a result of a violation of the laws of logic, committed both within one sentence, judgment, and at the level of the entire text.

No.

Type of error Examples

Comparison (contrast) of two logically heterogeneous (different in scope and content) concepts in a sentence or text

Attended the lesson director, librarian, and Anna Petrovna Ivanova And Zoya Ivanovna Petrova; He leaned his back to the battery; Behind good studies and raising children parents students received letters of gratitude from the school administration.

Violation of cause-and-effect relationships

In recent years so many done to modernize education, but teachers work in the old way, because Issues of modernization of education are being resolved weak.

A missing link in an explanation, a “logical leap.”

It is hardly possible to block the flow of people through our yard. [?] How I want the yard to be an adornment for both the school and the village.

Rearranging parts of the text (if it is not due to the assignment for the essay or presentation)

It's time to return this word to its true meaning! Honor... But how to do this?

Unjustified substitution of the person from whom the story is told (for example, first from the first, then from the third person)

Comparison of logically incomparable concepts

Syntax encyclopedic articles are excellent from other scientific articles.

Composition and text errors

Bad start

The text begins with a sentence containing an indication of the previous context, which is absent in the text itself, by the presence of demonstrative word forms in the first sentence, for example: In this text the author ...

Errorsin the main part

a) Bringing together relatively distant thoughts in one sentence.

b) Lack of consistency in presentation; incoherence and violation of sentence order.

c) The use of sentences of different types in structure, leading to difficulty understanding the meaning.

Bad ending

Duplication of conclusion, unjustified repetition of previously expressed thoughts.

Factual errors (F) - a type of non-linguistic error, which consists in the fact that the writer cites facts that contradict reality, gives incorrect information about factual circumstances, both related and not related to the analyzed text (background knowledge)

No.

Type of error Examples

Bazarov was a nihilist and therefore killed an old woman with an ax; Lensky returned to his estate from England; Happiness for Oblomov was loneliness and indifference.

Inaccuracy in the quote. No indication of the author of the quotation. Incorrectly named author of the quote.

The book means a lot to me, because Lenin said: “ Live and learn!»

Ignorance of historical and other facts, including time displacement.

Great Patriotic War of 1812; The capital of the USA is New York.

Inaccuracies in the names, surnames, and nicknames of literary characters.

Distortions in the names of literary works, their genres, errors in indicating the author.

Turgen b ev; "Taras And Bulba"; V Turgenev's stories"Crime and Punishment".

Sayapina Oksana Valerievna