Scientists and their discoveries. The most famous modern scientists of Russia

Russian science is not only one of the greatest in the world, it is also a source of personnel for other countries. There is even such a term “Russian science” in the world, although many of the scientists who are called that have not lived in Russia for a long time, but studied here.

1. P.N. Yablochkov and A.N. Lodygin - the world's first electric light bulb

2. A.S. Popov - radio

3. V.K. Zvorykin (the world's first electron microscope, television and television broadcasting)

4. A.F. Mozhaisky - inventor of the world's first airplane

5. I.I. Sikorsky - a great aircraft designer, created the world's first helicopter, the world's first bomber

6. A.M. Ponyatov - the world's first video recorder

7. S.P. Korolev - the world's first ballistic missile, spacecraft, first Earth satellite

8. A.M.Prokhorov and N.G. Basov - the world's first quantum generator - maser

9. S. V. Kovalevskaya (the world's first woman professor)

10. S.M. Prokudin-Gorsky - the world's first color photograph

11. A.A. Alekseev - creator of the needle screen

12. F.A. Pirotsky - the world's first electric tram

13. F.A. Blinov - the world's first crawler tractor

14. V.A. Starevich - three-dimensional animated film

15. E.M. Artamonov - invented the world's first bicycle with pedals, a steering wheel, and a turning wheel.

16. O.V. Losev - the world's first amplifying and generating semiconductor device

17. V.P. Mutilin - the world's first mounted construction combine

18. A. R. Vlasenko - the world's first grain harvesting machine

19. V.P. Demikhov was the first in the world to perform a lung transplant and the first to create a model of an artificial heart

20. A.P. Vinogradov - created a new direction in science - geochemistry of isotopes

21. I.I. Polzunov - the world's first heat engine

22. G. E. Kotelnikov - the first backpack rescue parachute

23. I.V. Kurchatov - the world's first nuclear power plant (Obninsk); also, under his leadership, the world's first hydrogen bomb with a power of 400 kt was developed, detonated on August 12, 1953. It was the Kurchatov team that developed the RDS-202 thermonuclear bomb (Tsar Bomb) with a record power of 52,000 kilotons.

24. M. O. Dolivo-Dobrovolsky - invented a three-phase current system, built a three-phase transformer, which put an end to the dispute between supporters of direct (Edison) and alternating current

25. V.P. Vologdin - the world's first high-voltage mercury rectifier with a liquid cathode, developed induction furnaces for the use of high-frequency currents in industry

26. S.O. Kostovich - created the world's first gasoline engine in 1879

27. V.P.Glushko - the world's first electric/thermal rocket engine

28. V. V. Petrov - discovered the phenomenon of arc discharge

29. N. G. Slavyanov - electric arc welding

30. I. F. Aleksandrovsky - invented the stereo camera

31. D.P. Grigorovich - creator of the seaplane

32. V.G. Fedorov - the world's first machine gun

33. A.K. Nartov - built the world's first lathe with a movable support

34. M.V. Lomonosov - for the first time in science formulated the principle of conservation of matter and motion, for the first time in the world began to teach a course in physical chemistry, for the first time discovered the existence of an atmosphere on Venus

35. I.P. Kulibin - mechanic, developed the design of the world's first wooden arched single-span bridge, inventor of the searchlight

36. V.V. Petrov - physicist, developed the world's largest galvanic battery; opened an electric arc

37. P.I. Prokopovich - for the first time in the world, he invented a frame hive, in which he used a magazine with frames

38. N.I. Lobachevsky - Mathematician, creator of “non-Euclidean geometry”

39. D.A. Zagryazhsky - invented the caterpillar track

40. B.O. Jacobi - invented electroplating and the world's first electric motor with direct rotation of the working shaft

41. P.P. Anosov - metallurgist, revealed the secret of making ancient damask steel

42. D.I. Zhuravsky - first developed the theory of calculations of bridge trusses, which is currently used throughout the world

43. N.I. Pirogov - for the first time in the world, compiled the atlas “Topographic Anatomy”, which has no analogues, invented anesthesia, plaster and much more

44. I.R. Hermann - for the first time in the world compiled a summary of uranium minerals

45. A.M. Butlerov - first formulated the basic principles of the theory of the structure of organic compounds

46. ​​I.M. Sechenov - the creator of evolutionary and other schools of physiology, published his main work “Reflexes of the Brain”

47. D.I. Mendeleev - discovered the periodic law of chemical elements, creator of the table of the same name

48. M.A. Novinsky - veterinarian, laid the foundations of experimental oncology

49. G.G. Ignatiev - for the first time in the world, developed a system of simultaneous telephone and telegraphy over one cable

50. K.S. Dzhevetsky - built the world's first submarine with an electric motor

51. N.I. Kibalchich - for the first time in the world, he developed a design for a rocket aircraft

52. N.N.Benardos - invented electric welding

53. V.V. Dokuchaev - laid the foundations of genetic soil science

54. V.I. Sreznevsky - Engineer, invented the world's first aerial camera

55. A.G. Stoletov - physicist, for the first time in the world he created a photocell based on the external photoelectric effect

56. P.D. Kuzminsky - built the world's first radial gas turbine

57. I.V. Boldyrev - the first flexible photosensitive non-flammable film, formed the basis for the creation of cinematography

58. I.A. Timchenko - developed the world's first movie camera

59. S.M. Apostolov-Berdichevsky and M.F. Freidenberg - created the world's first automatic telephone exchange

60. N.D. Pilchikov - physicist, for the first time in the world he created and successfully demonstrated a wireless control system

61. V.A. Gassiev - engineer, built the world's first phototypesetting machine

62. K.E. Tsiolkovsky - founder of astronautics

63. P.N. Lebedev - physicist, for the first time in science experimentally proved the existence of light pressure on solids

64. I.P. Pavlov - creator of the science of higher nervous activity

65. V.I. Vernadsky - naturalist, creator of many scientific schools

66. A.N. Scriabin - composer, was the first in the world to use lighting effects in the symphonic poem “Prometheus”

67. N.E. Zhukovsky - creator of aerodynamics

68. S.V. Lebedev - first obtained artificial rubber

69. G.A. Tikhov - astronomer, for the first time in the world, established that the Earth, when observed from space, should have a blue color. Later, as we know, this was confirmed when filming our planet from space.

70. N.D. Zelinsky - developed the world's first highly effective coal gas mask

71. N.P. Dubinin - geneticist, discovered the divisibility of the gene

72. M.A. Kapelyushnikov - invented the turbodrill in 1922

73. E.K. Zawoisky discovered electrical paramagnetic resonance

74. N.I. Lunin - proved that there are vitamins in the body of living beings

75. N.P. Wagner - discovered the pedogenesis of insects

76. Svyatoslav Fedorov - the first in the world to perform surgery to treat glaucoma

77. S.S. Yudin - first used blood transfusions of suddenly deceased people in the clinic

78. A.V. Shubnikov - predicted the existence and first created piezoelectric textures

79. L.V. Shubnikov - Shubnikov-de Haas effect (magnetic properties of superconductors)

80. N.A. Izgaryshev - discovered the phenomenon of passivity of metals in non-aqueous electrolytes

81. P.P. Lazarev - creator of the ion excitation theory

82. P.A. Molchanov - meteorologist, created the world's first radiosonde

83. N.A. Umov - physicist, equation of energy motion, concept of energy flow; By the way, he was the first to explain practically and without ether the misconceptions of the theory of relativity

84. E.S. Fedorov - founder of crystallography

85. G.S. Petrov - chemist, world's first synthetic detergent

86. V.F. Petrushevsky - scientist and general, invented a range finder for artillerymen

87. I.I. Orlov - invented a method for making woven credit cards and a method of single-pass multiple printing (Orlov printing)

88. Mikhail Ostrogradsky - mathematician, O. formula (multiple integral)

89. P.L. Chebyshev - mathematician, Ch. polynomials (orthogonal system of functions), parallelogram

90. P.A. Cherenkov - physicist, Ch. radiation (new optical effect), Ch. counter (nuclear radiation detector in nuclear physics)

91. D.K. Chernov - Ch. points (critical points of phase transformations of steel)

92. V.I. Kalashnikov is not the same Kalashnikov, but another one, who was the first in the world to equip river ships with a steam engine with multiple steam expansion

93. A.V. Kirsanov - organic chemist, reaction K. (phosphoreaction)

94. A.M. Lyapunov - mathematician, created the theory of stability, equilibrium and motion of mechanical systems with a finite number of parameters, as well as L.'s theorem (one of the limit theorems of probability theory)

95. Dmitry Konovalov - chemist, Konovalov’s laws (elasticity of parasolutions)

96. S.N. Reformatsky - organic chemist, Reformatsky reaction

97. V.A. Semennikov - metallurgist, the first in the world to carry out bessemerization of copper matte and obtain blister copper

98. I.R. Prigogine - physicist, P.'s theorem (thermodynamics of nonequilibrium processes)

99. M.M. Protodyakonov - scientist, developed a globally accepted scale of rock strength

100. M.F. Shostakovsky - organic chemist, balsam Sh. (vinyline)

101. M.S. Color - Color method (chromatography of plant pigments)

102. A.N. Tupolev - designed the world's first jet passenger aircraft and the first supersonic passenger aircraft

103. A.S. Famintsyn - plant physiologist, first developed a method for carrying out photosynthetic processes under artificial light

104. B.S. Stechkin - created two great theories - thermal calculation of aircraft engines and air-breathing engines

105. A.I. Leypunsky - physicist, discovered the phenomenon of energy transfer by excited atoms and

molecules to free electrons during collisions

106. D.D. Maksutov - optician, telescope M. (meniscus system of optical instruments)

107. N.A. Menshutkin - chemist, discovered the effect of a solvent on the rate of a chemical reaction

108. I.I. Mechnikov - the founders of evolutionary embryology

109. S.N. Winogradsky - discovered chemosynthesis

110. V.S. Pyatov - metallurgist, invented a method for producing armor plates using the rolling method

111. A.I. Bakhmutsky - invented the world's first coal miner (for coal mining)

112. A.N. Belozersky - discovered DNA in higher plants

113. S.S. Bryukhonenko - physiologist, created the first artificial blood circulation apparatus in the world (autojector)

114. G.P. Georgiev - biochemist, discovered RNA in the nuclei of animal cells

115. E. A. Murzin - invented the world's first optical-electronic synthesizer "ANS"

116. P.M. Golubitsky - Russian inventor in the field of telephony

117. V. F. Mitkevich - for the first time in the world, he proposed the use of a three-phase arc for welding metals

118. L.N. Gobyato - Colonel, the world's first mortar was invented in Russia in 1904

119. V.G. Shukhov is an inventor, the first in the world to use steel mesh shells for the construction of buildings and towers

120. I.F. Kruzenshtern and Yu.F. Lisyansky - made the first Russian trip around the world, studied the islands of the Pacific Ocean, described the life of Kamchatka and about. Sakhalin

121. F.F. Bellingshausen and M.P. Lazarev - discovered Antarctica

122. The world's first icebreaker of a modern type is the steamship of the Russian fleet "Pilot" (1864), the first Arctic icebreaker is "Ermak", built in 1899 under the leadership of S.O. Makarova.

123. V.N. Chev - the founder of biogeocenology, one of the founders of the doctrine of phytocenosis, its structure, classification, dynamics, relationships with the environment and its animal population

124. Alexander Nesmeyanov, Alexander Arbuzov, Grigory Razuvaev - creation of the chemistry of organoelement compounds.

125. V.I. Levkov - under his leadership, hovercraft were created for the first time in the world

126. G.N. Babakin - Russian designer, creator of Soviet lunar rovers

127. P.N. Nesterov was the first in the world to perform a closed curve in a vertical plane on an airplane, a “dead loop”, later called the “Nesterov loop”

128. B. B. Golitsyn - became the founder of the new science of seismology

Scientists, their contribution to the development of biology .

Scientist

His contribution to the development of biology

Hippocrates 470-360 BC

The first scientist to create a medical school. The ancient Greek physician formulated the doctrine of four main types of physique and temperament, described some skull bones, vertebrae, internal organs, joints, muscles, and large vessels.

Aristotle

384-322 BC

One of the founders of biology as a science, he was the first to generalize the biological knowledge accumulated by humanity before him. He created a taxonomy of animals and devoted many works to the origin of life.

Claudius Galen

130-200 AD

Ancient Roman scientist and doctor. Laid the foundations of human anatomy. Physician, surgeon and philosopher. Galen made significant contributions to the understanding of many scientific disciplines, including anatomy, physiology, pathology, pharmacology and neurology, as well as philosophy and logic.

Avicenna 980-1048

An outstanding scientist in the field of medicine. Author of many books and works on oriental medicine.The most famous and influential philosopher-scientist of the medieval Islamic world. From that time, many Arabic terms have been preserved in modern anatomical nomenclature.

Leonardo da Vinci 1452-1519

He described many plants, studied the structure of the human body, the activity of the heart, and visual function. He made 800 precise drawings of bones, muscles, and the heart and scientifically described them. His drawings are the first anatomically correct depictions of the human body, its organs, and organ systems from life.

Andreas Vesalius

1514-1564

Founder of descriptive anatomy. He created the work “On the structure of the human body.”

Studying the works and his views on the structure of the human body, Vesalius corrected over 200 errors of the canonized ancient author. He also corrected Aristotle’s mistake that a man has 32 teeth and a woman 38. He classified teeth into incisors, canines and molars. He had to secretly obtain corpses from the cemetery, since at that time the autopsy of a human corpse was prohibited by the church.

William Harvey

1578-1657

Opened the blood circulation.

William HARVEY (1578-1657), English physician, founder of the modern sciences of physiology and embryology. Described the systemic and pulmonary circulation. Thanks to Harvey,
in particular, is that it is he
experimentally proved the existence of a closed
human circulation, in parts
which are arteries and veins, and the heart is
pump. For the first time he expressed the idea that “all living things come from eggs.”

Carl Linnaeus 1707-1778

Linnaeus is the creator of a unified system of classification of flora and fauna, in which the knowledge of the entire previous period of development was generalized and largely streamlined . Among the main achievements of Linnaeus is the introduction of precise terminology when describing biological objects, the introduction into active use , establishing a clear subordination between .

Karl Ernst Baer 1792-1876

Professor of the St. Petersburg Medical and Surgical Academy. He discovered the egg in mammals, described the blastula stage, studied the embryogenesis of the chicken, established the similarity of embryos of higher and lower animals, the theory of the sequential appearance in embryogenesis of characters of type, class, order, etc. Studying intrauterine development, he established that the embryos of all animals in the early stages of development are similar. The founder of embryology, formulated the law of embryonic similarity (established the main types of embryonic development).

Jean Baptiste Lamarck 1744-1829

Biologist who created the first holistic theory of the evolution of the living world.Lamarck coined the term "biology" (1802).Lamarck has two laws of evolution:
1. Vitalism. Living organisms are governed by an internal desire for improvement. Changes in conditions immediately cause changes in habits and through exercise the corresponding organs are changed.
2. Acquired changes are inherited.

Georges Cuvier 1769-1832

Creator of paleontology - the science of fossil animals and plants.Author of the “catastrophe theory”: after catastrophic events that destroyed animals, new species arose, but time passed, and again a catastrophe occurred, leading to the extinction of living organisms, but nature revived life, and species well adapted to new environmental conditions appeared, then again those who died during the terrible disaster.

T. Schwann and M. Schleiden

1818-1882, 1804-1881

C. Darwin

1809-1882

Created the theory of evolution, evolutionary doctrine.The essence of evolutionary teaching lies in the following basic principles:
All types of living beings inhabiting the Earth were never created by anyone.
Having arisen naturally, organic forms were slowly and gradually transformed and improved in accordance with environmental conditions.
The transformation of species in nature is based on such properties of organisms as heredity and variability, as well as natural selection that constantly occurs in nature. Natural selection occurs through the complex interaction of organisms with each other and with factors of inanimate nature; Darwin called this relationship the struggle for existence.
The result of evolution is the adaptability of organisms to their living conditions and the diversity of species in nature.

G. Mendel

1822-1884

The founder of genetics as a science.

1 law : Uniformity first generation hybrids. When crossing two homozygous organisms belonging to different pure lines and differing from each other in one pair of alternative manifestations of the trait, the entire first generation of hybrids (F1) will be uniform and will carry the manifestation of the trait of one of the parents.
2nd law : Split signs. When two heterozygous descendants of the first generation are crossed with each other, in the second generation a split in a certain numerical ratio is observed: by phenotype 3:1, by genotype 1:2:1.
3rd law: Law independent inheritance . When crossing two homozygous individuals that differ from each other in two (or more) pairs of alternative traits, the genes and their corresponding traits are inherited independently of each other and are combined in all possible combinations.

R. Koch 1843-1910

One of the founders of microbiology. In 1882, Koch announced his discovery of the causative agent of tuberculosis, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize and world fame. In 1883, another classic work by Koch was published - on the causative agent of cholera. This outstanding success was achieved by him as a result of studying cholera epidemics in Egypt and India.

D. I. Ivanovsky 1864-1920

Russian plant physiologist and microbiologist, founder of virology. Discovered viruses.

He established the presence of filterable viruses, which were the causes of the disease along with microbes visible under a microscope. This gave rise to a new branch of science - virology, which developed rapidly in the 20th century.

I. Mechnikov

1845-1916

Laid the foundations of immunology.Russian biologist and pathologist, one of the founders of comparative pathology, evolutionary embryology and domestic microbiology, immunology, creator of the doctrine of phagocytosis and the theory of immunity, creator of a scientific school, corresponding member (1883), honorary member (1902) of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Together with N.F. Gamaleya, he founded (1886) the first bacteriological station in Russia. Discovered (1882) the phenomenon of phagocytosis. In his works “Immunity in Infectious Diseases” (1901), he outlined the phagocytic theory of immunity. Created a theory of the origin of multicellular organisms.

L. Pasteur 1822-1895

Laid the foundations of immunology.

L. Pasteur is the founder of scientific immunology, although before him the method of preventing smallpox by infecting people with cowpox, developed by the English physician E. Jenner, was known. However, this method has not been extended to the prevention of other diseases.

I. Sechenov

1829-1905

Physiologist. He laid the foundations for the study of higher nervous activity. Sechenov discovered the so-called central inhibition - special mechanisms in the frog’s brain that suppress or inhibit reflexes. This was a completely new phenomenon, which was called “Sechenov braking.”The phenomenon of inhibition discovered by Sechenov made it possible to establish that all nervous activity consists of the interaction of two processes - excitation and inhibition.

I. Pavlov 1849-1936

Physiologist. He laid the foundations for the study of higher nervous activity. Created the doctrine of conditioned reflexes.Further, the ideas of I.M. Sechenov were developed in the works of I.P. Pavlov, who opened the way for objective experimental research of the functions of the cortex, developed a method for developing conditioned reflexes and created the doctrine of higher nervous activity. Pavlov in his works introduced the division of reflexes into unconditioned, which are carried out by innate, hereditarily fixed nerve pathways, and conditioned, which, according to Pavlov’s views, are carried out through nerve connections formed in the process of individual life of a person or animal.

Hugode Frieze

1848–1935

Created the mutation theory.Hugo de Vries (1848–1935) - Dutch botanist and geneticist, one of the founders of the doctrine of variability and evolution, conducted the first systematic studies of the mutation process. He studied the phenomenon of plasmolysis (the contraction of cells in a solution whose concentration is higher than the concentration of their contents) and eventually developed a method for determining the osmotic pressure in a cell. Introduced the concept of “isotonic solution”.

T. Morgan 1866-1943

Created the chromosomal theory of heredity.

The main object with which T. Morgan and his students worked was the fruit fly Drosophila, which has a diploid set of 8 chromosomes. Experiments have shown that genes located on the same chromosome during meiosis end up in one gamete, i.e., they are inherited linked. This phenomenon is called Morgan's law. It was also shown that each gene on the chromosome has a strictly defined location - a locus.

V. I. Vernadsky

1863-1945

Founded the doctrine of the biosphere.Vernadsky's ideas played an outstanding role in the formation of the modern scientific picture of the world. The center of his natural science and philosophical interests is the development of a holistic doctrine of the biosphere, living matter (organizing the earth's shell) and the evolution of the biosphere into the noosphere, in which the human mind and activity, scientific thought become the determining factor of development, a powerful force comparable in its impact on nature with geological processes. Vernadsky's teaching on the relationship between nature and society had a strong influence on the formation of modern environmental consciousness. 1884-1963

Developed a doctrine of the factors of evolution.He authored numerous works on issues of evolutionary morphology, on the study of patterns of animal growth, and on questions about the factors and patterns of the evolutionary process. A number of works are devoted to the history of development and comparative anatomy. He proposed his theory of the growth of animal organisms, which is based on the idea of ​​an inverse relationship between the rate of growth of an organism and the rate of its differentiation. In a number of studies he developed the theory of stabilizing selection as an essential factor in evolution. Since 1948 he has been studying the question of the origin of terrestrial vertebrates.

J. Watson (1928) and F. Crick (1916-2004)

1953 The structure of DNA has been determined.James Dewey Watson - American molecular biologist, geneticist and zoologist; He is best known for his participation in the discovery of the structure of DNA in 1953. Winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

After successfully graduating from the University of Chicago and Indiana University, Watson spent some time conducting chemistry research with biochemist Herman Kalkar in Copenhagen. He later moved to the Cavendish Laboratory at the University of Cambridge, where he first met his future colleague and comrade Francis Crick.

Watson and Crick came up with the idea of ​​a DNA double helix in mid-March 1953, while studying collected and Maurice Wilkins experimental data. The discovery was announced by Sir Lawrence Bragg, director of the Cavendish Laboratory.

Russian scientists have pushed back the veil of the unknown, making their contribution to the evolution of scientific thought throughout the world. Many worked abroad in world-renowned research institutions. Our fellow countrymen collaborated with many outstanding scientific minds. The discoveries became a catalyst for the development of technology and knowledge throughout the world, and many revolutionary ideas and discoveries in the world were created on the foundation of the scientific achievements of famous Russian scientists.

World leaders in the field of chemistry have glorified our compatriots for centuries. made the most important discovery for the world of chemistry - he described the periodic law of chemical elements. Over time, the periodic table has gained recognition throughout the world and is now used in all corners of our planet.

Sikorsky can be called a great one in aviation. Aircraft designer Sikorsky is known for his developments in the creation of multi-engine aircraft. It was he who created the world's first aircraft with technical characteristics for vertical takeoff and landing - a helicopter.

Not only Russian scientists contributed to aviation. For example, the pilot Nesterov is considered the founder of aerobatics, and he was the first to propose the use of runway lighting during night flights.

There were famous Russian scientists in medicine: Pirogov, Mechnikov and others. Mechnikov developed the doctrine of phagocytosis (protective factors of the body). Surgeon Pirogov was the first to use anesthesia in the field to treat a patient and developed classical means of surgical treatment, which are still used today. And the contribution of the Russian scientist Botkin was that he was the first in Russia to conduct research on experimental therapy and pharmacology.

Using the example of these three areas of science, we see that the discoveries of Russian scientists are used in all spheres of life. But this is only a small fraction of everything that was discovered by Russian scientists. Our fellow countrymen have glorified their outstanding homeland in absolutely all scientific disciplines, from medicine and biology to developments in the field of space technology. Russian scientists left for us, their descendants, a huge treasure of scientific knowledge in order to provide us with colossal material for creating new great discoveries.

Alexander Ivanovich Oparin is a famous Russian biochemist, author of the materialistic theory of the emergence of life on Earth.

Academician, Hero of Socialist Labor, Lenin Prize laureate.

Childhood and youth

Curiosity, inquisitiveness and the desire to understand how, for example, a huge tree can grow from a tiny seed, manifested itself in the boy very early. Already as a child he was very interested in biology. He studied plant life not only from books, but also in practice.

The Oparin family moved from Uglich to a country house in the village of Kokaevo. The very first years of childhood were spent there.

Yuri Kondratyuk (Alexander Ignatievich Shargei), one of the outstanding theorists of space flights.

In the 60s, he became world famous for his scientific substantiation of the method of flying spacecraft to the Moon.

The trajectory he calculated was called the “Kondratyuk route.” It was used by the American Apollo spacecraft to land humans on the lunar surface.

Childhood and youth

This one of the outstanding founders of astronautics was born in Poltava on June 9 (21), 1897. He spent his childhood in his grandmother's house. She was a midwife, and her husband was a zemstvo doctor and government official.

For some time he lived with his father in St. Petersburg, where from 1903 he studied at the gymnasium on Vasilyevsky Island. When his father died in 1910, the boy returned to his grandmother.

Inventor of the telegraph. The name of the inventor of the telegraph is forever inscribed in history, since Schilling's invention made it possible to transmit information over long distances.

The device allowed the use of radio and electrical signals traveling through wires. The need to transmit information has always existed, but in the 18th and 19th centuries. In the context of growing urbanization and technological development, data exchange has become relevant.

This problem was solved by the telegraph; the term was translated from ancient Greek as “to write far away.”

Emilius Christianovich Lenz is a famous Russian scientist.

From school, we are all familiar with the Joule-Lenz law, which establishes that the amount of heat released by current in a conductor is proportional to the strength of the current and the resistance of the conductor.

Another well-known law is the “Lenz rule”, according to which an induced current always moves in the direction opposite to the action that generated it.

early years

The original name of the scientist was Heinrich Friedrich Emil Lenz. He was born in Dorpat (Tartu) and was a Baltic German by origin.

His brother Robert Khristianovich became a famous orientalist, and his son, also Robert, followed in his father’s footsteps and became a physicist.

Vasily Trediakovsky is a man with a tragic fate. As fate would have it, two nuggets lived in Russia at the same time - and Trediakovsky, but one will be treated kindly and remain in the memory of posterity, and the second will die in poverty, forgotten by everyone.

From student to philologist

In 1703, on March 5, Vasily Trediakovsky was born. He grew up in Astrakhan in a poor family of a clergyman. A 19-year-old young man went to Moscow on foot to continue his studies at the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy.

But he stayed there for a short time (2 years) and, without regret, left to replenish his knowledge in Holland, and then to France - to the Sorbonne, where, enduring poverty and hunger, he studied for 3 years.

Here he participated in public debates, mastered mathematical and philosophical sciences, was a student of theology, and studied French and Italian abroad.

“Father of Satan”, academician Yangel Mikhail Kuzmich, was born on October 25, 1911 in the village. Zyryanov, Irkutsk region, came from a family of descendants of convict settlers. At the end of the 6th grade (1926), Mikhail leaves for Moscow to join his older brother Konstantin, who studied there. When I was in the 7th grade, I worked part-time, delivering stacks of newspapers - orders from the printing house. After graduating from FZU, he worked in a factory and at the same time studied at the workers' faculty.

MAI student. Beginning of a professional career

In 1931, he went to study at the Moscow Aviation Institute, majoring in “aircraft engineering,” and graduated in 1937. While still a student, Mikhail Yangel got a job at the Polikarpov Design Bureau, later on as his scientific supervisor for his thesis project: “High-altitude fighter with a pressurized cabin.” " Having started his work at the Polikarpov Design Bureau as a 2nd category designer, ten years later M.K. Yangel was already a leading engineer, developing projects for new modifications of fighters.

02/13/1938, M.K. Yangel, as part of a group of Soviet specialists in the field of aircraft construction of the USSR, visits the United States on a business trip. It is worth noting that the 30s of the twentieth century was a fairly active period in cooperation between the USSR and the USA and not only in the field of mechanical engineering and aircraft manufacturing, in particular, small arms were purchased (in fairly limited quantities) - Thompson submachine guns and Colt pistols.

Scientist, founder of the theory of helicopter engineering, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor Mikhail Leontyevich Mil, winner of the Lenin and State Prizes, Hero of Socialist Labor.

Childhood, study, youth

Mikhail Leontyev was born on November 22, 1909 - in the family of a railway employee and a dentist. Before settling in the city of Irkutsk, his father, Leonty Samuilovich, searched for gold for 20 years, working in the mines. Grandfather, Samuil Mil, settled in Siberia after completing 25 years of naval service. From childhood, Mikhail showed versatile talents: he loved to draw, was fond of music and easily mastered foreign languages, and was involved in an aircraft modeling club. At the age of ten, he participated in the Siberian aircraft modeling competition, where, having passed the stage, Misha’s model was sent to the city of Novosibirsk, where she received one of the prizes.

Mikhail graduated from primary school in Irkutsk, after which in 1925 he entered the Siberian Technological Institute.

A.A. Ukhtomsky is an outstanding physiologist, scientist, researcher of the muscular and nervous systems, as well as sensory organs, laureate of the Lenin Prize and member of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

Childhood. Education

The birth of Alexey Alekseevich Ukhtomsky took place on June 13 (25), 1875 in the small town of Rybinsk. He spent his childhood and youth there. This Volga city forever left the warmest and most tender memories in the soul of Alexei Alekseevich. He proudly called himself a Volgar throughout his life. When the boy graduated from primary school, his father sent him to Nizhny Novgorod and assigned him to the local cadet corps. The son obediently graduated from it, but military service was never the ultimate dream of the young man, who was more attracted to such sciences as history and philosophy.

Passion for philosophy

Ignoring military service, he went to Moscow and entered the theological seminary in two faculties at once - philosophical and historical. Deeply studying philosophy, Ukhtomsky began to think a lot about eternal questions about the world, about man, about the essence of being. Ultimately, philosophical mysteries led him to the study of natural sciences. As a result, he settled on physiology.

A.P. Borodin is known as an outstanding composer, the author of the opera “Prince Igor”, the symphony “Bogatyrskaya” and other musical works.

He is much less known as a scientist who made an invaluable contribution to science in the field of organic chemistry.

Origin. early years

A.P. Borodin was the illegitimate son of the 62-year-old Georgian prince L.S. Genevanishvili and A.K. Antonova. He was born on October 31 (11/12), 1833.

He was recorded as the son of the prince's serf servants - the spouses Porfiry Ionovich and Tatyana Grigorievna Borodin. Thus, for eight years the boy was listed in his father’s house as a serf. But before his death (1840), the prince gave his son his freedom, bought him and his mother Avdotya Konstantinovna Antonova a four-story house, having previously married her to the military doctor Kleineke.

The boy, in order to avoid unnecessary rumors, was presented as Avdotya Konstantinovna’s nephew. Since Alexander’s background did not allow him to study at the gymnasium, he studied at home all the subjects of the gymnasium course, in addition to German and French, receiving an excellent education at home.

Physics

Andrey Geim. Photo: ITAR-TASS/ Stanislav Krasilnikov

In the new millennium, the Nobel Prize in Physics went to Russian-speaking scientists three times, although only in 2010 - for a discovery made in the 21st century. MIPT graduates Andrey Game And Konstantin Novoselov In the laboratory of the University of Manchester, for the first time, they were able to obtain a stable two-dimensional carbon crystal - graphene. It is a very thin - one atom thick - carbon film, which, due to its structure, has many interesting properties: remarkable conductivity, transparency, flexibility, and very high strength. New and new areas of application are constantly being found for graphene, for example in microelectronics: flexible displays, electrodes and solar panels are created from it.

Mikhail Lukin. Photo: ITAR-TASS/ Denis Vyshinsky

Another graduate of MIPT, and now a professor of physics at Harvard University Mikhail Lukin , did the seemingly impossible: he stopped the light. To do this, the scientist used supercooled rubidium vapor and two lasers: the control one made the medium conductive to light, and the second served as a source of a short light pulse. When the control laser was turned off, the particles of the light pulse stopped leaving the medium, as if stopping in it. This experiment was a real breakthrough towards the creation of quantum computers - a completely new type of machine that can perform a colossal number of operations in parallel. The scientist continued his research in this area, and in 2012, his group at Harvard created the longest-lived qubit at that time, the smallest element for storing information in a quantum computer. And in 2013, Lukin for the first time obtained photonic matter - a kind of substance, only consisting not of atoms, but of particles of light, photons. It is also planned to be used for quantum computing.

Yuri Oganesyan (center) with Georgy Flerov and Konstantin Petrzhak. Photo from the JINR electronic archive

Russian scientists in the 21st century have significantly expanded the periodic table. For example, in January 2016, elements with numbers 113, 115, 117 and 118 were added to it, three of which were first obtained at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) in Dubna under the leadership of an academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences Yuri Oganesyan . He also has the honor of discovering a number of other superheavy elements and their synthesis reactions: elements heavier than uranium do not exist in nature - they are too unstable, so they are created artificially in accelerators. In addition, Oganesyan experimentally confirmed that for superheavy elements there is a so-called “island of stability.” All these elements decay very quickly, but first theoretically and then experimentally it was shown that among them there should be some whose lifetime significantly exceeds the lifetime of their neighbors in the table.

Chemistry

Artem Oganov. Photo from personal archive

Chemist Artem Oganov , head of laboratories in the USA, China and Russia, and now also a professor at the Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, created an algorithm that allows you to use a computer to search for substances with predetermined properties, even impossible from the point of view of classical chemistry. The method developed by Oganov formed the basis of the USPEX program (which reads like the Russian word for “success”), which is widely used throughout the world (“Attic” in detail). With its help, new magnets and substances that could exist in extreme conditions, such as high pressure, were discovered. It is assumed that such conditions may well exist on other planets, which means that the substances predicted by Oganov are there.

Valery Fokin. Biopharmaceutical cluster "Northern"

However, it is necessary not only to model substances with predetermined properties, but also to create them in practice. To achieve this, a new paradigm was introduced in chemistry in 1997, the so-called click chemistry. The word “click” imitates the sound of a latch, because the new term was introduced for reactions that must, under any conditions, connect small components into the desired molecule. At first, scientists were distrustful of the existence of a miracle reaction, but in 2002 Valery Fokin , a graduate of Nizhny Novgorod State University named after Lobachevsky, now working at the Scripps Institute in California, discovered such a “molecular latch”: it consists of an azide and an alkyne and works in the presence of copper in water with ascorbic acid. Using this simple reaction, completely different compounds can be combined with each other: proteins, dyes, inorganic molecules. Such “click” synthesis of substances with previously known properties is primarily necessary when creating new drugs.

Biology

Evgeny Kunin. Photo from the scientist’s personal archive

However, to treat a disease, sometimes it is necessary not only to neutralize a virus or bacteria, but also to correct one’s own genes. No, this is not the plot of a science fiction film: scientists have already developed several “molecular scissors” systems capable of editing the genome (more about the amazing technology in the Attic article). The most promising among them is the CRISPR/Cas9 system, which is based on the mechanism of protection against viruses that exists in bacteria and archaea. One of the key researchers of this system is our former compatriot Evgeniy Kunin , who has been working at the US National Center for Biotechnology Information for many years. In addition to CRISPR systems, the scientist is interested in many issues of genetics, evolutionary and computational biology, so it is not for nothing that his H-index (the citation index of a scientist’s articles, reflecting how much his research is in demand) has exceeded 130 - this is an absolute record among all Russian-speaking scientists.

Vyacheslav Epstein. Photo by Northwestern University

However, the danger today is posed not only by genome breakdowns, but also by the most common microbes. The fact is that over the past 30 years not a single new type of antibiotic has been created, and bacteria are gradually becoming immune to old ones. Fortunately for humanity, in January 2015, a group of scientists from Northeastern University in the United States announced the creation of a completely new antimicrobial agent. To do this, scientists turned to the study of soil bacteria, which were previously considered impossible to grow in laboratory conditions. To get around this obstacle, an employee of Northeastern University, a graduate of Moscow State University Vyacheslav Epshtein together with a colleague, he developed a special chip for growing unruly bacteria right on the ocean floor - in this cunning way, the scientist circumvented the problem of the increased “capriciousness” of bacteria that did not want to grow in a Petri dish. This technique formed the basis of a large study, the result of which was the antibiotic teixobactin, which can cope with both tuberculosis and Staphylococcus aureus.

Mathematics

Grigory Perelman. Photo: George M. Bergman - Mathematisches Institut Oberwolfach (MFO)

Even people very far from science have probably heard about mathematics from St. Petersburg Grigory Perelman . In 2002–2003, he published three papers proving the Poincaré conjecture. This hypothesis belongs to a branch of mathematics called topology and explains the most general properties of space. In 2006, the proof was accepted by the mathematical community, and the Poincaré conjecture thus became the first to be solved among the so-called seven millennium problems. These include classical mathematical problems for which proofs have not been found for many years. For his proof, Perelman was awarded the Fields Medal, often called the Nobel Prize for mathematicians, as well as the Clay Mathematics Institute's Millennium Problem Solving Prize. The scientist refused all awards, which attracted the attention of a public far from mathematics.

Stanislav Smirnov. Photo: ITAR-TASS/ Yuri Belinsky

Working at the University of Geneva Stanislav Smirnov in 2010 he also won the Fields Medal. His most prestigious award in the mathematical world came from his proof of the conformal invariance of two-dimensional percolation and the Ising model in statistical physics, a thing with an unpronounceable name used by theorists to describe the magnetization of a material and used in the development of quantum computers.

Andrey Okunkov. Photo: Radio Liberty

Perelman and Smirnov are representatives of the Leningrad Mathematical School, graduates of the well-known 239th school and the Faculty of Mathematics and Mechanics of St. Petersburg State University. But there were also Muscovites among the mathematical Nobel Prize nominees, for example, a professor at Columbia University who worked in the USA for many years and a graduate of Moscow State University Andrey Okunkov . He received the Fields Medal in 2006, at the same time as Perelman, for his achievements connecting probability theory, representation theory, and algebraic geometry. In practice, Okunkov’s work over the years has found application both in statistical physics to describe the surfaces of crystals, and in string theory, a field of physics that tries to combine the principles of quantum mechanics and the theory of relativity.

Story

Peter Turchin. Photo: Stevens University of Technology

He proposed a new theory at the intersection of mathematics and the humanities Petr Turchin . It is surprising that Turchin himself is not a mathematician or a historian: he is a biologist who studied at Moscow State University and now works at the University of Connecticut and studies populations. Population biology processes develop over a long period of time, and their description and analysis often require the construction of mathematical models. But modeling can also be used to better understand social and historical phenomena in human society. This is exactly what Turchin did in 2003, calling the new approach cliodynamics (on behalf of the muse of history Clio). Using this method, Turchin himself established “secular” demographic cycles.

Linguistics

Andrey Zaliznyak. Photo: Mitrius/wikimedia

Every year in Novgorod, as well as in some other ancient Russian cities, such as Moscow, Pskov, Ryazan and even Vologda, more and more birch bark letters are found, the age of which dates back to the 11th-15th centuries. In them you can find personal and official correspondence, children's exercises, drawings, jokes, and even love letters - “The Attic” is about the funniest ancient Russian inscriptions. The living language of letters helps researchers understand the Novgorod dialect, as well as the life of ordinary people and the history of Rus'. The most famous researcher of birch bark documents is, of course, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences Andrey Zaliznyak : It’s not without reason that his annual lectures, dedicated to newly found letters and deciphering old ones, are filled with people.

Climatology

Vasily Titov. Photo from noaa.gov

On the morning of December 26, 2004, the day of the tragic tsunami in Indonesia, which, according to various estimates, killed 200-300 thousand people, a graduate of NSU, working at the Tsunami Research Center at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in Seattle (USA), Vasily Titov woke up famous. And this is not just a figure of speech: having learned about the strongest earthquake that occurred in the Indian Ocean, the scientist, before going to bed, decided to run a tsunami wave forecasting program on his computer and posted its results online. His forecast turned out to be very accurate, but, unfortunately, it was made too late and therefore could not prevent human casualties. Now the tsunami forecasting program MOST, developed by Titov, is used in many countries around the world.

Astronomy

Konstantin Batygin. Photo from caltech.edu

In January 2016, the world was shocked by another piece of news: in our native solar system. One of the authors of the discovery was born in Russia Konstantin Batygin from the University of California. Having studied the motion of six cosmic bodies beyond the orbit of Neptune, the last of the currently recognized planets, scientists have used calculations to show that at a distance seven times greater than the distance from Neptune to the Sun, there should be another planet orbiting the Sun. Its size, according to scientists, is 10 times the diameter of the Earth. However, in order to be completely convinced of the existence of the distant giant, it is still necessary to see it with a telescope.

Below is a list of the ten greatest scientists in history who changed the world. We also recommend that you read the ranking of the most famous women scientists in the world.

10 Aristotle (384–322 BC)

Aristotle is an ancient Greek scientist, encyclopedist, philosopher and logician, founder of classical (formal) logic. Considered one of the greatest geniuses in history and the most influential philosopher of antiquity. He made a huge contribution to the development of logic and natural sciences, especially astronomy, physics and biology. Although many of his scientific theories were disproven, they greatly contributed to the search for new hypotheses to explain them.

9 Archimedes (287–212 BC)

Archimedes was an ancient Greek mathematician, inventor, astronomer, physicist and engineer. Generally considered the greatest mathematician of all time and one of the leading scientists of the classical period of antiquity. His contributions to the field of physics include the fundamental principles of hydrostatics, statics, and the explanation of the principle of lever action. He is credited with inventing innovative machinery, including siege engines and the screw pump named after him. Archimedes also invented the spiral that bears his name, formulas for calculating the volumes of surfaces of revolution, and an original system for expressing very large numbers.

8 Galileo (1564–1642)

In eighth place in the ranking of the greatest scientists in the history of the world is Galileo, an Italian physicist, astronomer, mathematician and philosopher. He has been called the "father of observational astronomy" and the "father of modern physics". Galileo was the first to use a telescope to observe celestial bodies. Thanks to this, he made a number of outstanding astronomical discoveries, such as the discovery of the four largest satellites of Jupiter, sunspots, the rotation of the Sun, and also established that Venus changes phases. He also invented the first thermometer (without a scale) and proportional compass.

7 Michael Faraday (1791–1867)

Michael Faraday was an English physicist and chemist, primarily known for the discovery of electromagnetic induction. Faraday also discovered the chemical effect of current, diamagnetism, the effect of a magnetic field on light, and the laws of electrolysis. He also invented the first, albeit primitive, electric motor, and the first transformer. He introduced the terms cathode, anode, ion, electrolyte, diamagnetism, dielectric, paramagnetism, etc. In 1824 he discovered the chemical elements benzene and isobutylene. Some historians consider Michael Faraday to be the best experimentalist in the history of science.

6 Thomas Alva Edison (1847–1931)

Thomas Alva Edison is an American inventor and businessman, founder of the prestigious scientific magazine Science. Considered one of the most prolific inventors of his time, with a record number of patents issued to his name - 1,093 in the United States and 1,239 in other countries. Among his inventions are the creation in 1879 of an electric incandescent lamp, a system for distributing electricity to consumers, a phonograph, improvements in the telegraph, telephone, film equipment, etc.

5 Marie Curie (1867–1934)

Marie Skłodowska-Curie - French physicist and chemist, teacher, public figure, pioneer in the field of radiology. The only woman to win a Nobel Prize in two different fields of science - physics and chemistry. The first woman professor to teach at the Sorbonne University. Her achievements include the development of the theory of radioactivity, methods for separating radioactive isotopes, and the discovery of two new chemical elements, radium and polonium. Marie Curie is one of the inventors who died from their inventions.

4 Louis Pasteur (1822–1895)

Louis Pasteur - French chemist and biologist, one of the founders of microbiology and immunology. He discovered the microbiological essence of fermentation and many human diseases. Initiated a new department of chemistry - stereochemistry. Pasteur's most important achievement is considered to be his work on bacteriology and virology, which resulted in the creation of the first vaccines against rabies and anthrax. His name is widely known thanks to the pasteurization technology he created and later named after him. All of Pasteur's works became a striking example of the combination of fundamental and applied research in the fields of chemistry, anatomy and physics.

3 Sir Isaac Newton (1643–1727)

Isaac Newton was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, philosopher, historian, biblical scholar and alchemist. He is the discoverer of the laws of motion. Sir Isaac Newton discovered the law of universal gravitation, laid the foundations of classical mechanics, formulated the principle of conservation of momentum, laid the foundations of modern physical optics, built the first reflecting telescope and developed the theory of color, formulated the empirical law of heat transfer, constructed the theory of the speed of sound, proclaimed the theory of the origin of stars and many other mathematical and physical theories. Newton was also the first to describe the phenomenon of tides mathematically.

2 Albert Einstein (1879–1955)

Second place in the list of the greatest scientists in the history of the world is occupied by Albert Einstein - a German physicist of Jewish origin, one of the greatest theoretical physicists of the twentieth century, the creator of the general and special theory of relativity, discovered the law of the relationship between mass and energy, as well as many other significant physical theories. Winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921 for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect. Author of more than 300 scientific papers on physics and 150 books and articles in the field of history, philosophy, journalism, etc.

1 Nikola Tesla (1856–1943)

Nikola Tesla is considered the greatest scientist in the world - a Serbian and American inventor, physicist, electromechanical engineer, known for his achievements in the field of alternating current, magnetism and electrical engineering. In particular, he invented the alternating current, polyphase system and alternating current electric motor. In total, Tesla is the author of about 800 inventions in the field of electrical and radio engineering, including the first electric clock, solar-powered engine, radio, etc. He was a key figure in the construction of the first hydroelectric power station at Niagara Falls.