Ukrainian words similar to German. Borrowed words in the Ukrainian language Why are there many words from Sanskrit in the Ukrainian language?

When pronouncing the Ukrainian sound “g”, you should keep in mind that in most cases it is pronounced as a voiced sound, paired with the voiceless sound “x”, and in Russian - as a voiced sound, paired with the voiced sound “k”. Therefore, Ukrainian words with the letter “g” are closer in sound to German words with the letter “h” (gartuvati - haerten - to harden).

Here, first the Ukrainian word is given, then, after a dash - the German word, then the definite article showing the grammatical gender of the noun (in German), then in brackets the meaning of this word in German, if this meaning does not completely coincide with the meaning of the Ukrainian word, then after the dash is the Russian meaning of the Ukrainian word.

In this publication, special German letters (“sharp” es, vowels with “umlaut”) cannot be conveyed. They are expressed by combinations of Latin letters -ss, -ue, -ae, -oe.

Of course, none of all the existing human languages ​​on our planet is something ossified (canned), created once and for all, invented by a people (tribe). People of one nation communicate with people of another, as a result of which the languages ​​of each of them are enriched with new concepts and words. There are also international words - telephone, car, cinema, computer, internet, etc. However, having looked at the list of Ukrainian words of German origin offered to your attention, you have the opportunity to make sure that many of them are purely everyday (here I use transliteration - writing Ukrainian sounds in Russian letters): [blakytny (blue); brakuvata (not enough); brutal (rude); vagatysya (doubt); vvazhaty (to have an opinion); vizerunok (pattern), etc., etc.], which certainly had to be created by this and only this people. But that didn't happen. Why? Yes, for the simple reason that the Ukrainian language is the same artificial formation as the Ukrainian people themselves, which is a population (biomass) consisting of the descendants of mestizos, at one time or another produced by men of Arabic (so-called Jewish ) and women of Russian origin.

In this regard, the Ukrainian people and the Czech people, consisting of the descendants of Arab (Jewish) males and, now, German (Bohemian) females, are like two oars similar to each other. Just like these two newspeaks - Ukrainian and Czech.

bavovna – Baumwolle, die – cotton

bagnet – Bajonett, das – bayonet

bastard – Bastard, der, (in German from French) – bastard, illegitimate child

blakitny – blau – blue, sky color

plaque – Blech, das – tin

bleshany (blechernes dach) – blechern (blechernes Dach) – tin (tin roof)

borg – Borg, der – debt, loan

brakuvati (chogos), – brauchen – need (something), lack (something); I need – I am married (what), I lack, I need es braucht mir (etwas), es braucht mir Geld – I am married (what), I lack, I need (something); es braucht mir Geld - I’m losing pennies, I don’t have enough money, I need money; es braucht mir Zeit – I’m losing time, I don’t have enough time, I don’t have time

brewery - Brauerei, die - brewery, brewery (the name of the regional center in the Kyiv region of Brovary comes from the word brewery)

brutal – brutal – rough

brucht – Bruch, der – scrap, scrap metal

buda, booth - Bude, die - German. shop, stall, lodge;

buduvati – Bude, die (German shop, stall, lodge) – build

burnus – Burnus, der, -nusse, – Arabian cloak with a hood

bursa – Burse, die – bursa, medieval school with a dormitory

student - Burse, der, - student of the bursa

hesitate – waegen (German: weigh) – hesitate, hesitate

wagi – Waage, die – scales;

vazhiti – waegen – to weigh, weigh;

vazhati – waegen (German to venture, dare, risk) – to have an opinion

vizerunok – (from German Visier das – visor) – pattern

vovna – Wolle, die, – wool

guy – Hain, der – grove, forest, coppice, oak grove

haiduk - Haiduck (Heiduck), der (from the Hungarian hajduk - driver) (German Hungarian mercenary warrior, partisan, Hungarian courtier) - hired warrior, servant, traveling footman

hook – Haken, der – hook, hook, hook

gartuvati - haerten - harden (in the village of Bobrik, Brovary district, Kyiv region, a dialect word was used, derived from gartuvati - gartanachka, which meant potatoes baked in a pot over a fire)

hubbub - Gewalt, die (German violence, power) - loud cry

gwaltuvati – Gewalt, die (German violence, power), jemandem Gewalt antun die (German rape) – to rape

hetman (the word hetman came to the Ukrainian language through the Polish language) – Hauptmann, der (German captain, centurion, chief) – hetman

gesheft – Gescheft, das (German business, occupation, business, shop) – trading business

hon! (exclamation) – Hops, der, hops!, hopsassa! (in it - jump, jump) - hop!

hopak – Hops, der, hops!, hopsassa! (German jump, jump) - hopak, Ukrainian dance

grati (multiple, plural) – Gitter, das – bars (prison or window)

soil – Grund, der, (German soil, bottom, land plot) – soil, foundation, justification

primer, primer – gr;nden (German: lay the foundation for something, justify) – justify

groundly – ​​gr;ndlich – thoroughly,

primer – gr;ndlich – solid

gukati – gucken, kucken, qucken (German look) – to call someone from a distance, loudly

dah – Dach, das – roof

kings – Damespiel, der – checkers

drit – Draht, der, Dr;hte – wire

druk – Druck, der – pressure; printing (books, newspapers, etc.)

drukarnya – Druckerei, die – printing house

drukar - Drucker, der - printer

drukuvati – druecken – print

dyakuvati – danken – to thank

education (obsolete) – Edukation, die – education, upbringing; From this Latin word comes the Ukrainian adjective “edukovaniy” - educated, well-mannered. From this adjective arose the distorted common folk ironic “midikovany” (an arrogant person with a pretense of education) and the expression: “midikovany, tilki ne drukaniy” (with a pretense of education, but still not published)

zaborguvati – borgen – to make debts, to borrow;

chapel – Kapelle, die (it also means chapel) – chapel

Karafka – Karaffe, die – a pot-bellied glass vessel with a stopper, for water or drinks, often faceted, decanter

karbovanets - kerben (in German, to make notches, notches but with something) - ruble, i.e. minted, with notches

karbuvati – kerben – to notch, mint (money)

kermo – Kehre, die, (German turn, bend in the road) – steering wheel

kermach – Kehrer, der – helmsman, helmsman

keruvati – kehren (in German it means to turn) – to manage, to lead

pick – Keil, der (German wedge, key, dihedral angle) – pick, a hand-held mining tool for breaking off brittle rocks, a long steel pointed wedge mounted on a wooden handle

kelich, less commonly kelech – Kelch, der – cup, bowl, vessel with a foot

coma – Komma, das – comma

kohati – kochen (German boil) – to love

kosht (for your own kosht) – Kost, die (German food, table, food, food) – bill (at your own expense)

costoris – der Kostenplan (pron. kostenplan) – estimate

kostuvati (how much does it cost?) – kosten (was kostet?) – cost (how much does it cost?)

crib – Krawatte, die – tie

kram – Kram, der – product

kramar – Kraemer, der – shopkeeper, small trader, tradesman

kramnitsa – Kram, (German product) – shop, shop

kreide – Kreide, die – chalk

criminal – kriminell – criminal

kriza – Krise, die – crisis

krumka (bread) – Krume, die (German (bread) crumb, pl. crumbs, topsoil) – a cut piece of bread

kushtuvati – kosten – to taste

lantukh - Leintuch (German linen) - row, spindle (coarse sackcloth or clothing), a large bag of row or thread (“ponitok” - peasant homespun half-cloth), burlap for cart tires, for drying grain bread, etc. In Ukrainian The word came from German through Polish (lantuch - rag, flap).

lizhko – liegen (German lie) – bed

likhtar - from him. Licht, das light, fire; - flashlight

lyoh - from him. Loch, das hole, hole, hole, pocket, ice hole, peephole, hole; – cellar

lyusterko - from him. Luest, die (German joy, pleasure) – mirror

tiny – malen – to draw

painter – Maler, der – painter, artist

manier – manierlich (German: polite, polite, well-mannered) – emphatically polite, cutesy

matir – Mutter, die – mother

snowflake – Schmetterling, der – butterfly (insect), moth

mur – Mauer, die – stone (brick) wall

musiti – muessen – to be obliged, to owe

nirka – Niere, die – kidney (human or animal organ)

olia – Oel, das (German liquid vegetable or mineral oil, petroleum) – liquid vegetable oil

peahen – Pfau, der – peacock

palace – Palast, der – palace

papir – Papier, das – paper

pasuvati – passsen – to approach something (to a face, etc.), to be in time

penzel – Pinsel, der – brush (for drawing or painting)

perlina (pearl) – Perle, die – pearl, pearl

peruka – Peruecke, die – wig

perukarnya – Peruecke, die (German wig) – hairdressing salon

pilaf, pilaf - Pilaw (read pilaf), (in German variants: Pilaf, Pilau), der - pilaf, an oriental dish of lamb or game with rice

scarf – Platte, die – plate, plate

parade ground - Platz, der - square (in a populated area)

plundruvati – pluendern – to plunder, plunder, devastate

dance – Flasche, die – bottle

porcelain – Porzellan, das – porcelain

pohaptsem – happen (nach D), haeppchenweise – hastily, grab (something with teeth, mouth, eat hastily, swallow food in pieces)

ration (in Vistula: ti maesh ration) – Ratio, die (German reason, logical thinking) – rightness (in the expression: you’re right)

rakhunok – Rechnung, die – counting, counting

reshta – Rest, der – remainder

celery – Sellerie, der oder die – celery

skorbut - Skorbut, der - scurvy

relish – Geschmack, der – taste

savory – schmackhaft – tasty, tasty

list – Spiess, der – spear

rates – Stau, Stausee, der – pond

statute - Statut, das - charter

strike – Streik, der – strike, strike (from English)

strum – Strom, der – electric current

strumok – Strom, der (German river, stream) – stream

stribati – streben (German to strive) – to jump

banner - goes back to ancient Scandinavian. stoeng (ancient Swedish – stang) “pole, pole” – flag, banner

teslyar – Tischler, der – carpenter

torturi (in Ukrainian it is used only in the plural) – Tortur, die – torture

tremble – Trema, das (German trembling, fear) – trembling

fainy (West Ukrainian dialect), garniy – fein (German thin, small, elegant, noble, rich, good, excellent, weak, quiet, beautiful) – beautiful (in Western Ukrainian dialect this word came from the English language )

fakh – Fach, das – specialty

fahivets – Fachmann, der – specialist

wagon – Fuhre, die – cart

furman – Fuhrmann, der – carter

hapati – happen (nach D) – grab (including something with teeth, mouth), eat hastily, swallow food in chunks

tsvirinkati – zwitschen – twitter, tweet

tsegla – Ziegel, der – brick

treadmill – Ziegelei, die – brick factory

tseber – Zuber, der – tub, tub with ears

cil – Ziel, das – goal

cibul – Zwiebel, die – onion (plant)

civil – zivil – civilian, civilian

zina (obsolete) – Zinn, das – tin

tsitska (rough) – Zitze, die – female breast

zukor – Zucker, der – sugar

checks – Schachspiel, das – chess

shibenik – schieben schieben (German: move, push) – hanged man, hooligan

shibenitsa – schieben (German: move, push) – gallows

shibka – Scheibe, Fensterscheibe, die – window glass

shank – Schincken, der oder die – ham, piece of ham

shinkar – Schenk, der – innkeeper

tavern – Schenke, der – tavern, tavern

way - from German schlagen - to beat, compact - road, path

shopa (Western Ukrainian dialect), – Schuppen, der – a fenced off part of a yard or barn, most often with walls made of boards (especially for storing carts and other equipment)

shukhlade – Schublade, die – drawer

fair – Jahrmarkt, der, (in German, annual market) – fair (this word is also in Russian, but it came to Russian from Ukrainian)

accentuate - akzentuiren - emphasize, highlight, put an accent mark
gazebo - Altan, der, Balkon mit Unterbau (in German from Italian alt - high) - gazebo, gazebo. At first, this was the name for large balconies, then - platforms, ledges and gazebos from which you can admire the surrounding landscape.

bavovna - Baumwolle, die - cotton
bagnet - Bajonett, das - bayonet
bastard - Bastard, der, (in German from French) - bastard, illegitimate child
blakitniy - blau - blue, sky color
plaque - Blech, das - tin
bleshany (blechernes Dach) - blechern (blechernes Dach) - tin (tin roof)
borg - Borg, der - debt, loan
brakuvati (chogos) - brauchen - need (something), lack (something);
I'm missing (something) - es braucht mir (etwas) - I lack (something), I need (something);
I'm wasting pennies - es braucht mir Geld - I don't have enough money, I need money; I'm missing the hour - es braucht mir Zeit - I don't have enough time, I don't have time
brewer - Brauer, der - brewer (the name of the district center in the Kyiv region of Brovary comes from the word “brovar”)
brewery - Brauerei, die - brewery, brewery
brewing - Brauerei, die - brewing
brutal - brutal - rough
brucht - Bruch, der - scrap, scrap metal
buda, booth - Bude, die - German. shop, stall, lodge;
buduvati - Bude, die (German shop, stall, lodge) - build
booth - Bude, die (German shop, stall, guardhouse) - building, house
burnus - Burnus, der, -nusse, - Arabic cloak with hood
bursa - Burse, die - bursa, medieval school with a dormitory
bursak - Burse, der, - student of the bursa

wabiti - Wabe, die (German honeycomb) - attract
hesitate - vage (German vague, shaky) - hesitate, hesitate
vagina (woman) - waegen (German to weigh) - pregnant (“gaining weight”)
wagi - Waage, die - scales;
important - Waage, die (German scales) - weighty, important;
vazhiti - Waage, die (German scales), waegen (German weigh) - weigh, weigh;
warta - Wart, der (German keeper, guardian) - guard;
vartovy - Wart, der (German keeper, guard) - sentry;
vartuvati - warten (German: wait, care for a child or the sick, perform official duties) - stand on guard; guard, guard
watch - Wache, die, Wachte, die, - security, military guard, sea watch, shift;
vvazhati - waegen (German to dare, dare, risk) - to have an opinion
vizerunok - (from German Visier, das - visor) - pattern
vovna - Wolle, die - wool
wogky - feucht - wet

guy - Hain, der - grove, forest, coppice, oak grove
haiduk - Haiduck (Heiduck), der (from the Hungarian hajduk - driver) (German Hungarian mercenary warrior, partisan, Hungarian courtier) - hired warrior, servant, traveling footman
hook - Haken, der - hook, hook, hook
halmo - Halm, der (in German: stem, straw, straw, maybe the Ukrainians slowed down the cart with a bunch of straw?) - brake
galmuvati - Halm, der (in German: stem, straw, straw, maybe the Ukrainians slowed down the cart with a bunch of straw?) - slow down
garth - Haertung, die - hardening, hardening
gartuvati - haerten - harden (in the village of Bobrik, Brovary district, Kyiv region, a dialect word was used, derived from gartuvati - gartanachka, which meant potatoes baked in a pot over a fire)
gas - Gas, das (German gas) - kerosene
gatunok - Gattung, die - grade, type, variety, quality
hubbub - Gewalt, die (German violence, power) - loud cry
gvaltuvati - Gewalt, die (German violence, power), jemandem Gewalt antun (German to rape someone) - to rape
gendlyuvati - handeln - to trade (in Ukrainian it is more often used in an ironic, condemning sense)
hetman (the word hetman came to the Ukrainian language through the Polish language) - Hauptmann, der (German captain, centurion, chief) - hetman
gesheft - Gescheft, das (German business, occupation, business, shop) - trading business
hon! (exclamation) - Hops, der, hops!, hopsassa! (in it - jump, leap) - hop!
hopak - Hops, der, hops!, hopsassa! (German jump, jump) - hopak, Ukrainian dance
grati (multiple, plural) - Gitter, das - bars (prison or window)
soil - Grund, der, (German soil, bottom, land) - soil, foundation, justification
gruendlich - thoroughly,
gruendlich - solid
to ground, to ground - gruenden (German: to lay the foundation for something, to justify) - to justify
gukati - gucken, kucken, qucken (German look) - to call someone from a distance, to call loudly
guma - Gummi, der - rubber, rubber
humovium - Gummi- - rubber, rubber
humor - Humor, der, nur Einz. - humor
gurok, plural gurka - Gurke, die, - cucumber (dialect heard in Gogolev, Kiev region)

dakh - Dach, das - roof
kings - Damespiel, der - checkers
drit - Draht, der, Draehte - wire
druk - Druck, der - pressure; printing (books, newspapers, etc.)
druckerei - Druckerei, die - printing house
drukar - Drucker, der - printer
drukuvati - druecken - print
dyakuvati - danken - to thank

education (obsolete) - Edukation, die - education, upbringing; From this Latin word comes the Ukrainian adjective “edukovaniy” - educated, well-mannered. From this adjective arose the distorted common folk ironic “midikovany” (an arrogant person with a pretense of education) and the expression: “midikovany, tilki ne drukaniy” (with a pretense of education, but still not published)

zhovnir (obsolete) - Soeldner, der (in German from Italian Soldo - monetary unit, lat. Solidus) - mercenary warrior

zaborguvati - borgen - to make debts, to borrow

istota - ist (German is, exists - third person singular present tense of the verb sein - to be) - being (organism)

kapelyukh - Kappe, die - hat
chapel - Kapelle, die (it also means chapel) - chapel
Karafka - Karaffe, die - a pot-bellied glass vessel with a stopper, for water or drinks, often faceted, decanter
karbovanets - kerben (in German, to make notches, notches but with something) - ruble, i.e. minted, with notches
karbuvati - kerben - to notch, mint (money)
kvach - in it. quatsch - colloquial slap!, bam!, clap!, absurd; noun Quatsch, der (nonsense, rubbish, fool) - a piece of rags for greasing a frying pan, and in a children's game - the one who is obliged to catch up with other players and convey the role of the kvach with his touch, the name of this game, an exclamation when conveying the role of the kvach
receipt - Quittung, die (receipt, receipt for receiving something) - ticket (entrance, travel)



pick - Keil, der (German wedge, key, dihedral angle) - pick, a hand-held mining tool for breaking off brittle rocks, a long steel pointed wedge mounted on a wooden handle
kelech - Kelch, der - cup, bowl, vessel with a foot
kermach - Kehrer, der - helmsman, helmsman
kermo - Kehre, die, (German turn, bend in the road) - steering wheel
keruvati - kehren (in German it means to turn) - to manage, to lead
klejnodi - Kleinod, das - treasures, jewelry (via Polish klejnot - jewel, precious object), regalia, which were military insignia of the Ukrainian hetmans (mace, horsetail, banner, seal and kettledrums)
dumplings - Knoedel, der (in German Knoedel = Kloss - dumplings without filling, made from many ingredients: eggs, flour, potatoes, bread and milk) - dumplings without filling or with filling
color - Couleur, die (in German this is a word of French origin) - color
coma - Komma, das - comma
kohati - kochen (German boil) - to love
kost (for your kosht) - Kost, die (German food, table, food, food) - bill (at your own expense)
costoris - der Kostenplan (pron. kostenplan) - estimate
koshtuvati (how many koshtuє?) - kosten (was kostet?) - cost (how much does it cost?)
bed - Krawatte, die - tie
kram - Kram, der - goods
kramar - Kraemer, der - shopkeeper, small trader, tradesman
kramnica - Kram, (German product) - store, shop
kreide - Kreide, die - chalk
criminal - kriminell - criminal
kriza - Krise, die - crisis
krumka (bread) - Krume, die (German (bread) crumb, pl. crumbs, topsoil) - hunk, cut piece of bread
kushtuvati - kosten - to taste
kshtalt (via Polish from German) - Gestalt, die - sample, type, form
kilim - Kelim, der - carpet (in German and Ukrainian this is a word of Turkish origin)
kitsya - Kitz, das, Kitze, die - kitty

lan - Land, das (German country, land, soil) - cornfield, field
lantukh - Leintuch (German linen scarf, linen) - row, spindle (coarse sackcloth or clothing), a large bag of row or thread (“ponitok” - peasant homespun half-cloth), burlap for cart tires, for drying grain bread, etc. The word came into the Ukrainian language from German through Polish (lantuch - rag, flap).
lanzug - Langzug (German long pull, long line) - rope
lement (duzhe golosna rozmova; galas) - Lamentation (complaint, cry) - very loud conversation; screaming, lamentation.
lementuvat (speak even more loudly; galasuvati; scream in pain, suffering or howling for help; create gamіr, shouting at once (about people); scream (about creatures, birds, etc.); disrespectfully: show increased interest until some kind of food , actively discussing it, turning to the utmost respect; - lamentieren (to complain, to lament, to loudly express one’s dissatisfaction) - to speak very loudly, to scream, to lament; to scream in pain or to make noise (about people); , birds, etc.); dismissively: show interest in any issue, actively discuss it, attracting the attention of the general public to it.
lizhko - liegen (German lie) - bed
likhtar - from him. Licht, das light, fire - lantern
deprive, deprive - from it. lassen (in German - this verb means “to leave” and many other meanings) - to leave, to leave
meadow - from him. Lauge, die - alkali, lye
lyoh - from him. Loch, das (German hole, hole, hole, pocket, ice hole, peephole, hole) - cellar
lyusterko - from him. Luest, die (German joy, pleasure) - mirror
lyada - from him. Lade, die (German chest, drawer) - a movable lid, a door that covers a hole inside something, a chest lid

tiny - malen - to draw
baby - malen (draw) - drawing
painter - Maler, der - painter, artist
manierny - manierlich (German: polite, polite, well-mannered) - emphatically polite, cutesy
matir - Mutter, die - mother
molasses - Molasse, die - molasses (sweet thick brown syrup, which is a waste product when producing sugar)
snowflake - Schmetterling, der - butterfly (insect), moth
morgue - Grossen Magdeburger Morgen; 0.510644 Hektar - unit of land area; 0.5 ha (Western Ukrainian dialect)
mur - Mauer, die - stone (brick) wall
musiti - muessen - to be obliged, to owe

nіsenіtnitsia - Sensus, der, Sinn, der (German "Sensus", "Sinn" - meaning; Ukrainian "sens" - meaning - come from the Latin "sensus") - nonsense, absurdity, absurdity, absurdity, nonsense
nirka - Niere, die - kidney (human or animal organ)

olia - Oel, das (German liquid vegetable or mineral oil, petroleum) - liquid vegetable oil
otset (in Ukrainian from the Latin acetum) - Azetat, das (German acetate, salt of acetic acid) - vinegar

peahen - Pfau, der - peacock
palace - Palast, der - palace
papier - Papier, das - paper
pasuvati - passsen - to approach something (to a face, etc.), to be on time
penzel - Pinsel, der - brush (for drawing or painting)
perlina (pearl) - Perle, die - pearl, pearl
peruka - Peruecke, die - wig
peruecke - Peruecke, die (German wig) - hairdresser
pilav - Pilaw (read pilaf), (in German variants: Pilaf, Pilau), der - pilaf, an oriental dish of lamb or game with rice
pinzel - Pinsel, der - brush (for drawing)
scarf - Platte, die - plate, record
parade ground - Platz, der - area (in a populated area)
plundruvati - pluendern - to plunder, plunder, devastate
dance - Flasche, die - bottle
pump - Pumpe, die - pump, pump (in Russian the word “pump” is used less often)
porcelain - Porzellan, das - porcelain
pohaptsem - happen (nach D), haeppchenweise - hastily, grab (something with teeth, mouth, eat hastily, swallow food in pieces)
proposition - poponieren (to offer) - proposal
proponuvati - poponieren - to offer

rada - Rat, der - council (instruction or collegial body); Ukrainian words with the same root: radnik - adviser; narada - meeting
ration (in Vistula: ti maєsh ration) - Ratio, die (German reason, logical thinking) - rightness (in the expression: you're right)
rahuvati - rechnen - count (money, etc.)
rakhunok - Rechnung, die - counting, counting
reshta - Rest, der - remainder
robotar - Roboter, der - robot
rizik - Risiko, das - risk
trench - Rohr, das - gutter, groove
rura (obsolete word) - Rohr, das - (water) pipe
ryatuvati - retten - save

celery - Sellerie, der oder die - celery
sense - Sensus, der, Sinn, der - meaning (this word came into German and Ukrainian from the Latin language)
skorbut - Skorbut, der - scurvy
relish - Geschmack, der - taste
savor - schmecken - taste
savory - schmackhaft - tasty, tasty
list - Spiess, der - spear
rates - Stau, Stausee, der - pond
statute - Statut, das - charter
strike - Streik, der - strike, strike (from English)
stroh - Stroh, das (straw); Strohdach, das (thatched roof) – thatched roof
strum - Strom, der - electric current
strumok - Strom, der (German river, stream) - stream
stringy - Strunk, der (German rod, stem) - slender
stribati - streben (German to strive) - to jump
banner - goes back to ancient Scand. stoeng (ancient Swedish - stang) “pole, pole” - flag, banner

carpenter - Tischler, der - carpenter
torturi (in Ukrainian only used in the plural) - Tortur, die - torture
tremtiiti - Trema, das (German trembling, fear) - tremble

Ugorshchina - Ungarn, das - Hungary

Fainy (West Ukrainian dialect) - fein (German thin, small, elegant, noble, rich, good, excellent, weak, quiet, beautiful) - beautiful (in Western Ukrainian dialect this word came from the English language)
fakh - Fach, das - specialty
fahivets - Fachmann, der - specialist
fort - Fort, das, -s, -s - fort, fortress
jointer - Fugebank, die, pl. Fugebaenk - jointer
wagon - Fuhre, die - cart
fuhrmann - Fuhrmann, der - carter

hapati - happen (nach D) (in German - grab something with your teeth, mouth, eat hastily, swallow food in pieces) - grab
hut - Huette, die (German hut, hut, hut, cabin) - house
hut - Huette, die (German hut, hut, hut, cabin) - hut
farm - Huette, die (German hut, hut, hut, cabin) - farm

tsvirinkati - zwitschen - twitter, tweet
tsvyakh - Zwecke, die (in German: a short nail with a wide head, a button) - a nail
tsegla - Ziegel, der - brick
treadmill - Ziegelei, die - brick factory
tseber - Zuber, der - tub, tub with ears
cil - Ziel, das - goal
cibul - Zwiebel, die - onion (plant)
civil - zivil - civilian, civilian
zina (obsolete) - Zinn, das - tin
tsitska (rough) - Zitze, die - female breast
zukor - Zucker, der - sugar

succession - Herde, die - herd, herd, herd, flock
chipati - ziepen jemandem - jemandem an den Haaren oder an der Haut schmerzhaft ziehen - it is painful to pull someone by the hair or skin - to touch, touch someone

checks - Schachspiel, das - chess
shakhray - Schacherei, die (German petty trade, doing business, huckstering) - swindler
shibenik - schieben schieben (German: move, push) - hanged man, hooligan
shibenitsa - schieben (German: move, push) - gallows
shibka - Scheibe, Fensterscheibe, die - window glass
shank - Schincken, der oder die - ham, piece of ham
shinkar - Schenk, der - innkeeper
tavern - Schenke, der - tavern, tavern
way - from German schlagen - to beat, compact - road, path
shopa (Western Ukrainian dialect), - Schuppen, der - a fenced off part of a yard or barn, most often with walls made of boards (especially for storing carts and other equipment)
shukhlade - Schublade, die - drawer

Scherbatiy - Scherbe, die, (in German shard, fragment) - with one tooth that has fallen out, knocked out or broken (this word is also in Russian)
fair - Jahrmarkt, der, (in German, annual market) - fair (this word is also in Russian)

ZHELUDENKO M. A.

(National Aviation University)

FEATURES OF GERMAN BORROWINGS IN THE UKRAINIAN LANGUAGE

Zheludenko German borrowings in the Ukrainian language. The article is devoted to German borrowings in the Ukrainian language. The ways of penetration of Germanisms into the Ukrainian language are analyzed; the main areas in which Germanisms appeared in a specific historical period are highlighted; different chronological periodizations characterizing the appearance of German borrowings in the Ukrainian language are considered.

Key words: borrowing, Germanism, vocabulary, influence, language contact, classification.

ZheludenkoAnd Germans are included in Ukrainian language. The article is dedicated to German entries in the Ukrainian language. The ways of penetration of Germanisms into Ukrainian language are analyzed; the main areas in which Germanism appeared in a specific historical period are revealed; There are various chronological periods that characterize the appearance of German words in Ukrainian language.

Key words: positioning, Germanism, vocabulary, influx, movable contact, classification.

Zheludenko M. A. Peculiarites of German loanwords in the Ukrainian language. The article deals with German loanwords in the Ukrainian language. The author analyzes penetration of Germanisms into the Ukrainian language. Much attention is paid to the appearance of Germanisms in particular historical periods. Different chronological periods of German loanwords penetration into the Ukrainian language are examined.

Key words: loanwords, Germanism, lexical, influence, language contact, classification.

The processes taking place in the modern world lead to globalization at different levels - from economics and politics to linguistics. Borrowings from one language to another are the norm and part of the globalization process itself. Borrowings often arise as a result of innovation in any branch of science or technology and are transformed into internationalisms. Borrowings are partly a reflection of the desire for scientific progress and civilization, since on their basis a language of international terminology is created.

The works of I. Sharovolsky, J. Grotta, L. Krysin, D. Lotte, M. Makovsky and others are devoted to the study of interlingual contacts, which reveal the interaction of literary languages, the history of contacting languages, as well as the material and spiritual culture of their speakers.

Doroshenko, A. Dulichenko, G. Zelenina, E. Makeeva, Y. Tereshchenko, V. Yanev, L. Rudnitsky, I. Mirchuk show German-Ukrainian relations in the European context, as well as the interaction of the German language with other languages.

The study of language contacts, the influence of one language on another, the borrowing of vocabulary from different languages ​​is one of the tasks of modern linguistics, which determines relevance this problem. Purpose This article is an analysis of borrowings from the German language into the Ukrainian language, the reasons and methods of their penetration, as well as a chronological classification of semantic groups of borrowings. Subject research is lexical borrowings from the German language and their analogues in Ukrainian languages.

Borrowings are words of foreign origin that go through certain phonetic and morphological changes. Borrowed words enter a language orally or in writing, often through other languages. German borrowings entered the Slavic languages ​​in general, and in particular the Ukrainian language directly from German, or through other languages ​​- Hungarian, Polish, Czech, Latin, French, Italian. The Germans, who were in contact with Slavic tribes already during the time of the Proto-Slavic language, influenced the Slavic languages ​​for a long period [Lothe 1982; Martynov 1963; Tishchenko 2000].

Researchers of lexical Germanisms A. Aboni, L. Koshkareva identify the following factors that influenced the penetration of German borrowings into the Ukrainian language: 1) Polish and Czech languages, 2) Ukrainian-German business contacts, 3) ethnocultural Ukrainian-German ties; 4) the historical affiliation of the territories of Western Ukraine with the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy [Drobakha 2010; Aboni; Kis 2005; Koshkareva 2010].

Scientists also identify the stages that all words go through when they get from the source language to the borrowing language:

Penetration,

Adaptation or entry into language,

Assimilation,

Rooting [Manakin 2008, p. 6-7; Tishchenko 2000, p. 134; Tokareva 2002, pp. 45-50].

It is possible to consider the process of penetration of vocabulary from one language into another only in the context of the historical, political, and economic development of the people. The continuity of this process determines the relevance of this problem for both theoretical and practical study.

L. Koshkareva emphasizes the role of the Czech and Polish languages ​​in the second half of the 16th century as intermediaries in the process of penetration of Germanisms into the Ukrainian language. Through the Polish language in the 16th - early 17th centuries. fall:

Typography terms – druk, stamp, font;

Trade vocabulary – shink, borg, reshta;

Technical terms – dріт, valve, axle box, seal;

Construction and architectural vocabulary – dakh, brook, beam, mulyar, kahli, cement, cornice[Koshkareva 2010, p. 249-251] .

explores Germanisms in the Ukrainian-Hungarian dictionary. At the same time, he examines in detail the ways in which German words enter the Ukrainian language through other languages. In this case, of particular interest to us are borrowings that entered Ukrainian through the Polish and Czech languages. Let's look at some examples:

warta(XVI century) (Polish), gesheft(Slovakian) waiter(Polish), melduvati(Polish), apron(XVIII century) (Polish), fireworks ( XVIII century) (Slovakian), spaziruvati(Eastern Slovak), etc.

The authors of chronological-semantic classifications - L. Koshkareva, A. Aboni - characterize in detail each stage of Ukrainian-German relations and establish a periodization that covers the period from the 10th century to the present day. L. Koshkareva identifies the following chronological stages of German-Ukrainian contacts: XI-XIV centuries, XIV-XVII centuries, XVIII-XIX centuries, XX centuries - to the present day. In the article “Historical Mutualism between German and Ukrainian Languages,” she characterizes in detail each of the periods in the context of Ukrainian-German relations and gives examples of borrowings that appear during these periods [Koshkareva 2010].

A. Aboni also highlights areas in which, in his opinion, words of German origin are most often found. These areas are:

Construction - bench, trowel, jack, paste, valve, edge, coupling, jointer, tongue and groove, hose, plasterer;

Art - harp, choreographer, tuning fork, bandmaster, leitmotif, dance;

Literature

About lexical Germanisms in the Ukrainian-Hungarian dictionary of Istvan Udvari / A. Aboni // http://www. nyf. hu/others/docs/orosz_elekt_konyv/abonyi_andrea. pdf

Semantic variations of German, English and French are included in Ukrainian language // Scientific newsletter of the Volyn National University named after Lesya Ukrainka. – No. 7. - 2010. – P. 234-239.

Kis R. Global – national – local (social anthropology of cultural space) / R. Kis. – Lviv: Litopis, 2005. – 300 p.

Historical interaction between German and Ukrainian languages ​​// Scientific newsletter of the Volyn National University named after Lesya Ukraine. – No. 7. - 2010. – P. 249-252.

Issues of borrowing and organizing foreign language terms and term elements / - M.: Nauka, 1982. - 147 p.

Manakin V. Movi to the world and the sacred symmetry of the universe / V. Manakin // Science. notes. - VIP. 75(1). – Ser.: philol. sciences (language learning). – Kirovograd: RVV KDPU im. V. Vinnychenka, 2008. – P. 3−9.

Slavic-Germanic lexical interaction of the most ancient times /. – Minsk: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the BSSR, 1963. – 250 p.

Metatheory of knowledge / . – K.: Osnovi, 2000. – 278 p.

Adaptation of German lexical borrowings in the Russian literary language: on the basis of sources at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries. // Diss. ...cand. Philol. Sciences: 10.02.01. – Tyumen, 2002. - 175 p.

Terminological variation in the process of borrowing in intercultural communication // http://www. hse. ru/data/

Sources of illustrative material

SIS– Dictionary of foreign words. – K.: Science. Dumka, 2000. – 680 p.

CCIS– Current dictionary of personal words. – Kharkiv: Vesta, Ranok, 2008. – 688 p.

Ukrainian words similar to German

The picture shows the Germans, 3rd century AD. In the picture - Ukrainians
In the Ukrainian language you can find many words of Germanic origin, words common to the Ukrainian and German languages, as well as words similar to German. Knowing these words helps when learning German. There are more such words in the Ukrainian language than in Russian.

There are several reasons and eras for the emergence of common Ukrainian-German words. Germanic and Slavic languages ​​belong to the Indo-European language group and arose from the common proto-language of SANSKRIT. Therefore, in Germanic and Slavic languages ​​there are many similar single-root words; for example German Mutter - Ukrainian matir, mother; German glatt (smooth, slippery, quirky) - Ukrainian. smooth. During the era of the Great Migration of Peoples, over several centuries (in the 1st millennium AD), German tribes (Teutons, Goths, etc.) passed through the lands of what is now Ukraine, including the Lower Dnieper region and Volyn. The Eastern Goths were in Volyn in the 2nd - 5th centuries. AD Part of the German-speaking population did not go to the West along with the majority of their fellow tribesmen, but continued to live in the lands of what is now Ukraine. The Eastern Slavs appeared in Volyn and the Dnieper region around the same time, in the first half of the first millennium of the new era. Rare settlements of some German-speaking tribes interspersed with settlements of the Slavs. The inhabitants of these villages gradually merged with the Eastern Slavs and transferred part of their vocabulary to the latter. The German-speaking population influenced the language and culture of the Eastern Slavs, and subsequently became related and merged with the Slavs. The ancient origin of words related to Germanic ones in the Ukrainian language is confirmed by the fact that among these words there are many that denote basic life concepts (buduvati, dakh). In the Kyiv region there is still a settlement called GERMANOVKA, known by this name for more than 1,100 years. In the 9th century AD, and perhaps even earlier, close communication between Rus' and the Varangians began, who brought with them from Scandinavia the language of the North Germanic (Scandinavian) group. From the Varangians who came at the end of the 9th century. led by Prince Oleg to Kyiv, these words entered the language of the Polyans and Drevlyans who lived in these places. The Polyanes and the Drevlyans spoke their own languages, close to each other. And since the time of Christianization, the role of the written language throughout Kievan Rus was played by the Church Slavonic language, in which the Slavic Bible of Cyril and Methodius was written. The Polyansky language was the spoken language of the Kyiv principality and became one of the progenitors of the Ukrainian language. During the eventful thousand-year history of Ukraine, German words penetrated into the Ukrainian language in other ways. The penetration of German words into the Ukrainian language continued first through the Polish language during the time of the Polish-Lithuanian state, which for a long time included Ukraine, and later through Galicia, which was part of Austria-Hungary for a long time. Since ancient times, German specialists (builders, carpenters, blacksmiths, brewers, bakers, directors, management personnel, etc.) came to Ukraine. They all brought with them the terms of their professions.
Not all words of the Ukrainian language that have the same root as German came into the Ukrainian language directly from the German language. Words common to these languages ​​may have other origins. Some German words entered Ukraine through Yiddish, the language of Eastern European Ashkinazi Jews. for example, the word hubbub (scream, noise), Gewalt, which in German means power, violence.
The presence in the Ukrainian language of many words common to the Ukrainian and German languages ​​is also explained by the borrowing of international words by these languages ​​from Latin, Greek, French, English and other languages. In the Ukrainian and German languages ​​there are many similar international words of Latin, Greek, Hebrew, English and French origin. For example, the words Kreide (chalk), Edukation (education), fein (beautiful). Some Ukrainian words in this glossary are not related to German words, but are only coincidentally similar and consonant with them.
It makes sense to indicate in one glossary all the words common to the Ukrainian and German languages, regardless of their origin. Knowing such words helps when learning German.
When pronouncing the Ukrainian sound “g”, you should keep in mind that in most cases it is pronounced as a voiced sound, paired with the voiceless sound “x”, and in Russian - as a voiced sound, paired with the voiced sound “k”. Therefore, Ukrainian words with the letter “g” are closer in sound to German words with the letter “h” (gartuvati - haerten - to harden).

The glossary first lists a Ukrainian word, then a German word after a dash, then a definite article showing the grammatical gender of the noun (in German), then in parentheses the meaning of this word in German, if this meaning does not completely coincide with the meaning of the Ukrainian word, then after dash is the Russian meaning of the Ukrainian word.
In this publication, special German letters ("acute" es, vowels with "umlaut") cannot be conveyed. They are expressed by combinations of Latin letters -ss, -ue, -ae, -oe.

Accentuvati - akzentuiren - to emphasize, highlight, put an accent mark
gazebo - Altan, der, Balkon mit Unterbau (in German from Italian alt - high) - gazebo, gazebo. At first, this was the name for large balconies, then - platforms, ledges and gazebos from which you can admire the surrounding landscape.

Bavovna - Baumwolle, die - cotton
bagnet - Bajonett, das - bayonet
bastard - Bastard, der, (in German from French) - bastard, illegitimate child
blakitniy - blau - blue, sky color
plaque - Blech, das - tin
bleshany (blechernes Dach) - blechern (blechernes Dach) - tin (tin roof)
borg - Borg, der - debt, loan
brakuvati (chogos) - brauchen - need (something), lack (something);
I'm missing (something) - es braucht mir (etwas) - I lack (something), I need (something);
I'm wasting pennies - es braucht mir Geld - I don't have enough money, I need money; I'm missing the hour - es braucht mir Zeit - I don't have enough time, I don't have time
brewer - Brauer, der - brewer (the name of the district center in the Kyiv region of Brovary comes from the word “brovar”)
brewery - Brauerei, die - brewery, brewery
brewing - Brauerei, die - brewing
brutal - brutal - rough
brucht - Bruch, der - scrap, scrap metal
buda, booth - Bude, die - German. shop, stall, lodge;
buduvati - Bude, die (German shop, stall, lodge) - build
burnus - Burnus, der, -nusse, - Arabic cloak with hood
bursa - Burse, die - bursa, medieval school with a dormitory
bursak - Burse, der, - student of the bursa

Wabiti - Wabe, die (German honeycomb) - attract
hesitate - vage (German vague, shaky) - hesitate, hesitate
vagina (woman) - waegen (German to weigh) - pregnant (“gaining weight”)
wagi - Waage, die - scales;
important - Waage, die (German scales) - weighty, important;
vazhiti - Waage, die (German scales), waegen (German weigh) - weigh;
warta - Wart, der (German keeper, guardian) - guard;
vartovy - Wart, der (German keeper, guard) - sentry;
vartuvati - warten (German: wait, care for a child or the sick, perform official duties) - stand on guard; guard, guard
vazhiti - waegen - weigh, weigh;
watch - Wache, die, Wachte, die, - security, military guard, sea watch, shift;
vvazhati - waegen (German to dare, dare, risk) - to have an opinion
vizerunok - (from German Visier das - visor) - pattern
vovna - Wolle, die - wool
wogky - feucht - wet

Guy - Hain, der - grove, forest, coppice, oak grove
haiduk - Haiduck (Heiduck), der (from the Hungarian hajduk - driver) (German Hungarian mercenary warrior, partisan, Hungarian courtier) - hired warrior, servant, traveling footman
hook - Haken, der - hook, hook, hook
halmo - Halm, der (in German: stem, straw, straw, maybe the Ukrainians slowed down the cart with a bunch of straw?) - brake
galmuvati - Halm, der (in German: stem, straw, straw, maybe the Ukrainians slowed down the cart with a bunch of straw?) - slow down
garth - Haertung, die - hardening, hardening
gas - Gas, das (German gas) - kerosene
gatunok - Gattung, die - grade, type, variety, quality
gartuvati - haerten - harden (in the village of Bobrik, Brovary district, Kyiv region, a dialect word was used, derived from gartuvati - gartanachka, which meant potatoes baked in a pot over a fire)
hubbub - Gewalt, die (German violence, power) - loud cry
gvaltuvati - Gewalt, die (German violence, power), jemandem Gewalt antun (German to rape) - to rape
gendlyuvati - handeln - to trade (in Ukrainian it is more often used in an ironic, condemning sense)
hetman (the word hetman came to the Ukrainian language through the Polish language) - Hauptmann, der (German captain, centurion, chief) - hetman
gesheft - Gescheft, das (German business, occupation, business, shop) - trading business
hon! (exclamation) - Hops, der, hops!, hopsassa! (in it - jump, leap) - hop!
hopak - Hops, der, hops!, hopsassa! (German jump, jump) - hopak, Ukrainian dance
grati (multiple, plural) - Gitter, das - bars (prison or window)
soil - Grund, der, (German soil, bottom, land) - soil, foundation, justification
gruendlich - thoroughly,
gruendlich - solid
to ground, to ground - gruenden (German: to lay the foundation for something, to justify) - to justify
gukati - gucken, kucken, qucken (German look) - to call someone from a distance, to call loudly
guma - Gummi, der - rubber, rubber
humovium - Gummi- - rubber, rubber
humor - Humor, der, nur Einz. - humor
gurok, plural gurka - Gurke, die, - cucumber (dialect heard in Gogolev, Kiev region)

Dach - Dach, das - roof
kings - Damespiel, der - checkers
drit - Draht, der, Draehte - wire
druk - Druck, der - pressure; printing (books, newspapers, etc.)
druckerei - Druckerei, die - printing house
drukar - Drucker, der - printer
drukuvati - druecken - print
dyakuvati - danken - to thank

Education (obsolete) - Edukation, die - education, upbringing; From this Latin word comes the Ukrainian adjective “edukovaniy” - educated, well-mannered. From this adjective arose the distorted common folk ironic “midikovany” (an arrogant person with a pretense of education) and the expression: “midikovany, tilki ne drukaniy” (with a pretense of education, but still not published)

Zhovnir (obsolete) - Soeldner, der (in German from Italian Soldo - monetary unit, lat. Solidus) - mercenary warrior

Zaborguvati - borgen - to make debts, to borrow

Istota - ist (German is, exists - third person singular present tense of the verb sein - to be) - being (organism)

Kaplitsa - Kapelle, die (it also means chapel) - chapel
Karafka - Karaffe, die - a pot-bellied glass vessel with a stopper, for water or drinks, often faceted, decanter
karbovanets - kerben (in German, to make notches, notches, but with something) - ruble, i.e. minted, notched
karbuvati - kerben - to notch, mint (money)
kwach - Quatsch, der (nonsense, rubbish, fool) - a piece of rags for greasing a frying pan, in a children's game - the one who is obliged to catch up with other players and convey the role of the kvach with his touch, the name of this game, an exclamation when conveying the role of the kvach
receipt - Quittung, die (receipt, receipt for receiving something) - ticket (entrance, travel)



pick - Keil, der (German wedge, key, dihedral angle) - pick, a hand-held mining tool for breaking off brittle rocks, a long steel pointed wedge mounted on a wooden handle
kelech - Kelch, der - cup, bowl, vessel with a foot
kermach - Kehrer, der - helmsman, helmsman
kermo - Kehre, die, (German turn, bend in the road) - steering wheel
keruvati - kehren (in German it means to turn) - to manage, to lead
dumplings - Knoedel, der (in German Knoedel = Kloss - dumplings without filling, made from many ingredients: eggs, flour, potatoes, bread and milk) - dumplings without filling or with filling
kilim - Kelim, der - carpet (in German and Ukrainian this is a word of Turkish origin)
klejnot - Kleinod, das - treasures, jewelry (via Polish klejnot - jewel, precious object), regalia, which were military insignia of the Ukrainian hetmans
color - Couleur, die (in German this is a word of French origin) - color
coma - Komma, das - comma
kohati - kochen (German boil) - to love
kost (for your kosht) - Kost, die (German food, table, food, food) - bill (at your own expense)
costoris - der Kostenplan (pron. kostenplan) - estimate
koshtuvati (how many koshtuє?) - kosten (was kostet?) - cost (how much does it cost?)
bed - Krawatte, die - tie
kram - Kram, der - goods
kramar - Kraemer, der - shopkeeper, small trader, tradesman
kramnica - Kram, (German product) - store, shop
kreide - Kreide, die - chalk
criminal - kriminell - criminal
kriza - Krise, die - crisis
krumka (bread) - Krume, die (German (bread) crumb, pl. crumbs, topsoil) - hunk, cut piece of bread
kushtuvati - kosten - to taste
kshtalt (via Polish from German) - Gestalt, die - sample, type, form

Lantukh - Leintuch (German linen) - row, spindle (coarse sackcloth or clothing), a large bag of row or thread (“ponitok” - peasant homespun half-cloth), burlap for cart tires, for drying grain bread, etc. In Ukrainian The word came from German through Polish (lantuch - rag, flap).
lanzug - Langzug (German long pull, long line) - rope
lizhko - liegen (German lie) - bed
likhtar - from him. Licht, das light, fire; - flashlight
deprive, deprive - from it. lassen (in German - this verb means “to leave” and many other meanings) - to leave, to leave
lyoh - from him. Loch, das (German hole, hole, hole, pocket, ice hole, peephole, hole) - cellar
lyusterko - from him. L;st, die (German joy, pleasure) - mirror
lyada - from him. Lade, die (German chest, drawer) - a movable lid, a door that covers a hole inside something, a chest lid

Malyuvati - malen - to draw
baby - malen (draw) - drawing
painter - Maler, der - painter, artist
manierny - manierlich (German: polite, polite, well-mannered) - emphatically polite, cutesy
matir - Mutter, die - mother
molasses - Molasse, die - molasses (sweet thick brown syrup, which is a waste product when producing sugar)
snowflake - Schmetterling, der - butterfly (insect), moth
morgue - Grossen Magdeburger Morgen; 0.510644 Hektar - unit of land area; 0.5 ha (Western Ukrainian dialect)
mur - Mauer, die - stone (brick) wall
musiti - muessen - to be obliged, to owe

Nisenitnytsia - Sensus, der, Sinn, der (German “Sensus”, “Sinn” - meaning; Ukrainian “sens” - meaning - come from the Latin “sensus”) - nonsense, absurdity, absurdity, absurdity, nonsense
nirka - Niere, die - kidney (human or animal organ)

Olia - Oel, das (German liquid vegetable or mineral oil, petroleum) - liquid vegetable oil
otset (in Ukrainian from the Latin acetum) - Azetat, das (German acetate, salt of acetic acid) - vinegar

Peahen - Pfau, der - peacock
palace - Palast, der - palace
papier - Papier, das - paper
pasuvati - passsen - to approach something (to a face, etc.), to be on time
penzel - Pinsel, der - brush (for drawing or painting)
perlina (pearl) - Perle, die - pearl, pearl
peruka - Peruecke, die - wig
peruecke - Peruecke, die (German wig) - hairdresser
pilav - Pilaw (read pilaf), (in German variants: Pilaf, Pilau), der - pilaf, an oriental dish of lamb or game with rice
pinzel - Pinsel, der - brush (for drawing)
scarf - Platte, die - plate, record
parade ground - Platz, der - area (in a populated area)
plundruvati - pluendern - to plunder, plunder, devastate
dance - Flasche, die - bottle
porcelain - Porzellan, das - porcelain
pohaptsem - happen (nach D), haeppchenweise - hastily, grab (something with teeth, mouth, eat hastily, swallow food in pieces)
proposition - poponieren (to offer) - proposal
proponuvati - poponieren - to offer

Rada - Rat, der - council (instruction or collegial body); Ukrainian words with the same root: radnik - adviser; narada - meeting
ration (in Vistula: ti maєsh ration) - Ratio, die (German reason, logical thinking) - rightness (in the expression: you're right)
rahuvati - rechnen - count (money, etc.)
rakhunok - Rechnung, die - counting, counting
reshta - Rest, der - remainder
rizik - Risiko, das - risk
robotar - Roboter, der - robot
rinva - Rinne, die - gutter, groove
ryatuvati - retten - save

Celery - Sellerie, der oder die - celery
sense - Sensus, der, Sinn, der - meaning (this word came into German and Ukrainian from the Latin language)
skorbut - Skorbut, der - scurvy
relish - Geschmack, der - taste
savor - schmecken - taste
savory - schmackhaft - tasty, tasty
list - Spiess, der - spear
rates - Stau, Stausee, der - pond
statute - Statut, das - charter
strike - Streik, der - strike, strike (from English)
stroh - Stroh, das (straw); Strohdach, das (thatched roof) – thatched roof
strum - Strom, der - electric current
strumok - Strom, der (German river, stream) - stream
stringy - Strunk, der (German rod, stem) - slender
stribati - streben (German to strive) - to jump
banner - goes back to ancient Scand. stoeng (ancient Swedish - stang) “pole, pole” - flag, banner

Teslar - Tischler, der - carpenter
torturi (in Ukrainian only used in the plural) - Tortur, die - torture
tremtiiti - Trema, das (German trembling, fear) - tremble

Ugorshchina - Ungarn, das - Hungary

Fainy (West Ukrainian dialect) - fein (German thin, small, elegant, noble, rich, good, excellent, weak, quiet, beautiful) - beautiful (in Western Ukrainian dialect this word came from the English language)
fakh - Fach, das - specialty
fahivets - Fachmann, der - specialist
jointer - Fugebank, die, pl. Fugeb;nk - jointer
wagon - Fuhre, die - cart
fuhrmann - Fuhrmann, der - carter

Hapati - happen (nach D) (in German - grab something with your teeth, mouth, eat hastily, swallow food in pieces) - grab
hut - Huette, die - house

Tsvirinkati - zwitschen - twitter, tweet
tsvyakh - Zwecke, die (in German: a short nail with a wide head, a button) - a nail
tsegla - Ziegel, der - brick
treadmill - Ziegelei, die - brick factory
tseber - Zuber, der - tub, tub with ears
cil - Ziel, das - goal
cibul - Zwiebel, die - onion (plant)
civil - zivil - civilian, civilian
zina (obsolete) - Zinn, das - tin
tsitska (rough) - Zitze, die - female breast
zukor - Zucker, der - sugar

Line - Herde, die - herd, herd, herd, flock

Checks - Schachspiel, das - chess
shakhray - Schacherei, die (German petty trade, doing business, huckstering) - swindler
shibenik - schieben schieben (German: move, push) - hanged man, hooligan
shibenitsa - schieben (German: move, push) - gallows
shibka - Scheibe, Fensterscheibe, die - window glass
shank - Schincken, der oder die - ham, piece of ham
shinkar - Schenk, der - innkeeper
tavern - Schenke, der - tavern, tavern
way - from German schlagen - to beat, compact - road, path
shopa (Western Ukrainian dialect), - Schuppen, der - a fenced off part of a yard or barn, most often with walls made of boards (especially for storing carts and other equipment)
shukhlade - Schublade, die - drawer

Shcherbaty - Scherbe, die, (in German, a shard, a fragment) - with one fallen, knocked out or broken tooth (this word is also in Russian)

Fair - Jahrmarkt, der, (in German, annual market) - fair (this word is also in Russian)

Glossary of Ukrainian words similar to German

Russian words in German
Oleg Kiselev
RUSSIAN WORDS IN GERMAN LANGUAGE
Kiselev O.M. 2007

Every language has words of foreign origin. In German, words of Russian origin mainly relate to the specifics of Russian or Soviet life.

Abkuerzungsverzeichnis - list of abbreviations
Adj. - Adjektiv - adjective
Ez. - Einzahl - singular
frz. - franzoesisch - French
it. - italienisch - Italian
lat. - lateinisch - Latin
Mz. - Mehrzahl - plural
nlat. - neulateinisch - New Latin
russ. - russisch - Russian
slaw - slavisch - Slavic
tschech. - tschechisch - Czech
umg. - umgangssprachlich - from colloquial language
see - sieh! - Look!

This glossary contains words of Russian origin, most of which the average German understands without translation or explanation. Some of these words are only understood by advanced Germans. In German texts such words are used without translation.
After the noun being explained, the gender of the noun and the ending of the genitive case (genitive) singular, as well as the nominative case (nominative) plural, are indicated in brackets. An explanation of the meaning of these words is given in German and Russian.

Aktiv, (das, -s, nur Ez.), - Personenegruppe, die eine Aufgabe in der Gesellschaft erfuellt (in Kommunist. Lagern) (lat.-russ.) - asset, (in communist countries)
Aktivist, (der, -n, -n), - 1. jemand, der aktiv und zielstrebig ist, 2. ausgezeichneter Werktaetiger (in der DDR) (lat.-russ.) - activist, active worker (in the GDR)
Apparatschik, (der, -n, -n), sturer Funktion;r (lat.-russ.) - apparatchik, stubborn (stupid, limited) functionary
Babuschka, Matr(j)oschka, traditionalle russische Puppe - in German it is often used instead of the word matryoshka
Balalajka, (die, -, -ken), russischem Zupfinstrument - balalaika, Russian plucked musical instrument
Barsoi, (der, -s, -s), russischer Windhund - greyhound, Russian hound dog
Borschtsch, (der, -s, nur Ez.), Eintopf aus Roten Rueben, Weisskraut, sauer Sahne u.a. (als polnische, ukrainische oder russische Spezialitaet) - borscht, Polish, Ukrainian or Russian first course of beets and/or cabbage with sour cream
Beluga, (der, -s, -s), 1. kleine Walart, Weiswal, 2. (nur Ez.) Hausenkaviar, 3. Hausen (Huso huso L.) - 1. white whale, beluga whale, marine mammal of the dolphin family, 2. beluga caviar, 3. beluga, a genus of fish of the sturgeon family, anadromous fish of the Black, Azov, Caspian and Adriatic seas
Bistro, (das, -s, -s), kleine Gaststaedte mit einer Weinbar (russ.-frz.) - bistro, small cafe with wine bar, snack bar, small restaurant (derived from the Russian word "quickly"; after the victory over Napoleon in 1814 Russian Cossacks in Paris used this word)
Blini, (das, -s, -s), kleiner Buchweizenpfannkuchen - pancakes (in Germany they believe that pancakes are made from buckwheat flour)
Bojar, (der, -n, -n), altruss. Adliger, altrumaenischer Adliger - boyar (in ancient Rus' or in former Romania)
Bolschewik, (der, -n, -n oder -i), Mitglied der Kommunistischen Partei der ehemaliges Sovjetunion (bis 1952) - Bolshevik, member of the Communist Party of the former USSR (until 1952)
bolschewisieren, (Verb), bolschewistisch machen - to Bolshevize
Bolschewismus, (der, -, nur Ez.), Herrschaft der Bolschewiken, (nlat.-russ.) - Bolshevism, Bolshevik domination
Bolschewist, (der, -en, -en), Anhoenger des Bolschewismus - Bolshevik
bolschewistisch, (Adj.), zum Bolschewismus gehoerig - Bolshevik
Burlak, (der, -en, -en), Wolgakahntreidler, Schiffsziher - barge hauler, a person from a group of people pulling a barge
cyrillische Schrift - see kyrillische Schrift
Datscha, (die, -, -n), Landhaus (in ehemalige DDR) - dacha, country house (formerly in the former GDR)
Dawaj-dawaj! - come on, come on! (in Germany they know this Russian expression, but do not understand its literal meaning; the expression was brought by prisoners of war returning from Russia)
Desjatine, (die, -, -n), altes russisches Flaechenma; (etwas mehr als als ein Hektar) - tithe, an old Russian measure of area, slightly more than one hectare
Getman, (der, -s, -e), (dt.-poln.-ukr.), oberster ukrainische Kosakenfuehrer, (from German Hauptmann - captain, centurion, chief) - hetman (Ukrainian), hetman (Russian) ) (the word hetman came into the Ukrainian language through the Polish language
Glasnost fuer Offenheit, Gorbatschows politischer Reformkurs - glasnost, political course of Gorbachev's reforms
Gley (der, -, nur Ez.), nasser Mineralboden - soil profile of green, blue or bluish-rusty color due to the presence of ferrous iron (in Russian from English)
Gospodin, (der, -s, Gospoda), Herr - master
Gulag, (der, -s, nur Ez.), Hauptverwaltung der Lagern (in der ehemaliges Sovjetunion) - Gulag, the main administration of camps in the former USSR
Iglu, (der oder das, -s, -s), aus Sneebloken bestehende runde Hutte des Eskimos - an igloo consisting of snow blocks, a round structure of the Eskimos
Iwan, (der, -s, -s), Russe, sowietischer Soldat; Gesamtheit der sowjetischen Soldaten (als Spitzname im II Weltkrieg) - Ivan, Russian, Soviet soldier, Soviet army (as a nickname in World War II)
Jakute, (der, -en, -en), Angehoeriger eines Turkvolkes in Sibirien - nationality, a person belonging to one of the Turkic peoples of Siberia
Jurte, (die, -, -n), rundes Filzzelt mittelasiatischer Nomaden - yurt, round tent of Central Asian nomads
Kadet, (der, -en, -en), Angehoeriger einer 1905 gegruendeten, liberal-monarchistischen russischen Partei, - cadet, member of the party of constitutional democrats created in 1905, supporters of the constitutional monarchy in Tsarist Russia
Kalaschnikow (der, -s, -s), Maschinenpistole (im Namen des russische Erfinder), - Kalashnikov; Kalashnikov assault rifle (on behalf of the Russian inventor)
Kalmuecke (Kalmyke), (der. -en, -en), Angehoeriger eines Westmongolischenvolkes - Kalmyk
Kasache, (der, -en, -en), Einwohner von Kasachstan, Angehoeriger eines Turkvolkes in Centralasien - Kazakh
Kasack, (der, -s, -s), ueber Rock oder Hose getragene, mit Guertel gehaltene Bluse (durch it.-frz.) - a blouse worn over a dress or trousers and supported by a belt
Kasatschok, (der. -s, -s), akrobatischer Kosakentanz, bei dem die Beine aus der Hoke nach vorn geschleuden werden - acrobatic dance of the Cossacks, in which the legs slide forward
Kascha, (die, -, nur Ez.), russische Buchweizengruetze, Brei - porridge, in Germany the word “Kascha” is used mainly to refer to buckwheat porridge
KGB - KGB, State Security Committee
Kibitka, (die, -, -s), 1. Jurte, 2. einfacher, ueberdachter russischer Bretterwagen oder Schlitten - 1. yurt, 2. kibitka, a simple covered Russian cart or sleigh
Knute, (die, -, -n), Riemenpeitsche; Gewaltherrschaft - whip, belt whip, control by force
Kolchos (der, das, -, Kolchose), Kolchose (die, -, -n), landwirtschaftliczhe Productionsgenossenschaft in Sozialismus - collective farm, collective farm, agricultural production cooperative under socialism
Komsomol (der, -, nur Ez.), kommunistiscze jugedorganization (in der ehemaliges UdSSR) (Kurzwort) - Komsomol
Komsomolze (der, -n, -n), Mitglied des Komsomol - Komsomol member
Kopeke, (die, -, -n), abbr. Kop. - kopeck
Kosak, (der, -en, -en), - freier Krieger, leichter Reiter; in Russland und in die Ukraine angesiedelten Bevoelkerungsgruppe - Cossack
Kreml, (der, -s, -s), Stadtburg in russischen Staedten; Stadtburg in Moskau und Sitz der russische Regierung; die russische Regierung - the Kremlin, the central fortress in ancient Russian cities, the Kremlin, the central fortress in Moscow, the Soviet or Russian government
Kulak, (der, -en, -en), Grossbauer, (von russisches Wort Kulak, bedeutet auch Faust) - wealthy peasant, fist
Kyrillika, Kyrilliza, kyrillische Schrift - slawische Schrift (slaw.) - Cyrillic, Church Slavonic script, the name of a group of Slavic scripts (Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Bulgarian, Serbian and Slavic), descended from the Church Slavonic script created by Cyril and Methodius
Leninismus, (der, -s, nur Ez.), der von W.I.Lenin weiterentwickelte Marksismus (rus.-nlat.) - Leninism
Leninist, (der, -en, -en), Anh;nger des Leninismus (rus.-nlat.) - supporter of Leninism, Leninist
leninistisch, (Adj.), zum Leninismus gehoerig, darauf beruhend (rus.-nlat.) - related to Leninism, based on Leninism
Machorka (der, -s, nur Ez.), russischer Tabak, - makhorka, Russian strong tobacco
Malossol, (der, -s, nur Ez.), schwach gesalzener russische Kaviar - lightly salted caviar
Matr(j)oschka, traditionalle russische Puppe - matryoshka
Molotowskokteul - Molotov cocktail; Molotov cocktail (the original name Molotov cocktail originated in Finland during the Soviet-Finnish war of 1940)
Panje, (der, -s, -s), russischer Bauer, (scherzhaft, abwertend) - Russian peasant (ironically)
Panjewagen, (der, -s, -), kleine einfache russische Pferdwagen, (scherzhaft, abwertend) - primitive Russian cart (ironically)
Papirossa, (die, -, -rosay), russische Zigarette mit langem, hohlem Mundstueck - cigarette, Russian cigarette with a long, hollow mouthpiece
Perm, (das, -s, nur Ez.), juengste Formation des Paleozoikums (Geologie und Paleontologie) - Perm, early Paleozoic period (in geology and paleontology), from the name of the Russian city of Perm
Perestrojka, (ohne Artikel), (der, -s, nur Ez.), Gorbatschtwsreformen, Umgeschtaltung in SU - perestroika, Gorbachev’s reforms in the USSR
Petschaft, (das, -s, -e), zum Siegeln verwendeter Stempel oder Ring mit eingrawiertem Namenszug, Wappen oder ;nlichen, (tschech.-rus.) - used to make an impression in a soft material (in wax) seal, stamp or ring engraved with name, coat of arms, etc.
Pirogge, (die, -, -n), mit Fleisch oder Fisch, Reis oder Kraut gefuelte russische Hefepastete - Russian pies with meat, fish, rice or herb filling
Pogrom, (das, -es, -e), gewaltige Ausschreitungen gegen rassische, religiose, nationale Gruppen, z. B. gegen Juden - pogrom, violent outrages that are directed against racial, religious or national groups of the population, for example against Jews.
Podsol, (der, -s, nur Ez.), mineralsalzarmer, wenig fruchtbarer Boden, Bleicherde - podzolic soil, poor in mineral salts and infertile soil
Politbuero, (das, -s, -s), kurz fuer Politisches Buero, zentraler leitender Ausschuss einer kommunistischen Partei - politburo, political bureau, central leadership of the communist party
Pope, (der, -en, -en), Geistlicher der russischen und griechisch-orthodoxen Kirche - priest, priest of the Russian or Greek Orthodox Church, priest
Rubel (der, -s, -), russische und ehemalige sowjetische Waehrungseinheit - Russian and former Soviet currency
Samisdat, (der, -s, nur Ez.), selbstgeschribene oder selbstgedrueckte illegale Buecher - samizdat, publications produced illegally at home
Samojede, (der, -en, -en), 1.Angehoeriger eines nordsibirischen Nomadenvolks; 2. eine Schlittenhundrasse - 1. Samoyed, a person belonging to one of the Siberian nomadic tribes; 2. sled dog breed
Samowar, (der, -s, -e), russische Teemaschine - Russian samovar
Sarafan, (der, -s, -e), ausgeschnitenes russische Frauenkleid, das ueber eine Bluse getragen wyrde (pers.-russ.) - Russian women's clothing (the word came into the Russian language from the Persian language)
Stalinismus, (der, -s, nur Ez.), 1. totalitaere Dictatur J.Stalins (1879-1953), die 1936-1939 mit der Ermordung von Millionen Menschen gipfelte; 2. Versuch den Socialismus mit Gewaltakten umzusetzen (rus.-nlat.) - Stalinism, 1. the total dictatorship of J.V. Stalin, repression and extermination of millions of people, the peak of repression and executions occurred in 1936-1939; 2. attempt to introduce socialism through violence
Stalinorgel, (die, -, -n), sovietischer rohrlose Raketenwerfer („Katjuscha“) - “Katyusha”, the name of the Soviet barrelless rocket artillery, which appeared during the war of 1941-1845.
Steppe, (der, -s, -s), weite Grassebene - steppe, wide grassy plain
Sputnik, (der, -s, -s), kuenstlicher Satelit im Weltraum, - satellite, artificial cosmic body revolving around a natural cosmic body
Taiga, (die, -, nur Ez.), Nadelwald-Sumpfguertel (in Sibirien), (tuerk.-russ.) - taiga, natural zone of coniferous forests, coniferous forest (in Siberia), often swampy
TASS (die, nur Ez.), ehem. staatliche Sovetische Pressagentur (russ., Kurzwort) - TASS, Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union
Tatar, (der, -en, -en), Angehoeriger eines t;rkischen Volks in der Sovjetunion (t;rk.-russ.) - Tatar
Troika, (die, -, -s), russische Gespannform, Dreigespann; Dreierbuendnis - a troika, a team of three horses, a team of three persons, a panel of judges who convicted according to the simplified procedure of the so-called. enemies of the people (in the former USSR)
Trotzkismus, (der, -, nur Ez.), ultralinke Kommunistische Stroemung - Trotskyism, ultra-left communist political trend
Trozkist, (der, -en, -en), anh;nger des Trotzkismus - Trotskyist, supporter of Trotskyism
Tscheka, (die, -, nur Ez.), politische Politei der Sowjetunion (bis 1922) - Cheka, Cheka, political police at the beginning of Soviet power (before 1922)
Tscherwonez, (der, -, plural Tscherwonzen), altrussische Goldm;nze, 10-Rubelstuck (frueher) - chervonets, gold ten-ruble pre-revolutionary Russian coin
Tundra, (die, -, Tundren), Kaeltesteppe (finn.-russ.) - tundra
Ukas, der, Ukasses, plural Ukasse, Zarenerlass, Anordnung (scherzhaft) - decree, command of the king or higher authority
Werst, (die, -, -), altes russisches Laengenmass(etwas mehr als Kilometer) - old Russian measure of area, slightly more than one kilometer
Wodka, (der, -s, -s), russischer oder polnischer Getreideschnaps oder Kartoffelschnaps (manchmal mit Zusaetzen, z.B. Bueffelgrasswodka) - vodka, Russian (Wodka) or Polish (Vodka) strong alcoholic drink made from grain or potatoes, sometimes infused with herbs (for example bison)
Zar, (der, -en, -en), Herschertitel (frueher, in Russland, Bulgarien, Serbien, Momtenegro) (lat.-got.-russ.) - king
Zarewitsch, (der, -es, -e), russischer Zarenson, Prinz - prince, son of the Russian Tsar
Zarewna, (die, -, -s), Zarentochter - princess, daughter of the king
zaristisch, (Adj.), zur Zarenherschaft geh;rig, zarentreu, monarchistisch - tsarist, related to tsarism, loyal to the tsar
Zariza, (die, -, -s oder Zarizen), Zarengemahlin oder regirende Herscherin - queen, king's wife or reigning monarch
Kiselev O.M. 2007

Glossary of Ukrainian words similar to German
© Kiselev O.M. 2007
The picture shows the Germans, 3rd century AD.
In the Ukrainian language you can find many words of Germanic origin, words common to the Ukrainian and German languages, as well as words similar to German. Knowing these words helps when learning German. There are more such words in the Ukrainian language than in Russian. There are several reasons and eras for the emergence of common Ukrainian-German words. Germanic and Slavic languages ​​belong to the Indo-European language group and arose from the common proto-language of SANSKRIT. Therefore, in Germanic and Slavic languages ​​there are many similar single-root words; for example German Mutter - Ukrainian matir, mother; German glatt (smooth, slippery, quirky) - Ukrainian. smooth. During the era of the Great Migration of Peoples, over several centuries (in the 1st millennium AD), German tribes (Teutons, Goths, etc.) passed through the lands of what is now Ukraine, including the Lower Dnieper region and Volyn. The Eastern Goths were in Volyn in the 2nd - 5th centuries. AD Part of the German-speaking population did not go to the West along with the majority of their fellow tribesmen, but continued to live in the lands of what is now Ukraine. The Eastern Slavs appeared in Volyn and the Dnieper region around the same time, in the first half of the first millennium of the new era. Rare settlements of some German-speaking tribes interspersed with settlements of the Slavs. The inhabitants of these villages gradually merged with the Eastern Slavs and transferred part of their vocabulary to the latter. The German-speaking population influenced the language and culture of the Eastern Slavs, and subsequently became related and merged with the Slavs. The ancient origin of words related to Germanic ones in the Ukrainian language is confirmed by the fact that among these words there are many that denote basic life concepts (buduvati, dakh). In the Kyiv region there is still a settlement called GERMANOVKA, known by this name for more than 1,100 years. In the 9th century AD, and perhaps even earlier, close communication between Rus' and the Varangians began, who brought with them from Scandinavia the language of the North Germanic (Scandinavian) group. From the Varangians who came at the end of the 9th century. led by Prince Oleg to Kyiv, these words entered the language of the Polyans and Drevlyans who lived in these places. The Polyanes and the Drevlyans spoke their own languages, close to each other. And since the time of Christianization, the role of the written language throughout Kievan Rus was played by the Church Slavonic language, in which the Slavic Bible of Cyril and Methodius was written. The Polyansky language was the spoken language of the Kyiv principality and became one of the progenitors of the Ukrainian language. During the eventful thousand-year history of Ukraine, German words penetrated into the Ukrainian language in other ways. The penetration of German words into the Ukrainian language continued first through the Polish language during the time of the Polish-Lithuanian state, which for a long time included Ukraine, and later through Galicia, which was part of Austria-Hungary for a long time. Since ancient times, German specialists (builders, carpenters, blacksmiths, brewers, bakers, directors, management personnel, etc.) came to Ukraine. They all brought with them the terms of their professions.
Not all words of the Ukrainian language that have the same root as German came into the Ukrainian language directly from the German language. Words common to these languages ​​may have other origins. Some German words entered Ukraine through Yiddish, the language of Eastern European Ashkinazi Jews. for example, the word hubbub (scream, noise), Gewalt, which in German means power, violence.
The presence in the Ukrainian language of many words common to the Ukrainian and German languages ​​is also explained by the borrowing of international words by these languages ​​from Latin, Greek, French, English and other languages. In the Ukrainian and German languages ​​there are many similar international words of Latin, Greek, Hebrew, English and French origin. For example, the words Kreide (chalk), Edukation (education), fein (beautiful). Some Ukrainian words in this glossary are not related to German words, but are only coincidentally similar and consonant with them.
It makes sense to indicate in one glossary all the words common to the Ukrainian and German languages, regardless of their origin. Knowing such words helps when learning German.
When pronouncing the Ukrainian sound “g”, you should keep in mind that in most cases it is pronounced as a voiced sound, paired with the voiceless sound “x”, and in Russian - as a voiced sound, paired with the voiced sound “k”. Therefore, Ukrainian words with the letter “g” are closer in sound to German words with the letter “h” (gartuvati - haerten - to harden).
The glossary first lists a Ukrainian word, then a German word after a dash, then a definite article showing the grammatical gender of the noun (in German), then in parentheses the meaning of this word in German, if this meaning does not completely coincide with the meaning of the Ukrainian word, then after dash is the Russian meaning of the Ukrainian word.
In this publication, special German letters ("acute" es, vowels with "umlaut") cannot be conveyed. They are expressed by combinations of Latin letters -ss, -ue, -ae, -oe.

Amateur - Amateur, der - amateur
accentuate – akzentuiren – emphasize, highlight, put an accent mark
gazebo – Altan, der, Balkon mit Unterbau (in German from Italian alt - high) – gazebo, gazebo. At first, this was the name for large balconies, then - platforms, ledges and gazebos from which you can admire the surrounding landscape.

Bavovna – Baumwolle, die – cotton
bagnet – Bajonett, das – bayonet
bastard – Bastard, der, (in German from French) – bastard, illegitimate child
blakitny – blau – blue, sky color
plaque – Blech, das – tin
bleshany (blechernes dach) – blechern (blechernes Dach) – tin (tin roof)
borg – Borg, der – debt, loan
brakuvati (chogos) – brauchen – need (something), lack (something);
I'm missing (something) – es braucht mir (etwas) – I lack (something), I need (something);
I waste pennies – es braucht mir Geld – I don’t have enough money, I need money; I miss the hour – es braucht mir Zeit – I don’t have enough time, I don’t have time
brewer - Brauer, der - brewer (the name of the district center in the Kyiv region of Brovary comes from the word “brovar”)
brewery – Brauerei, die – brewery, brewery
brewery – Brauerei, die – brewing
brutal – brutal – rough
brucht – Bruch, der – scrap, scrap metal
buda, booth - Bude, die - German. shop, stall, lodge;
buduvati – Bude, die (German shop, stall, lodge) – build
booth – Bude, die (German shop, stall, guardhouse) – building, house
burnus – Burnus, der, -nusse, – Arabian cloak with a hood
bursa – Burse, die – bursa, medieval school with a dormitory
student - Burse, der, - student of the bursa

Wabiti – Wabe, die (German honeycomb) – attract
hesitate – vage (German vague, shaky) - hesitate, hesitate
vagina (woman) – waegen (German to weigh) – pregnant (“gaining weight”)
wagi – Waage, die – scales;
important – Waage, die (German scales) – weighty, important;
vazhiti – Waage, die (German scales), waegen (German weigh) – weigh, weigh;
warta – Wart, der (German keeper, guardian) – guard;
vartist – Wert, der – cost
Vartoviy – Wart, der (German keeper, guard) – sentry;
vartuvati – warten (German: wait, care for a child or sick person, perform official duties) – stand on guard; guard, guard
varty – wert – worth, worth
watch - Wache, die, Wachte, die, - security, military guard, sea watch, shift;
vazhati – waegen (German to venture, dare, risk) – to have an opinion
vizerunok - (from German Visier, das - visor) - pattern
vovna – Wolle, die – wool
wogly – feucht – wet

Guy – Hain, der – grove, forest, coppice, oak grove
haiduk - Haiduck (Heiduck), der (from the Hungarian hajduk - driver) (German Hungarian mercenary warrior, partisan, Hungarian courtier) - hired warrior, servant, traveling footman
hook – Haken, der – hook, hook, hook
halmo - Halm, der (in German: stem, straw, straw, maybe the Ukrainians slowed down the cart with a bunch of straw?) - brake
galmuvati - Halm, der (in German: stem, straw, straw, maybe the Ukrainians slowed down the cart with a bunch of straw?) - slow down
garth – Haertung, die – hardening, hardening
gartuvati – haerten – harden (in the village of Bobrik, Brovary district, Kyiv region, a dialect word was used, derived from gartuvati - gartanachka, which meant potatoes baked in a pot over a fire)
gas – Gas, das (German gas) – kerosene
gatunok – Gattung, die – grade, type, variety, quality
hubbub - Gewalt, die (German violence, power) - loud cry
gvaltuvati – Gewalt, die (German violence, power), jemandem Gewalt antun (German to rape someone) – to rape
gendlyuvati – handeln – to trade (in Ukrainian it is more often used in an ironic, condemning sense)
hetman (the word hetman came to the Ukrainian language through the Polish language) – Hauptmann, der (German captain, centurion, chief) - hetman
gesheft – Gescheft, das (German business, occupation, business, shop) – trading business
hon! (exclamation) – Hops, der, hops!, hopsassa! (in it - jump, jump) - hop!
hopak – Hops, der, hops!, hopsassa! (German jump, jump) - hopak, Ukrainian dance
grati (multiple, plural) – Gitter, das – bars (prison or window)
soil – Grund, der, (German soil, bottom, land plot) – soil, foundation, justification
groundly – ​​gruendlich – thoroughly,
ground – gruendlich – solid
primer, primer – gruenden (German: lay the foundation for something, justify) – justify
gukati – gucken, kucken, qucken (German look) – to call someone from a distance, to call loudly
guma - Gummi, der - rubber, rubber
humovium - Gummi- - rubber, rubber
humor - Humor, der, nur Einz. - humor
gurok, plural gurka – Gurke, die, – cucumber (dialect heard in Gogolev, Kiev region)

Dach – Dach, das – roof
kings – Damespiel, der – checkers
drit – Draht, der, Draehte – wire
druk – Druck, der – pressure; printing (books, newspapers, etc.)
drukarnya – Druckerei, die – printing house
drukar - Drucker, der - printer
drukuvati – druecken – print
dyakuvati – danken – to thank

Education (obsolete) – Edukation, die – education, upbringing; From this Latin word comes the Ukrainian adjective “edukovaniy” - educated, well-mannered. From this adjective arose the distorted common folk ironic “midikovany” (an arrogant person with a pretense of education) and the expression: “midikovany, tilki ne drukaniy” (with a pretense of education, but still not published)

Zhovnir (obsolete) – Soeldner, der (in German from Italian Soldo – monetary unit, lat. Solidus) – mercenary warrior

Zaborguvati – borgen – to make debts, to borrow

Istota – ist (German is, exists – third person singular present tense of the verb sein – to be) – being (organism)

Kylo – Keil, der (German wedge, key, dihedral angle) – pick, a hand-held mining tool for breaking off brittle rocks, a long steel pointed wedge mounted on a wooden handle
capelyuh – Kappe, die – hat
chapel – Kapelle, die (it also means chapel) – chapel
Karafka – Karaffe, die – a pot-bellied glass vessel with a stopper, for water or drinks, often faceted, decanter
karbovanets - kerben (in German, to make notches, notches, but with something) - ruble, i.e. minted, notched
karbuvati – kerben – to notch, mint (money)
kvach – in it. quatsch - colloquial slap!, bam!, clap!, absurd; noun Quatsch, der (nonsense, rubbish, fool) - a piece of rags for greasing a frying pan, and in a children's game - the one who is obliged to catch up with other players and convey the role of the kvach with his touch, the name of this game, an exclamation when conveying the role of the kvach
receipt – Quittung, die (receipt, receipt for receiving something) – ticket (entrance, travel)
kelech – Kelch, der – cup, bowl, vessel with a foot
kermo – Kehre, die, (German turn, bend in the road) – steering wheel
kermach – Kehrer, der – helmsman, helmsman
keruvati – kehren (in German it means to turn) – to manage, to lead
klejnodi – Kleinod, das – treasures, jewelry (via Polish klejnot - jewel, precious object), regalia, which were military insignia of the Ukrainian hetmans (mace, horsetail, banner, seal and kettledrums)
dumplings – Knoedel, der (in German Knoedel = Kloss – dumplings without filling, made from many ingredients: eggs, flour, potatoes, bread and milk) – dumplings without filling or with filling
color – Couleur, die (in German this is a word of French origin) – color
coma – Komma, das – comma
kohati – kochen (German boil) – to love (kohati - to love only a person: a girl, a child, etc.)
kosht (for your own kosht) – Kost, die (German food, table, food, food) – bill (at your own expense)
costoris – der Kostenplan (pron. kostenplan) – estimate
koshtuvati (how many koshtuє?) – kosten (was kostet?) – cost (how much does it cost?)
crib – Krawatte, die – tie
kram – Kram, der – product
kramar – Kraemer, der – shopkeeper, small trader, tradesman
kramnitsa – Kram, (German product) – shop, shop
kreide – Kreide, die – chalk
criminal – kriminell – criminal
kriza – Krise, die – crisis
krumka (bread) – Krume, die (German (bread) crumb, pl. crumbs, topsoil) – hunk, cut piece of bread
kushtuvati – kosten – to taste
kshtalt (via Polish from German) - Gestalt, die - sample, type, form
on kshtalt - nach Gestalt, - in the image and likeness
kilim – Kelim, der – carpet (in German and Ukrainian this is a word of Turkish origin)
kitsya – Kitz, das, Kitze, die – kitty

Lan – Land, das (German country, land, soil) – cornfield, field
lantukh - Leintuch (German linen scarf, linen) - row, spindle (coarse sackcloth or clothing), a large bag of row or thread (“ponitok” - peasant homespun half-cloth), burlap for cart tires, for drying grain bread, etc. The word came into the Ukrainian language from German through Polish (lantuch - rag, flap).
lanzug – Langzug (German long pull, long line) – rope
leibik (dialect word) – Bavarian-Austrian leibel, German. leibl, laibl, laibli – men's or women's outerwear (sleeveless)
lement (duzhe golosna rozmova; galas) - Lamentation (complaint, cry) - very loud conversation; screaming, lamentation.
lementuvat (speak even more loudly; galasuvati; scream in pain, suffering or howling for help; create gamіr, shouting at once (about people); scream (about creatures, birds, etc.); disrespectfully: show increased interest until some kind of food , actively discussing it, turning to the utmost respect; - lamentieren (to complain, to lament, to loudly express one’s dissatisfaction) - to speak very loudly, to scream, to lament; to scream in pain or to make noise (about people); , birds, etc.); dismissively: show interest in any issue, actively discuss it, attracting the attention of the general public to it.
lizhko – liegen (German lie) – bed
likhtar - from him. Licht, das light, fire - lantern
deprive, deprive - from it. lassen (in German – this verb means “to leave” and many other meanings) – to leave, to leave
meadow - from him. Lauge, die - alkali, lye
lyoh - from him. Loch, das (German hole, hole, hole, pocket, ice hole, peephole, hole) – cellar
lyusterko - from him. Luest, die (German joy, pleasure) – mirror
lyada - from him. Lade, die (German chest, drawer) - a movable lid, a door that covers a hole inside something, a chest lid

Malyuvati – malen – to draw
baby – malen (to draw) – drawing
painter – Maler, der – painter, artist
manier – manierlich (German: polite, polite, well-mannered) – emphatically polite, cutesy
matir – Mutter, die – mother
melduvati – melden – register, notify, report
molasses - Molasse, die - molasses (sweet thick brown syrup, which is a waste product when producing sugar)
snowflake – Schmetterling, der – butterfly (insect), moth
morgue – Grossen Magdeburger Morgen; 0.510644 Hektar – unit of land area; 0.5 ha (Western Ukrainian dialect)
mur – Mauer, die – stone (brick) wall
musiti – muessen – to be obliged, to owe

Whip – Nagaika, die (Cossack whip woven from strips of leather) – whip
naris - Riss, der (drawing, plan, sketch, outline) - sketch (short prose work of art)
naphtha – Nafta, die (obsolete) – oil
nіsenіtnitsia – Sensus, der, Sinn, der (German “Sensus”, “Sinn” - meaning; Ukrainian “sens” - meaning - come from the Latin “sensus”) – nonsense, absurdity, absurdity, absurdity, nonsense
nirka – Niere, die – kidney (human or animal organ)

Olia – Oel, das (German liquid vegetable or mineral oil, petroleum) – liquid vegetable oil
otset (in Ukrainian from the Latin acetum) – Azetat, das (German acetate, salt of acetic acid) – vinegar

Peahen – Pfau, der – peacock
palace – Palast, der – palace
papir – Papier, das – paper
pasuvati – passsen – to approach something (to a face, etc.), to be on time
penzel – Pinsel, der – brush (for drawing or painting)
perlina (pearl) – Perle, die – pearl, pearl
peruka – Peruecke, die – wig
perukarnya – Peruecke, die (German wig) – hairdressing salon
pilav - Pilaw (read pilaf), (in German variants: Pilaf, Pilau), der - pilaf, an oriental dish of lamb or game with rice
pinzel – Pinsel, der – brush (for drawing)
scarf – Platte, die – plate, plate
parade ground - Platz, der - square (in a populated area)
plundruvati – pluendern – to plunder, plunder, devastate
dance – Flasche, die – bottle
pump – Pumpe, die – pump, pump (in Russian the word “pump” is used less often)
porcelain – Porzellan, das – porcelain
pohaptsem – happen (nach D), haeppchenweise – hastily, grab (something with teeth, mouth, eat hastily, swallow food in pieces)
proposition – poponieren (to offer) – proposal
proponuvati – poponieren – to offer
private – privat – private, personal, personal

Rada – Rat, der – council (directive or collegial body); cognate Ukrainian words: radnik - adviser; narada – meeting
ration (in Vistula: ti maesh ration) – Ratio, die (German reason, logical thinking) – rightness (in the expression: you’re right)
rahuvati – rechnen – count (money, etc.)
rakhunok – Rechnung, die – counting, counting
reshta – Rest, der – remainder
Rille - Rille, die in it. furrow, groove, groove - plowed field, systematically cultivated land
robotar – Roboter, der – robot
rizik – Risiko, das – risk
trench – Rohr, das – gutter, groove
rice – Riss, der (crack, crevice) – feature (characteristic feature)
risk – Ri;, der (crack, gap) – dash, bar (sign)
rura (obsolete word) – Rohr, das – (water) pipe
ryatuvati – retten – to save

Celery – Sellerie, der oder die – celery
sense – Sensus, der, Sinn, der – meaning (this word came into German and Ukrainian from the Latin language)
skorbut – Skorbut, der - scurvy
relish – Geschmack, der – taste
savor – schmecken – taste
savory – schmackhaft – tasty, tasty
list – Spiess, der – spear
rates – Stau, Stausee, der – pond
statute - Statut, das - charter
strike – Streik, der – strike, strike (from English)
stroh – Stroh, das (straw); Strohdach, das (thatched roof) – thatched roof
strum – Strom, der – electric current
strumok – Strom, der (German river, stream) – stream
stringy – Strunk, der (German rod, stem) – slender
stribati – streben (German to strive) – to jump
banner - goes back to ancient Scandinavian. stoeng (ancient Swedish – stang) “pole, pole” – flag, banner

Teslar – Tischler, der – carpenter
torturi (in Ukrainian it is used only in the plural) – Tortur, die – torture
tremtiiti – Trema, das (German trembling, fear) – tremble

Ugorshchina – Ungarn, das – Hungary

Fainy (West Ukrainian dialect) – fein (German thin, small, elegant, noble, rich, good, excellent, weak, quiet, beautiful) – beautiful (in Western Ukrainian dialect this word came from the English language)
farba – Farbe, die – paint
farbuvaty – farben – to paint
fakh – Fach, das – specialty
fahivets – Fachmann, der – specialist
fort – Fort, das, -s, -s – fort, fortress
jointer – Fugebank, die, pl. Fugebaenk – jointer
wagon – Fuhre, die – cart
furman – Fuhrmann, der – carter

Hapati - happen (nach D) (in it - to grab something with your teeth, mouth, eat hastily, swallow food in pieces) - grab
hut – Huette, die (German hut, hut, hut, cabin) – house
hut – Huette, die (German hut, hut, hut, cabin) – hut
farm – Huette, die (German hut, hut, hut, cabin) – farm

Tsvirinkati – zwitschen – twitter, tweet
tsvyakh – Zwecke, die (in German: a short nail with a wide head, a button) – a nail
tsegla – Ziegel, der – brick
treadmill – Ziegelei, die – brick factory
tseber – Zuber, der - tub, tub with ears
cil – Ziel, das – goal
cibul – Zwiebel, die – onion (plant)
civil – zivil – civilian, civilian
zina (obsolete) – Zinn, das – tin
tsitska (rough) – Zitze, die – female breast
zukor – Zucker, der - sugar

Line – Herde, die – herd, herd, herd, flock
chipati – ziepen jemandem – jemandem an den Haaren oder an der Haut schmerzhaft ziehen – it’s painful to pull someone’s hair or skin – to touch, touch someone

Shabla – Saebel, der – saber
checks – Schachspiel, das – chess
shakhray – Schacherei, die (German petty trade, doing business, huckstering) – swindler
Shafar (obsolete appeal to God) – schaffen (German: create) – Creator
shibenik – schieben schieben (German: move, push) – hanged man, hooligan
shibenitsa – schieben (German: move, push) – gallows
shibka – Scheibe, Fensterscheibe, die – window glass
shank – Schincken, der oder die – ham, piece of ham
shinkar – Schenk, der – innkeeper
tavern – Schenke, der – tavern, tavern
way - from German schlagen - to beat, compact - road, path
shopa (Western Ukrainian dialect), – Schuppen, der – a fenced off part of a yard or barn, most often with walls made of boards (especially for storing carts and other equipment)
spatsiruvati – spazieren – to walk
shukhlade – Schublade, die – drawer

Shcherbaty – Scherbe, die, (in German, a shard, a fragment) – with one tooth that has fallen out, knocked out or broken (this word is also in Russian)

Fair – Jahrmarkt, der, (in German, annual market) – fair (this word is also in Russian)