Unter officer rank. Non-commissioned officers of the Russian army in the middle of the 19th - early 20th centuries

Junior officers. As a rule distinguished soldiers.
Most are former peasants, not all are literate, it is those who raised the soldiers to attack by personal example.
According to the tactics of the battle of those years, they went on the attack with a chain, with an attached bayonet, catching bullets and shrapnel with their chests. Among them are many of the Cossack families, many trained in Cossack combat, scouts with the skills of trackers, camouflage skills.
It is noticeable that they feel insecure in front of the lens, although most of them had to see enemy guns. Many have awards of St. George's crosses (the highest military award of military prowess for lower ranks and soldiers). I propose to look at these simple and honest faces.

On the left is a senior non-commissioned officer of the 8th company of the 92nd Pechora infantry regiment of the 23rd infantry division Mikhail Petrov

Senior non-commissioned officer of the 12th Starodubovsky Dragoon Regiment (or non-commissioned officer rank rider

Vasilevsky Semyon Grigorievich (02/01/1889-?). Senior non-commissioned officer L.-Guards. 3rd Infantry E.V. Regiment. From the peasants of the Samara province, Buzuluk district, Lobazinsky volost, the village of Perevozinka. He graduated from the parochial school in the village of Perevozinka. Called for service in 1912 in the Leningrad Guards. 3rd Strelkovy E.V. regiment. In the regiment he listened to the course of the training team. Awards - St. George's Cross 4th Art. No. 82051. and St. George medal No. 508671. On the same sheet there are inscriptions in pencil “G. Cr. III Art. Presented to G. Cross. II and I degrees. Above the text is a handwritten inscription in pencil “Write down the number of crosses of the 3rd, 2nd and 1st st.” and a resolution in two lines: “Verified. / Sh-K. Ko... (inaudible)

The grenadier is the one who during the assault threw the enemy with hand grenades.
Non-commissioned officer of the 8th Grenadier Moscow Grand Duke of Mecklenburg - Schwerin Friedrich - Franz IV Regiment, in winter dress uniform of the 1913 model. The non-commissioned officer is dressed in a marching uniform with a fastened dark green collar and a yellow lapel. A non-commissioned officer galloon is sewn along the upper edge of the collar. Peacetime shoulder straps, yellow with light blue piping. On shoulder straps the monogram of the chief of the regiment of the Grand Duke of Mecklenburg - Schwerin is applied. On the left side of the chest, attached to the marching uniform, a regimental badge for the lower ranks, approved in 1910. On the lapel - a sign for excellent shooting from a rifle of the 3rd degree and a medal: in memory of the 100th anniversary of the Patriotic War of 1812 on the Vladimir ribbon (1912), in memory of the 300th anniversary of the reign of the Romanov dynasty (1913) on the ribbon state colors. Approximate shooting period 1913-1914

Senior non-commissioned officer, telegraph operator, Cavalier of the St. George Cross, 4th degree.

Art. non-commissioned officer Sorokin F.F.

Glumov, senior non-commissioned officer of the Life Guards of the Finnish Regiment.

Selected military units designed to protect the person and residence of the monarch
Zhukov Ivan Vasilyevich (05/08/1889-?). Junior non-commissioned officer L.-Guards. Keksgolmsky regiment. From the peasants of the Kaluga province, Medynsky district, Nezamaevsky volost, the village of Lavinno. He studied at the parochial school in the village of Dunino. Called for military service in 1912 in the Leningrad Guards. Kexholm regiment. He served in the 5th company, and since 1913 - in the machine gun team. He was awarded the St. George medal of the 4th class, as well as two St. George's crosses of the 4th class. No. 2385, 3rd st. No. 5410, medals "In Commemoration of the 100th Anniversary of the Patriotic War of 1812", "In Commemoration of the 300th Anniversary of the House of Romanov" and "For Works on the Mobilization of 1914". Signs on the left side of the chest: L.-Guards. Keksholmsky regiment and “In memory of the 200th anniversary of the L.-Guards. Keksholmsky regiment.

From wealthy peasants, if he received a home education.
Stetsenko Grigory Andreevich (1891-?). Junior non-commissioned officer L.-Guards. 2nd Infantry Tsarskoye Selo Regiment. From the peasants of the Kharkov province, Kupyansky district, Svatovolutsk volost, Kovalevka farm. Home education. Called for service in the fall of 1911 in the Leningrad Guards. 2nd Tsarskoye Selo Rifle Regiment. All the time he served in the L.-Guards. 2nd Rifle Regiment of Tsarskoye Selo, only at the beginning of mobilization in 1914 - he served in the Preobrazhensky Regiment for two months. Awarded with St. George's medals of the 4th class. No. 51537, 3rd st. No. 17772, 2nd st. No. 12645, 1st st. No. 5997, St. George's crosses of the 4th class. No. 32182 and 3rd Art. No. 4700, Presented to the St. George Crosses of the 2nd and 1st Art.

Efremov Andrei Ivanovich (27.11.1888-?). Junior non-commissioned officer L.-Guards. Kexholm regiment. From the peasants of the Kazan province, the Sviyazhsky district, the Shirdan volost, the village of Vizovy. Competent sailor by occupation. He was called up for military service on November 2, 1912 in the Leningrad Guards. Kexholm regiment. He has two St. George's crosses of the 4th century. No. 3767 and 3rd Art. No. 41833. On the left side of the chest, the badge of the L.-Guards. Kexholm regiment

Gusev Kharlampiy Matveyevich (02/10/1887-?). Junior non-commissioned officer of the 187th Avar Infantry Regiment. From the peasants of the Kharkov province, the Starobelsky district, the Novo-Aidar volost, the village of Novo-Aidar. Before the service - a laborer. On July 1, 1914, he was called up from the reserve and enrolled in the 187th Avar Infantry Regiment. (From recruitment, he served in the 203rd Sukhum Infantry Regiment, from which he was transferred to the reserve on November 12, 1910). In February 1916 he was enlisted in the 3rd Reserve Infantry Regiment. He was awarded the St. George Cross 4th Art. No. 414643.

Porfiry Panasyuk. He was taken prisoner by the Germans and tortured.
The Germans cut off his ear piece by piece. He said nothing, according to the press about this case.

Alexey Makukha.
On March 21 / April 3, 1915, during one of the battles in Bukovina, the Austrians managed to capture one of the Russian fortifications defended by the fighters of the Caspian regiment. During this battle, which preceded the shelling of our position by enemy artillery, almost all the defenders of the fortification were killed or wounded. Among the latter was the telephonist Alexei Makukha. Hoping to get valuable information about the location of our troops on this sector of the front from the Russian telephone operator, who had access to valuable information by the nature of his service, the Austrians took him prisoner and interrogated him. But just like Porfiry Panasyuk, Makukha refused to tell his enemies anything.

The stubbornness of the Russian telephone operator pissed off the Austrian officers, and from abuse and threats they turned to torture. One of the pre-revolutionary publications describes what happened next: “The officers threw him face down on the ground and twisted his hands behind his back. Then one of them sat down on him, and the other, turning his head back, opened his mouth with a dagger-bayonet and, stretching out his tongue with his hand, cut him twice with this dagger. Blood gushed out of Makukha's mouth and nose...
Since the prisoner mutilated by them could no longer speak, the Austrians lost all interest in him. And soon, during a successful bayonet counterattack by the Russian troops, the Austrians were driven out of the fortification they had captured, and non-commissioned officer Alexei Makukha was again among his own. At first, the hero could not speak and eat at all? the operator's cut tongue dangled from a thin bridge, and his larynx was swollen with bruises. Makukha was hurriedly sent to the infirmary, where the doctors performed a complex operation, suturing him on a wound inflicted on 3/4 of his tongue.
When the press reported about the torments endured by the Russian telephone operator, was there no limit to the indignation of the Russian society? everyone expressed their admiration for the courage of the hero and was indignant at the atrocities committed by the representatives of the "cultured nation". The Supreme Commander-in-Chief, Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolayevich, expressed personal gratitude to the hero, promoted him to junior non-commissioned officer, awarded him all the degrees of the St. George Cross and 500 rubles at once, asking the Sovereign to assign Makukha a double pension. Emperor Nicholas II supported the presentation of the Grand Duke, and the junior non-commissioned officer Makukha "as an exemption from the law" upon dismissal from military service was given a pension of 518 rubles 40 kopecks. in year.

Non-commissioned officer of the 10th Novgorod Dragoon Regiment. 1915

Cavalry non-commissioned officer

Vasily Petrovich Simonov, senior non-commissioned officer of the 71st Belevsky Infantry Regiment, platoon

The military rank of junior command staff in the army "non-commissioned officer" came to us from German - Unteroffizier - sub-officer. This institute existed in the Russian army from 1716 to 1917.

The military regulations of 1716 referred to non-commissioned officers in the infantry - a sergeant, in the cavalry - a sergeant-major, a captain, a lieutenant, a corporal, a company clerk, a batman and a corporal. The position of a non-commissioned officer in the military hierarchy was defined as follows: “Those who are below the warrant officer have their place, are called “non-commissioned officers”, i.e. lower initial people".

The non-commissioned officer corps was recruited from soldiers who wished to remain in the army for hire after the end of military service. They were called overtimers. Before the appearance of the institution of long-term servicemen, from which another institution was later formed - non-commissioned officers, the duties of assistant officers were performed by the lower ranks of military service. But the "urgent non-commissioned officer" in most cases differed little from the ordinary.

According to the plan of the military command, the institution of long-term servicemen was supposed to solve two problems: to reduce the understaffing of the rank and file, to serve as a reserve for the formation of non-commissioned officer corps.

There is a curious fact in the history of our army that testifies to the role of the lower commanding ranks. During the Russian-Turkish war of 1877 - 1878. Infantry General Mikhail Skobelev carried out an unprecedented social experiment during the fighting in the units entrusted to him - he created military councils of sergeant majors and non-commissioned officers in the fighting units.

“Particular attention should be paid to the formation of a professional sergeant corps, as well as a link of junior commanders. At present, the staffing of such positions in the Armed Forces is a little over 20 percent.

Currently, the Ministry of Defense pays increased attention to the problems of educational work and professional junior commanders. But the first graduates of such junior commanders will enter the troops only in 2006,” said Secretary of State - Deputy Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation General of the Army Nikolai Pankov.

The leadership of the military ministry sought to leave as many soldiers (corporals) as possible in the army for extra-long service, as well as combat non-commissioned officers who had served urgent service. But on one condition: each of them had to have the appropriate official and moral qualities.

The central figure of the non-commissioned officers of the old Russian army is the sergeant major. He obeyed the company commander, was his first assistant and support. The sergeant major was entrusted with fairly broad and responsible duties. This is evidenced by the instruction issued in 1883, which read: "The sergeant major is the head of all the lower ranks of the company."

The second most important non-commissioned officer was the senior non-commissioned officer - the head of all the lower ranks of his platoon. He was responsible for order in the platoon, morality and behavior of privates, the results of training subordinates, produced outfits for lower ranks for service and work, dismissed soldiers from the yard (no later than before evening roll call), conducted evening roll call and reported to the sergeant major about everything that happened during day in the platoon.

According to the charter, non-commissioned officers were entrusted with the initial training of soldiers, constant and vigilant supervision of the lower ranks, and monitoring of internal order in the company. Later (1764), the legislation assigned to the non-commissioned officer the obligation not only to train the lower ranks, but also to educate them.

Despite all the efforts to select candidates for the service of lower commanding ranks, this area had its own difficulties. The number of conscripts did not correspond to the calculations of the General Staff, their number in the army of our country was inferior to the staffing of Western armies with conscripts. For example, in 1898 there were 65,000 non-commissioned officers in Germany, 24,000 in France, and 8,500 in Russia.

The formation of the institution of long-term employees was slow. The mentality of the Russian people affected. The soldiers, for the most part, understood their duty - to serve the Fatherland honestly and disinterestedly during the years of military service, but they consciously opposed remaining, moreover, to serve for money.

The government sought to interest those who served on conscription in long-term service. To do this, they expanded the rights of long-term employees, increased salaries, established a number of awards for service, improved uniforms, and after service they provided a good pension.

The regulation on the lower ranks of combat long service in 1911 divided non-commissioned officers into two categories. The first is ensigns promoted to this rank from combat non-commissioned officers. They had significant rights and benefits. The second - non-commissioned officers and corporals. They enjoyed somewhat fewer rights. Ensigns in combat units held the positions of sergeant majors and platoon officers - senior non-commissioned officers. The corporals were promoted to junior non-commissioned officers and appointed squad commanders.

Super-enlisted non-commissioned officers were promoted to lieutenants by order of the head of the division under two conditions. It was necessary to serve as a platoon (senior non-commissioned officer) for two years and successfully complete the course of a military school for non-commissioned officers.

Senior non-commissioned officers usually held the positions of assistant platoon commanders. The rank of junior non-commissioned officer was, as a rule, worn by squad commanders.

Military servicemen of the lower ranks for impeccable service were awarded a medal with the inscription "For diligence" and the sign of St. Anna. They were also allowed to marry and have families. Extra-conscripts lived in the barracks at the location of their companies. The sergeant major was provided with a separate room, two senior non-commissioned officers also lived in a separate room.

In order to interest in the service and emphasize the commanding position of non-commissioned officers among the lower ranks, they were given uniforms and insignia, in some cases inherent in the chief officer. This is a cockade on a headdress with a visor, a checker on a leather belt, a revolver with a holster and a cord.

Combat servicemen of the lower ranks of both categories, who served fifteen years, received a pension of 96 rubles a year. The salary of a warrant officer ranged from 340 to 402 rubles a year, a corporal - 120 rubles a year.

The head of a division or a person of equal authority had the right to deprive a non-commissioned officer of the rank.

It was difficult for commanders of all grades to train excellent non-commissioned officers from semi-literate extra-enlisted soldiers. Therefore, in our army, they carefully studied foreign experience in the formation of the institute of junior commanders, first of all, the experience of the German army.

Unfortunately, not all non-commissioned officers had knowledge of leading subordinates. Some of them naively believed that the way to ensure universal obedience was to use a deliberately harsh and rude tone. And the moral qualities of the non-commissioned officer were not always at the proper height. Some of them were drawn to alcohol, and this had a bad effect on the behavior of subordinates. Non-commissioned officers were also illegible in the ethics of relations with subordinates. Others allowed something similar to bribes. Such facts were sharply condemned by the officers.

As a result, in society and the army, demands were heard more and more insistently about the inadmissibility of an intrusion of an illiterate non-commissioned officer into the spiritual education of a soldier. There was even a categorical demand: "Non-commissioned officers should be prohibited from invading the soul of a recruit - such a tender sphere."

In order to comprehensively prepare a long-term serviceman for responsible work as a non-commissioned officer in the army, a network of courses and schools was deployed, which were created mainly at the regiments. To make it easier for a non-commissioned officer to enter his role, the military department published a lot of different literature in the form of methods, instructions, and advice. Here are some of the most typical requirements and recommendations of that time:

Show subordinates not only strictness, but also a caring attitude;

With soldiers, keep yourself at a "known distance";

In dealing with subordinates, avoid irritation, irascibility, anger;

Remember that the Russian soldier, in his treatment of him, loves the commander whom he considers his father;

Teach soldiers in battle to save cartridges, at rest - crackers;

To have a worthy appearance: “Unter is taut, like a bow is stretched.”

Training in courses and in regimental schools brought unconditional benefits. Among the non-commissioned officers there were many gifted people who skillfully explained to the soldiers the basics of military service, its values, duty and duties. Mastering knowledge and gaining experience, non-commissioned officers became reliable assistants to officers in solving the tasks facing companies and squadrons.

Non-commissioned officers played a prominent role in solving such an important task as teaching soldiers to read and write, and recruits from the national outskirts - the Russian language. Gradually, this problem acquired strategic importance. The Russian army was turning into an "all-Russian school of education." Non-commissioned officers willingly engaged in writing and arithmetic with the soldiers, although there was very little time for this. Their efforts bore fruit - the number and proportion of illiterate soldiers in military collectives decreased. If in 1881 they were 75.9 percent, then in 1901 - 40.3.

In a combat situation, the vast majority of non-commissioned officers were distinguished by excellent courage, examples of military skill, courage and heroism carried the soldiers along. For example, during the Russo-Japanese War (1904 - 1905), non-commissioned officers often acted as officers called up from the reserve.

No wonder they say that the new is the well-forgotten old. In the third millennium, our army again has to solve the problems of strengthening the institution of junior commanders. In their solution, the use of the historical experience of the Russian Armed Forces can help.

The army is a special world with its own laws and customs, a strict hierarchy and a clear division of duties. And always, starting from the ancient Roman legions, he was the main link between ordinary soldiers and the highest commanding staff. Today we will talk about non-commissioned officers. Who are they and what functions did they perform in the army?

The history of the term

Let's figure out who the non-commissioned officer is. The system of military ranks began to take shape in Russia at the beginning of the 18th century with the advent of the first regular army. Over time, only minor changes occurred in it - and for more than two hundred years it remained virtually unchanged. After a year, great changes took place in the Russian system of military ranks, but even now most of the old ranks are still used in the army.

Initially, there was no strict division into ranks among the lower ranks. The role of junior commanders was played by sergeants. Then, with the advent of the regular army, a new category of lower army ranks appeared - non-commissioned officers. The word is of German origin. And this is no coincidence, since at that time much was borrowed from foreign states, especially during the reign of Peter the Great. It was he who created the first Russian army on a regular basis. Translated from German, unter means "lower".

Since the 18th century, in the Russian army, the first degree of military ranks was divided into two groups: privates and non-commissioned officers. It should be remembered that in the artillery and the Cossack troops, the lower military ranks were called fireworkers and constables, respectively.

Ways to get a title

So, a non-commissioned officer is the lowest level of military ranks. There were two ways to get this rank. The nobles entered the military service in the lowest rank immediately, without vacancies. Then they were promoted and received their first officer rank. In the 18th century, this circumstance led to a huge surplus of non-commissioned officers, especially in the guard, where the majority preferred to serve.

All others had to serve four years before being promoted to lieutenant or sergeant major. In addition, non-nobles could receive an officer rank for special military merits.

What ranks belonged to non-commissioned officers

Over the past 200 years, changes have taken place in this lower rung of the military ranks. At various times, the following ranks belonged to non-commissioned officers:

1. Sub-ensign and warrant officer are the highest non-commissioned officer ranks.
2. Feldwebel (in the cavalry he held the rank of Wahmister) - a non-commissioned officer who occupied a middle position in the ranks between a corporal and a lieutenant. He performed the duties of assistant company commander for economic affairs and internal order.
3. The senior non-commissioned officer is the assistant to the platoon commander, the direct head of the soldiers. He had relative freedom and independence in the education and training of privates. He kept order in the unit, assigned soldiers to the outfit and to work.
4. The junior non-commissioned officer is the immediate superior of the privates. It was with him that the upbringing and training of soldiers began, he helped his wards in military training and led them into battle. In the 17th century, in the Russian army, instead of a junior non-commissioned officer, there was the rank of corporal. He belonged to the lowest military rank. A corporal in the modern Russian army is a junior sergeant. The rank of lance corporal still exists in the US Army.

Non-commissioned officer of the tsarist army

In the period after the Russian-Japanese war and during the First World War, the formation of non-commissioned officers of the tsarist army was given special importance. For the instantly increased number in the army, there were not enough officers, and military schools could not cope with this task. The short period of compulsory service did not allow training a professional military man. The Ministry of War tried with all its might to keep non-commissioned officers in the army, on whom great hopes were placed for the education and training of privates. They gradually began to be singled out as a special layer of professionals. It was decided to leave up to a third of the number of lower military ranks on extended service.

Overtimers began to increase their salaries, they received non-commissioned officers who served over the term of 15 years, upon dismissal they received the right to a pension.

In the tsarist army, non-commissioned officers played a huge role in the training and education of privates. They were responsible for order in the units, appointed soldiers to outfits, had the right to dismiss the private from the unit, were engaged in

Abolition of lower military ranks

After the revolution of 1917, all military ranks were abolished. They were introduced again in 1935. The ranks of sergeant major, senior and junior non-commissioned officers were replaced by junior ones and the ensign began to correspond to the foreman, and the ordinary ensign to the modern ensign. Many famous personalities of the 20th century began their service in the army with the rank of non-commissioned officer: G.K. Zhukov, K.K. Rokossovsky, V.K. Blucher, G. Kulik, the poet Nikolai Gumilyov.

non-commissioned officers - commanding lower ranks. During the initial formation of regular armies, there was no sharp difference between officers and U.-officers. The production of the latter to the first officer rank was carried out in the usual order of movement along the hierarchical ladder. A sharp edge appeared later, when the nobility achieved the replacement of the posts of captains and their assistants exclusively by the nobles. Such a rule was established for the first time in France, first for the cavalry, and then (in 1633) for the infantry. Under Friedrich Wilhelm I, it was adopted in Prussia, where it received a strictly consistent application, partly as a measure of material support for the nobility. The class line between officers and commanders from the lower ranks fell in France during the revolutionary period, in Prussia - after 1806. In the 19th century. another foundation was put forward, on which even now rests a no less sharp difference between officers and U.-officers - the degree of general and special military education. Activities U.-officer. not independent, but the importance of a good cadre of them is very great, since they live with their subordinates a common barracks life, under the same conditions and the same environment, and in age and level of development differ little from the rank and file. U.-officers, according to the apt expression of A. Rediger, are technicians, artisans of military affairs. The reduction of the terms of compulsory military service, brought everywhere to 2-5 years, has created the so-called U.-officer question, which is now of concern to all states. On the one hand, the number of reliable, practically trained U. officers, with frequent changes in the contingent, has become smaller, on the other hand, the need for them has increased due to the difficulty of making a combat soldier out of a recruit in a relatively short time. The most common means of resolving it is the involvement of U. officers in overtime service (see Extended service), but it can hardly resolve it completely: experience shows that, despite all the measures taken, the number of U. officers remaining on extended service in the army is far from enough. The same short service life, in connection with the complication of military equipment, was the reason for the formation of U.-officer schools, occupying a middle place between military units and educational institutions; young people who have passed them are obliged to remain in the service of U.-officers for longer periods than if they had entered the conscription. There are 8 such schools in Germany (6 Prussian, 1 Bavarian and 1 Saxon); each constitutes a battalion in combat terms (from 2 to 4 companies); hunters aged 17 to 20 are accepted; three-year course; the best pupils are released into the troops of U. -officers, less successful - corporals; those who have completed school are required to remain in the service for 4 years (instead of two years). In Germany, there are also preparatory U.-officer schools, with a two-year course, from where pupils are transferred to one of the above 8 schools. In France, the name U.-officer schools was given to educational institutions that prepare U.-officers for promotion to officers (corresponding to our cadet schools). For the preparation of U.-officers proper, there are 6 preparatory schools, 400 - 500 students in each; graduates are required to serve 5 years; are made in U.-officers not at the time of graduation, but upon awarding the combatant authorities. In Russia, the training U.-officer battalion has a similar character (see). U. officer schools nowhere satisfy the entire need for U. officers (even in Germany they are only one-third of the pupils of the schools). The main mass receives training in the troops, where training teams are formed for this purpose (see). U. officers in all armies have several degrees: in Germany - sergeant major, vice sergeant major, sergeant and U. officer; in Austria - sergeant major, platoon U.-officer and corporal; in France - adjutant, sergeant major and U. officer (there are also corporals - in the cavalry brigadiers, but they correspond to corporals); in Italy - senior furier, furier and sergeant; in England - sergeant major, sergeant and junior sergeant. In Russia, since 1881, the U.-officer rank was awarded only to the lower ranks of the combatant; for non-combatants it has been replaced by the rank of non-combatant senior rank. In the ground forces of the 3rd degree: sergeant major (in the cavalry sergeant major), platoon and junior U.-officers (in the artillery - fireworks, among the Cossacks - sergeants). In the navy: boatswain, sergeant major (on the shore), boatswain, quartermaster, artillery, mine, machine and fireman U.-officers, quartermaster galvanizer, musician U.-officer. and others. The number of U. officers per company varies: in Germany 14, in France and Austria 9, in Russia 7, in England 5, in Italy 4. The main conditions for production in U.-officer. according to current Russian legislation: serving in the rank of private for at least the established period (for those who are on a total service life of 1 year 9 months, for volunteers and those on a reduced term - much less) and passing the course of a regimental training team or passing a test with it. An exception is production for military distinction; in addition, in hunting teams (in the infantry) and in scout teams (in the cavalry) there may be one U. from the training team that did not complete the course. Proceedings in U. are carried out by the authority of the commander of a regiment or other separate unit, deprivation of a rank - by court or disciplinary procedure, by the authority of the head of a division. The title of U. does not create any estate rights and advantages and exempts from corporal punishment only for the time of being in it. Privates punished for theft, equally subjected to corporal punishment, cannot be promoted to U.-officers.

Wed A. Rediger, "Manning and organization of the armed force" (Part I); his own, "The non-commissioned officer question in the main European armies"; Lobko, Notes of the Military Administration.