In what city was the cannon foundry located? Soviet historical encyclopedia

(in the area of modern Lubyanskaya Square and Pushechnaya Street, presumably on the site of the Children's World building). From the middle of the 16th century, the Cannon Yard was a state-owned manufactory with smelting furnaces, forges, foundry barns and other enterprises, it was one of the technologically advanced industries of its time. From the middle of the 17th century, the blacksmith hammers of the court were set in motion with the help of water. The enterprise employed up to 400-500 craftsmen, apprentices and apprentices of 32 professions (gunsmiths, litzes, blacksmiths, etc.). Guns were cast, including those with a bell and breech-loading ones, as well as bells.

The bronze pischal of the Russian master Yakov was cast at the Cannon Yard in 1483 (it is stored in the Military Historical Museum of Artillery, Engineers and Signal Corps in St. Petersburg). A remarkable example of cannon-casting art of the 16th-17th centuries. is the Tsar Cannon, cast by Andrey Chokhov in and the Tsar Bell, cast by Russian masters I.F. Matorin and M.I. Matorin in - years, exhibited in the Kremlin. Similar courtyards in the XVI-XVII centuries. existed in Ustyug, Vologda, Novgorod, Pskov and other Russian cities. In the XVIII century, in connection with the creation of a number of military factories in different regions of Russia, the importance of the Cannon Yard in Moscow fell; at the end of the century it became a repository of weapons, ammunition and banners. B - the buildings of P. d. were demolished.

Literature

Sytin P. Cannon yard in Moscow in the XV-XIX centuries. - M., 1950.
Rabinovich M.G. Cannon yard. Archived from the original on December 2, 2012. Retrieved November 4, 2012.

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See what "Cannon Yard" is in other dictionaries:

CANNON YARD- in Moscow, the center of foundry production in the 15th and 17th centuries, a state-owned manufactory that manufactured cannons, bells, chandeliers. Located in the White City on the left bank of the river. Neglinnaya. At the beginning of the 18th century the value of P. d. fell due to the creation of a number of military ... ... Russian history

cannon yard- in Moscow, the foundry center of the Russian state of the XV-XVII centuries, a state-owned manufactory that manufactured cannons, bells, chandeliers. Located in the White City on the left bank of the river. Neglinnaya (in the area of \u200b\u200bthe modern Lubyanka Square, Pushechnaya and ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

cannon yard- the center of foundry production in Rus' in the XV-XVII centuries. It was located on the left bank of the river. Neglinnaya, between modern Rozhdestvenka, Teatralny passage, Pushechnaya street and Neglinnaya street. Originated at the end of the 15th century. Masters and students received money and ... ... Moscow (encyclopedia)

cannon yard- in Moscow, the center of foundry production of the Russian state in the 15th-17th centuries. It was located on the left bank of the river. Neglinnaya (near the modern Dzerzhinsky Square and Pushechnaya Street). Appeared at the end of the 15th century. The oldest known cannons were cast by a master ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

CANNON YARD- in Moscow, the center of cannon foundry in Russia in the 15th-17th centuries. Main OK. 1479 (the cannon hut was then at the Spassky Gates of the Kremlin). In the 1st third of the 16th c. P. d. was transferred to the river. Neglinka (near modern. Neglinnaya and Pushechnaya st.). The oldest extant ... ... Soviet historical encyclopedia

CANNON YARD- in Moscow in the XV-XVII centuries. state-owned enterprise that manufactured cannons, bells, chandeliers ... Russian statehood in terms. IX - beginning of XX century

Cannon Yard Moscow- CANON YARD in Moscow, the foundry center of the Russian state in the 15th-17th centuries, a state-owned manufactory that made cannons, bells, chandeliers. Located in the White City, on the left bank of the river. Neglinnaya (in the area of \u200b\u200bmodern Lubyanskaya Square, ... ...

yard- 1. YARD, a; m. 1. Plot of land at the house, enclosed by a fence or walls of buildings. Drive into the village. Entrance to the house from the yard. 2. Peasant house with all outbuildings; separate farm. A village of three hundred households. 3. Room ... encyclopedic Dictionary

YARD- 1) a fenced plot of land at the house on which outbuildings are located; it is also used in the meaning of the economy in a broad sense: a peasant household, a collective farm household. 2) In Russia, until 1917, the economy of peasants or townspeople as ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

YARD- In Ancient Rus' (see Rus' *), a fenced-off place where there was a complex of residential and outbuildings, as well as production or an official institution. This word, with such a broad, generalized meaning, has developed more specific ones over time ... ... Linguistic Dictionary

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How cities were built in Rus', Mikhail Isaevich Milchik. How did they choose trees for the future home in Rus'? What was measured by "elbows"? Where did overseas guests arrive? What is a "two-handed brick"? What did you do at the navigation school? How the lamp was illuminated and ...

Domestic artillery has more than six centuries. According to the chronicle, during the reign of Dmitry Donskoy, Muscovites in 1382 used "cannons" and "mattresses" to repel the next raid of the Golden Horde Khan Tokhtamysh. If the "guns" of that period, the famous historian of artillery N.E. Brandenburg was inclined to consider throwing weapons, then the "mattresses" were, without a doubt, firearms. They were firearms for firing stone or metal "shots" at close range at enemy manpower.

Late XV - early XVI centuries. marked a new period in the development of domestic artillery. During these years, on the basis of deep political and socio-economic shifts, characterized by the elimination of feudal fragmentation and the formation of the Russian centralized state, the rapid growth of handicrafts, trade and culture, a single Russian army was formed as a military and social support of the rising central power. The artillery of the specific feudal principalities became an integral part of the unified Russian army, became the property of the state, underwent rapid quantitative growth and major qualitative changes in all areas of its structure - in armament, organization and methods of combat use.

During the reign of Ivan III, the development of firearms production became an important part of the transformations he carried out. By supporting the mining and foundry industries, resettlement of craftsmen, he sought to organize the manufacture of weapons in all cities of any significance. Taking into account that not all artisans are independently able to raise their business in a new place, special huts, yards, and cellars were “arranged” at the expense of government orders.

The production of artillery weapons, which previously relied exclusively on handicrafts and crafts and was limited mainly to the centers of individual principalities, significantly expanded in territorial terms, acquired an all-Russian significance and, most importantly, received a qualitatively new base in the form of large state workshops based on the division of labor and the use of mechanical force, water or horse traction. Adopting the best world experience, Ivan III invited gunsmiths and cannon makers from abroad.

In 1475 (1476) the first Cannon hut was laid in Moscow, and then the Cannon Yard (1520-1530s), where guns were cast. The beginning of cannon-casting in Russia is associated with the name of Alberti (Aristotle) Fioravanti (between 1415 and 1420 - c. 1486), an outstanding Italian architect and engineer. He was known for daring engineering works to strengthen and move large structures in Italy. From the 1470s the Moscow government began to systematically invite foreign specialists to carry out large-scale works to strengthen and decorate the Kremlin and train Moscow masters. Chronicles have preserved news about foreign craftsmen who were engaged in cannon making, mainly Italians, ordered by the Moscow government in the period 1475–1505.

Cannon yard in Moscow at the end of the 15th century. Artist A.M. Vasnetsov

In 1475, two years after the marriage of Ivan III with Sophia (Zoya) Paleolog, who introduced modern Western European culture to Muscovy, “the ambassador of the Grand Duke Semyon Tolbuzin came from Rome, and brought with him master Murol, who builds churches and chambers , Aristotle's name; likewise, the cannonman of that one will deliberately cast them and beat them; and bells and other things, all the litter is cunning velmy. A. Fioravanti did not come to Moscow alone, but with his son Andrey and the “parobok Petrusha”. He laid a solid foundation in Moscow for the cannon-casting business according to all the requirements of modern European technology. In 1477 - 1478. A. Fioravanti participated in the campaign of Ivan III to Novgorod, and in 1485 to Tver as a chief of artillery and a military engineer.

At the end of the XV century. several more Italian masters were invited to work in the Cannon hut. In 1488, “Pavlin Fryazin Debosis [Paul Debosis] poured a great cannon”, which later bore the name of the master “Peacock”, someone called it “Tsar Cannon”.

We have very little information about the organization of the first cannon-casting manufactory. There is an indication of the existence of a “cannon hut” in 1488. The archive of the Cannon Order, which was in charge of the Cannon Yard, has unfortunately been lost, so no satisfactory description of the equipment of the first Russian manufactory has been preserved. She herself, who was at the “three bridges from the Frolovsky Gates to Kitai-Gorod”, burned down in 1498. Later it was built on the banks of the Neglinnaya River. A settlement of manufactory blacksmiths settled nearby, from where the name Kuznetsky Most came from. Smelting furnaces were located in the center of the territory of the Cannon Yard, from which the metal entered the molds through special channels. According to the organization of production, the Cannon Yard was a manufactory. Cannon masters, litzes and blacksmiths worked here. All the craftsmen and their assistants were service people, that is, they were in the sovereign's service, received monetary and grain salaries, land for construction.

Plan of the Cannon Yard in Moscow

Almost all artisans lived in Pushkarskaya Sloboda. It was located in the Earthen City behind the Sretensky Gates and occupied a vast area bounded by the Neglinnaya River, the White City, Bolshaya Street, along which the road to Vladimir went, and Streltsy settlements. There were two streets in Pushkarskaya Sloboda - Bolshaya (aka Sretenskaya, and now Sretenka St.) and Sergievskaya (from the Church of St. Sergius in Pushkar) and seven lanes, of which only one was called Sergievsky (now these are approximately the following lanes: to the left of the center - Pechatnikov, Kolokolnikov, Bolshoi and Maly Sergievsky, Pushkarev, Bolshoi Golovin; on the right - Rybnikov, Ashcheulov, Lukov, Prosvirin, Maly Golovin, Seliverstov, Daev and Pankratovsky), and the remaining six were numbered from "first" to "sixth" and they got their names.

Cannon-casting in Rus' has been widely developed since 1491, when copper ore was found on the Pechora River and development of the deposit began there. The guns were cast from an alloy of copper, tin and zinc (bronze) with a ready channel using an iron core. Copper cannons were cast without seams with a bell in the muzzle, which made it possible to increase the charge of gunpowder and was the last word in artillery technology of that time. There were no established rules for determining caliber.

The guns made at the Cannon Yard were distinguished by the accuracy of calculation, the beauty of the finish, and the perfection of the casting technique. Each of them was cast according to a special wax model. On the plate or muzzle, various symbolic images were minted or cast, sometimes extremely intricate, according to which the tools were named: bear, wolf, asp, nightingale, inrog, scurry (lizard), king Achilles, fox, snake, etc.

In the cannon-casting manufactory for aimed shooting, squeakers were cast, divided into wall-beaten (siege), large-caliber and up to 2 fathoms long; zatinnye or snakes, medium caliber for the defense of fortresses; regimental or falcons, wolves - short, weighing 6 - 10 pounds. Cannons for mounted shooting, hafunits - more elongated howitzers and shotguns or mattresses - large-caliber howitzers for firing stone or iron buckshot were also made in significant quantities. In the Cannon Yard, the casting of organs and batteries began - prototypes of rapid-fire guns intended for rapid firing. So, the composition of the artillery detachment, which was led by A. Fioravanti during the campaign against Tver, included hafunits for aimed firing with stone buckshot, small iron squeaks and even organs (multi-barreled cannons) capable of giving rapid fire close to salvo. At the end of the XVI century. breech-loading guns with wedge-shaped bolts were made. At the beginning of the XVII century. the first rifled pishchal was made. It should be emphasized that the priority in the field of invention of rifled guns and the wedge gate belongs to Moscow. In the XVI - XVII centuries. bells and chandeliers were also cast at the Cannon Yard.

7-barreled rapid-fire battery "Soroka" of the second half of the 16th century.

A certain organization was required to lead the artillery of the Moscow State. We have traces of such an organization of the "Cannon Order" from the 1570s. In the list of "boyars, okolnichy and noblemen who serve from the choice of 85 years" (7085, i.e. in 1577), two names of the senior ranks of the order are named: "In the Cannon Order, Prince Semyon Korkodinov, Fedor Puchko Molvyaninov" - both are marked: “with the sovereign” (on the march) 7-barreled rapid-fire battery “Soroka” of the second half of the 16th century. Since that time, the Main Rocket and Artillery Directorate of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation has been leading its history. At the beginning of the XVII century. The cannon order was renamed Pushkarsky and became the main artillery and military engineering department, the activities of which we know from the remains of documents from its burnt archive, from the archives of other orders, as well as from the news of contemporaries.

The order recruited people for service, set salaries, raised or lowered in ranks, sent them on campaigns, judged, dismissed from service, was in charge of building cities (fortresses), defensive lines, casting bells, cannons, manufacturing hand firearms and edged weapons and armor ( the latter, apparently, for some time was under the jurisdiction of separate Arms and Armor orders). In peacetime, the heads of the Pushkarsky order were also in charge of the notches and the notar heads assigned to them, clerks and watchmen.

The order tested gunpowder (cannon, musket and hand) and explosives based on saltpeter (pitting). Back in the 17th century in the Pushkar order, special boxes were kept with green or saltpeter experiments of past years (that is, with samples of gunpowder tested earlier). In the middle of the XVII century. in 100 cities and 4 monasteries, which were under the jurisdiction of the Pushkar order, there were 2637 guns.

In the 17th century The cannon yard was significantly reconstructed. The surviving plan of the Cannon Yard from the end of the century gives a fairly accurate outline of the boundaries and surrounding buildings. It already occupied a significant territory, being located between Teatralny Proyezd and Pushechnaya Street, Neglinnaya and Rozhdestvenka. Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich “created a great coat of arms, where there are big weapons to deal with, hedgehogs, and put your royal majesty’s banner on it - the eagle is gilded.”

There were also technical innovations: water power was used to drive blacksmith hammers (the first known case of using water energy in metallurgy in Moscow). In the center of the courtyard there were stone foundry barns, along the edges - blacksmiths. Large scales were located at the gates, and a well was located not far from the barns. Significantly expanded the composition of service people. Bell and chandelier craftsmen, sawyers, carpenters, solderers, etc. began to work at the manufactory. The staff of the Cannon Yard consisted of more than 130 people.

The volume of production of the Cannon Yard, as far as can be judged from the surviving information, was never strictly limited, since there was no production plan and work orders were transferred as needed. Such a system of work is typical for the activities of the Cannon Yard in the future. Since 1670, the Pushkar Order (later the Artillery Order) began to be located on the territory of the courtyard.

In the next Moscow fire in 1699, the Cannon Yard burned down with most of its buildings. There was a forced break in the activities of the cannon-casting manufactory until January 1701, when, by decree of Peter the Great, wooden buildings were ordered to be built at the New Cannon Yard. At the beginning of the XVIII century. the importance of the Cannon Yard decreased due to the development of casting iron cannons and the construction of military factories in the St. Petersburg province, in the Urals and in Karelia. There were 51 production workers at the Cannon Yard, of which: 36 cannon makers, apprentices and apprentices, 2 bell makers, 8 smelters and apprentices, 5 chandelier craftsmen, apprentices and apprentices. In response to a request in 1718 about the capacity of the cannon-casting manufactory, the Artillery Order replied: “There was no definition about the casting of cannons and mortars, but they always poured what was needed, according to written and verbal e.c. in. decrees."

As you can see, the activities of the Cannon Yard gradually died down, and the casting of copper cannons was transferred to the Bryansk arsenal of the artillery department. The cannon yard became a repository of weapons, ammunition and banners. In 1802, on the proposal of Count I.P. Saltykov, Alexander I ordered the weapons and ammunition stored in the Cannon Yard to be transferred to the Kremlin Arsenal, and the production of gunpowder to the Field Artillery Yard. In 1802 - 1803. the buildings of the Cannon Yard were demolished, and the building material was used to build a bridge across the Yauza at the crossing from Solyanka to Taganka.

The successful production of guns, shells and gunpowder in the Russian state was achieved thanks to the active creative activity of ordinary Russian people - cannons, foundry workers and blacksmiths. The most well-deserved honor in the Cannon Yard was used by the "cunning fiery battle", or cannon masters. The oldest Russian cannon maker, whose name history has preserved for us, is master Yakov, who worked in a cannon-casting factory in Moscow at the end of the 15th century. For example, in 1483, in the Cannon Hut, he cast the first copper cannon 2.5 arshins long (1 arshin - 71.12 cm) and weighing 16 pounds (1 pood - 16 kg). In 1667, it was used in the defense of the most important Russian fortress on the western border - Smolensk - and was lost. The pishchal is described in detail in the documents of 1667 - 1671. and 1681: “A copper squeaker in a machine on wheels, Russian casting, two arshins long, half a third of an inch. On it is a signature in Russian letters: “By order of the faithful and Christ-loving Grand Duke Ivan Vasilyevich, the ruler of all Rus', this cannon was made in the summer of six thousand, nine hundred and ninety-one, in the two-tenth year of his reign; but Jacob did. Weight 16 pounds. In 1485 master Yakov cast a second sample of a cannon with such dimensions, which is now stored in the Military Historical Museum of Artillery, Engineers and Signal Corps in St. Petersburg.

Some of the names of cannon-casters have survived to this day, the most prominent of which were Ignatius (1543), Stepan Petrov (1553), Bogdan (1554 - 1563), Pervaya Kuzmin, Semenka Dubinin, Nikita Tupitsyn, Pronya Fedorov and etc. The surviving samples of tools testify to the state of foundry art: a copper hafunite of 1542, caliber 5.1 dm (master Ignatius); copper pishchal, 1563, caliber 3.6 dm (master Bogdan); pischal "Inrog" 1577, caliber 8.5 dm (master A. Chokhov); pishchal "Onager" 1581, caliber 7 dm (master P. Kuzmin); Pishchal "Scroll" 1591, caliber 7.1 dm (master S. Dubinin).

Andrey Chokhov (1568-1632) was an outstanding representative of the Moscow school of cannon-makers. Among the many models of guns he created, the Tsar Cannon, cast in 1568, is especially famous. It was the largest and most technically advanced gun of that time (caliber 890 mm, weight 40 tons). The “Russian Shotgun” was called the creation of a talented master, because it was intended for firing with stone “shot”. And although the cannon did not fire a single shot, one can imagine what devastation in the ranks of the enemies this weapon could produce.

Tsar Cannon. Master Andrey Chokhov. 1586

Replenishment of personnel was initially due to apprenticeship. Students were attached to the master, who were recruited, first of all, from relatives of servicemen, and then from free people who were not assigned to the tax. Later, special schools were organized at the Cannon Yard to train new personnel. So, in 1701, “it was ordered to build wooden schools in the New Cannon Yard and in those schools to teach Pushkar and other outside ranks of children verbal and written science ... and feed and water them in the same schools described above, and they were given two money for feed for a day for a person, and from that money, half of them buy bread and grub: on fast days, fish, and on fast days, meat, and cook porridge or cabbage soup, and for other money - for shoes and kaftans, and for shirts ... ". In 1701, there were 180 students in these schools, and later the number of students grew to 250-300 people.

The cannon yard, being the main arsenal of the Muscovite state and at the same time a school that trained casters, has always enjoyed special attention of foreign travelers who wrote about Muscovy. This attention was quite natural, because all foreign reports about the Russian state served, first of all, the purposes of espionage and, first of all, paid attention to military installations. Foreigners who visited "Muscovy" spoke with great praise of Russian artillery, pointing to its significance, and to the "Muscovites" mastering the technique of making guns according to Western models.

Brandenburg N.E. Historical catalog of the St. Petersburg Artillery Museum. Part 1. (XV - XVII centuries). SPb., 1877. S. 45.

There. S. 52.

Nikon chronicle. PSRL. T. XII. SPb., 1901. S. 157.

Lviv chronicle. PSRL. T. XX. SPb., 1910. S. 302.

See: Soloviev S.M. Russian history. M., 1988. Book. 3. T. 5.

Nikon chronicle. S. 219.

Cit. Quoted from: Rubtsov N.N. History of foundry production in the USSR. Part 1. M.-L., 1947. S. 35.

Acts of the Moscow state. SPb., 1890. T. 1. No. 26. S. 39.

The annual holiday of the GRAU was established by order of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation dated June 3, 2002 No. 215.

See: Shagaev V.A. Prikaznaya system of military administration // Humanitarian Bulletin of the Military Academy of Strategic Missile Forces. 2017. .№ 1.S. 46-56.

Zabelin I.E. History of the city of Moscow. Part 1. M., 1905. S. 165.

Kirillov I. The flourishing state of the all-Russian state, which Peter the Great began, brought and left inexpressible works. M., 1831. S. 23.

Rubtsov N.N. History of foundry production in the USSR. Part 1. S. 247.

See Lebedyanskaya A.P. Essays on the history of cannon production in Muscovite Rus'. Ornamented and signed guns of the end of the 15th - first half of the 16th centuries // Collection of research and materials of the Artillery Historical Museum of the Red Army. T. 1. M-L., 1940. S. 62.

Khmyrov M.D. Artillery and gunners in pre-Petrine Rus'. Historical and characteristic essay // Artillery journal. 1865. No. 9. S. 487.

Archive of the Military Historical Museum of Artillery, Engineering Troops and Signal Corps. F. 2. Op. 1. D. 4. L. 894.

See: Kobenzel I. Letters about Russia in the 16th century. // Journal of the Ministry of Public Education. 1842. Ch. 35. S. 150.

See: Barberini R. Journey to Muscovy in 1565, St. Petersburg, 1843, p. 34.

Cannon Yard Cannon Yard

in Moscow, the foundry center of the Russian state of the XV-XVII centuries, a state-owned manufactory that manufactured cannons, bells, chandeliers. Located in the White City on the left bank of the river. Neglinnaya (in the area of modern Lubyanskaya Square, Pushechnaya and Neglinnaya streets). At the end of the XVIII century. The cannon yard became a repository of weapons, ammunition and banners, which in 1802 were transferred to the Kremlin arsenal, and the buildings of the cannon yard were demolished.

CANNON YARD

CANON YARD in Moscow, the foundry center of the Russian state of the 15th-17th centuries; state-owned manufactory for the manufacture of cannons, bells, chandeliers. The cannon yard was in the White City (cm. WHITE CITY), on the left bank of the Neglinnaya River in the area of \u200b\u200bthe modern Lubyanskaya Square, Pushechnaya and Neglinnaya streets. The cannon yard arose at the end of the 15th century. The earliest known cannons were cast by master Yakov in 1483-1484.
The cannon yard was one of the technically advanced industries of its time. In the 15th century, cannons with a bell in the muzzle were made here, at the end of the 16th century - breech-loading guns with wedge-shaped breechblocks, at the beginning of the 17th century, the first rifled arquebus was made. Masters and apprentices were service people, they received monetary and grain salaries, land for building. A school of Russian cannon masters developed at the Cannon Yard, to which A. Chokhov belonged, who cast the Tsar Cannon in 1586. In the 16th century, the Cannon Yard began to produce bells and chandeliers. Since the 17th century, the energy of falling water has been used to drive blacksmith hammers. At the beginning of the 18th century, the importance of the Cannon Yard fell due to the creation of a number of independent military factories. At the end of the 18th century, the casting of guns was transferred to the Bryansk Arsenal and the Cannon Yard became a repository of weapons, ammunition and banners, which in 1802 were transferred to the Kremlin Arsenal, and the buildings of the Cannon Yard were demolished.

encyclopedic Dictionary. 2009 .

See what "Cannon Yard" is in other dictionaries:

In Moscow, the center of foundry production in the 15th and 17th centuries, a state-owned manufactory that manufactured cannons, bells, chandeliers. Located in the White City on the left bank of the river. Neglinnaya. At the beginning of the 18th century the value of P. d. fell due to the creation of a number of military ... ... Russian history

Tsar Cannon. XIX century. Photo "Sherer, Nabgolts Co." ... Wikipedia

The center of foundry production in Rus' in the XV-XVII centuries. It was located on the left bank of the river. Neglinnaya, between modern Rozhdestvenka, Teatralny passage, Pushechnaya street and Neglinnaya street. Originated at the end of the 15th century. Masters and students received money and ... ... Moscow (encyclopedia)

In Moscow, the foundry center of the Russian state in the 15th-17th centuries. It was located on the left bank of the river. Neglinnaya (near the modern Dzerzhinsky Square and Pushechnaya Street). Appeared at the end of the 15th century. The oldest known cannons were cast by a master ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

In Moscow, the center of cannon foundry in Russia in the 15th-17th centuries. Main OK. 1479 (the cannon hut was then at the Spassky Gates of the Kremlin). In the 1st third of the 16th c. P. d. was transferred to the river. Neglinka (near modern. Neglinnaya and Pushechnaya st.). The oldest extant ... ... Soviet historical encyclopedia

CANNON YARD- in Moscow in the XV-XVII centuries. state-owned enterprise that manufactured cannons, bells, chandeliers ... Russian statehood in terms. IX - beginning of XX century

CANON YARD in Moscow, the foundry center of the Russian state in the 15th-17th centuries, a state-owned manufactory that made cannons, bells, chandeliers. Located in the White City, on the left bank of the river. Neglinnaya (in the area of \u200b\u200bmodern Lubyanskaya Square, ... ...

1. YARD, a; m. 1. Plot of land at the house, enclosed by a fence or walls of buildings. Drive into the village. Entrance to the house from the yard. 2. Peasant house with all outbuildings; separate farm. A village of three hundred households. 3. Room ... encyclopedic Dictionary

1) a fenced plot of land attached to the house on which outbuildings are located; it is also used in the meaning of the economy in a broad sense: a peasant household, a collective farm household. 2) In Russia, until 1917, the economy of peasants or townspeople as ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

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How cities were built in Rus', Mikhail Isaevich Milchik. How did they choose trees for the future home in Rus'? What was measured by "elbows"? Where did overseas guests arrive? What is a "two-handed brick"? What did you do at the navigation school? How the lamp was illuminated and ...

CANNON YARD

And higher, on the mountain, is the yard, which was nicknamed Cannon, because copper cannons were cast in that yard.

Ya. Konchalovskaya

Pushechnaya Street was called Sofiyka until 1922. That year, many streets in the city were renamed, others were given random names, not tied to this place in any way, but in this case it turned out differently: the street was not christened again, but its old name was returned to it. Here in ancient times there was a Cannon Yard - an artillery factory, as we would say today. “Perhaps you would like to know where this Cannon Yard was? - asks the unsolved author of the New Guide, printed at the Moscow University Printing House in 1833. - Walk a few steps further to Rozhdestvenka, look at the wasteland and new buildings: this was his place ... "

The cannon yard was located on the left bank of the Neglinnaya River, between the current Marx Avenue and Zhdanov, Pushechnaya and Neglinnaya streets. One of its stone walls ran exactly where Pushechnaya and Zhdanov streets now intersect.

Gradually, the courtyard grew, and a wooden wall became a continuation of the stone wall. She walked to the current Dzerzhinsky Square along the border of the modern "Children's World".

When they were digging a foundation pit for a department store, archaeologists I knew called me on a tour and showed me a well that had opened at a depth of many meters and the skeletons of log huts, around which the earth was completely mixed with slag and birch charcoal - traces of melting.

In this yard, the famous master Andrei Chokhov cast the Tsar Cannon in 1586. “Their artillery is very good,” the Swede Eric Palmqvist, who visited Moscow in the seventies of the 17th century, informed his government.

Ambassadors, as well as spies who arrived in Muscovy under the guise of trade guests, travelers, or under some other plausible pretext, zealously frightened their sovereigns with the artillery might of the Russian state. The Austrian Archduke Maximilian II received a report in 1576: "... there is such a firearm in Moscow that anyone who saw it would not believe the description."

And the Pole Samuil Maskevich, who served in the troops of False Dmitry I, assured that he saw a mortar into which “three people climbed and played cards there under the fuse, which served them instead of a window.”

What did the Cannon Yard look like in its heyday?

One of the options was suggested at the time by Apollinary Vasnetsov, who included the image of the courtyard in his album Ancient Moscow (1922). The artist, as always, carried out scrupulous preparatory work. “We had to not only rummage through ancient repositories, but literally rummage through the ground, looking for the remains of ancient buildings,” recalled Apollinary Mikhailovich. True, the artist's fantasy sometimes still prevailed over the researcher's meticulousness: in some details, what is depicted in the album differs from what we find on the plans of the 17th century, but the "production landscape", as we would now say, is conveyed impressively...

On the lithograph there is a high round tower, smoke is coming out of a hole in the cone-shaped roof: a blast furnace is working. The fence near the yard is partly made of stone and partly wooden - this is how it is indicated on the plans of the first half of the 17th century. Behind the fence - forges, where all kinds of accessories for cannons, iron squeaks, tongues for bells and other products were forged. Vasnetsov draws attention to the fact that all these plans show Kuznetskaya Street, where the blacksmiths who worked at the Cannon-Casting Yard lived. The fact is very significant for our story: it allows us to emphasize the significance of Cannon Street, its important role in the history of the city. In this regard, let us quote the statement of Yu. A. Fedosyuk from his book “Moscow in the Sadov Ring” (Moskovsky Rabochiy, 1983): “Cannon Street can be called the younger sister of the Kuznetsk Bridge - it runs parallel, but inferior to it in everything: and , and value, and popularity. Meanwhile, it was the Cannon Yard, which stood here, that gave rise to the Kuznetsk Sloboda with the Kuznetsk Bridge, and not vice versa. Of course, the issue of primogeniture does not matter, but it is useful to remember this for the understanding of history.

On the plans of the 17th century, next to the Cannon Yard, the church of Joachim and Anna is depicted. And the street at that time was called Yekimanskaya. Ekimanskaya Street was not the predecessor of Pushechnaya Street: in some places it did not coincide with it, and it was narrow, winding, sometimes resembling a barely visible path between closely spaced houses ... Then there were no more crumbs, the church was abolished in 1776, and four years later and completely demolished. This name was completely forgotten, and the street that had developed here by that time began to be called by the name of another church - Sofiyka, with the obligatory addition "at the Cannon Yard", because there were several churches of St. Sophia in the city.

Moscow kept the memory of the Cannon Yard firmly: there was Cannon Lane near the church (it disappeared after the fire of the twelfth year), and the street was most often called Cannon in everyday life, although in the same post-fire years it already officially received the name Sofiyka ...

The church was built in 1650 and was remodeled several times in subsequent years. But almost 200 years before that, another church under the same name was erected here. It was erected by Novgorod artisans who came to Moscow, and they gave the name to it in memory of their famous Novgorod St. Sophia Cathedral.

The settlers, in all likelihood, gave the name of the whole area - Lubyanka: after all, in Novgorod they had Lubyanitsa street.

True, there is another version that this name came from the fact that vegetables and fruits were traded here in bast huts. But modern historians give a clear preference to the first assumption.

And Cannon, and Kuznetsky Most, and Lubyanka have long not only supplied Moscow with their products, but also worked, in modern terms, for export. It is known, for example, that the Crimean Khan Mengli-Girey asked the Moscow prince to send him silver goblets and wrote at the same time: “We don’t have craftsmen who can make goblets so skillfully, but you, my brother, have such ones.”

At first, the Cannon Yard, like the rest of medieval Moscow, was made of wood. With frequent fires that now and then engulfed the city, it burned to the ground more than once. So it was in the summer of 1547, when, as the chronicler lamented, "old people for many years" did not remember such a disaster.

In the early 1640s, the wooden buildings of the Cannon Yard "began to be replaced by stone ones.

In Moscow, which suffered from foreign intervention, much then required urgent repairs - the Kremlin walls, for example, were completely dilapidated, but first of all, funds from the impoverished treasury were assigned to the needs of the Cannon Yard: the state took care of the immediate strengthening of its defense power. Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich “created a great coat of arms, where there are big weapons to deal with, there are cannons ...” - the chronicler states with satisfaction.

The stone yard stood until 1802. Then the already cast guns were dragged to the Kremlin, to the Arsenal, and the production itself was transferred away from the crowded city, to the Red Ponds - to the current Komsomolskaya Square.

By this time, the courtyard had already lost its significance as “a large foundry where bells, cannons and items necessary for the defense of the city are poured,” as foreigners characterized it in their reports. At the beginning of the 19th century, guns, standards, banners, sabers, iron, lead, government cloth and other supplies that were not requested by the troops were stored at the Cannon Yard. Here there was a trade in gunpowder and brewed saltpeter.

When translating the Cannon Yard, the stone was treated prudently: they built the Yauza Bridge from it - the current Astakhovsky. “Across the Yauza at the crossing from Solyanka to Taganka,” this was the order of the Moscow Governor-General Count Ivan Petrovich Saltykov.

The stone of the Cannon Yard was estimated at 40 thousand rubles. To break it down and build the bridge, “a call was made through the newspapers” - an auction was announced. The Moscow merchant Savely Andreyanov took over at the auction.

The members of the city commission, who accepted the bridge in 1805, stated with surprise that “they could not recognize the inside with the plan and facade.” With careful measurement, it turned out that the bridge was three and a half arshins lower than the plan.

For a reason that we are unlikely to find out now, the commission nevertheless accepted it and even praised the contractor, noting in the papers that “the appearance was found to be consistent, except for height and length ...”.

Alas, on the pages of our book, we will meet more than once with the facts when, in the relationship between the treasury and contractors, all inconsistencies suddenly mysteriously became consistent.

The modern bridge is reinforced concrete, it was built in 1940, but we have the opportunity to imagine what the first one looked like: in 1841, a very curious book by M. S. Gastev “Materials for Complete and Comparative Statistics of Moscow” was published in Moscow, where excellent engraving depicting this bridge.

But the entire Cannon Yard did not leave its former location. The Artillery Depot remained - judging by the explication of 1803, a long building, which simultaneously housed a warehouse of various artillery supplies and a military office. "

Now the time has come to tell about the fate of the house at No. 9 on Pushechnaya Street, or rather, about the fate of the houses that, changing one another, stood in this place, and each of them, as it were, continued the biography of its predecessor.

However, it is necessary to determine the territory that would correspond to the address: Cannon, 9. The question is not idle.

Take a closer look at the house where the Central House of Artists of the USSR is now located. In fact, it occupies a whole block - this is house number 6 on Zhdanov Street, and house number 20 on Kuznetsky Most, which, by the way, is recorded in archival plans and documents of the 19th and first decades of the 20th century. The house is, as it were, cut through by several arches that used to lead to stone outbuildings and a garden in the courtyard, and now two of them connect the lobby of the Kuznetsky Most metro station with Zhdanova Street. This closed square will determine the route of travel in time and space, which we have to do.

In the 17th century, almost all of this land was owned by the okolnichy Mikhail Vasilyevich Sobakin. The Sobakin family was ancient and close to the royal throne (the third wife of Ivan the Terrible was Marfa Vasilievna, nee Sobakina). Brave commanders and governors, kind to the sovereign in their affairs, are recorded in the tribes of the clan in various parts of the state ...

The house of Mikhail Vasilievich was on Pushechnaya (and according to the documents of that century - on Ekimanskaya) street noticeable: three-story chambers, decorated with a tower and a covered porch. There were in the yard both “carpentry”, and stables, and “logged huts” - sheds for storing firewood, and their own house church. And part of the yard, as was often done at that time, was given by the owners under the courtyard of the Spaso-Efimiev Monastery. Such a lease was a charitable and profitable business ...

But before proceeding to the story of the future fate of this house, let's go back to the 18th century, to the eastern part of the property, which at that time was listed as the land of one of the richest Moscow landowners - the widow of the captain of the Life Guards Cavalry Regiment Gleb Alekseevich Saltykov.

Brief entries in ancient Russian chronicles; but when you think over their meaning, you are amazed at the intelligence and insight of our ancestors.

The annals say that in 1480 in Moscow, on the banks of the Neglinka River, the Cannon Yard was built.

What is the meaning of this entry?

In Western Europe, firearms became generally recognized only at the very end of the 15th century. But for a long time - for two and a half centuries - the handicraft of Western European masters hampered the development of artillery. Each master made tools as he wanted and as best he could, kept the secrets of his production secret and only before his death passed them on to his sons or apprentices-apprentices. There were no calculations, rules, strength standards, everything was done by eye. Therefore, the guns often exploded, killing those who worked near them. Each gun was one of a kind: it had its own length, its own caliber; the shells of one gun did not fit the other.

It often happened like this: there are a lot of shells, but they cannot be used, because the gun for which these shells were made is knocked out or deteriorated, and these shells are not suitable for other guns ..

All this was very inconvenient.

But in the 15th century, the idea that the shells of one gun should be suitable for another did not occur to the craftsmen who were used to working by eye, did not recognize measurements and rules, even the caliber of the gun was determined only approximately; for example, they said that the gun fires shells "the size of an apple", or shells "the size of a child's head", or shells "the size of an adult's head".

To streamline the work of the masters, to bring it into a certain system, to force the masters to produce not what each of them wants, but what the troops need - such was the urgent task of that time. It was very important to accumulate experience in the manufacture of tools and, on the basis of this experience, improve production. All this was easier and easier to do at the factory than in a handicraft workshop.

Rice. 9. Moscow Cannon Yard in the old days

The cannon yard of the Moscow Grand Duke Ivan III turned out to be the first gun factory in Europe and in the world: the craftsmen made guns there under the supervision of grand ducal, and later royal clerks (that is, officials). And this Cannon Yard was founded, built in the manner of a fortress on the banks of the Neglinka River, in 1480 (Fig. 9), when heated debates were still going on in Western Europe, which weapon is better: new - firearms, or old - bows with arrows, throwing cars. This means that the Muscovites were much more far-sighted than the French, Germans, and British, and were better able to organize the production of guns. Of course, the technique of making guns at the Cannon Yard could not immediately be far ahead of the technique of the craftsmen, because the experience had not yet been generalized, there was no artillery science yet. The creation of the Cannon Yard ensured the accumulation and generalization of experience and a relatively rapid improvement in the production of guns.

Therefore, Russian artillery began to develop rapidly in its own, original way; it soon became the most advanced and most powerful. It was the creation of the Cannon Yard that laid the foundation for

In the wars waged by Ivan III with the Livonian knights and with the Polish invaders for the unification of the national Russian state, artillery contributed to the victories of the Russian troops. Her successful actions in the battle on the Vedrosha River on July 14, 1500 are especially known.

The rapid development and improvement of artillery in the Russian State led to the fact that in Rus', earlier than in any other country, artillery became an independent branch of the army: in 1547, gunners were separated from the archers and a special Pushkar order was created (in modern - ministry). All this was done at a time when artillery was not yet a separate branch of the military in Western Europe, artillerymen were not considered soldiers, but masters of a special workshop and guns were serviced even in battle by civilian craftsmen, who were hired only for the duration of the war. Only half a century later, events similar to those that had already been held in Rus' began to be held in Western Europe.