Get into a rut meaning. Changing the railway gauge on the go

DIGGERS

It is no secret that roads often cannot withstand the current loads. This is confirmed by the ruts on the hard surface. In the summer, countless wheels crush the warm asphalt like dough - it becomes even more pliable and more and more reminiscent of the sea from Aivazovsky’s paintings.

The tires of heavy trucks crumple the asphalt deeper than others - usually in the right lanes. In the middle, the ruts are rare: only eccentrics follow the markings, so the asphalt is rolled out evenly. But the freedom on the left was limited by a barrier, and there are also ruts along it - you can’t drive in the oncoming traffic here!

Under the load from heavy vehicles, the very foundation of the road often sags, which is also not ready for modern life. The traces of mighty wheels in the vicinity of “great construction projects” are especially creepy - gaps, mounds, folds, cracks. Drivers of passenger cars with low ground clearance have a bad time here - the consumption of validol for a troubled soul is above all norms. The destruction of the road is accelerated by water flowing into cracks, especially on the eve of frost. Ice heaves and breaks even concrete.

In winter, the road also suffers from thorns. It is often seen that fresh asphalt laid in the fall is completely worn out by spring.

The picture is especially clear on the left lane, where there are more gentlemen in powerful cars. The edges of such ruts, due to the weak connection of different layers of asphalt, crumble - they are uneven.

PATH TO THE STABLE

According to the joke, the car will not jump out of a deep enough rut - you can quit the steering wheel and do something else. We do not advise: it is not a sin for a driver to take a nap from a hangover in the middle of the fields (the filly will not get lost - she is superior in intelligence to the other “driver”), but if you give the car free rein, it will take you to God knows where!

Let's say both front wheels roll along the left sides of the tracks (see figure). Each tire carries a weight load G. By multiplying its component N by the adhesion coefficient φ, we obtain the adhesion force of the tire to the surface Nφ, but the component T simply pushes the wheel deeper into the rut. The steeper the bead, the smaller Nφ and the larger T. But until T “overwhelms” Nφ, the tire does not slide off the inclined surface: with some slip it “holds the road” (see ZR, 2008, No. 6). On dry asphalt, the value of φ is close to 0.8 - it turns out that the maximum slope from which the tire will not slip is about 80%, or 38.5 degrees. Wet, dirty, icy asphalt is immeasurably more treacherous - here even barely noticeable ruts are dangerous. When accelerating, braking, or cornering, there is not enough traction reserve - the wheels slip to a lower place!

Evil Tendencies

As you know, the steering axis of the wheel is tilted backwards. Its tilt angle (caster) is one of the means of dynamic stabilization of the machine on a given course. But the slope was chosen for a flat road, and in the example in the figure, the force T applied to the wheel behind the turning axis pushes it into the rut on the right, but at the same time tries to turn to the left! This is felt more strongly on cars with a large caster (usually rear-wheel drive). Front-wheel drive ones are more obedient - their caster is small, and besides, the traction force, deforming the tire, slightly shifts the contact patch forward. For those who find the explanation too complicated, just remember that the car is unstable in ruts: the steering wheel can pull in one direction and then immediately throw it in the other! It’s even worse if increasing vibrations arise: for example, having moved off the left edges of the ruts, the wheels hit the right ones and bounced back even more strongly - so it won’t be long before you fly off the road completely.

If the distance between the tracks is the same as between the wheels, the T forces work in unison - and it is more difficult to hold the car. But don’t measure the tracks with a tape measure - hold the steering wheel more securely. By the way, the tracks of the front and rear wheels are often different, which also interferes with the stability of the car.

When one wheel is in a rut and the other is on a flat surface, the steering response is weaker. The amplifier also reduces them, but an overly powerful one is not informative: overly easy controls make it difficult to understand where the laws of physics are pushing the wheel, and even rich experience does not always save. We focus your attention on this because when driving a modern car - comfortable, obedient, stable - some drivers easily overestimate both the capabilities of the technology and their own. The more powerful and dynamic the car, the easier it is to go beyond the permissible limits, but you can’t argue with physics - its laws apply regardless of our moods!

Experts may object: you are giving a simplified picture... We will not deny it. The behavior of a car depends on a great many nuances - try to study its strengths and weaknesses. In many situations, cars of even the same design and class behave, to put it mildly, differently. After all, nuances that seem insignificant at first glance are important here. Just imagine that the quality of tires and suspension features interfere with the matter! When comparing completely different cars, you will have even more questions.

SPECIAL CASES

It seems easy to get out of the dry ruts. But when the side of the track is steep and gouged - watch out! If the tire sharply catches the edge of the tread or the sidewall on some pothole, then the force P that arises at the first moment will create a moment on the shoulder H, which additionally “wedges” the tread in the pothole. Shoulder H at this moment will become like a large rolling shoulder - depending on the nature of the pothole, the steering wheel may jerk in such a way that not every athlete can handle! Fans of driving on curbs will confirm this. So you can break the tire and lose the car.

In a dirty or icy rut, there is nothing for the tire to grab onto, which is why it is difficult to get out, especially if the width of the ruts on the road and the car are the same. Here you won’t be able to get out of them smoothly, at an acute angle: the wheels slide - and together, as a pair, they won’t climb the hill. It’s not for nothing that climbers in a team take turns helping each other! Let's do it differently: we energetically press the front wheels to one side of the ruts, then throw them to the other - and take the hill due to the inertia of the car. It is also better to free the rear wheels from the ruts using inertia, preventing them from slipping. Alas, the theory must be supplemented with a moral: these techniques are unsafe - be careful!

Bicyclists, motorcyclists, and scooter riders deserve special care on rutted roads. Here the driver of a two-wheeler is extremely uncomfortable - and driving a car next to him is at least unreasonable - what if he falls?!

If the ruts are flooded with water, even at speeds of 60–70 km/h, entering them requires caution: the wheel that falls into the water first sharply brakes the car, threatening to spin it around - hold the steering wheel tightly. Underwater, there is a risk of not noticing some surprise, and at high speeds, aquaplaning is possible, when an uncontrolled car glides like a glider. But it’s not only good people who use the highway - you may simply be forced to drive into the water. Therefore, let us remind you: on any road, even if it is not flooded with water, you should drive at a reasonable speed!

The Russian railway gauge has a width of 1520 mm, and the European one - 1435. Moreover, our original gauge was 1524 (5 English feet), but from May 1970 to the early 1990s, the railways of the USSR were transferred to 1520 mm gauge. This was done in order to increase track stability during the operation of freight trains and increase their speed without modernizing the rolling stock itself.

The most common gauge in the world is 1435 mm (4 English feet and 8.5 inches). The railways of North America, China and Europe have this gauge (with the exception of the CIS countries, the Baltic states, Finland, Ireland, Spain and Portugal). It was this gauge that was adopted for the construction of the first passenger railway line, Liverpool - Manchester, by engineer George Stephenson. 20 years later (in 1846), this gauge was recognized as a standard by the English Parliament and was to be used in the construction of new railways.

At border stations for passenger cars, the so-called rearrangement is used - when bogies of one gauge are rolled out from under the car and bogies of another are rolled in. This technology has been around for many decades. There are also systems for automatically changing the track width.

1. General view of the workshop for changing trolleys.

2. From the European side, a carriage is rolled up on the Minsk-Warsaw route.

3. Shunting locomotive.

4. As soon as the car is put in place, they begin to change the coupling devices. The screw hitch is removed and our canonical SA-3 is installed

5. Our train is already rolling in.

6. Several cars are rolled up at once, and then uncoupled and distributed into jacking sections.

7. While the car is being lifted, the coupling is immediately changed.

8. This is a carriage with a screw coupling. All of Europe uses just such archaic screw couplers. Naturally, they are not used for high-speed traffic.

9. The carriages were raised.

10. Carts cling to the cable.

11. The difference between our and European gauge is only 85 mm. The workshop has a 1520 gauge track with control rails. As you can see, a trolley with a European gauge can easily ride on it, but only with control rails.

12. Our carts are already rolling up.

13. European carts.

14. Automatic coupler SA-3.

15. The entire operation takes approximately two hours per composition.

16. Kingpin. With its help, horizontal forces are primarily transmitted from the bogie to the car body.

17. The Belarusian railway in the Belarusian language is called “Belarusian Chygunka” :)

18. That’s it, the carriage was lowered into place.

19. The operation is completed. The bogie change for many trains in Brest occurs late at night.

20. Cars are issued on a broad gauge and sent to their destinations.

There are quite a few standards for railway gauge width. Usually, when moving to another zone, the train is stopped for several hours, the cars are raised and the carriage bogies are changed.

But it turns out that automatic gauge change stations have existed for about forty years. The transformation occurs on the go, at speeds up to 15 km/h.

There are several gauge changing systems on the go; one of the pioneers here is the Talgo company, which already in the 60s solved the issue of changing the gauge of wagons on the border of France and Spain. As the train passes the transfer device, each wheel pair undergoes five gauge correction phases:

1. The side parts of the bogie come into contact with the external guides, the wheels are unloaded from the weight of the cars.
2. The lock supports located at the bottom of the cart are connected to special guides and pressed down, thereby unlocking the axle fastenings.
3. Special rails installed at an angle move the wheels closer to each other or spread them apart.
4. The locks move back up and lock the axles in the new position.
5. The wheels come into contact with the rails and the weight of the car is transferred to them again.

Classification of errors according to FIPI

1. Grammar errors.
2. Speech errors.
3. Logical errors
4. Factual errors.
5. Spelling errors.
6. Punctuation errors.
7. Graphic errors.

grammatical error– this is an error in the structure of a linguistic unit: in the structure of a word, phrase or sentence; This is a violation of any grammatical norm: word formation, morphological, syntactic.

For example:

• slip instead of slip, nobility instead of nobility– here an error was made in the word-formation structure of the word, the wrong prefix or suffix was used;
• no comment, go instead of go,more easier– the form of the word is formed incorrectly, i.e. the morphological norm is violated;
• pay for travel, awarded– the structure of the phrase is broken (management standards are not followed);
• After skating on the skating rink, my legs hurt; In the essay I wanted to show the importance of sports and why I love it– sentences with participles (1) and homogeneous members (2) are constructed incorrectly, i.e. syntactic norms are violated.

Unlike grammatical speech errors– these are errors not in the construction, not in the structure of a linguistic unit, but in its use, most often in the use of a word. These are mainly violations of lexical norms, for example:

• Stolz is one of the main characters in Goncharov’s novel of the same name “Oblomov”;
• They lost their only two sons in the war.

A speech error can only be noticed in context, this is its difference from a grammatical error, for the detection of which context is not needed.

Below are generally accepted classifiers of grammatical and speech errors.

Types of grammatical errors:

1. Erroneous word formation - Trudol beam oh, over laugh.
2. Erroneous formation of a noun form - Many miracles A technology, not enough time I.
3. Erroneous formation of the adjective form - More interesting, more beautiful.
4. Erroneous formation of the numeral form - WITH five hundred rubles
5. Erroneous formation of the pronoun form - Theirs pathos, Ihee children.
6. Erroneous formation of the verb form - They travel, want, write about the life of nature.
7. Violation of agreement - I know a group of guys who are seriously into... imisya jazz.
8. Impaired control - You need to make your nature more beautiful.
   Narrates readers.
9. Disruption of connection between subject and predicate - Majority objected against such an assessment of his work.
10. Violation of the way of expressing the predicate in individual constructions - He wrote a book that is epic.
    Everyone was glad, happy and funny.
11. Errors in constructing sentences with homogeneous members - Country loved and was proud of the poet.
    In the essay I wanted to say about the meaning sport and why I love it.
12. Errors in constructing sentences with participles - Reading the text, there is such a feeling...
13. Errors in constructing sentences with participial phrases - The narrow path was covered with falling snow underfoot.
14. Errors in the construction of complex sentences - This book taught me to value and respect friends, which I read as a child.The man thought it was a dream.
15. Mixing direct and indirect speech - The author said, that I I do not agree with the reviewer's opinion.
16. Violation of supply boundaries - When the hero came to his senses. It was already late.
17. Violation of the type-temporal correlation of verb forms - Freezes for a moment the heart and suddenly starts beating again.

Types of speech errors:

1. Using a word in a meaning that is unusual for it - We were shocked wonderful acting.
   Thought develops on continuation the entire text.
2. Failure to distinguish shades of meaning introduced into a word by prefix and suffix - My attitude towards this problem has not changed.Effective measures were taken.
3. Failure to distinguish synonymous words - IN final In the sentence, the author uses gradation.
4. The use of words of a different stylistic coloring - The author, addressing this problem, tries to direct people into a slightly different direction.
5. Inappropriate use of emotionally charged words and phraseological units - Astafiev continually resorts to the use of metaphors and personifications.
6. Unjustified use of colloquial words - Such people always manage to outdo others.
7. Violation of lexical compatibility - ​​​​​​ The author enhances the impression. The author uses artistic >features (instead of means).
8. The use of unnecessary words, including pleonasm - The author conveys the beauty of the landscape us using artistic techniques.Young young man, Very beautiful.
9. The use of words with the same root in a close context (tautology) - This story tells about real events.
10. Unjustified repetition of a word - The hero of the story does not think about his actions. The hero does not even understand the full depth of what he has done.
11. Poverty and monotony of syntactic constructions - When the writer came to the editorial office, he was accepted by the editor-in-chief. When they talked, the writer went to the hotel.
12. Poor use of pronouns - This text was written by V. Belov. It refers to an artistic style.I immediately had a picture in my mind.

Typical grammatical errors (K9)

This errors associated with the use of verbs, verb forms, adverbs, particles:

1. Errors in the formation of personal forms of verbs: They are driven by a feeling of compassion(follows: moves);
2. Incorrect use of tense forms of verbs: This book gives knowledge about the history of the calendar, teaches you how to make calendar calculations quickly and accurately(follows: ...give.., teach... or...gives.., teaches...);
3. Errors in the use of active and passive participles: Streams of water flowing down amazed the author of the text(follows: flowing);
4. Errors in the formation of gerunds: Having walked onto the stage, the singers bowed(norm: going out);
5. Incorrect formation of adverbs: The author here was wrong(norm: here);

Get into a groove get into a rut Return to your usual way of life and activities; return to normal, normal order. ≠ To get out of line. More often with noun. with value distracted subject: life, work... getting into the groove; enter which one? whose? into the usual, into your own... track; How? easy, difficult, fast, difficult... getting into a rut.

Life has gotten into a rut. I have dinner at 7 o’clock and go to bed at 2 o’clock in the morning. (A. Chekhov.)

A few days later... the teacher’s life returned to its usual routine. Just as before, he got up at sunrise. (A. Kuprin.)

For several weeks I... struggled with myself, as always happens when starting a new business, but little by little I got into the groove. (M. Prishvin.)

(?) Rut - “wheel tracks on a dirt road (i.e., a road without special coating).” In Russia, carts were made one size at a time, so that the wheels would fit into the rut or track. meant “to ride calmly.” Hence the figurative, phraseological meaning.

Educational phraseological dictionary. - M.: AST. E. A. Bystrova, A. P. Okuneva, N. M. Shansky. 1997 .

See what “get into a rut” means in other dictionaries:

Get into a groove- GET INTO A RUT. GET INTO A RUT. 1. Return to normal state; go back to what it was. The next day, the father is gloomy and silent until he gets drunk and gets into a rut (G. Uspensky. Ruin). 2. Take the usual course, flow.… … Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Literary Language

Get into a groove- Get into (get) into the rut (foreign) on a smooth, rough, comfortable road (usual path). Wed. In general, his life had settled down, it had fallen into a final rut from which he could no longer get out. No worries, no worries... Saltykov. Little nothings of life. Young people. 1... Michelson's Large Explanatory and Phraseological Dictionary (original spelling)

get into a rut- (= enter/ into the shores) ... Dictionary of many expressions

login- I’ll come in, you’ll come in; entered, walked, walked; entered; entering; St. 1. Walking, walking, penetrate somewhere, within the boundaries of something. V. to the room. V. into the water. The troops entered the city. V. at the door, at the gate, at the gate (to find yourself somewhere by opening the door, gate, etc.). // Moving... Encyclopedic Dictionary

get on track- to settle down, to settle down, to settle down, to settle down, to settle down, to normalize, to get into a rut, to get along well, to get by, to get along Dictionary of Russian synonyms ... Dictionary of synonyms

login- I’ll come in/, you’ll come in; entered, walked/, walked/; voshe/dshiy; entering/; St. see also enter, entry, entry 1) a) Walking, walking, penetrate somewhere, within the limits of something. Enter/to the room... Dictionary of many expressions

login- I’ll come in/, you’ll come in, past. entered, entered/, owl; come in, nsv. 1) what. Go inside, within the limits of something. Enter the house. Enter the subway. Enter the water. Synonyms: enter, come in, p ... Popular dictionary of the Russian language

get into your groove- Cm … Dictionary of synonyms

get into a rut- (foreign language) on a smooth, rough, comfortable road (usual path) Wed. In general, his life had settled down, it had fallen into a final rut from which he would never get out. No worries, no worries... Saltykov. Little nothings of life. Young people. 1. Wed. I can still fix it... ... Michelson's Large Explanatory and Phraseological Dictionary