American Revolutionary War. American Revolutionary War, the war between Great Britain and the Loyalists (those loyal to the legitimate government of the British Crown) - presentation

Slide 1

1
American Revolutionary War and Education
The presentation was prepared by Olga Valerievna Uleva, teacher of history and social studies, Secondary School No. 1353

Slide 2

The first English colonists in North America were the Puritans. Having no hope of reforming the Church of England, in 1620 they decided to emigrate to Virginia (Plymouth). Many of them died. But others survived by learning from the Indians how to grow maize. Within 20 years, people from 20 countries lived in New England. In 1700, the population of the North American colonies was 250 thousand people.
The Mayflower is the ship of the first colonists.

Slide 3

SETTLERS FOUNDED 13 COLONIES

Slide 4

The colonies differed from each other in economic development: the south was dominated by slave plantations owned by English lords. In the north, navigation, fishing, crafts, and trade developed. The first manufactories arose here. Farm agriculture developed in the center.
ECONOMY AND MANAGEMENT OF COLONIES

Slide 5

COLONIAL POLICY OF ENGLAND
The English government did not take into account the rights of the colonists and made laws for them, but without their consent. The king appointed and approved governors. Women, slaves, Indians were deprived of all rights.
A ban on the import of cars, equipment, their models and drawings into the colonies. A ban on iron processing, shipbuilding, and the export of wool products. Law on confiscation of contraband goods. Prohibition of unauthorized resettlement to free lands in the West (beyond the Allegheny Mountains) Law on the placement of English troops, of which there were more than 10,000, in the apartments of the population.
George III, King of Great Britain
WHAT WERE THE REASONS FOR THESE MEASURES?

Slide 6

COLONIAL POLICY OF ENGLAND
1765 - introduction of stamp duty on every trade transaction, on every document. 1767 - introduction of new duties on the import of wine, oil, glass, tea, and paper from England.
WHAT CONSEQUENCES COULD THE METROPOLISH POLICY LEAD TO?
Proof of a British one-penny tax stamp intended for the North American colonies (inscribed America; 1765).

Slide 7

The colonists launched a campaign to boycott British goods. It happened that officials collecting stamp duty were smeared with tar, covered in feathers and carried tied to long poles to the deafening sound of frying pans and buckets. In view of this, the new duties were abolished in 1770, but the duty on tea was withheld as confirmation of the right of the mother country.
British propaganda leaflet depicting the massacre of Boston customs chief John Malcolm by American colonists.
“NO TO TAXES WITHOUT REPRESENTATION” (the slogan of the American colonists)

Slide 8

BOSTON TEA PARTY
In 1773, the East India Company received the right to duty-free import of tea. This led to the ruin of many merchants. The colonists refused to buy tea. In Boston, the governor decided to unload the tea. Colonists disguised as Indians boarded English ships and threw 45 tons of tea overboard. The closure of the Boston port, the prohibition of meetings of citizens and the stationing of British soldiers in the city further aggravated the conflict between the metropolis and the colonies.

Slide 9

In 1774, the First Continental Congress of representatives from 12 colonies (except Georgia), chosen by their legislatures, opened illegally in Philadelphia. He proclaimed the natural rights of the colonists to “life, liberty and property.” It was decided to create an army under the leadership of George Washington.
George Washington First US President (1789-1797)

Slide 10

DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE
On July 4, 1776, the Declaration of Independence was signed, which became the first document in which the colonies were referred to as the “United States of America.”
Thomas Jefferson. Author of the American Declaration of Independence and third President of the United States.
Read the document (p. 187), answer the question about the document.

Slide 11

11
THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE DECLARED THE Creation of an independent state - the United States of America (USA) The principle of popular sovereignty - power must come from the people and the right of the people to overthrow the government that violates their rights Equality of people Inalienable human rights - life, liberty, the pursuit of happiness
THE STATUE OF LIBERTY is a gift from French citizens on the centennial of the American Revolution.

Slide 12

EDUCATION USA
Signing of the American Declaration of Independence. Painting by John Trumbull
FOUNDING FATHERS OF THE USA

Slide 13

13
The Founding Fathers of the United States are a group of American political figures who played key roles in the founding of the American state, in particular in winning independence and creating the principles of a new political system.
George Washington. The first President of the United States and Commander-in-Chief of American forces during the Revolutionary War.
Thomas Jefferson. Author of the American Declaration of Independence and third President of the United States.
Benjamin Franklin. The only founding father who signed all three documents that underlie the formation of the United States: the Declaration of Independence, the US Constitution and the Treaty of Versailles of 1783.

Slide 14

WAR OF INDEPENDENCE (1775-1783)
Marquis de La Fayette. Commander of the second rebel army.
Material and diplomatic support for the United States was provided by: France, Spain, and Holland. Russia, together with the states of Northern Europe, pursued a policy of “armed neutrality.”
Benjamin Franklin. First US Ambassador to France. One of the founding fathers of the USA.

Slide 15

Slide 16

In 1783, a peace treaty was signed, according to which England recognized the formation of the United States. The American government transferred Florida to Spain, renounced rights to the west bank of the Mississippi in favor of France, and recognized British rights to Canada.
PEACE TREATY OF VERSAILLES
"The Peace of Paris", a group portrait by Benjamin West (1738-1820). The portrait depicts Benjamin Franklin and John Adams, among others. Members of the British delegation refused to pose for West, and the portrait remained unfinished.

The American Revolutionary War was a war between Great Britain and the Loyalists (those loyal to the legitimate government of the British Crown) on the one hand, and the revolutionaries of the 13 English colonies (patriots) on the other, who declared their independence from Great Britain as an independent union state in 1776.

BACKGROUND OF THE WAR In 1765, the English government passed through Parliament the Stamp Act, according to which all trade and other civil documents were subject to a stamp duty. At the same time, it was decided to station 10 thousand British troops in America. With the obligation of the Americans to provide him with housing, certain food products and pieces of furniture for the comfort of the soldiers. The Stamp Act was openly unfair to Americans. So, for example, to obtain the rights of a notary in England you had to pay 2 pounds sterling, and in America 10. In addition, this was the first law on taxes that were intended directly for England, that is, it was beneficial only to England. Prior to this, taxes were used to develop the infrastructure of trade and industry and were largely understandable to the population.

In Massachusetts, the famous phrase attributed to J. Otis was uttered, and became the motto "Taxes without representation is tyranny", in the struggle: turned into the shorter slogan "No taxes without representation." The Virginia Assembly saw in the stamp act a clear desire to reduce the freedom of Americans. Also in 1765, the “Congress Against the Stamp Fee,” which represented most of the colonies, met in New York; he drafted the Declaration of Colonial Rights. Organizations calling themselves the Sons of Liberty began to appear in almost all colonies. They burned effigies and houses of English officials. Among the leaders of the Sons of Liberty was John Adams, one of the founding fathers of the United States and the future second president of the country.

Boston Tea Party In 1773, the East India Company received the right to duty-free import of tea. This led to the ruin of many merchants. The colonists refused to buy tea. In Boston, the governor decided to unload the tea. Members of the Sons of Liberty, disguised as Indians, boarded English ships and threw 45 tons of tea overboard.

The Congress was called the First Continental Congress, and was attended by George Washington, Samuel and John Adams and other prominent American figures. The First Continental Congress reviewed laws that violated the interests of the colonies. Congress developed a petition to the king and an appeal to the English people; these documents recognized America's connection with the mother country, but insisted on the abolition of the last parliamentary acts regarding the colonies and demanded justice, threatening otherwise a cessation of trade with England. A “Declaration of Rights and Grievances” was issued, which contained a statement of the rights of the American colonies to “life, liberty and property”, and also protested against the customs and tax policies of the mother country. Congress declared a boycott of British goods until the complete abolition of discriminatory acts. After the Boston incident, which banned legislative assemblies, they, however, continued to meet, and on September 5, 1774, a completely illegal Congress of Representatives from 12 colonies (55 representatives from all American colonies of Great Britain, with the exception of Georgia), elected by legislative assemblies, opened in Philadelphia. First Continental Congress

The battles of Lexington and Concord were the first armed clashes during the American Revolutionary War. The first shots of the battle were fired at dawn on April 19, 1775 in Lexington. The regular army outnumbered the militia, the latter retreated, and British regulars entered Concord. At Concord's North Bridge, about 500 militia fought and defeated three companies of the royal army. The numerically superior regular troops were forced to retreat. More militia soon arrived, causing heavy casualties among the regular troops and forcing them to retreat to Boston. The increased numbers of the militia blocked the narrow strip of land leading to Charleston and Boston, thereby beginning the so-called Siege of Boston. Ralph Waldo Emerson, in his “Hymn of Concord,” described the Patriots’ first shot at North Bridge as “the shots heard round the world.”

Representatives from all 13 states attended the convention. Decisions were made on the organization of the armed forces and on the appointment of General D. Washington as commander in chief of the American army. In May 1776, the colonies were asked to organize completely independent authorities, and a resolution was adopted that “all power emanating from England should be completely eliminated.” Second Continental Congress (May 10, March 1781) Despite the restrained attitude of a number of states towards the idea of ​​independence, in July 1776 the Congress adopted the document fundamental for the new state - the “Declaration of Independence”. It proclaimed a break with the metropolis and self-determination of the colonies in the new state formation of the American nation

Thomas Jefferson Author of the Declaration of Independence Third President of the United States The Declaration of Independence, the founding document of the American Revolution, adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, declaring the separation of its 13 North American colonies from Great Britain. This was the first document in history that proclaimed the principle of sovereignty as the basis of government. Its precise formulations affirmed the people’s right to revolt and overthrow a despotic government, proclaimed the basic ideas of democracy - the equality of people, their “inalienable rights, including the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.” The Declaration became not only the “birth certificate” of the new state, but also a recognized monument of American literature: Jefferson managed to express well-known principles and ideas in excellent language, in a concise and accessible form. Declaration of Independence

Signing of the Declaration of Independence painting by John Trumbull Education of the United States The first President of the United States, George Washington, spoke of the American flag: The stars we took from the heavens, red the color of our homeland, the white stripes that divide it mean that we have separated from it; these white stripes will go down in history as a symbol of freedom.

Progress of the war After an unsuccessful attempt to capture the city of Charleston (South Carolina), the British transferred their forces to the north. Since July 1776, William Howe won a series of victories: he captured New York and inflicted several significant blows on the troops of Washington, who had to retreat across the Delaware River. Washington did not have much talent as a commander, and his men could not compare with the regular English forces, but this strong people never gave up, and besides, the British, who were fighting on foreign territory, began to have problems with supplies and replenishment. Washington boosted the morale of his troops by recrossing the Delaware River and surprising an enemy garrison of nearly a thousand on Christmas night 1776. However, the following year success was again on the side of General Howe, who captured Philadelphia. Washington's army was greatly depleted after that frosty winter.

The British were let down by hopelessly poor planning. While Howe's corps marched on Philadelphia, another general, John Burgoyne, hoping to link up with him north of New York, led his army from Canada towards the city of Albany through difficult terrain, falling into rebel ambushes. As a result, the British were surrounded by superior enemy forces and laid down their arms near Saratoga. Inspired by the rebels' successes, the French entered the war on the American side. The Spaniards and Dutch soon followed suit. The British, who had lost command of the sea, had to fight on several fronts. George III was ready to make concessions, but the Americans only needed independence. Progress of the war

The surrender of the British at Yorktown, a thousand-strong American-French army (Lafayette, Marquis Rochambeau, George Washington) forced the 9,000-strong army of British General Cornwallis to capitulate on October 19 at Yorktown in Virginia, after the French fleet of Admiral de Grasse (28 ships) cut off British troops from the metropolis on September 5. The defeat at Yorktown was a severe blow for England, predetermining the outcome of the war.

Results of the war Having lost troops in North America, Great Britain sat down at the negotiating table in Paris. On November 30, 1782, a truce was concluded, and on September 3, 1783, Great Britain recognized the independence of the United States. The independent American government gave Florida to Spain, renounced rights to the west bank of the Mississippi to France, and recognized British rights to Canada. The support of the American separatist republicans turned into France's own revolution, in which "American" veterans took an active part.

US Constitution The US Constitution was adopted on September 17, 1787 at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia and subsequently ratified by all thirteen then existing American states. It is considered the world's first constitution in the modern sense. It consists of seven articles; during the life of the Constitution, twenty-seven amendments were adopted, which are its integral part. The inspiration for the creation of the Constitution was George Madison, one of the Founding Fathers.

Revolutionary War

Slide 2

Independence - independence, lack of subordination, sovereignty.

Slide 3

Causes of the war:

Strengthening colonial oppression of England. Prohibiting colonists from moving west. The introduction of stamp duty (1765) - a tax on any product) hindered the development of the capitalist system. 2 camps during the war. Patriots Farmers, southern planters, national bourgeoisie, working people. Loyalists. Landed aristocracy who received land from the king, officials

Slide 4

“No taxes without representation” - D. Otis. This demand was heard everywhere.

Slide 5

Society "Sons of Liberty" Officials who collected the stamp duty were smeared with tar, covered in feathers and carried tied to long poles to the sound of frying pans.

Slide 6

Main events:

1773 – 1775 – The threshold of the War of Independence. Boston Tea Party - 1773.

Slide 7

1774 - The first Continental Congress of representatives of the colonies banned Americans from trading with England. Those who violated the ban were hung from poles by their belts. (“Pillars of Freedom”).

Slide 8

1774-1775 - the emergence of armed partisan detachments. April 19, 1775 - the beginning of armed struggle, George Washington - commander of the army of colonists.

Biography: American statesman, first President of the United States, Founding Father of the United States, Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army, participant in the Revolutionary War, creator of the American institution of the presidency.

Slide 9

May 10, 1775 – Second Continental Congress. Took over the role of the national government during the American Revolutionary War.

Slide 10

Jefferson was the head of the committee that created the Declaration of Independence. In addition to him, there were 4 other people on the committee: John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman and Robert R. Livingston. At one of the committee meetings, these 4 people unanimously asked Jefferson to write the declaration himself.

Slide 11

Countries that fought on the side of the Americans against England:

Slide 12

In March 1780, Catherine II signed a declaration of “armed neutrality.” England had to repel not only the onslaught of the American army, but also the attacks of the Allies.

Slide 13

Number of enemy battleships

Slide 14

Slide 15

In 1781, British troops surrendered to American and French troops at Yorktown.

Slide 16

Slide 17

In 1783, a peace treaty was signed. England recognized the formation of the USA.

Slide 18

Slide 19

The War of Independence, which at one time was an example of a revolutionary war, influenced the struggle of the European bourgeoisie against the feudal-absolutist order

About 7 thousand European volunteers fought in the ranks of the American army, among them the French Marquis Lafayette, A. Saint-Simon, and the Pole T. Kosciuszko. The War of Independence was welcomed by the leading people of many countries, including Russia. A. N. Radishchev sang it in the ode “Liberty”.

Slide 20

In 1787, the United States adopted a constitution, the most progressive in the world.

The Constitution was supplemented by the Bill of Rights. A bourgeois-democratic republic was established in the USA. The War of Independence destroyed all the obstacles that hampered the development of industry.