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Bust of D. M. Karbyshev

Monument to D. M. Karbyshev- Saratov monument to the Hero of the Soviet Union, a participant in two world wars.

Address
The bust is located in the Leninsky district on the territory of the 75th secondary school, Osennaya street, building 5.

Story
Lieutenant General of the Engineering Troops Dmitry Mikhailovich Karbyshev, who fought in the Japanese, World War I, Civil, Finnish and Great Patriotic Wars, spent the last years of his life in German captivity and was executed by the enemy on February 18, 1945. Awarded a number of the highest Soviet awards, Doctor of Military Sciences and Professor of the Military Academy of the General Staff, Dmitry Mikhailovich, became a symbol of will, perseverance and inflexibility. In memory of the famous general, monuments have been erected in a number of cities across the country. In Saratov, with which Karbysheva is associated with a short episode of the civil war, the monument appeared on October 27, 1975. Funds for its installation were collected for four years during Operation “Monument” by the staff and students of the 75th school. Funds earned from industrial practice, on a state farm, and from collecting scrap metal were transferred to the fund. The opening was timed to coincide with the IV rally of young Karbyshevites; the general’s daughter and comrades-in-arms took part in the ceremony.

The Mauthausen concentration camp was founded in 1938 near the Wienergraben granite quarry. Gray granite mined by the labor of prisoners was used to pave the streets of Austrian cities. But the architectural ambitions of the Third Reich required huge quantities of natural stone. Granite was mined by hundreds of thousands of death camp prisoners. In inhumane conditions, they cut, polished and dragged granite blocks, creating a one and a half kilometer long shaft in the solid rock.

After the liberation by Allied troops, a “Memorial Memorial” was created on the site of the concentration camp. It became a common, collective tombstone over the symbolic grave of one hundred and twenty thousand prisoners. The center of the memorial complex is the “Altar of Memory” - a monument made of gray Mauthausen granite. Around it are located two dozen memorial monuments citizens of different states who became victims of fascism. These outstandingly expressive monuments made of granite, marble and bronze embody the historical memory of peoples who united in the fight against the brown plague.

In this series, a special place is occupied by the monument to the outstanding military engineer, Hero of the Soviet Union, Lieutenant General Dmitry Mikhailovich Karbyshev, created by sculptor Vladimir Tsigal.

By the end of the 1930s, Dmitry Karbyshev was considered one of the most prominent experts in the field of military engineering not only in the Soviet Union, but also in the world. On the eve of the Great Patriotic War, General Karbyshev worked on the creation of defensive structures on the western border.

But on August 8, 1941, Lieutenant General Karbyshev was seriously shell-shocked in a battle near the Dnieper River, and was captured in an unconscious state.

However, very soon the Nazis discovered that Karbyshev was a tough nut to crack. The 60-year-old general refused to serve the Third Reich, expressed confidence in the final victory of the Soviet Union and did not in any way resemble a man broken by captivity.

Prisoner of Mauthausen, D.M. Karbyshev accepted a heroic death in February 1945. Exhausted by torture, the general was taken to the camp parade ground and poured with ice water until he turned into a block of ice. The unparalleled courage of the general
prompted the sculptor to design the monument. Based on real events, the author created a monument of enormous expressive power. The monument is made of a single block of light gray Ural marble. The figure of the hero, shackled by the icy immobility of the stone, symbolizes perseverance and heroism. Sparkling and deep-colored marble perfectly conveys the essence of the author’s artistic metaphor. The marble monument is placed on a wide, polished granite slab. On the black granite slab, the inscription “To Dmitry Karbyshev. To a scientist. To the warrior. To the communist"

In February 1946, the representative of the Soviet mission for repatriation in England was informed that a wounded Canadian officer in a hospital near London urgently wanted to see him. The officer, a former prisoner of the Mauthausen concentration camp, considered it necessary to inform the Soviet representative of “extremely important information.”

The Canadian major's name was Seddon De Saint Clair. "I want to tell you about how I died Lieutenant General Dmitry Karbyshev“,” said the officer when the Soviet representative appeared at the hospital.

The story of a Canadian military man was the first news about Dmitry Mikhailovich Karbyshev since 1941...

Cadet from an unreliable family

Dmitry Karbyshev was born on October 26, 1880 into a military family. Since childhood, he dreamed of continuing the dynasty started by his father and grandfather. Dmitry entered the Siberian Cadet Corps, however, despite the diligence shown in his studies, he was listed among the “unreliable” there.

The fact is that Dmitry's older brother, Vladimir, participated in a revolutionary circle created at Kazan University, together with another young radical - Vladimir Ulyanov. But if the future leader of the revolution got away with only expulsion from the university, then Vladimir Karbyshev ended up in prison, where he later died.

The building of the Omsk Cadet Corps, which graduated from Dmitry Karbyshev. Photo: www.russianlook.com

Despite the stigma of being “unreliable,” Dmitry Karbyshev studied brilliantly, and in 1898, after graduating from the cadet corps, he entered the Nikolaev Engineering School.

Of all the military specialties, Karbyshev was most attracted to the construction of fortifications and defensive structures.

The talent of the young officer first clearly manifested itself during the Russian-Japanese campaign - Karbyshev strengthened positions, built bridges across rivers, installed communications equipment and conducted reconnaissance in force.

Despite the unsuccessful outcome of the war for Russia, Karbyshev showed himself to be an excellent specialist, which was noted with medals and the rank of lieutenant.

From Przemysl to Perekop

But in 1906, Lieutenant Karbyshev was dismissed from service for freethinking. True, not for long - the command was smart enough to understand that specialists of this level should not be thrown away.

On the eve of the First World War, Staff Captain Dmitry Karbyshev designed the forts of the Brest Fortress - the same ones in which thirty years later Soviet soldiers would fight the Nazis.

Karbyshev spent the First World War as a division engineer of the 78th and 69th infantry divisions, and then as the head of the engineering service of the 22nd Finnish Rifle Corps. For bravery and bravery during the storming of Przemysl and during the Brusilov breakthrough, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel and awarded the Order of St. Anne.

General Dmitry Karbyshev. Photo: Public Domain

During the revolution, Lieutenant Colonel Karbyshev did not rush about, but immediately joined the Red Guard. All his life he was faithful to his views and beliefs, which he did not renounce.

In November 1920, Dmitry Karbyshev was engaged in engineering support for the assault on Perekop, the success of which finally decided the outcome of the Civil War.

Missing

By the end of the 1930s, Dmitry Karbyshev was considered one of the most prominent experts in the field of military engineering not only in the Soviet Union, but also in the world. In 1940 he was awarded the rank of lieutenant general, and in 1941 - the degree of Doctor of Military Sciences.

On the eve of the Great Patriotic War, General Karbyshev worked on the creation of defensive structures on the western border. During one of his trips to the border, he was caught by the outbreak of hostilities.

The rapid advance of the Nazis put the Soviet troops in a difficult situation. The 60-year-old general of the engineering troops is not the most necessary person in units that are threatened with encirclement. However, they failed to evacuate Karbyshev. However, he himself, like a real combat officer, decided to break out of Hitler’s “bag” together with our units.

But on August 8, 1941, Lieutenant General Karbyshev was seriously shell-shocked in a battle near the Dnieper River, and was captured in an unconscious state.

From that moment until 1945, a short phrase would appear in his personal file: “Missing in action.”

Valuable specialist

The German command was convinced: Karbyshev among the Bolsheviks was a random person. A nobleman, an officer in the tsarist army, he would easily agree to go over to their side. In the end, he and the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) joined only in 1940, apparently under duress.

In March 1942, Karbyshev was transferred to the Hammelburg officer concentration camp. It carried out active psychological treatment of high-ranking Soviet officers in order to force them to go over to the German side. For this purpose, the most humane and benevolent conditions were created. Many who suffered hardships in ordinary soldier camps broke down on this. Karbyshev, however, turned out to be of a completely different cloth - no benefits or concessions could “reforge” him.

Soon Karbyshev was assigned colonel Pelita. This Wehrmacht officer had an excellent command of the Russian language, since he had served in the tsarist army at one time. Moreover, Pelit was a colleague of Karbyshev while working on the forts of the Brest Fortress.

Pelit, a subtle psychologist, described to Karbyshev all the advantages of serving great Germany, offering “compromise options for cooperation” - for example, the general is engaged in historical works on the military operations of the Red Army in the current war, and for this in the future he will be allowed to travel to a neutral country.

However, Karbyshev again rejected all the options for cooperation proposed by the Nazis.

Incorruptible

Then the Nazis made their last attempt. The general was transferred to solitary confinement in one of the Berlin prisons, where he was kept for about three weeks.

After that, a colleague, a well-known German fortifier Professor Heinz Raubenheimer.

The Nazis knew that Karbyshev and Raubenheimer knew each other; moreover, the Russian general respected the work of the German scientist.

Raubenheimer voiced to Karbyshev the following proposal from the authorities of the Third Reich. The general was offered release from the camp, the opportunity to move to a private apartment, as well as full financial security. He will have access to all libraries and book depositories in Germany, and will be given the opportunity to become acquainted with other materials in areas of military engineering that interest him. If necessary, any number of assistants were guaranteed to set up the laboratory, carry out development work and provide other research activities. The results of the work should become the property of German specialists. All ranks of the German army will treat Karbyshev as a lieutenant general of the engineering troops of the German Reich.

A middle-aged man who had gone through hardships in the camps was offered luxurious conditions while retaining his position and even his rank. They didn’t even require him to brand him. Stalin and the Bolshevik regime. The Nazis were interested in Karbyshev’s work in his main specialty.

Dmitry Mikhailovich Karbyshev understood perfectly well that this was most likely the last proposal. He also understood what would follow the refusal.

However, the courageous general said: “My convictions do not fall out along with my teeth from a lack of vitamins in the camp diet. I am a soldier and remain true to my duty. And he forbids me to work for a country that is at war with my Motherland.”

The Nazis really counted on Karbyshev, on his influence and authority. It is he, not general Vlasov, according to the original plan, was to lead the Russian Liberation Army.

But all the plans of the Nazis were dashed by Karbyshev’s inflexibility.

Gravestones for the Nazis

After this refusal, the Nazis put an end to the general, defining him as “a convinced, fanatical Bolshevik, whose use in the service of the Reich is impossible.”

Karbyshev was sent to the Flossenbürg concentration camp, where he was subjected to extreme hard labor. But here, too, the general surprised his comrades in misfortune with his unbending will, fortitude and confidence in the final victory of the Red Army.

One of the Soviet prisoners later recalled that Karbyshev knew how to cheer up even in the most difficult moments. When the prisoners were working on making gravestones, the general remarked: “This is the work that gives me real pleasure. The more tombstones the Germans demand from us, the better, which means things are going well for us at the front.”

He was transferred from camp to camp, the conditions became more and more harsh, but they failed to break Karbyshev. In each of the camps where the general found himself, he became a real leader of spiritual resistance to the enemy. His tenacity gave strength to those around him.

The front was moving to the West. Soviet troops entered German territory. The outcome of the war became obvious even to convinced Nazis. The Nazis had nothing left but hatred and the desire to deal with those who turned out to be stronger than them, even in chains and behind barbed wire...

Execution

Major Seddon De-Saint-Clair was one of several dozen prisoners of war who managed to survive the terrible night of February 18, 1945 in the Mauthausen concentration camp.

Mauthausen Museum (current state): Appelplatz (roll call square) and barracks. Photo: Public Domain

“As soon as we entered the camp, the Germans forced us into the shower room, ordered us to undress and launched jets of ice water on us from above. This went on for a long time. Everyone turned blue. Many fell to the floor and died immediately: their hearts could not stand it. Then we were ordered to put on only underwear and wooden stocks for our feet and were kicked out into the yard. General Karbyshev stood in a group of Russian comrades not far from me. We realized that we were living our last hours. A couple of minutes later, the Gestapo men, standing behind us with fire hoses in their hands, began pouring streams of cold water on us. Those who tried to evade the stream were hit on the head with batons. Hundreds of people fell frozen or with their skulls crushed. I saw how General Karbyshev also fell,” said the Canadian major.

The general’s last words were addressed to those who shared his terrible fate: “Cheer up, comrades! Think about the Motherland, and courage will not leave you!”

With the story of the Canadian major, the collection of information about the last years of General Karbyshev’s life, spent in German captivity, began. All collected documents and eyewitness accounts spoke of the exceptional courage and perseverance of this man.

On August 16, 1946, for the exceptional tenacity and courage shown in the fight against the German invaders in the Great Patriotic War, Lieutenant General Dmitry Mikhailovich Karbyshev was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

Monument to General Dmitry Karbyshev in Mauthausen. Photo: RIA Novosti

In 1948, a monument to the general was unveiled on the territory of the former Mauthausen concentration camp. The inscription on it reads: “To Dmitry Karbyshev. To a scientist. To the warrior. Communist. His life and death were a feat in the name of life.”

The monument was erected in 1980 at the intersection of the boulevard named after him and Marshal Zhukov Avenue.

From the history

D. M. Karbyshev was a Soviet general and engineer. At the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, he was captured.

He was offered to cooperate, but he refused. Karbyshev was kept in German concentration camps: Zamosc, Hammelburg, Flossenbürg, Majdanek, Auschwitz, Sachsenhausen and Mauthausen. I have repeatedly received offers to cooperate from the camp administration.

Despite his age, he was one of the active leaders of the camp resistance movement.

On the night of February 18, 1945, in the Mauthausen concentration camp (Austria), along with other prisoners (about 500 people), he was doused with water in the cold and died. It has become a symbol of unbending will and perseverance.

Description

The monument to General Dmitry Mikhailovich Karbyshev was opened on May 7, 1980 on General Karbyshev Boulevard.

Doomych, CC BY-SA 3.0

The monument is cast entirely from bronze, in the form of 8-meter forms directed upward, symbolizing ice blocks on which a cube with a portrait of the hero is mounted.

The following is inscribed on the memorial sign:

“To Dmitry Mikhailovich Karbyshev, Hero of the Soviet Union, Lieutenant General of the Engineering Troops, Doctor of Military Sciences.”

On October 21, 1961, it was inaugurated in Omsk monument to the general Karbyshev D.M. The monument was erected in the center of Omsk in the park named after General Karbyshev.

The sculptural composition is a high granite base, on it there is a bust of General Karbyshev and behind (the bust of the general) eight concrete slabs are installed, on which it is written: “General Dmitry Mikhailovich Karbyshev, a native of the city of Omsk, during the Great Patriotic War showed exceptional courage and fortitude in fight against enemies. While in fascist prisons and camps, he retained the honor and dignity of a Soviet citizen, scientist, and communist. True to his oath, the patriot preferred death to betrayal. Eternal glory to the heroes who fell in battles for the freedom and independence of our homeland.”

Such an unusual monument was made by sculptor V. Fedorov and architect Yu. Krivushchenko. I must admit that the sculptural composition is truly unusual. There are enough busts on pedestals, but there were also concrete slabs so that the message could be clearly read - this has never happened before. On most monuments they try to write something in small print, but few people read it. And here in large letters - a great idea, even despite the rough execution (after all, concrete slabs are not exactly the architecture of a park).

Dmitry Mikhailovich Karbyshev evokes only respect after reading the story of his life. I think even such titles as general and patriot, as well as professor, cannot fully convey all the power of spirit and will to knowledge of this person. He was a great man, so many thanks to the people of Omsk for preserving his memory.

Some information about D.M. Karbyshev.

Dmitry Mikhailovich was born in Omsk on October 26, 1880. After 18 years he graduated from the Omsk Cadet Corps. Then the Nikolaev Military Engineering School and the Nikolaev Military Engineering Academy.

He was a participant in the Russian-Japanese War, as well as the First World War. He was not a simple performer, but a man with a lively mind, so even then he realized himself as an excellent fortifier.

But his merits include not only participation and leadership of construction in wars, the thirst for knowledge also did not cool down in him. Therefore, despite the ongoing wars, he is also the author of more than a hundred scientific works on military engineering and military history. He also passed on knowledge to subsequent generations and conducted teaching activities.

He ended his journey as a hero, a military man. Or as they used to say, “a man should die on the move on the road or, even better, in battle.”

In August 1941, Dmitry Mikhailovich Karbyshev was captured by the Nazis. For more than three and a half years, the Germans tried to find a way to win him over to their side. But Karbyshev was adamant. During his captivity, he was in the camps of Breslau, Zamosc, Hammelsburg, Flossenbürg and Mauthausen, maybe the Germans were trying to show that their side was the side of the winners, because there were millions of Russians in these camps. The Nazis knew who they had captive and what experience he had, so they used every opportunity. But when all the psychological pressures and tests were unsuccessful, then they moved on to cruel torture.

But his death is worth talking about separately.

The chronicles preserved the conclusion of the supervisors specially assigned to Karbyshev: “This largest Soviet fortifier, a career officer of the old Russian army, a man who was over sixty years old, turned out to be thoroughly infected with the Bolshevik spirit, fanatically devoted to the idea of fidelity to military duty and patriotism. Karbyshev can be considered hopeless in terms of the possibility of using him as a specialist in military engineering.”

Canadian Army Major Seddon de Saint-Clair spoke about the death of Dmitry Mikhailovich. While on his deathbed, the major asked to witness the story, because. he possessed knowledge that, in his opinion, had no right to be buried with him.

The priest and representatives of the Soviet committee recorded the following testimony: “I ask you to record my testimony and send it to Russia. I consider it my sacred duty to impartially testify to what I know about General Karbyshev. I am fulfilling my duty as an ordinary person. I have very little time left to live, and I am worried that the facts known to me about the heroic life and tragic death of the Soviet general, whose grateful memory should live among people, do not go to the grave with me. On the evening of February 17, 1945, a large group of us were forced into a shower room, ordered to strip naked, and then jets of ice water were released on us from above. This went on for a long time. We all turned blue. Many could not stand it, fell, died from a broken heart. Then we were allowed to put on only our underwear and wooden pads on our feet and were kicked out into the cold. We realized that we were living our last hours.

The old general, as always, was calm, he was only struck by a strong chill, like each of us. He said something passionately and convincingly to the Russians around him. They listened to him carefully. In his phrases I caught the words “Soviet Union” repeated several times and understandable to me. Then, looking in our direction, he said in French: “Cheer up, comrades. Think about your homeland, and courage will not leave you.” At this time, the Gestapo men, standing behind us with fire cannons in their hands, began to pour streams of ice water on us. Those who tried to evade the stream were hit on the head with batons. Hundreds of people fell with their skulls crushed. I saw how General Karbyshev also fell. After this execution, by some miracle, several people survived, including me...

The memory of General Karbyshev is sacred to me. I remember him as the greatest patriot, the most honest soldier and the most noble and courageous man I have ever met in my life.”

I think that after such words everyone will agree that Dmitry Mikhailovich Karbyshev is a symbol of perseverance and loyalty for one and all. He is an example both in peaceful life, in wartime, and even in the face of death.

If it were not for the difference in political views of the present time and that era, then I think every schoolchild would know about the personality of Dmitry Mikhailovich Karbyshev. I would think about him, make films and use him as an example.