The building of the State Duma of the Russian Federation. The buildings of the State Duma and the Federation Council will be demolished. Resolution of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks on the formation of the State Defense Committee

14. DECISION OF THE PRESIDIUM OF THE SUPREME COUNCIL OF THE USSR, THE COUNCIL OF PEOPLE'S COMMISSARS OF THE USSR AND THE Central Committee of the CPSU (B) ON THE FORMATION OF THE STATE DEFENSE COMMITTEE June 30, 1941 In view of the current state of emergency and in order to quickly mobilize all the forces of the peoples of the USSR to carry out

Summary of responses on the question of attitude towards Vichy sent to General de Gaulle by members of the council, compiled by the Secretary of the Council of Defense of the Empire Rene Cassin London, February 1941

Summary of responses on the question of attitude towards Vichy sent to General de Gaulle by members of the council, compiled by the Secretary of the Council of Defense of the Empire Rene Cassin London, February 1941 I. Summary of answers to the first question: attitude towards the Vichy government at the present time.1) General

Decree on the composition of the Defense Council of the French Empire General de Gaulle, Head of the Free French, Chairman of the National Committee, Based on Decree No. 1 of October 27, 1940 on the organization of state power during the war; Based on Decree No. 16 of

Dedicated to the Day of Historical and Cultural Heritage. Throughout the day, a series of free tours took place along the alley. For those who did not have time to sign up or join additional excursion groups, caretakers stood near each significant building of the alley. The caretakers’ task was to answer questions, tell those interested about the entrusted house, and provide passers-by with a leaflet with the route and brief information.

The leaflets ran out at lightning speed. As a result, I had to give away my unbound printouts and even almost witnessed a fight for information :)

I was on duty near house No. 9. It’s interesting that people asked completely different questions: from the expected “tell us about this house” to “why here and today?”, they started arguments and even shared information. The event was very positive; it was a real exchange. Of course, they asked tricky questions. Surprisingly, no one asked me the question that I asked myself after reading the materials sent by the organizers. And my question concerned the biography and work of the architect who designed the house. After all, I met his last name somewhere, but I realized that I knew absolutely nothing about him. And I doubt that the majority knows :) But they asked with disbelief a question regarding the authors of some of the quotes that I gave in my mini-lecture.

In general, for those who were unable to take part in this wonderful event, as well as for those who took part but asked other questions, I decided to prepare this post. All sources will be listed here, new information received from passers-by will be added here, errors will be corrected here if I lied to someone about something, and here I will try to resolve disputes that have arisen.

The small plot of land on which house No. 9 now stands previously belonged to the French government. It was planned to erect a 7-story building with a semi-basement and attics - the “House of the French Nation”. The project was ready, and all buildings on the site were demolished. The multi-storey building would include: a consulate, a military attaché's residence, a French theater, an exhibition hall, apartments for consular secretaries, a residence for distinguished guests, shops, a bar, a cinema and a concert hall, a French pharmacy and clinic, apartments for rent, a hostel for French citizens living temporarily in Moscow. But the events of 1914 prevented the implementation of these plans.

And in 1923, an experimental three-story residential building with several apartments was built on the site according to the design of A. Ya. Langman.
The building is quite unusual: the constructivist laconicism of the volume is combined with details, in the design of which echoes of Art Nouveau architecture can be discerned. On the main facade there are two round bay windows, on the side façade there is a round window - a motif often found in Langmann's works. Unfortunately, it is now difficult to look at the side facades. It is also impossible to see the rear facade, which is almost a copy of the main one - the building is mirrored.

In this house, nicknamed the “Yagodinsky mansion”, according to the memoirs of M.P. Schrader, lived the top of the GPU (State Political Directorate under the NKVD of the RSFSR), only a few had access to it, and life in it was shrouded in mystery. However, it is known that in addition to Yagoda, “in the late twenties, the families of the then head of the counterintelligence department of the OGPU Artuzov, the head of the secret department of the OGPU Deribas, and the head of the foreign department Trilisser lived in this house.” Schrader recalls: “most of the OGPU operatives of the late 20s somehow became aware of the luxurious lunches and dinners organized at Yagoda’s apartment, where he, surrounded by his favorites, reveled in his ever-increasing fame. I have never been to the Yagoda mansion, but still in the mid-twenties I heard from the head of the administrative and organizational department of the OGPU, Ostrovsky, that the head of the construction department of the OGPU, Lurie, who was Yagoda’s neighbor, rebuilt the home of the future NKVD chief several times.” An old-timer on the site oldmos.ru comments: “On the other side of Militinsky Lane, directly opposite this house, there was a garage for a duty car. I know for certain that G.G. Yagoda lived in this house, and later V.G. Dekanozov, who was shot in connection with the case Beria".

They say that somewhere from the mid-50s, the house was occupied by Polish foreign trade organizations, and before that, the Polish embassy was located there for several years (before moving to a new building). Now the building contains offices. Many of them belong to Polish companies. Rumor has it that the house is allegedly listed on the balance sheet of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. My partner managed to go inside with the man who works there, for which I thank him very much! It was no longer possible to deceive me - the guard was nervous. The house has high, 4.5-meter ceilings, a grand staircase, and an elevator. Each apartment has a back door.

Judging by the descriptions, the apartments built by Langman for the security officers were good, comfortable and spacious, and for Moscow at that time they were a luxury. In “Architects of Moscow” in the chapter about A. Ya. Langman it is written: “The houses designed by Langman were generally distinguished by their comfort... His houses are remarkable for their respect for human psychology and anthropometry, which is probably inherent only in experienced architects and thoughtful doctors. Langman designed, as usual, using the method of substitution, transformation for the customer, as for himself. He had a reputation as a professional who was careful and attentive to the wishes of the customer.” This refers to the collective two-volume book “Architects of Moscow. XX Century”, published in 1988 by the publishing house “Moskovsky Rabochiy”. Compiled by: Astafieva-Dlugach M.I., Volchok Yu.P., Zhuravlev A.M.

The phrase “His houses are remarkable for their respect for human psychology and anthropometry” for some reason raised many questions and discussions. And I quoted from the book of the famous Moscow local historian V.B. Muravyov “The Holy Road” (with the source lying) that the architect skillfully used his knowledge of psychology and anthropometry not only for the benefit of people: “one cannot fail to note that solitary confinement in prison in the basements of the “Narkomvnudel houses” they were also built taking into account “human psychology and anthropometry.” They are solid stone bags - “boxes” - with a wall-mounted stone bed, but of such a length that it is impossible to stretch out the legs, so a person could not sleep normally and, having fallen asleep, night, by morning he was broken. He did not even have the ability to determine the time of day. There was a steam heating pipe running through the cell, which the jailer could turn on into a disinfectant fryer, and when turned off, Langman was truly both a “psychologist” and “attentive.” to the wishes of the customer by a professional" - his "boxing" effectively had a depressing effect on both the physical condition and the psyche of the arrested person." And... I came across distrust. After all, many people know the building of the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs as the building of the "Russia" Society, built in 1897-1900. designed by architects N.M. Proskurnin and A.V. Ivanov. But in September 1919, part of the house was occupied by representatives of the Soviet secret service represented by the Special Department of the Moscow Cheka, and then by the Central Office of the Cheka. And at the end of the 20s, the building of the apartment building was heavily reconstructed. And in 1932-1933. behind it, a new building is being built according to the design of Langman and Bezrukov (facing Furkasovsky Lane), at the same time the Internal Prison, located in the courtyard of building 2 since 1920, is being reconstructed. According to the new project, four more floors were added to it. For prisoners to walk around the architect Langman built six exercise yards with high walls right on the roof of the building. Prisoners were brought here in special elevators or led up flights of stairs.” (based on materials from the magazine "Profile" dated January 22, 2001, the official website of the Baltic Center for the Study of Russia Russia Monitor and several other sources)

In general, the personality of the architect Langman is very interesting. It is a pity that there is too little information about him. We managed to find out that the architect came to Moscow from Kharkov in 1922. He quickly got his bearings in the situation and chose a reliable patron in the person of the top of the GPU. Largely due to this, his name can hardly be found among the names of participants in all-Union competitions - he was busy with real construction. And as a result, he took part in the design of about 50 buildings, 21 of them in Moscow. Among them: the building of the Council of Labor and Defense (now the State Duma) in Okhotny Ryad, the Public Building of the Bolshevo Labor Commune of the OGPU (together with L.Z. Cherikover, now a shopping center), the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs Building in Furkasov Lane (together with Bezrukov, now a building complex of buildings of the FSB of the Russian Federation), the Dynamo Sports Society Building (together with Fomin, now an administrative building), the Gostorg Building - “the first Soviet skyscraper” (as part of a group of architects, now an administrative building) and the Dynamo Stadium (together with Cherikover L.Z.). It is noteworthy that Langman became the “departmental architect of the authorities” just after the construction of house No. 9 on Milyutinsky Lane. He is even called "the founder of the KGB style."

And this style turned out to be so strong and bright, energetic, impactful that the Honored Architect of Russia Zoya Kharitonova (who, by the way, is also actively fighting to preserve the appearance of Moscow) believes that if we want a democratic society, the possibility of discussion, then the State Duma must be urgently relocated : “This building was built by the architect Langman in the 30s especially for the State Planning Committee. In the Stalinist style. It contains the power that foreshadowed the start of the war. An expressive building, very solid, but at the same time completely closed, undemocratic, and the deputies sealed it even more “An entire block is already subordinate to their power. It is wrong that the institutions of a democratic state are located in old administrative buildings of the Soviet period. Freedom of discussion, freedom of speech, and freedom of decision-making are impossible.”

Langman himself lived in a cooperative house of architects and builders in Maly Levshinsky Lane, built in the 30-40s. according to his project with Schneider.

This is what our information stand looked like:

Finally, a few words about the promotion itself. Organizers of the event:
public movement ArchNadzor- a voluntary non-profit association of citizens who want to contribute to the preservation of historical monuments, landscapes and views of the city of Moscow. More details about the goals and main directions of the movement can be found in the manifesto.

Moscow that doesn't exist- historical and cultural project about old Moscow. About goals - .

The action was supported by a magazine about leisure in Moscow - Time Out.

There is no particular reason for choosing Milyutinsky Lane as the route for the action. In addition, perhaps, it was in this lane, in house number 19, that the public movement ArchNadzor was founded several years ago.

(c) when writing this text, materials sent by the organizers of the “Open Air Museum” event were also used.

At the corner of Tverskaya and Okhotny Ryadya streets there is a huge, majestic building of the State Duma of the Russian Federation. It was this that determined the type of government building in the Soviet Union for many years to come. Its facades are strictly symmetrical in logic and structural precision, which makes it possible to talk about the features of the constructivist style. But the monumentality and grandeur of the building refers to the next period of Soviet architecture - Soviet classicism or, as it is sometimes called, the “Stalin Empire”. The building seems to be in the middle, marking the line of transition from one style to another. This is its main feature.

The house, which now houses the lower house of parliament, was built on the site of the famous Paraskeva Pyatnitsa Church in Okhotny Ryad. This saint was the patroness of trade and trading people, so it is not surprising that just such a temple appeared next to the most famous Moscow market (Okhotny Ryad). In 1928, the church was destroyed, and in the 1930s, according to the design of architect A.Ya. Langman, the building of the Council of Labor and Defense was erected - the body for managing the economic construction and defense of the USSR. Then, alternately, the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the State Planning Committee, which was engaged in planning the development of the national economy, were located here.

Here, for the first time, reinforced concrete pillars with rigid reinforcement, lined with brick, were used. According to some reports, the building was mined in 1941, during the Second World War, and cleared only forty years later - in the 1980s. By luck, the builders discovered inconspicuous wires “going to nowhere.” In the 1990s, the interiors underwent a planned renovation, after which the building housed the State Duma of the Russian Federation. Throughout the entire biography, inside this grandiose “giant” at the beginning of Tverskaya Street there were and are to this day major officials of the Soviet Union and modern Russia.

You need to see the building surrounded by neighboring houses. It performs an important urban planning function: it forms the building lines of two streets and decorates the corner of the block. The central building stretches for one hundred and sixty meters. You need to raise your head as high as possible to see the main decoration - the attic with the coat of arms of the USSR. Another important detail is the opposite below. This is a three-story portal, lined with dark stone. The entire height of the house is decorated with pilasters. The symmetry of the composition is emphasized by powerful vertical pylons supporting an architrave with an attic floor in the center. The monumentality and severity of the forms created an expressive image of the government building.