Who is a steward in ancient Rus'? Kravchiy, Okolnichy, Stolnik and others

Stolnik- an official who existed in many states mainly during the Middle Ages. The steward was busy serving the master's meal.

The stewards were made from nobles.

The attendants at the feasts accepted dishes of food from the servants, who were forbidden to enter the king’s rooms. During feasts they stood at the tables. Sometimes parochial disputes arose between the stewards about which table to stand at.

The room servants served the king when he ate alone. When receiving foreign ambassadors, one of the attendants was appointed to sit at the table and treat the guests.

Kings often sent food home to guests, ambassadors, or those who were unable to attend the feast due to illness. In this case, the steward rode along with the gift and observed order.

During the tsar's trips, one steward was a coachman, other stewards stood on the potholes of the sleigh, or behind the carriages and carts.

Later, stewards were appointed to administrative, voivodeship, ambassadorial and other positions. Stolniks were appointed commanders, regimental judges, messenger governors, esauls (master-esaul), heads over hundreds of nobles, governors at the big banner, heads at the banner, at the projectile, at the koshu, at the convoy.

The city governor from among the stolniks could be called a governor. The boyars' children obeyed him. Stolniki also served as judges in Moscow orders. The captains took part in all embassies, and were sometimes appointed ambassadors.

The last holder of this title (after Peter I introduced the Table of Ranks) is Vasily Fedorovich Saltykov, brother of Tsarina Praskovya Fedorovna. For a long time he preferred this title to the ranks of Peter the Great, but agreed to them upon returning to service under Anna Ioannovna.

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Notes

Literature

G. P. Uspensky."The experience of narration about Russian antiquities." Kharkov, 1818 pp. 162-169.

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Excerpt characterizing Stolnik

Napoleon nodded his head and walked away from him.

At half past five Napoleon rode on horseback to the village of Shevardin.
It was beginning to get light, the sky cleared, only one cloud lay in the east. Abandoned fires burned out in the weak morning light.
A thick, lonely cannon shot rang out to the right, rushed past and froze in the midst of general silence. Several minutes passed. A second, third shot rang out, the air began to vibrate; the fourth and fifth sounded close and solemnly somewhere to the right.
The first shots had not yet sounded when others were heard, again and again, merging and interrupting one another.
Napoleon rode up with his retinue to the Shevardinsky redoubt and dismounted from his horse. The game has begun.

Returning from Prince Andrei to Gorki, Pierre, having ordered the horseman to prepare the horses and wake him up early in the morning, immediately fell asleep behind the partition, in the corner that Boris had given him.
When Pierre fully woke up the next morning, there was no one in the hut. Glass rattled in the small windows. The bereitor stood pushing him away.
“Your Excellency, your Excellency, your Excellency...” the bereitor said stubbornly, without looking at Pierre and, apparently, having lost hope of waking him up, swinging him by the shoulder.
- What? Began? Is it time? - Pierre spoke, waking up.
“If you please hear the firing,” said the bereitor, a retired soldier, “all the gentlemen have already left, the most illustrious ones themselves have passed a long time ago.”
Pierre quickly got dressed and ran out onto the porch. It was clear, fresh, dewy and cheerful outside. The sun, having just broken out from behind the cloud that was obscuring it, splashed half-broken rays through the roofs of the opposite street, onto the dew-covered dust of the road, onto the walls of the houses, onto the windows of the fence and onto Pierre’s horses standing at the hut. The roar of the guns could be heard more clearly in the yard. An adjutant with a Cossack trotted down the street.
- It's time, Count, it's time! - shouted the adjutant.
Having ordered his horse to be led, Pierre walked down the street to the mound from which he had looked at the battlefield yesterday. On this mound there was a crowd of military men, and the French conversation of the staff could be heard, and the gray head of Kutuzov could be seen with his white cap with a red band and the gray back of his head, sunk into his shoulders. Kutuzov looked through the pipe ahead along the main road.
Entering the entrance steps to the mound, Pierre looked ahead of him and froze in admiration at the beauty of the spectacle. It was the same panorama that he had admired yesterday from this mound; but now this entire area was covered with troops and the smoke of gunfire, and the slanting rays of the bright sun, rising from behind, to the left of Pierre, threw upon it in the clear morning air a piercing light with a golden and pink tint and dark, long shadows. The distant forests that completed the panorama, as if carved from some precious yellow-green stone, were visible with their curved line of peaks on the horizon, and between them, behind Valuev, cut through the great Smolensk road, all covered with troops. Golden fields and copses glittered closer. Troops were visible everywhere - in front, right and left. It was all lively, majestic and unexpected; but what struck Pierre most of all was the view of the battlefield itself, Borodino and the ravine above Kolocheya on both sides of it.
Above Kolocha, in Borodino and on both sides of it, especially to the left, where in the marshy banks Voina flows into Kolocha, there was that fog that melts, blurs and shines through when the bright sun comes out and magically colors and outlines everything visible through it. This fog was joined by the smoke of shots, and through this fog and smoke the lightning of the morning light flashed everywhere - now on the water, now on the dew, now on the bayonets of the troops crowded along the banks and in Borodino. Through this fog one could see a white church, here and there the roofs of Borodin's huts, here and there solid masses of soldiers, here and there green boxes and cannons. And it all moved, or seemed to move, because fog and smoke stretched throughout this entire space. Both in this area of the lowlands near Borodino, covered with fog, and outside it, above and especially to the left along the entire line, through forests, across fields, in the lowlands, on the tops of elevations, cannons, sometimes solitary, constantly appeared by themselves, out of nothing, sometimes huddled, sometimes rare, sometimes frequent clouds of smoke, which, swelling, growing, swirling, merging, were visible throughout this space.

Stolnik- an official who existed in many states mainly during the Middle Ages. The steward was busy serving the master's meal.

The stewards were made from nobles.

The room servants served the king when he ate alone. When receiving foreign ambassadors, one of the attendants was appointed to sit at the table and treat the guests.

Kings often sent food home to guests, ambassadors, or those who were unable to attend the feast due to illness. In this case, the steward rode along with the gift and observed order.

During the tsar's trips, one steward was a coachman, other stewards stood on the potholes of the sleigh, or behind the carriages and carts.

Write a review about the article "Stolnik"

Notes

Literature

G. P. Uspensky."The experience of narration about Russian antiquities." Kharkov, 1818 pp. 162-169.

Links

Russia

This is a draft article on the history of Russia. You can help the project by adding to it.

View this template Officials of the Russian State

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Excerpt characterizing Stolnik

“I have nothing to tell you, Holiness, except that you are the most terrible criminal who has ever lived on this Earth.
Dad looked at me for a minute, not hiding his surprise, and then nodded to the old priest who was waiting there and left without saying another word. As soon as he disappeared behind the door, I rushed to the old man, and frantically grabbing his dry, senile hands, I prayed:
- Please, I ask you, holy father, allow me to hug him goodbye!.. I will never be able to do this again... You heard what the Pope said - tomorrow at dawn my father will die... Have mercy, I ask you !.. No one will ever know about this, I swear to you! I beg you, help me! The Lord will not forget you!..
The old priest looked me carefully in the eyes and, without saying anything, pulled the lever... The chains lowered with a grinding sound, just enough so that we could say the last “goodbye”...
I came close and, burying my face in my father’s broad chest, gave vent to the bitter tears that finally poured out... Even now, covered in blood, shackled hand and foot with rusty iron, my father radiated wonderful warmth and peace, and next to him I still felt as comfortable and protected!.. He was my happy lost world, which at dawn was supposed to leave me forever... Thoughts rushed through one another sadder, bringing bright, dear images of our “past” life, which with Every minute she slipped further and further, and I could neither save her nor stop her...
- Be strong, my dear. You must be strong. You must protect Anna from him. And she must protect herself. I'm leaving for you. Perhaps this will give you some time... to destroy Caraffa. – the father whispered quietly.
I frantically clung to him with my hands, not wanting to let go. And again, as once upon a time, I felt like a little girl, looking for solace on his broad chest...
“Forgive me, Madonna, but I must take you to your chambers, otherwise I may be executed for disobedience.” “Please forgive me...” the old priest said in a hoarse voice.
I hugged my father tightly once again, absorbing his wonderful warmth for the last time... And without turning around, not seeing anything around me from the tears that blurred my eyes, I jumped out of the torture room. The basement walls were “wobbly” and I had to stop, grabbing onto stone ledges to avoid falling. Blinded by unbearable pain, I wandered lost, not understanding where I was and not realizing where I was going...
Stella quietly cried big, burning tears, not at all embarrassed by them. I looked at Anna - she was tenderly hugging Isidora, going very far from us, apparently living with her again these last, terrible, earthly days... I suddenly felt very lonely and cold, as if everything around was covered with a gloomy, black, heavy cloud. .. My soul ached painfully and was completely empty, like a dry spring that was once filled with pure living water... I turned to the Old Man - he was glowing!.. A sparkling, warm, golden wave flowed generously from him, enveloping Isidora ... And there were tears in his sad gray eyes. Isidora, having gone very far and not paying attention to any of us, quietly continued her stunningly sad story...
Finding myself in “my” room, I fell onto the bed as if knocked down. There were no more tears. There was only a terrible, naked emptiness and soul-blinding despair...
I couldn’t, I didn’t want to believe what was happening!.. And although I was waiting for this day after day, now I could not understand or accept this terrible, inhuman reality. I didn’t want the morning to come... It was supposed to bring only horror, and I no longer had the former “firm confidence” that I could endure all this without breaking down, without betraying my father and myself... Feelings of guilt for his cut-off life, a mountain fell... The pain was finally deafening, tearing my tormented heart to shreds...
To my great surprise (and wild chagrin!!!), I jumped up from the noise outside the door and realized that... I was sleeping! How could this happen?! How could I even sleep??? But apparently, our imperfect human body, in some of the most difficult moments of life, not obeying our desires, defended itself in order to survive. That’s how I, unable to bear any more suffering, simply “went” into peace to save my dying soul. And now it was too late - they came for me to take me to my father’s execution...

Stolnik

ancient palace rank. S.’s original purpose was to serve at the sovereign’s table, serve him dishes and pour drinks into bowls, hence their other name - teapots S. are found in chronicles starting from the first years of the 13th century. Even then they were present at the reception of ambassadors, were mediators in negotiations between the prince and the boyars, etc. Chashniki of the Ryazan prince in the 14th century. were part of his Duma together with the boyars. S. served at the table of the Moscow sovereigns only on solemn occasions, on holidays and when receiving ambassadors. The responsibilities assigned to them were very varied. S. had to “tell the tables,” that is, invite honored guests to the table, “let them eat and drink,” observing the general order of the table, pouring drinks and serving dishes; there was a special steward who “dispensed food” from a special “supplier” to the guest of honor, a special one for “dressing up” wines and at each table “for order” according to S. The number of S. who served at the sovereign’s table was sometimes more than 100 (for example, 114 at a dinner given in 1664 to the English ambassador Charles Howard). S. were obliged to feed the monastic brethren during the sovereign’s trips to the monasteries and to serve eggs to the sovereign at the consecration of Christ. They were instructed to follow the sovereign “with the cooking” during ceremonial exits, instead of a bed servant; sometimes they were in charge of the workshop instead of the bedmaster, and instead of the falconer, they were in charge of the birds and falconers. When receiving ambassadors, S. were appointed to the bell; during the sovereign’s reception of princes, boyars and others, they stood in the “sovereign’s room” “at the hook” (door) and called those admitted to the audience according to the list; finally, S. performed the position of the sovereign's charioteers. This court service of S. was far from being of paramount importance for them. According to Kotoshikhin, the service at the table occupied a very small number of S. and on few days of the year; Meanwhile, during the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich, their number extended to 500. The eldest of them were usually sent to the voivodeships, and the younger ones carried out military service in the sovereign’s regiment and in the cities under the voivodes. In addition, S. were appointed to orders and sent to all sorts of parcels - on court cases, to inspect service people, etc. When listing service people, they were usually mentioned after the Duma clerks and ahead of the attorneys. Persons of the best families served in S.: princes Kurakins, Odoevskys, Golitsyns, Trubetskoys, Repnins, Rostovskys, Urusovs, Morozovs, Sheremetevs and others. However, unnamed people were also appointed to S., for example, Andrei Posnikov, the son of the Blagoveshchensk archpriest, the favorite of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. Those S. who served the sovereign in his rooms were called neighbors, or indoor In 1675, a decree was issued to “paint the sovereign’s close people and S. to spend the day and night alternately, in four shifts.” Since the seventies they have been dating neighbors S. “with cooking”, “at the hook”, etc. S.’s neighbors spend day and night at the tomb of the deceased sovereign; They carry his body out of the room. Wed. V. I. Sergeevich, “Russian legal antiquities. T. I. Territories and population” (St. Petersburg, 1890).

V. R-v.

Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron. - S.-Pb.: Brockhaus-Efron. 1890-1907 .

Synonyms:

See what “Stolnik” is in other dictionaries:

Stolnik - all working Stolnik promotional codes in the Clothing and accessories category

Storublevka, courtier, stolnichek Dictionary of Russian synonyms. stolnik see one hundred rubles Dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language. Practical guide. M.: Russian language. Z. E. Alexandrova. 2011… Synonym dictionary

STOLNIK, see so. Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary. IN AND. Dahl. 1863 1866 … Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary

1. STOLNIK, a; m. In Russia 13th - 17th centuries: the court rank is lower than the boyar rank; a person who had this rank (originally a courtier who served at the princely or royal table). 2. STOLNIK, a; m. Razg. A banknote in denominations of one hundred rubles. Get s... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Palace (court) rank position in the Russian state 13-17 centuries. Initially he served the princes (kings) during ceremonial meals and accompanied them on their trips. Later, stewards were appointed to voivodeship, embassy, clerkships, etc.... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

STOLNIK, steward, husband. (source). In ancient Rus', until the 17th century, a courtier, a rank lower than a boyar, appointed from representatives of noble noble families and occupying senior positions in the administration; original courtier who served the princely... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

STOLNIK 1, a, m. In Rus' until the 17th century: courtier [initial. serving at the princely or royal table]. Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

STOLNIK 2, a, m. (simple). The same as one hundred rubles. Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

STOLNIK, ah, husband. In Rus' until the 17th century: courtier [initial. serving at the princely or royal table]. | adj. captain, ya, ye. II. STOLNIK, ah, husband. (simple). The same as one hundred rubles. Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova... ... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

STOLNIK, palace position in the 13th-17th centuries. Initially he served the princes (kings) during ceremonial meals and accompanied them on their trips. In the 16th and 17th centuries. in terms of decoration of the ranks of the Sovereign's court, they took fifth place (after the Duma ranks). Source:... ...Russian history

steward- STOLNICHEK, ah, STOLNICHEK, chka, m. One hundred rubles. Poss. through the corner in the same sense... Dictionary of Russian argot

steward- Stolnik: courtier of the rank of Russia XIII XVIII century, lower rank of boyar... Explanatory Ukrainian dictionary

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The history of the land of Varangian Rus' and the struggle of the Russian people against Latin propaganda within its borders, V. Lyzlov. The book tells about the historical fate of Western Russia and the history of the peoples who inhabited it from antiquity until the end of the Middle Ages. History is considered as a separate issue...

In the Moscow state

In the Moscow state, a stolnik is a palace rank, then a court rank in the Russian state in the 13th-17th centuries, as well as a person who had such a rank. Initially in Ancient Rus' - a courtier who served princes and kings at the table during ceremonial meals, and also accompanied them on trips.

The stewards were made from nobles.

The room servants served the king when he ate alone. When receiving foreign ambassadors, one of the attendants was appointed to sit at the table and treat the guests.

Kings often sent food home to guests, ambassadors, or those who were unable to attend the feast due to illness. In this case, the steward rode along with the gift and observed order.

During the tsar's trips, one steward was a coachman, other stewards stood on the potholes of the sleigh, or behind the carriages and carts.

The last holder of this title (after the introduction of the Table of Ranks by Peter I) was Vasily Fedorovich Saltykov, brother of Tsarina Praskovya Fedorovna. For a long time he preferred this title to the ranks of Peter the Great, but agreed to them upon returning to service under Anna Ioannovna.

Notes

Literature

G. P. Uspensky."The experience of narration about Russian antiquities." Kharkov, 1818 pp. 162-169.

Links

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Synonyms:

See what “Stolnik” is in other dictionaries:

Stolnik - all working Stolnik promotional codes in the Clothing and accessories category

STOLNIK, see so. Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary. IN AND. Dahl. 1863 1866 … Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary

STOLNIK 2, a, m. (simple). The same as one hundred rubles. Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

The royal court was the key state institution of the Russian kingdom. It replaced the princely court in the middle of the 16th century, and under Peter I transformed into the imperial court in St. Petersburg. If we try to draw parallels with the modern government system, then the Tsar’s Court simultaneously included the government, the administration of the head of the country, a staff of advisers, part of the army command and security units.

The court of the Moscow kings consisted of courtiers from the noble class. They served the monarch and members of his family in one way or another and managed the royal household. Household people were not only involved in the private affairs of the Moscow Tsar, they performed various kinds of administrative, judicial and military positions in the public service.

This is where the name of the entire service class came from - the nobility. This class became the state-forming basis of feudal society in Europe in the Middle Ages. Courtiers in the Russian kingdom, as in other countries, were divided into ranks. Service people were divided into first and second classes, followed by them in the Moscow royal service hierarchy were no longer ranks, but dignity.

See in the infographics of AiF.ru what the hierarchy of court ranks and dignity looked like in the Russian kingdom.

Boyarin

There are two versions of the origin of the word “boyar”. According to Slavic, it comes from the Slavic boi (battle), according to Turkic, it is formed by merging bojla + är (noble + husband) or baj + är (rich + husband).

The boyars were the most noble people at the court of the Moscow kings. They participated in meetings of the Boyar Duma, an advisory body under the Tsar.

Okolnichy

The origin of this word is not completely known - perhaps it arose from the word “roundabout”, that is, located near, nearby.

Okolnichy headed orders, regiments, they were appointed governors in cities, governors in volosts and regions. They were sent as ambassadors to foreign states. Also, the okolnichy followed the sovereign to another country and organized overnight accommodation or rest stops for him. He could also meet foreign ambassadors and arrange for them to live.

Duma nobleman

Duma nobles were members of state councils - Dumas: Secret and Near, and participated in meetings of the Boyar Duma. They led the Orders and Embassies, and were also appointed governors to the cities. Of those who reached this rank, Kuzma Minin is the most famous.

Duma clerk

Holders of this rank drew up and edited draft decisions of the Boyar Duma and royal decrees, and were in charge of the paperwork of the Boyar Duma and the most important orders. They had only an advisory voice. Unlike other ranks of the Boyar Duma, they stood in the presence of the sovereign and sat down only in those cases when the tsar himself invited them to do so.

Stolnik

The stewards were busy serving the Emperor's meal, serving food. The cup-maker served the Emperor drink. Kings often sent food home to guests, ambassadors, or those who were unable to attend the feast due to illness. In this case, the steward rode along with the gift and observed order.

Solicitor

The word “solicitor” comes from the Old Russian “cook” - to work, to settle.

The solicitors brought dishes from the kitchen to the doors of the sovereign's dining room. Among the holders of this rank were the solicitor with the key, who performed the position of the palace steward, and the solicitor with the dress - he looked after the king’s dress and handed it over when the sovereign was vested.

Moscow nobles

Moscow nobles had the widest range of responsibilities: they served as governors and heads in regiments and cities, were judges, participated in land descriptions, embassies, recruited new recruits for service and performed other various functions.

Residents

The residents formed a security army. During campaigns and royal trips, they formed a special detachment - the predecessor of the subsequent guard, and also accompanied the monarch on pilgrimage. They were used for various tasks, for example, delivering sovereign decrees.

Boyar children

Holders of this rank performed compulsory service, were included in the lists of service people in the districts and made up the local cavalry. They owned estates and fiefdoms, for which they were obliged to serve, both personally and with their people, according to the amount of local land.

Butler

The title was awarded to the boyars. The butler managed the Palace Prikaz, all the “palace people”; he was in charge of the household yards. He also collected income from the “palace volosts” and used them for expenses.

Equerry

The equerry supervised the management of horses, the monarch's stables and everything related to equestrian affairs. At first, equerries were appointed from among the boyars, so the rank was called boyar and equerry, and was given by the tsar only to the closest, most beloved and honored people.

Kravchiy

Kravchiy was responsible for the steward serving food and drinks, and he himself served the Moscow sovereign at the dinner table on special occasions. Also, the kravchiy was entrusted with sending food and drinks from the royal table to the homes of the boyars and other ranks on special days.

Gunsmith

Okolnichy or boyars were appointed to this position. The gunsmith was the head of the Armory Order, stored weapons and took care of their manufacture and purchase.

Hunter

The hunters were the organizers of the hunt, and they also accompanied the king during this entertainment. There were different types of hunters: hunters, hounds, beaver hunters (beaver hunting), fishermen, ice fishermen (ice fishing), and fishermen.

Treasurer

This person was in charge of the state court or order, as well as the sovereign's income. He received various duties (for example, customs) and quitrents, and also had the right to conduct court over those who were obliged to pay taxes.

Bedmaker

The bedmaster was in charge of the sovereign's bedroom and disposed of the sleeping bags and attorneys. He was the sovereign's closest servant - he slept in the same room with him, went to the bathhouse with him, and accompanied him on ceremonial exits.

Falconer

The falconer was in charge of falconry, and sometimes of all institutions of military-princely hunting (the position of falconer was almost always combined with the position of hunter). The falconry department was distributed among ordinary falconers, primary falconers and sub-falconers. There were also falconers' assistants, called falconers' subordinates.

Yaselnichy

The name of this rank comes from the word manger - a box for feeding livestock.

The nurseryman was the groom's assistant; he looked after the royal horses and all their accessories.

Shaternichy

Shaternichy was in charge of the camp treasury of the sovereign. During hunting trips, he accompanied the king and was in charge of the tents that were pitched for recreation and entertainment.

Printer

Printers were often not famous people who were equally skilled with a pen and a sword. Around the half of the 17th century, the position of printer merged with the position of Duma clerk, who was in charge of embassy and printing orders.

Tiun

The word comes from the ancient Islamic pjónn - servant.

Tiun was in charge of the sovereign's household and governed individual cities or volosts. There were also tiuns, who were part of the apparatus of governors and performed judicial functions.

Deacon

The clerk was the chief, clerk or secretary of the office of some institutions and departments. He supervised the work of local government institutions (movable huts) and orders.

Lip Warden

The name of the rank, according to Tatishcheva, comes from the word “to ruin.” According to information Karamzin, the word “guba” in ancient German law meant an estate, and in Russian - a volost or department.

The provincial headman was an elected representative of the zemstvo government. He conducted trials for robbery and murder cases.

Sworn elective salaryer

The holder of this rank was the local district commander, who assigned salaries to the nobles when they appeared at the spring review for the campaign. This position was elective.