Mendeleev. Presentation on the topic Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev Life and work of Mendeleev

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PRESENTATION ON THE TOPIC: “D.I.Mendeleev” Completed by 9th grade student “G” Larchenko Daria

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D.I. Mendeleev Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev was born on February 8, 1834, in Tobolsk in the family of a gymnasium director. After graduating from the Tobolsk gymnasium, he was admitted to the department of natural sciences of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of the Main Pedagogical Institute in St. Petersburg.

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In financial need, Mendeleev gave lessons and was engaged in literary work. In 1855 he graduated from the institute with a gold medal, but due to poor health he was forced to go south as a teacher at the gymnasium at the Richelieu Lyceum. Having recovered, Mendeleev defended his master's thesis in St. Petersburg in 1856 and began reading a course in organic chemistry at St. Petersburg University.

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In 1859-1861 he was on a business trip to Heidelberg “to improve his science.” Upon his return, Mendeleev wrote Organic Chemistry, the first Russian textbook on this discipline, which was awarded the Demidov Prize.

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In 1865, Mendeleev defended his doctoral dissertation, in which he laid the foundations for a new theory of solutions, and became a professor at St. Petersburg University. Mendeleev also taught at other higher educational institutions.

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He took an active part in public life, speaking in the press with demands for permission to give public lectures, protesting against circulars restricting the rights of students, and discussing a new university charter. Mendeleev was one of the organizers of the Russian Chemical Society (1868).

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In 1865, the scientist acquired the Boblovo estate in the Moscow province, where he was engaged in agrochemistry and agriculture. In 1869, Mendeleev discovered the periodic law of chemical elements and by 1871 he wrote the classic work “Fundamentals of Chemistry.” In 1880, Mendeleev was nominated as an academician, but was voted out, which caused public outrage. In 1890, he left the university in protest against the oppression of students.

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In 1890-1895, Mendeleev was a consultant to the Scientific and Technical Laboratory of the Naval Ministry; in 1892 he established the production of the smokeless gunpowder he invented. Organizer and first director (1893-1907) of the Main Chamber of Weights and Measures.

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Mendeleev led a large expedition to study the industry of the Urals, participated in the World Exhibition in Paris in 1900, and developed a program for the economic transformation of Russia. In his last major works, “Treasured Thoughts” and “Towards Knowledge of Russia,” Mendeleev summarized his ideas related to social, scientific and economic activities. Already during his lifetime he enjoyed worldwide fame.

Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev was born on January 27 (February 8, new style) 1834 in the family of the director of the Tobolsk gymnasium, Ivan Pavlovich Mendeleev. At that moment, Mendeleev’s mother was already more than 40 years old. Two of his brothers and five sisters lived to see the birth of the “last child” (as the youngest was sometimes called in the family). Eight of the Mendeleev children died in infancy, and in 1820 Dmitry’s 14-year-old sister Maria died of consumption.

At the age of six, D.I. Mendeleev already knew how to read and write, knew arithmetic operations. He was sent to a gymnasium where his father had worked for many years. At that time, literature was taught by P.P. Ershov, the author of the famous fairy tale “The Little Humpbacked Horse.” At the gymnasium, D.I. Mendeleev was not an excellent student and none of the teachers predicted a great future for him in science.

First successes in science. The fate of D.I. Mendeleev was different at the Main Pedagogical Institute of St. Petersburg, where he entered in the fall of 1850. Outstanding Russian scientists taught at the institute. The chemistry course was taught by A.A. Voskresensky, lectures on mathematics were given by M.V. Ostrogradsky, on physics - E. H. Lenz. During his studies, his first scientific work was published. Mendeleev defended his diploma with excellent marks in 1885, receiving a gold medal and the title “Senior Teacher”.

Professor Mendeleev is working. In 1861, Mendeleev wrote the first textbook on organic chemistry in the history of Russian education. He is a professor at St. Petersburg University. At this time, he is preparing a new edition of the textbook, which will include descriptions of chemical elements.

Defense of his doctoral dissertation in 1865. Business trip to Germany While in Germany, he participated in the International Congress of Chemists, held in the city of Karlsruhe in 1860. Participation in the congress pushed Mendeleev to create the periodic table. The discovery of the Periodic Law dates back to February 17 (March 1), 1869. The researcher entitled it as follows: “An experience of a system of elements based on their atomic weight and chemical similarity.” The first high scientific award for the discovery of the Periodic Law was the Davy Medal, which was awarded to Mendeleev in 1882 by the Royal Society of London.

“Fundamentals of Chemistry” (g.) Mendeleev’s periodic table became a guiding map in the study of inorganic chemistry. The periodic law was the foundation on which Mendeleev created his book Fundamentals of Chemistry (). In terms of the richness and courage of scientific thought, the originality of its coverage of the material, and its influence on the development and teaching of chemistry, this work had no equal in world literature. Mendeleev's book was published dozens of times in different languages of the world.

Contribution to science It was not only chemistry, physics and agriculture that fascinated our outstanding compatriot in those years. In 1870, he devoted a lot of time to studying the properties of oil, and was one of the first to propose a fractional principle for its distillation. His passion for mineralogy is clearly evidenced by his personal collection of minerals, which is still kept by the museum of the Department of Mineralogy of St. Petersburg University

Mendeleev also made major discoveries in the field of physics. In particular, he pointed out the existence of the absolute boiling point of liquids (), later called the critical temperature. In 1887, Mendeleev made a balloon ascent (without a pilot) to observe a solar eclipse and study the upper layers of the atmosphere.

Research in the field of shipbuilding DI. Mendeleev independently developed a project for a high-latitude expeditionary icebreaker. He outlined a high-latitude “industrial” sea route passing near the North Pole. In commemoration of the great contribution of D.I. Mendeleev, in the development of shipbuilding and the development of the Arctic, an underwater ridge in the Arctic Ocean and a modern oceanographic research vessel are named after him. Icebreaker designed by D.I. Mendeleev. The model was made according to drawings preserved in the scientist’s archive.

Research in the field of metrology D.I. Mendeleev owns a fundamental work in the field of metrology, “Experimental Study of Oscillations of Weights” (1898). In the process of studying the phenomenon of oscillation, D.I. Mendeleev designed a number of unique instruments: a differential pendulum for determining the hardness of substances, a flywheel pendulum for studying friction in bearings, a metronome pendulum, a pendulum-scales, etc.

"King of Sciences." His range of interests was unusually wide. Biographers estimate that he published 431 works: 40 of them are devoted to chemistry, 106 physical chemistry, 99 physics, 99 technology and industry, 36 economic and general issues, 22 geography and 29 other topics. Chemist, physical chemist, physicist, metrologist, technologist, geologist. metrologist, aeronaut, shipbuilder, compiler and editor of encyclopedias, sociologist - all this refers to one scientist: Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev

Recognition D.I. Mendeleev was a member of more than 90 academies of sciences, scientific societies, and universities in different countries. The chemical element 101 (mendelevium), an underwater mountain range and a crater on the far side of the Moon, as well as a number of educational institutions and scientific institutes bear the name of Mendeleev. In 1962, the USSR Academy of Sciences established a prize and a Gold Medal named after. Mendeleev for the best works in chemistry and chemical technology, in 1964 Mendeleev’s name was included on the honor board of the University of Bridgeport in the USA along with the names of Euclid, Archimedes, N. Copernicus, G. Galileo, I. Newton, A. Lavoisier. However, the scientist simply signed his works and official appeals: “D. Mendeleev" or "Professor Mendeleev". Only in rare cases did a scientist add to his name the titles assigned to him by leading scientific institutions. Euclid-ArchimedeN. Copernicus G. GalileiI. NewtonA. Lavoisier

From the teachings of D.I. Mendeleev “You must live to fulfill the task of nature... Be able to be useful, needed and dear to others. This is how I myself lived or wanted to live... You must be active and thrifty, at the same time brave and noble... Pleasure will fly by - it will be for yourself, work will leave a trace of joy - for others. Learning - for yourself, the fruit of learning - for others. There is no other meaning in learning, otherwise it would not exist...” D.I. Mendeleev

Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev was born on February 8, 1834, in Tobolsk in the family of a gymnasium director. After graduating from the Tobolsk gymnasium, he was admitted to the department of natural sciences of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of the Main Pedagogical Institute in St. Petersburg. born on February 8, 1834, in Tobolsk in the family of a gymnasium director. After graduating from the Tobolsk gymnasium, he was admitted to the department of natural sciences of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of the Main Pedagogical Institute in St. Petersburg. In financial need, Mendeleev gave lessons and was engaged in literary work. In 1855 he graduated from the institute with a gold medal, but due to poor health he was forced to go south as a teacher at the gymnasium at the Richelieu Lyceum. Having recovered, Mendeleev defended his master's thesis in St. Petersburg in 1856 and began reading a course in organic chemistry at St. Petersburg University. In financial need, Mendeleev gave lessons and was engaged in literary work. In 1855 he graduated from the institute with a gold medal, but due to poor health he was forced to go south as a teacher at the gymnasium at the Richelieu Lyceum. Having recovered, Mendeleev defended his master's thesis in St. Petersburg in 1856 and began reading a course in organic chemistry at St. Petersburg University. During the years he was on a business trip to Heidelberg “to improve his science.” Upon his return, Mendeleev wrote Organic Chemistry, the first Russian textbook on this discipline, which was awarded the Demidov Prize. During the years he was on a business trip to Heidelberg “to improve his science.” Upon his return, Mendeleev wrote Organic Chemistry, the first Russian textbook on this discipline, which was awarded the Demidov Prize. In 1865, Mendeleev defended his doctoral dissertation, in which he laid the foundations for a new theory of solutions, and became a professor at St. Petersburg University. Mendeleev also taught at other higher educational institutions. In 1865, Mendeleev defended his doctoral dissertation, in which he laid the foundations for a new theory of solutions, and became a professor at St. Petersburg University. Mendeleev also taught at other higher educational institutions. He took an active part in public life, speaking in the press with demands for permission to give public lectures, protesting against circulars restricting the rights of students, and discussing a new university charter. Mendeleev was one of the organizers of the Russian Chemical Society (1868). He took an active part in public life, speaking in the press with demands for permission to give public lectures, protesting against circulars restricting the rights of students, and discussing a new university charter. Mendeleev was one of the organizers of the Russian Chemical Society (1868). In 1865, the scientist acquired the Boblovo estate in the Moscow province, where he was engaged in agrochemistry and agriculture. In 1869, Mendeleev discovered the periodic law of chemical elements and by 1871 he wrote the classic work “Fundamentals of Chemistry.” In 1880, Mendeleev was nominated as an academician, but was voted out, which caused public outrage. In 1890, he left the university in protest against the oppression of students. In 1865, the scientist acquired the Boblovo estate in the Moscow province, where he was engaged in agrochemistry and agriculture. In 1869, Mendeleev discovered the periodic law of chemical elements and by 1871 he wrote the classic work “Fundamentals of Chemistry.” In 1880, Mendeleev was nominated as an academician, but was voted out, which caused public outrage. In 1890, he left the university in protest against the oppression of students. In the years Mendeleev was a consultant to the Scientific and Technical Laboratory of the Naval Ministry; in 1892 he established the production of the smokeless gunpowder he invented. Organizer and first director () of the Main Chamber of Weights and Measures. In the years Mendeleev was a consultant to the Scientific and Technical Laboratory of the Naval Ministry; in 1892 he established the production of the smokeless gunpowder he invented. Organizer and first director () of the Main Chamber of Weights and Measures. Mendeleev led a large expedition to study the industry of the Urals, participated in the World Exhibition in Paris in 1900, and developed a program for the economic transformation of Russia. In his last major works, “Treasured Thoughts” and “Towards Knowledge of Russia,” Mendeleev summarized his ideas related to social, scientific and economic activities. Already during his lifetime he enjoyed worldwide fame. Mendeleev led a large expedition to study the industry of the Urals, participated in the World Exhibition in Paris in 1900, and developed a program for the economic transformation of Russia. In his last major works, “Treasured Thoughts” and “Towards Knowledge of Russia,” Mendeleev summarized his ideas related to social, scientific and economic activities. Already during his lifetime he enjoyed worldwide fame. Mendeleev left more than 500 published works. He is the author of fundamental research in chemistry, chemical technology, physics, metrology, aeronautics, meteorology, agriculture, economics, public education, etc., closely related to the needs of the development of Russia's productive forces. In addition to discovering the periodic law of chemical elements and writing “Fundamentals of Chemistry” (the first harmonious presentation of inorganic chemistry), the scientist laid the foundations of the theory of solutions, proposed an industrial method for the fractional separation of oil, invented a type of smokeless gunpowder, and promoted the use of mineral fertilizers and irrigation of arid lands. Mendeleev left over 500 published works. He is the author of fundamental research in chemistry, chemical technology, physics, metrology, aeronautics, meteorology, agriculture, economics, public education, etc., closely related to the needs of the development of Russia's productive forces. In addition to discovering the periodic law of chemical elements and writing “Fundamentals of Chemistry” (the first harmonious presentation of inorganic chemistry), the scientist laid the foundations of the theory of solutions, proposed an industrial method for the fractional separation of oil, invented a type of smokeless gunpowder, and promoted the use of mineral fertilizers and irrigation of arid lands. Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev died on February 2, 1907 in St. Petersburg. Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev died on February 2, 1907 in St. Petersburg.

Years of study of Dmitry Mendeleev At the gymnasium, Mendeleev did not study well. Not all subjects were to his liking. He willingly studied only mathematics and physics. His aversion to the classical school remained with him throughout his life. Mendeleev found favorable soil for the development of his abilities only at the Main Pedagogical Institute. Here he met outstanding teachers who knew how to instill in the souls of their listeners a deep interest in science. Among them were the best scientific forces of that time, academicians and professors of St. Petersburg University: M. V. Ostrogradsky (mathematics), E. H. Lenz (physics), A. A. Voskresensky (chemistry), M. S. Kutorga (mineralogy ), F. F. Brandt (zoology). The very atmosphere of the institute, with all the strictness of the regime of a closed educational institution, thanks to the small number of students, the extremely caring attitude towards them and their close connection with the professors, provided ample opportunity for the development of individual inclinations. After completing the course at the institute, Mendeleev, due to poor health, took the place of teacher, first in Simferopol, then in Odessa, where he used Pirogov’s advice. His stay in the south improved his health and in 1856 he returned to St. Petersburg, where he defended his dissertation for a master’s degree in chemistry: “On specific volumes.” At the age of 23, he became an associate professor at St. Petersburg University, where he first read theoretical, then organic chemistry. In January 1859, Mendeleev was sent on a two-year business trip abroad. He went to Heidelberg, where he was attracted by the names of Bunsen, Kirchhoff and Kopp, and where he worked in his own private laboratory, mainly on the subject of capillarity and surface tension of liquids, and spent his leisure hours in the circle of young Russian scientists: S. P. Botkin, I. M. Sechenov, I. A. Vyshnegradsky, A. P. Borodin and others.

The childhood years of Dmitry Mendeleev Mendeleev's parents are of purely Russian origin. His paternal grandfather was a priest and bore the surname Sokolov, and the surname “Mendeleev” in the form of a nickname, according to the customs of that time, was received by Mendeleev’s father in theological school. Mendeleev's mother came from an old but impoverished merchant family. Dmitry Mendeleev was born on January 27 (February 8), 1834 in Tobolsk, the seventeenth (!!!) and last child in the family of Ivan Pavlovich Mendeleev, who at that time held the position of director of the Tobolsk gymnasium and schools of the Tobolsk district. In the same year, Mendeleev's father went blind and soon lost his job (died in 1847). All care for the family then passed to Mendeleev’s mother, Maria Dmitrievna, née Kornilieva, a woman of outstanding intelligence and energy. She managed to simultaneously manage a small glass factory, which provided (along with a meager pension) a more than modest livelihood, and take care of the children, whom she gave an excellent education for that time. She paid a lot of attention to her youngest son, in whom she was able to discern his extraordinary abilities. She decided to do everything possible to facilitate the development of his natural talents, placing him first in the Tobolsk gymnasium, and then in the Main Pedagogical Institute in St. Petersburg. Maria Dmitrievna Mendeleeva died in 1850. Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev retained a grateful memory of her until the end of his days. This is what he wrote in 1887, dedicating his essay “Study of Aqueous Solutions by Specific Gravity” to the memory of his mother. “This study is dedicated to the memory of the mother of her last child. She could grow it only with her labor, running a factory; She raised her by example, corrected her with love, and in order to give to science, she took her out of Siberia, spending her last resources and strength. Dying, she bequeathed: to avoid Latin self-delusion, to insist on work, not words, and to patiently seek divine or scientific truth, because she understood how often dialectics deceives, how much still needs to be learned, and how, with the help of science, without violence, lovingly, but prejudices and errors are firmly eliminated, and the following are achieved: protection of the acquired truth, freedom of further development, common good and internal well-being. D. Mendeleev considers his mother’s covenants sacred.” Mendeleev's parents are of purely Russian origin. His paternal grandfather was a priest and bore the surname Sokolov, and the surname “Mendeleev” in the form of a nickname, according to the customs of that time, was received by Mendeleev’s father in theological school. Mendeleev's mother came from an old but impoverished merchant family. Dmitry Mendeleev was born on January 27 (February 8), 1834 in Tobolsk, the seventeenth (!!!) and last child in the family of Ivan Pavlovich Mendeleev, who at that time held the position of director of the Tobolsk gymnasium and schools of the Tobolsk district. In the same year, Mendeleev's father went blind and soon lost his job (died in 1847). All care for the family then passed to Mendeleev’s mother, Maria Dmitrievna, née Kornilieva, a woman of outstanding intelligence and energy. She managed to simultaneously manage a small glass factory, which provided (along with a meager pension) a more than modest livelihood, and take care of the children, whom she gave an excellent education for that time. She paid a lot of attention to her youngest son, in whom she was able to discern his extraordinary abilities. She decided to do everything possible to facilitate the development of his natural talents, placing him first in the Tobolsk gymnasium, and then in the Main Pedagogical Institute in St. Petersburg. Maria Dmitrievna Mendeleeva died in 1850. Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev retained a grateful memory of her until the end of his days. This is what he wrote in 1887, dedicating his essay “Study of Aqueous Solutions by Specific Gravity” to the memory of his mother. “This study is dedicated to the memory of the mother of her last child. She could grow it only with her labor, running a factory; She raised her by example, corrected her with love, and in order to give to science, she took her out of Siberia, spending her last resources and strength. Dying, she bequeathed: to avoid Latin self-delusion, to insist on work, not words, and to patiently seek divine or scientific truth, because she understood how often dialectics deceives, how much still needs to be learned, and how, with the help of science, without violence, lovingly, but prejudices and errors are firmly eliminated, and the following are achieved: protection of the acquired truth, freedom of further development, common good and internal well-being. D. Mendeleev considers his mother’s covenants sacred.”

Return of Dmitry Mendeleev to Russia and scientific activity In 1861, Mendeleev returned to St. Petersburg, where he resumed lecturing on organic chemistry at the university and published a textbook, remarkable for that time: “Organic Chemistry,” in which an idea uniting the entire set of organic compounds , is a theory of limits, originally and comprehensively developed. The book turned out to be so successful that its first edition sold out in a few months and a second edition had to be made the following year. In 1863, the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of St. Petersburg University elected him as a professor in the department of technology, but he did not receive approval from the ministry, due to his lack of a master's degree in technology! (approval took place only in 1865). In 1864, Mendeleev was elected professor at the St. Petersburg Institute of Technology. In 1865, he defended his thesis “On compounds of alcohol with water” for the degree of Doctor of Chemistry, and in 1867 he received the department of inorganic (general) chemistry at the university, which he held for 23 years. Having started preparing lectures, he discovered that neither in Russia nor abroad there was a course in general chemistry worthy of being recommended to students. And then he decided to write it himself. This fundamental work, called “Fundamentals of Chemistry,” was published in separate issues over several years. The first issue, containing an introduction, consideration of general issues of chemistry, description of the properties of hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen, was completed relatively quickly; it appeared in the summer of 1868. But, working on the second issue, Mendeleev encountered great difficulties associated with the systematization and consistency of presentation of the material . In 1861, Mendeleev returned to St. Petersburg, where he resumed lecturing on organic chemistry at the university and published a textbook, remarkable for that time: “Organic Chemistry,” in which the idea that unites the entire set of organic compounds is the theory of limits, in an original and comprehensive manner. developed. The book turned out to be so successful that its first edition sold out in a few months and a second edition had to be made the following year. In 1863, the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of St. Petersburg University elected him as a professor in the department of technology, but he did not receive approval from the ministry, due to his lack of a master's degree in technology! (approval took place only in 1865). In 1864, Mendeleev was elected professor at the St. Petersburg Institute of Technology. In 1865, he defended his thesis “On compounds of alcohol with water” for the degree of Doctor of Chemistry, and in 1867 he received the department of inorganic (general) chemistry at the university, which he held for 23 years. Having started preparing lectures, he discovered that neither in Russia nor abroad there was a course in general chemistry worthy of being recommended to students. And then he decided to write it himself. This fundamental work, called “Fundamentals of Chemistry,” was published in separate issues over several years. The first issue, containing an introduction, consideration of general issues of chemistry, description of the properties of hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen, was completed relatively quickly; it appeared in the summer of 1868. But, working on the second issue, Mendeleev encountered great difficulties associated with the systematization and consistency of presentation of the material .

Mendeleev's periodic system At first, Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev wanted to group all the elements he described by valence, but then he chose a different method and combined them into separate groups, based on the similarity of properties and atomic weight. Reflection on this issue brought Mendeleev closely to the main discovery of his life, which was called Mendeleev's periodic system. At first, Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev wanted to group all the elements he described by valence, but then he chose a different method and combined them into separate groups, based on the similarity of properties and atomic weight. Reflection on this issue brought Mendeleev closely to the main discovery of his life, which was called Mendeleev's periodic system. The fact that some chemical elements exhibit very obvious similarities was not a secret to any chemist of those years. The similarities between lithium, sodium and potassium, between chlorine, bromine and iodine, or between calcium, strontium and barium were striking to anyone. In 1857, the Swedish chemist Lensen combined several “triads” by chemical similarity: ruthenium, rhodium, palladium; osmium platinum iridium; manganese iron cobalt. Even attempts have been made to compile tables of the elements. The Mendeleev library contained a book by the German chemist Gmelin, who published such a table in 1843. In 1857, the English chemist Odling proposed his own version. However, none of the proposed systems covered the entire set of known chemical elements. Although the existence of separate groups and separate families could be considered an established fact, the connection between these groups remained completely unclear. Mendeleev managed to find it by arranging all the elements in order of increasing atomic mass. Establishing a periodic pattern required an enormous amount of thought from him. Having written the elements with their atomic weights and fundamental properties on separate cards, Mendeleev began to arrange them in various combinations, rearranging and changing places. The matter was greatly complicated by the fact that many elements had not yet been discovered at that time, and the atomic weights of those already known were determined with great inaccuracies. Nevertheless, the desired pattern was soon discovered. Mendeleev himself spoke in this way about his discovery of the periodic law. “Having suspected the existence of a relationship between elements back in my student years, I never tired of thinking about this problem from all sides, collecting materials, comparing and contrasting figures. Finally the time came when the problem was ripe, when the solution seemed about to take shape in my head. As has always happened in my life, the premonition of an imminent resolution of the question that was tormenting me led me into an excited state. For several weeks I slept in fits and starts, trying to find that magical principle that would immediately put in order the entire pile of material accumulated over 15 years. And then one fine morning, having spent a sleepless night and despairing of finding a solution, I lay down on the sofa in the office without undressing and fell asleep. And in a dream I saw a table quite clearly. I immediately woke up and sketched out the table I saw in my dream on the first piece of paper that came to hand.” The fact that some chemical elements exhibit very obvious similarities was not a secret to any chemist of those years. The similarities between lithium, sodium and potassium, between chlorine, bromine and iodine, or between calcium, strontium and barium were striking to anyone. In 1857, the Swedish chemist Lensen combined several “triads” by chemical similarity: ruthenium, rhodium, palladium; osmium platinum iridium; manganese iron cobalt. Even attempts have been made to compile tables of the elements. The Mendeleev library contained a book by the German chemist Gmelin, who published such a table in 1843. In 1857, the English chemist Odling proposed his own version. However, none of the proposed systems covered the entire set of known chemical elements. Although the existence of separate groups and separate families could be considered an established fact, the connection between these groups remained completely unclear. Mendeleev managed to find it by arranging all the elements in order of increasing atomic mass. Establishing a periodic pattern required an enormous amount of thought from him. Having written the elements with their atomic weights and fundamental properties on separate cards, Mendeleev began to arrange them in various combinations, rearranging and changing places. The matter was greatly complicated by the fact that many elements had not yet been discovered at that time, and the atomic weights of those already known were determined with great inaccuracies. Nevertheless, the desired pattern was soon discovered. Mendeleev himself spoke in this way about his discovery of the periodic law. “Having suspected the existence of a relationship between elements back in my student years, I never tired of thinking about this problem from all sides, collecting materials, comparing and contrasting figures. Finally the time came when the problem was ripe, when the solution seemed about to take shape in my head. As has always happened in my life, the premonition of an imminent resolution of the question that was tormenting me led me into an excited state. For several weeks I slept in fits and starts, trying to find that magical principle that would immediately put in order the entire pile of material accumulated over 15 years. And then one fine morning, having spent a sleepless night and despairing of finding a solution, I lay down on the sofa in the office without undressing and fell asleep. And in a dream I saw a table quite clearly. I immediately woke up and sketched out the table I saw in my dream on the first piece of paper that came to hand.”

In February 1869, Mendeleev sent out to Russian and foreign chemists, printed on a separate sheet of paper, “An experiment on a system of elements based on their atomic weight and chemical similarity.” On March 6, at a meeting of the Russian Chemical Society, a message was read out about the classification of elements proposed by Mendeleev. This first version of the periodic table was quite different from the periodic table we were accustomed to from school. The groups were located not vertically, but horizontally. Several elements, as it turned out later, were placed in the wrong places in this first version. But all these inaccuracies should not at all detract from the importance of the conclusion itself: by comparing the properties of the elements included in the vertical columns, one could clearly see that they change periodically as the atomic weight increases. This was the most important thing in Mendeleev’s discovery, which made it possible to connect together all the groups of elements that had previously seemed disparate. Mendeleev quite correctly explained the unexpected disruptions in this periodic series by the fact that not all chemical elements are known to science. In his table, he left four blank cells, but predicted the atomic weight and chemical properties of these elements. He also corrected several inaccurately determined atomic masses of elements, and further research completely confirmed his correctness. In February 1869, Mendeleev sent out to Russian and foreign chemists, printed on a separate sheet of paper, “An experiment on a system of elements based on their atomic weight and chemical similarity.” On March 6, at a meeting of the Russian Chemical Society, a message was read out about the classification of elements proposed by Mendeleev. This first version of the periodic table was quite different from the periodic table we were accustomed to from school. The groups were located not vertically, but horizontally. Several elements, as it turned out later, were placed in the wrong places in this first version. But all these inaccuracies should not at all detract from the importance of the conclusion itself: by comparing the properties of the elements included in the vertical columns, one could clearly see that they change periodically as the atomic weight increases. This was the most important thing in Mendeleev’s discovery, which made it possible to connect together all the groups of elements that had previously seemed disparate. Mendeleev quite correctly explained the unexpected disruptions in this periodic series by the fact that not all chemical elements are known to science. In his table, he left four blank cells, but predicted the atomic weight and chemical properties of these elements. He also corrected several inaccurately determined atomic masses of elements, and further research completely confirmed his correctness. The first, still imperfect draft of the table was reconstructed in the following years. Already in 1869, Mendeleev placed the halogens and alkali metals not in the center of the table, as before, but along its edges (as is done now). All other elements ended up inside the structure and served as a natural transition from one extreme to the other. Along with the main groups, Mendeleev began to distinguish subgroups. In the following years, Mendeleev corrected the atomic weights of 11 elements and changed the location of 20. As a result, in 1871, the article “Periodic Law for Chemical Elements” appeared, in which the periodic table took on a completely modern form. The article was translated into German and copies of it were sent to many famous European chemists. But, alas, Mendeleev did not expect from them not only a competent judgment, but even a simple answer. None of them appreciated the importance of the discovery made. The attitude towards the periodic law changed only in 1875, when Lecocde Boisbaudran discovered a new element gallium, the properties of which strikingly coincided with the predictions of Mendeleev (he called this still unknown element equiluminum). Mendeleev's new triumph was the discovery of scandium in 1879, and germanium in 1886, the properties of which also fully corresponded to Mendeleev's descriptions. The first, still imperfect draft of the table was reconstructed in the following years. Already in 1869, Mendeleev placed the halogens and alkali metals not in the center of the table, as before, but along its edges (as is done now). All other elements ended up inside the structure and served as a natural transition from one extreme to the other. Along with the main groups, Mendeleev began to distinguish subgroups. In the following years, Mendeleev corrected the atomic weights of 11 elements and changed the location of 20. As a result, in 1871, the article “Periodic Law for Chemical Elements” appeared, in which the periodic table took on a completely modern form. The article was translated into German and copies of it were sent to many famous European chemists. But, alas, Mendeleev did not expect from them not only a competent judgment, but even a simple answer. None of them appreciated the importance of the discovery made. The attitude towards the periodic law changed only in 1875, when Lecocde Boisbaudran discovered a new element gallium, the properties of which strikingly coincided with the predictions of Mendeleev (he called this still unknown element equiluminium). Mendeleev's new triumph was the discovery of scandium in 1879, and germanium in 1886, the properties of which also fully corresponded to Mendeleev's descriptions. The ideas of the periodic law determined the structure of the “Fundamentals of Chemistry” (the last edition of the course with the periodic table attached to it was published in 1871) and gave this work amazing harmony and fundamentality. In terms of the power of influence on scientific thought, Mendeleev’s “Principles of Chemistry” can easily be compared with such outstanding works as Newton’s “Principles of Natural Philosophy,” Galileo’s “Conversations on the Two Systems of the World,” and Darwin’s “The Origin of Species.” All the vast factual material accumulated by this time on various branches of chemistry was presented here for the first time in the form of a coherent scientific system. It is not surprising that the interest in this work of Mendeleev turned out to be enormous only during the life of the author. “Fundamentals of Chemistry” went through eight editions and was translated into major European languages. The ideas of the periodic law determined the structure of the “Fundamentals of Chemistry” (the last edition of the course with the periodic table attached to it was published in 1871) and gave this work amazing harmony and fundamentality. In terms of the power of influence on scientific thought, Mendeleev’s “Principles of Chemistry” can easily be compared with such outstanding works as Newton’s “Principles of Natural Philosophy,” Galileo’s “Conversations on the Two Systems of the World,” and Darwin’s “The Origin of Species.” All the vast factual material accumulated by this time on various branches of chemistry was presented here for the first time in the form of a coherent scientific system. It is not surprising that the interest in this work of Mendeleev turned out to be enormous only during the life of the author. “Fundamentals of Chemistry” went through eight editions and was translated into major European languages.

Mendeleev's departure from the university, further contribution to the development of science and industry in Russia Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev devoted a lot of attention to our oil industry and for this purpose, in 1876, he made a trip to America (on behalf of the government) to familiarize himself with the organization of the oil business there, and repeatedly visited Our Caucasian deposits are also the goal. Conducts a number of interesting works on oil research. In 1888, he studied the economic state of the Donetsk coal region, clarified its enormous importance for Russia and proposed a number of measures for the rational use of “the future power resting on the banks of the Donets.” The results of these works were presented by him in a number of articles and individual monographs. In 1890, Mendeleev left St. Petersburg University under the following circumstances. The student unrest that arose in the spring of this year led to the development at student meetings of a petition addressed to the Minister of Public Education, which contained exclusively wishes of an academic nature. At the request of the students, Mendeleev agreed to hand over this petition to the minister, having previously taken their word to stop the riots. The tactless response of the minister (Count Delyanov), who refused to consider the petition, and the renewed unrest after that forced Mendeleev to submit his resignation. Requests from his colleagues could not force Mendeleev to change his decision. In turn, the minister did not take any steps to make amends to Mendeleev and retain its best decoration for St. Petersburg University. Almost forcibly separated from science, Mendeleev devoted all his energies to practical problems. With his active participation, in 1890 a draft of a new customs tariff was created, in which a protective system was consistently implemented, and in 1891 a wonderful book was published: “The Explanatory Tariff”, which represents a commentary on this project and at the same time a deeply thought-out review our industry, indicating its needs and future prospects. The Navy and War Ministries entrusted Mendeleev (1891) with the development of the issue of smokeless gunpowder, and he (after a trip abroad) in 1892 brilliantly completed this task.

The “pyrocollodium” he proposed turned out to be an excellent type of smokeless gunpowder, moreover, universal and easily adaptable to any firearm. Mendeleev took an active part in work related to the All-Russian Exhibition (1896), the Chicago (1893) and Paris (1900) world exhibitions. In 1899 he was sent to the Ural factories. As a result of this trip, an extensive and highly informative monograph on the state of the Ural industry appeared. In 1893, Mendeleev was appointed manager of the “Main Chamber of Weights and Measures,” which had just been transformed on his instructions, and remained in this post until the end of his life. In the main chamber, Mendeleev organizes a number of works on metrology related to the renewal of Russian prototypes of weight and measure. Particularly important are the works concerning the laws governing the fluctuations of scales and the development of methods for accurate weighing; This also includes determining the weight of a certain volume of water and changes in the specific gravity of water when the temperature changes from 0 to 30°, preparing experiments to measure the absolute stress of gravity. All these and other works were published in the “Vremennik” of the main chamber, founded by Mendeleev. His famous article dates back to the same period of Mendeleev’s activity: “An attempt at a chemical understanding of the world ether” (1903), in which he suggests that ether is a special chemical element with a very low atomic weight, belonging to the zero group of the periodic table. Since 1891, Mendeleev has been actively involved in the Brockhaus-Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, as the editor of the chemical-technical and factory department and the author of many articles that adorn this publication. During the years he edited the “Library of Industry” (ed. Brockhaus-Efron), where he owned the “Teaching of Industry”. Since 1904, Mendeleev’s “Treasured Thoughts” began to be published, which contain, as it were, his testament to his offspring, the results of what he experienced and changed his mind on various issues relating to the economic, state and social life of Russia. In terms of its content, Mendeleev’s remarkable essay “Towards the Knowledge of Russia”, which presents an analysis of the 1897 census data, and went through 4 editions during the author’s lifetime (since 1905), is also adjacent to “Treasured Thoughts”.

General assessment of the scientific activity of Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev According to the calculations of Professor V.E. Tishchenko, the total number of books, brochures, articles and notes published by Mendeleev exceeds 2/3 of which are original works on chemistry, physics and technical issues. Mendeleev, to a large extent, possessed the ability inherent in a true genius to unite various aspects of scientific and spiritual creativity in general, and therefore willingly worked in the border areas between chemistry and physics, between physics and meteorology, from chemistry and physics, moved into the field of hydrodynamics, astronomy, geology, even politics savings. Whatever matter Mendeleev took on, no matter how narrowly specialized it was, he took it broadly and sought to penetrate deeply into the essence of the question posed. Everywhere he knew how to be original, or, as he himself said, “peculiar.” From the question of rational oil production and utilization, he rose to a purely scientific problem about the origin of oil, on the one hand, to a comprehensive analysis of the economic life of Russia, on the other; From the narrow problems of metrology, from the reconciliation of weights, he went back to the problem of universal gravitation. With such a wide scope of thought and versatile activities of Mendeleev, everything that came from his pen was at the same time deeply thought out and carefully worked out. This became possible only thanks to his extraordinary ability to work, which allowed him to spend entire nights at work, barely devoting a few hours to rest. For example, an extensive course in organic chemistry, according to Professor G. G. Gustavson, was written by Mendeleev in just two months, almost without leaving his desk. In almost the same way, Dmitry Ivanovich later compiled a report on the state of the Ural industry and many of his other works.

Persons who knew Mendeleev closely testify that every figure he communicated, even for educational purposes, in “Fundamentals of Chemistry,” was repeatedly and very carefully checked and published only after the author was confident that it should be considered the most reliable . In addition to pure chemistry, pure science in general, Mendeleev was always interested in the field of applied chemistry and the chemical industry. He deeply believed in the creative powers of science in the practical field; he was convinced that the time would come when “the scientific sowing will sprout for the people’s harvest.” Being a champion of the idea of unity between science and technology, Mendeleev considered such unity and the broad development of industry closely associated with it to be urgently necessary for our fatherland, and therefore, wherever he could, he passionately preached about it, not only in word, but also in deed, by his own example showing what brilliant practical results science in alliance with industry can lead to. Mendeleev's thoughts turned out to be prophetic. Something in the direction he indicated was done (especially thanks to Count Witte, who valued Mendeleev more than other prominent statesmen and listened to his voice). Witte As a teacher, Mendeleev did not create or leave behind a school, like his famous contemporary A. M. Butlerov, but entire generations of Russian chemists can be considered his students. These are, first of all, his university students, and then an incomparably wider circle of people who studied chemistry according to his “Fundamentals”. Mendeleev's lectures were not distinguished by outward brilliance, but they were deeply fascinating, and the entire university gathered to listen to him. In these lectures, Mendeleev seemed to lead the listener with him, forcing him to follow that difficult and tedious path that from the raw factual material of science leads to true knowledge of nature. He made one feel that generalizations in science are achieved only at the cost of hard work, and the final conclusions appeared all the more clearly to the audience. His Fundamentals of Chemistry, written between 1868 and 1870 and based at least in part on Mendeleev's university lectures, is far from the type of ordinary chemistry textbook. This is a monumental work, which contains the entire philosophy of chemical science, organically woven into the framework of factual material, and, in particular, a detailed commentary on the periodic law.

Worldwide assessment of the merits of Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev Mendeleev’s services to science have received recognition from the entire scientific world. He was a member of almost all academies and an honorary member of many scientific societies (the total number of scientific institutions that considered Mendeleev an honorary member reached 100). However, the Russian Academy of Sciences preferred F.F. to him in 1880. Beilstein, the author of an extensive reference book on organic chemistry, a fact that caused indignation in wide circles of Russian society. A few years later, when Mendeleev was again asked to run for the Academy, he withdrew his candidacy. In 1904, on the day of Dmitry Ivanovich’s 70th birthday, the Academy was one of the first to greet him through its representative. His name enjoyed particular honor in England, where he was awarded the Davy, Faraday and Copyley medals, where he was invited (1888) as a “Faraday” lecturer, an honor that falls to only a few scientists. Mendeleev's services to science were recognized by the entire scientific world. He was a member of almost all academies and an honorary member of many scientific societies (the total number of scientific institutions that considered Mendeleev an honorary member reached 100). However, the Russian Academy of Sciences preferred F.F. to him in 1880. Beilstein, the author of an extensive reference book on organic chemistry, a fact that caused indignation in wide circles of Russian society. A few years later, when Mendeleev was again asked to run for the Academy, he withdrew his candidacy. In 1904, on the day of Dmitry Ivanovich’s 70th birthday, the Academy was one of the first to greet him through its representative. His name enjoyed particular honor in England, where he was awarded the Davy, Faraday and Copyley medals, where he was invited (1888) as a “Faraday” lecturer, an honor that falls to only a few scientists. Mendeleev died on January 20, 1907 from pneumonia. His funeral, organized at state expense, became a real national mourning. Soon, the chemistry department of the Russian Physico-Chemical Society established two prizes in honor of Mendeleev for the best works in chemistry. Mendeleev's library, along with the furnishings of his office, was acquired by Petrograd University and stored in a special room that once formed part of Mendeleev's apartment. A decision was made to erect a monument to Mendeleev in Petrograd, for which a significant amount was collected. Mendeleev died on January 20, 1907 from pneumonia. His funeral, organized at state expense, became a real national mourning. Soon, the chemistry department of the Russian Physico-Chemical Society established two prizes in honor of Mendeleev for the best works in chemistry. Mendeleev's library, along with the furnishings of his office, was acquired by Petrograd University and stored in a special room that once formed part of Mendeleev's apartment. A decision was made to erect a monument to Mendeleev in Petrograd, for which a significant amount was collected.

Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev

Brilliant Russian chemist, physicist and naturalist

Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev

Dmitry Mendeleev was born

school director and trustee

public schools of the Tobolsk province

Ivan Pavlovich Mendeleev and

Maria Dmitrievna Mendeleeva.

He was raised by his mother because

the father of the future chemist soon went blind

after the birth of his son.

In the fall of 1841 he entered the Tobolsk gymnasium.
On August 9, 1850, Dmitry was enrolled as a student at the Main Pedagogical Institute in St. Petersburg at the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics.

At that time, outstanding Russian scientists taught at the Pedagogical Institute - mathematician Ostrogradsky, physicist Lenz, chemist Voskresensky and others. Voskresensky and professor of mineralogy Kutorg suggested that Mendeleev develop a method for analyzing the minerals orthrite and pyroxene delivered from Finland.
In May 1855, the Academic Council awarded Mendeleev the title “Senior Teacher” and awarded him a gold medal.

In the fall, Mendeleev brilliantly defended his dissertation, successfully delivered the introductory lecture “Structure of silicate compounds,” and at the beginning of 1857 he became a private assistant professor at St. Petersburg University.
At the end of February 1861, Mendeleev arrived in St. Petersburg. He decides to write a textbook on organic chemistry. The textbook that was soon published, as well as the translation of Wagner’s “Chemical Technology,” brought Mendeleev great fame.
On January 1, 1864, Mendeleev was appointed to the position of full-time associate professor of organic chemistry at St. Petersburg University. Simultaneously with this position, Mendeleev received a position as a professor at the St. Petersburg Institute of Technology. Mendeleev began work on his doctoral dissertation.

The defense of the dissertation took place on January 31, 1865. Two months later, Mendeleev was appointed extraordinary professor in the department of technical chemistry at St. Petersburg University, and in December - ordinary professor.
At that time, there was an urgent need to create a new textbook on inorganic chemistry that would reflect the current level of development of chemical science. This idea captured Mendeleev.
Mendeleev carefully studied the description of the properties of elements and their compounds. But in what order should they be carried out? There was no system for arranging elements. Then the scientist made cardboard cards. On each card he wrote down the name of the element, its atomic weight, formulas of compounds and basic properties. Gradually, the basket was filled with cards containing information about all the elements known by that time. And still, for a long time nothing worked. They say that the scientist saw the periodic table of elements in a dream; all that remained was to write it down and justify it.

On March 6, his friend, chemistry professor Menshutkin, reported this discovery at a meeting of the Russian Chemical Society. It is curious that at first Russian chemists did not understand what a great discovery they were talking about.
But Dmitry Ivanovich himself was aware of the meaning of the table. From the day when Mendeleev saw the manifestation of the law of nature behind the simple rows of symbols of chemical elements, other questions faded into the background. Taking the periodic law as a basis, Mendeleev changed the atomic weights of these elements and put them on a par with elements with similar properties.
At the same time, Mendeleev became deeply interested in another issue - the state of gases at very high pressure.
The repeated proof of Mendeleev's predictions caused a real triumph. Soon, reports began to arrive about Mendeleev's election as an honorary member of various European universities and academies.

Mendeleev's range of interests was very wide. His works on the chemistry of solutions are also classic. In addition, he did a lot of research on oil and came close to discovering its complex composition.
During the total solar eclipse of 1887, Mendeleev was supposed to ascend in a hot air balloon together with an aeronaut. However, before the start it started to rain, the wet balloon could not rise with two passengers. Then Mendeleev dropped off the pilot and flew alone. They also say that in his spare time he made magnificent suitcases.

Dmitry Ivanovich worked until the last day. He died on the morning of January 20, 1907.
After Mendeleev’s death, his name was given to the Russian Chemical Society, and every year on January 27, the scientist’s birthday, a ceremonial meeting takes place in St. Petersburg, at which the authors of the best works in chemistry are presented and they are awarded a medal named after D.I. Mendeleev. This award is considered one of the most prestigious in world chemistry.
The autobiography of the great Russian scientist confirms that D.I. Mendeleev was a great worker all his life. His persistent work led to many brilliant scientific discoveries in the fields of chemistry, physics and even customs. But we should always remember that Mendeleev’s triumphant periodic law is the result of enormous work, deep thought and constant search.

Katrich Elizaveta Vyacheslavovna

Vostochnenskaya secondary school

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D.I.Mendeleev

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Education

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"Boundary Chemistry" D.I. Mendeleev

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Defense of doctoral dissertation

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Mendeleev and the Russian Chemical Society

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Termination of work at the university

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Creation of the Main Chamber of Weights and Measures

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World fame

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The significance of the works of D.I. Mendeleev

Mendeleev left over 500 published works. He is the author of fundamental research in chemistry, chemical technology, physics, metrology, aeronautics, meteorology, agriculture, economics, public education, etc., closely related to the needs of the development of Russia's productive forces. In addition to discovering the periodic law of chemical elements and writing “Fundamentals of Chemistry” (the first harmonious presentation of inorganic chemistry), the scientist laid the foundations of the theory of solutions, proposed an industrial method for the fractional separation of oil, invented a type of smokeless gunpowder, and promoted the use of mineral fertilizers and irrigation of arid lands.

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End of life

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