In this lesson we will learn to distinguish between voiced and voiceless consonant sounds and denote them in writing with consonant letters. Let's find out which consonants are called paired and unpaired according to their voicing - deafness, sonorant and hissing.

Voiced and voiceless consonants

Let's remember how speech sounds are born. When a person begins to speak, he exhales air from his lungs. It runs down the windpipe into the narrow larynx, where special muscles are located - the vocal cords. If a person pronounces consonants, he closes his mouth (at least a little), which causes noise. But consonants make different noises.

Let's conduct an experiment: cover our ears and pronounce the sound [p], and then the sound [b]. When we pronounced the sound [b], the ligaments became tense and began to tremble. This trembling turned into a voice. There was a slight ringing in my ears.

You can conduct a similar experiment by placing your hands on the neck on the right and left sides and pronouncing the sounds [d] and [t]. The sound [d] is pronounced much louder, more sonorous. Scientists call these sounds sonorous, and sounds that consist only of noise - deaf.

Paired consonant sounds in terms of voicedness and deafness

Let's try to divide the sounds into two groups according to the method of pronunciation. Let's populate phonetic houses in the city of sounds. Let's agree: dull sounds will live on the first floor, and voiced sounds will live on the second floor. Residents of the first house:

[b]	[d]	[z]	[G]	[V]	[and]
[P]	[T]	[With]	[To]	[f]	[w]

These consonant sounds are called paired by sonority - deafness.

Rice. 1. Paired voiced and voiceless consonants ()

They are very similar to each other - real “twins”, they are pronounced almost identically: the lips form the same way, the tongue moves the same way. But they also have pairs of softness and hardness. Let's add them to the house.

[b]	[b’]	[d]	[d’]	[z]	[z’]	[G]	[G']	[V]	[V']	[and]
[P]	[P']	[T]	[T']	[With]	[With']	[To]	[To']	[f]	[f’]	[w]

The sounds [zh] and [sh] do not have paired soft sounds, they always hard. And they are also called sizzling sounds.

All these sounds are indicated by letters:

[b]	[b’]
[P]	[P']
[d]	[d’]
[T]	[T']
[z]	[z’]
[With]	[With']
[G]	[G']
[To]	[To']
[V]	[V']
[f]	[f’]
[and]
[w]

Unpaired voiced consonants

But not all consonant sounds and letters form pairs. Those consonants that do not have pairs are called unpaired. Let's put unpaired consonant sounds in our houses.

To the second house - unpairedvoiced consonants sounds:

Let us remind you that the sound [th’] always just soft. Therefore, he will live alone in our house. These sounds are represented in writing by letters:

[l]	[l’]		(ale)
[m]	[m’]
[n]	[n’]
[R]	[R']
	[th’]		(and short)

The sounds of the second house are also called sonorous , because they are formed with the help of the voice and almost without noise, they are very sonorous. The word “sonorant” is translated from the Latin “sonorus” meaning sonorous.

Unpaired voiceless consonants

We will put you in the third house unpaired voiceless consonants sounds:

[X]

[X']

[ts]

[h’]

[sch']

Let us remember that the sound [ts] is always solid, and [h’] and [sch’] - always soft. Unpaired voiceless consonant sounds are indicated in writing by letters:

[X]	[X']
[ts]
	[h’]
	[sch']

Sounds [h’], [h’] - sizzling sounds.

So we populated our city with consonant sounds and letters. Now it’s immediately clear why there are 21 consonant letters and 36 sounds.

Rice. 2. Voiced and voiceless consonants ()

Consolidating knowledge in practice

Let's complete the tasks.

1. Consider the pictures and turn one word into another, replacing only one sound. Hint: remember pairs of consonant sounds.

d points - point

b glasses - kidney

w ar - heat

fishing rod - duck

2. There are riddles, the meaning of which lies in the knowledge of consonant sounds, they are called charades. Try to guess them:

1) With a deaf consonant I pour into the field,
With the ringing one - I myself am ringing to the expanse . (Spike - voice)

2) With a deaf person - she cuts the grass,
With a voiced sound, it eats the leaves. (Scythe - goat)

3) With “em” - pleasant, golden, very sweet and fragrant.
With the letter “el” it appears in winter, but disappears in spring . (Honey - ice)

In order to develop the ability to pronounce certain sounds, especially hissing ones, they learn tongue twisters. The tongue twister is told slowly at first, and then the pace is accelerated. Let's try to learn tongue twisters:

1. Six little mice rustle in the reeds.
2. The hedgehog has a hedgehog, the snake has a squeeze.
3. Two puppies were chewing a brush in the corner, cheek to cheek.

So, today we learned that consonant sounds can be voiced and unvoiced and how these sounds are indicated in writing.

1. Andrianova T.M., Ilyukhina V.A. Russian language 1. M.: Astrel, 2011. ().
2. Buneev R.N., Buneeva E.V., Pronina O.V. Russian language 1. M.: Ballas. ().
3. Agarkova N.G., Agarkov Yu.A. Textbook for teaching literacy and reading: ABC. Academic book/textbook.

1. Fictionbook.ru ().
2. Deafnet.ru ().
3. Samouchka.com.ua ().

1. Andrianova T.M., Ilyukhina V.A. Russian language 1. M.: Astrel, 2011. Pp. 38, ex. 2; Page 39, ex. 6; Page 43, ex. 4.
2. Count how many voiced consonants and how many voiceless consonants are in a word unsatisfactory ? (Voiced consonants - 9 - N, D, V, L, V, R, L, N, Y, various - 6, voiceless consonants - 2 - T, T, various - 1.).
3. Read the proverb: « Know how to speak at the right time, and be silent at the right time.” Name the letters that represent voiced consonants. (Voiced consonant sounds in the proverb are represented by the letters M, J, V, R, Z, L.)
4. 4* Using the knowledge gained in the lesson, write a fairy tale or draw a comic book on the theme “In the city of consonant sounds.”

Human speech consists of a set of sequential sounds. They are divided into two main groups - consonants and vowels - according to the principle of articulation. Consonant sounds are those sounds during the pronunciation of which the stream of air exhaled by the lungs encounters possible obstacles in the mouth on its path - this could be the tongue, teeth, palate, and lips. This explains the appearance of consonant sounds. Some consonants, when formed, are involved, while others are not. Thus, in the Russian language there is a distinction between voiceless and voiced consonants. If a consonant is formed only with the help of noise, then it will be voiceless. And if in his education they participate

varying degrees of both noise and voice, then this consonant is called voiced. We can easily notice the difference in the pair of “voiceless and voiced consonants” if we put our hand to the larynx. If we name voiced consonants, we feel a tremor and vibration of the vocal cords. Since the ligaments are tense, the air exhaled by the lungs causes them to vibrate and move. And if you pronounce a dull sound, then the ligaments will be in a calm, relaxed state, which is why a certain kind of noise is formed. In addition, if voiced consonants are pronounced, our speech organs experience slightly less tension than when pronouncing dull sounds.

Some consonants - voiced and voiceless - form so-called pairs. Such sounds are called paired voiced and voiceless consonants. In order to make memorizing voiceless consonants as easy as possible, a special phrase-formula (mnemonic rule) is used: “Styopka, do you want cheeks? Fii!” This sentence contains all voiceless consonants.

And some sounds do not have a pair based on the principle of voiceless and voiced consonants. These include:

[l], [m], [n], [r], [th] [l"], [m"], [n"], [r"] - voiced

[ts], [x], [sh:"] [h], [x"] - deaf

In addition, the following sounds [ш], [ч], [ш], [ж] are called hissing, and [р], [м], [н], [л] - sonorant. They are close to and can form syllables.

The first row consists of consonants called sonorants, which is translated from Greek as “sonorous.” That is, during their formation, the voice prevails over the noise. And in the second row of consonants, on the contrary, noise dominance is noted.

One of the principles of modern Russian orthoepy (a branch of phonetics that deals with the study of norms of literary pronunciation) is that voiced consonants take the form of deaf ones, and deaf ones are likened to voiced ones when Voiced consonant sounds (with the exception of sonorant ones) are pronounced as voiceless ones at the end of a word or immediately before another unvoiced sound: code - ko[t]. And voiceless consonants acquire the sign of voicedness if they are located in front of a voiced consonant sound and begin to be pronounced loudly: threshing [molod'ba], hand over - [z]dat. Only before the consonant [v], as well as before sonorants, do deaf people not become voiced.

Voiceless and voiced consonants create certain difficulties for us when writing. In accordance with the morphological principle of the orthography of our language, neither deafening nor voicing can be expressed when writing. This means that in order to check paired voiced or voiceless consonants standing in the middle of a word or at the end before another consonant, it is necessary to select such or change the word in such a way that there is a vowel after the consonant sound: lo[sh]ka - spoon, gra[ t] - hail, horse [t]ka - horses.

Proficiency in oral language is very important for the social life and development of an individual. Much attention in learning a native (or foreign) language is paid to spoken language—the correct pronunciation of phonemes. There are many words that differ only in individual sounds. Therefore, special attention is paid to the functioning of the speech organs and sound production.

Sound production

Sound formation occurs as a result of human mental and speech activity. The vocal apparatus consists of the diaphragm, larynx, epiglottis, pharynx, vocal cords, nasal and oral cavity, uvula, palate (soft and hard), alveoli, teeth, tongue, lips.

The tongue and lower lip are actively involved in sound production. The teeth, palate, and upper lip remain passive.

The production of sounds (phonemes) includes:

• respiration - breathing,
• phonation - the use of the larynx and vocal folds to create phonemes,
• articulation - work for sound production.

Noisy (deaf) Russian language

There are exactly 33 letters in the Russian language, and much more sounds - 42. There are 6 vowel phonemes, consisting of a pure voice. The remaining 36 sounds are consonants.

In the creation of 16 consonant phonemes, only noise is involved, resulting from the exhaled air flow overcoming certain barriers, which are interacting speech organs.

[k, ], [p, ], [s, ], [t, ], [f, ], [x, ], [h, ], [sch, ], [k], [p], [s ], [t], [f], [x], [ts], [sh] are voiceless consonant sounds.

To learn how to determine which consonant sounds are voiceless, you need to know their main features: how and in what place they are formed, how the vocal folds participate in their production, whether there is palatalization during pronunciation.

Formation of noisy consonants

In the process of producing voiceless consonant phonemes, the interaction of various organs of the speech apparatus occurs. They can close together or form a gap.

Voiceless consonant sounds are born when the exhaled person overcomes these barriers. Depending on the type of obstacles, voiceless phonemes are divided into:

• stop plosives [k, p, t, k, p, t];
• stop fricatives (affricates) [ts, ch, ];
• fricatives (fricatives) [s, f, x, shch, s, f, x, w].

Depending on the places where barriers are formed, voiceless phonemes are distinguished:

• labiolabial [p, p];
• labiodental [f, f];
• anterior lingual dental [s, s, t, t, ts];
• anterior lingual palatodental [h, sch, w];
• velar lingual velar [k, x, k, x].

Palatalization and velarization

Noisy phonemes are classified taking into account the degree of tension in the middle of the tongue. When, during the process of sound production, the anterior and middle regions of the tongue rise to the hard palate, a palatalized consonant (soft) voiceless sound is born. Velarized (hard) phonemes are produced by raising the root of the tongue to the posterior region of the soft palate.

6 soft and 6 hard noisy voiceless phonemes form pairs, the rest do not have pairs.

Paired voiceless consonants - [k, - k], [p, - p], [s, - s], [t, - t], [f, - f], [x, - x]; [ts, ch, sh, shch, ] - voiceless unpaired consonant sounds.

Articulation

The combination of all the work of the individual organs of the speech apparatus involved in the pronunciation of phonemes is called articulation.

For speech to be understandable, you must be able to clearly pronounce sounds, words, and sentences. To do this, you need to train your speech apparatus, practice the pronunciation of phonemes.

Having understood how voiceless consonant sounds are formed and how to pronounce them correctly, a child or adult will master speech much faster.

Sounds [k - k, x - x, ]

Lower the end of the tongue, slightly move it away from the incisors of the lower jaw. Open your mouth slightly. Raise the back of the tongue so that it comes into contact with the border zone of the elevated soft and hard palate. Through a sharp exhalation, the air overcomes the barrier - [k].

Press the end of your tongue against your lower front teeth. Bring the middle and back parts of the tongue closer to the middle-back area of ​​the hard palate. Exhale - [k,].

In the production of phonemes [x - x, ], the speech organs are located similarly. Only between them there remains not a bow, but a gap.

Sounds [p - p, ]

Close your lips, leave your tongue freely, and move its tip slightly away from the lower incisors. Exhalation. A stream of air breaks through the lips - [p].

The lips are positioned the same way. Press the end of the tongue against the incisors of the lower jaw. Raise the middle of the tongue towards the hard palate. A sharp push of air overcomes the labial barrier - [n,].

Sounds [s - s, ]

Stretch your lips, almost close your teeth. Use the tip of your tongue to touch the front teeth of the lower jaw. Arch your tongue, lifting the middle back towards the palate. Its lateral edges are pressed against the upper chewing teeth. The air flow passes through a groove formed in the middle of the tongue. Bridges the gap between the alveolar arch and the anterior back of the tongue - [c].

The phoneme [s, ] is pronounced similarly. Only the middle of the tongue rises higher, and the front one bends more (the groove disappears).

Sounds [t - t, ]

Part your lips. Place the end of the tongue against the incisors of the upper jaw, forming a bow. A stream of exhaled air forcefully breaks through the barrier - [t].

The position of the lips is the same. Press the tip of your tongue against the lower incisors. Touch the upper alveolar arch with the front part of the tongue, creating a bow. Under the pressure of the air stream, an obstacle is overcome - [t,].

Sounds [f - f, ]

Pull in the lower lip slightly and press the upper incisors against it. Raise the back of the tongue towards the back of the soft palate. As you exhale, air passes through a flat gap formed by the lip and teeth - [f].

Lips and teeth in the same position. Move the tip of the tongue towards the lower incisors. Raise the middle part of the tongue towards the palate. The air flow penetrates through the labial-dental gap - [f,].

Sound [ts]

Sound is produced in two stages:

1. Stretch slightly tense lips. Press the end of the tongue against the front lower teeth. Raise the front part of the tongue, closing it with the hard palate (immediately behind the alveolar arch).
2. The air flow enters the oral cavity. Bend the tongue slightly - raise the middle part, lower the back, press the side edges to the chewing teeth. The bow turns into a gap and the air comes out - [ts].

Sound [h, ]

The formation of a phoneme consists of two phases:

1. Slightly round and protrude your lips. Press the end and front of the tongue against the hard palate and alveolar arch, creating a barrier.
2. Push out the air: at the place of the bow between the tongue and the palate there will be a gap. At the same time, you need to raise the middle of the tongue - [h,].

Sound [sh]

Pull out slightly rounded lips. Raise the end of the tongue until a narrow passage with the palate and alveolar arch is formed (1st cleft). Having lowered the middle of the tongue, raise its back part (2nd gap). Press the edges against the chewing teeth to form a cup. Exhale smoothly - [w].

Sound [sch, ]

Pull your lips out a little and round them out. Raise the end of the tongue to the alveolar arch without pressing, so that a gap remains. Raise the tongue to the hard palate (except for the front part), and press the edges against the molars of the upper jaw. Exhale slowly. The central part of the tongue goes down, creating a groove through which the air flow passes. The tongue tenses - [sch,].

In the speech stream, voiceless consonant sounds coexist with other phonemes. If a noisy phoneme is followed by a vowel, then the lips take a position for the articulation of the latter.

Comparison of noisy voiceless and voiced phonemes

Voiced phonemes are those whose formation involves both voice and noise (the latter predominates). Some voiced ones have paired sounds from among the voiceless ones.

Paired voiceless consonants and voiced sounds: [k - g], [k, - g, ], [p - b], [p, - b, ], [t - d], [t, - d, ], [ s - z], [s, - z, ], [f - v], [f, - v, ], [w - g].

Voiced and voiceless unpaired consonants:

• [y, l, m, n, r, l, m, n, r] - voiced (sonorant);
• [x, h, sch, x, ts] - noisy deaf.

Lettering for noisy phonemes

The ability to write correctly is no less important than speaking. Mastering written language is fraught with even greater difficulties, since some sounds on paper can be written with different letters or letter combinations.

When written, voiceless consonant sounds are expressed in similar letters if they are in strong positions.

By deafness-voicing: before a vowel, [v - v, ], other noisy ones (applicable to paired deaf people!).

By hardness-softness: before a vowel, [b, m, g, k, p, x, b, m, g, k, p, x, ] - for sounds [s, s, t, t, ], at the end words.

In other cases, to determine the correct letter (or combination of letters) for a voiceless consonant phoneme, certain rules of the Russian language must be applied. And sometimes you just need to remember the correct spelling of words (dictionary words).

Today, almost all children know letters and the alphabet already in early childhood. However, it is recommended to learn letters without naming the letters as they sound in the alphabet. Letters must be taught with sounds. When talking about the letter “B”, it is necessary to call it [b], and not “be”. This is necessary so that it will be easier for the child to combine letters into syllables and words.

However, the world of sounds does not end there. And when the baby grows up, he will have to master such concepts as vowel sounds, hard, soft, paired, voiceless and voiced consonants. I invite you to talk today about such different sounds. We will talk about this in a fairy-tale form, in a form closest to children's perception. I invite you to phonetic tale . This is an expanded version of the tale of sounds, presented in.

So, friendly letters live in a hospitable place. And sounds created a large Kingdom called Phonetics.

Kingdom of sounds - Phonetics

In the kingdom of sounds of the Russian language Phonetics we lived together and got along vowels And consonants sounds. Each sound had its own house. For vowels, the houses were painted red, and for consonants, blue. But the roofs of all the houses were white and changed on their own when the sounds visited each other.

Total in the kingdom 42 inhabitants: 6 vowel sounds [a], [e], [o], [u], [i], [s] and 36 consonants. They lived amicably and often visited each other. And every time they visited each other, magic happened: as soon as they held hands, new sounds were created for new words.

Vowel sounds loved to be sung. Therefore, there was always music playing in their houses. But with consonant sounds it was not possible to sing at all. But they were very pliable and always “agreed” with the vowels in everything. At the same time, they could become hard or soft . For example, the sound [p]. In a word "saw" sounds soft, but in words "dust"- firmly. And all because the sound [i] softened the [p], and the sound [s], on the contrary, made it harder.

This is how consonant sounds, joining hands with vowels, become soft or hard at their request.

However, there were also “naughty” sounds in the kingdom. And although they lived in blue houses and were called consonants, they did not want to change in any way. And this happened on the day when, sitting idly on benches, they argued about who was more important: vowels or consonants. And sounds [and],[w] And [ts] decided to become independent and not obey anyone, especially vowel sounds. They proclaimed themselves to be hard sounds that would never, under any circumstances, become soft! And to prove their firm decision, they painted the white roofs of their houses dark blue.

But compliant and non-conflicting sounds [sch],[th] And [h] They were very upset and afraid that the balance of the ratio of sounds in the kingdom would be upset and decided to remain soft forever. And so that all the residents of Phonetics knew about this, they painted the roofs of their houses green.

However, soon 2 more inhabitants appeared in the kingdom of Phonetics - soft and hard signs. But they did not violate the unity of the sound world. The soft sign helped the consonants become soft, and the hard sign helped the consonants become hard. They built themselves white houses and everyone lived peacefully and amicably.

But the inhabitants of the Kingdom of Phonetics were famous not only for their hard and soft characters. Many of them had and still have their own special preferences. Some sounds loved the sound of falling leaves, while others loved the sound of rain. They even built separate quarters for themselves so that in one the bell always rings loudly, and in the other, as if under a dome, it is dull and noisy... This is how they appeared voiced and voiceless consonants . And a river flows between the blocks.

So in the quarter with the bell the sounds [r], [l], [m], [n], [y], [b], [g], [v], [d], [z], [z] settled . And in a quiet quarter - [p], [f], [t], [w], [s], [k], [x], [ts], [h], [sch]. And some letters became so friendly that they connected their houses with bridges. So there is a bridge between the sounds p-b, f-v, t-d, sh-zh, s-z and k-g. This paired consonants .

This is how the amazing Kingdom of Phonetics lives. The sounds visit each other, change, adjust, make noise, shout, sing... They have fun. And in this fun words are born, from them the sentences that make up our speech. By the way, speech happens... However, we’ll talk about this another time.

How to learn soft and hard consonants

These are the complex relationships between sounds. To make it easier for my son to draw phonetic diagrams of words, he and I made very convenient clouds. Using them, it is very easy to determine the hardness or softness of consonant sounds.

Read about how we taught hard and soft consonants with the help of clouds.

How to distinguish between voiced and voiceless consonants

And a very simple technique helped us make it easier for the child to distinguish between voiced and voiceless consonants. When naming the sound, press your palm to your neck. If the sound is ringing, then vibration (tremor) of the vocal cords is felt. If the sound is dull, there will be no vibration.

For the same purposes, we used the picture with houses and bridges across the river, which you saw above.

Enjoy your acquaintance with the world of Phonetics!

All the best!

We invite you to watch a fascinating video on our video channel "Workshop on the Rainbow"

1. A a a
2. B b b b b
3. In in ve
4. G g g
5. D d d e
6. E e e
7. Yo yo yo
8. Zhe zhe
9. Z ze ze
10. And and and
11. Thy and short
12. K k ka
13. L l el
14. Mm um
15. N n en
16. Ooo
17. P p pe
18. R r er
19. S s es
20. T t teh
21. U u u
22. F f ef
23. X x ha
24. Ts ts tses
25. Ch h wh
26. Sh sh sha
27. Shch shcha
28. ъ hard sign
29. s s
30. b soft sign
31. Uh uh
32. Yu yu yu
33. I I I

42 sounds
6 vowels		36 consonants
[a] [i] [o] [y] [s] [e]		Doubles		Unpaired
Drums	Unstressed	Voiced	Deaf	Voiced	Deaf
		[b] [b"] [in] [in"] [g] [g"] [d] [d"] [and] [z] [z"]	[n] [n"] [f] [f"] [k] [k"] [t] [t"] [w] [s] [s"]	[th"] [l] [l"] [mm"] [n] [n"] [r] [r"]	[x] [x"] [ts] [h"] [sch"]
		Doubles		Unpaired
		Solid	Soft	Solid	Soft
		[b] [V] [G] [d] [z] [To] [l] [m] [n] [P] [R] [With] [T] [f] [X]	[b"] [V"] [G"] [d"] [z"] [To"] [l"] [m"] [n"] [P"] [R"] [With"] [T"] [f"] [X"]	[and] [ts] [w]	[th"] [h"] [sch"]

How do letters differ from sounds?

Sound is elastic vibrations in any medium. We hear sounds and can create them, among other things, with the help of the speech apparatus (lips, tongue, etc.).

A letter is a symbol of the alphabet. It has a capital (excl., ь and ъ) and lowercase version. Often a letter is a graphic representation of the corresponding speech sound. We see and write letters. To ensure that the writing is not affected by the peculiarities of pronunciation, spelling rules have been developed that determine which letters should be used in the word in question. The exact pronunciation of a word can be found in the phonetic transcription of the word, which is shown in square brackets in dictionaries.

Vowels and sounds

Vowel sounds (“glas” is the Old Slavonic “voice”) are the sounds [a], [i], [o], [u], [s], [e], in the creation of which the vocal cords are involved, and on the way no barrier is erected to the exhaled air. These sounds are sung: [aaaaaaa], [iiiiiiiii] ...

Vowel sounds are designated by the letters a, e, e, i, o, u, y, e, yu, i. The letters e, e, yu, i are called iotized. They denote two sounds, the first of which is [th"], when

1. are the first in the phonetic word e le [y" e ́l"e] (3 letters, 4 sounds) e sche [th" and ш"о́] (3 letters, 4 sounds) еж [й" о ́ш] (2 letters , 3 sounds) Yu la [y" u ́l"a] (3 letters, 4 sounds) I block [y" a ́blaka] (6 letters, 7 sounds) I ichko [y" and ich"ka] (5 letters, 6 sounds)
2. follow after the vowels birdie d [pt "itsy" e ́t] (7 letters, 8 sounds) ee [yiy" o ́] (2 letters, 4 sounds) kayu ta [kai" u ́ta] (5 letters, 6 sounds) blue [with "in" a ] (5 letters, 6 sounds)
3. follow after ь and ъ е зд [вй" е ́ст] (5 letters, 5 sounds) rise m [fall" о ́м] (6 letters, 6 sounds) lyu [л"й" у ́] (3 letters, 3 sounds ) wings [wing "th" a] (6 letters, 6 sounds)

The letter and also denotes two sounds, the first of which is [th"], when

1. follows after ь nightingale [salav "й" and ́] (7 letters, 7 sounds)

In a word, vowel sounds that are emphasized during pronunciation are called stressed, and those that are not emphasized are called unstressed. Stressed sounds are most often both heard and written. To check which letter needs to be placed in a word, you should select a single-root word in which the desired unstressed sound will be stressed.

Running [b"igush"] - running [b"ek] mountain [gara] - mountains [mountains]

Two words united by a single accent make up one phonetic word.

To the garden [fsat]

There are as many syllables in a word as there are vowels. The division of a word into syllables may not correspond to the division during hyphenation.

e -e (2 syllables) to -chka (2 syllables) o -de -va -tsya (4 syllables)

Consonants and sounds

Consonant sounds are sounds that create an obstruction in the path of exhaled air.

Voiced consonants are pronounced with the participation of the voice, and voiceless consonants are pronounced without it. The difference is easy to hear in paired consonants, for example, [p] - [b], when pronounced, the lips and tongue are in the same position.

Soft consonants are pronounced with the participation of the middle part of the tongue and are indicated in transcription by an apostrophe " what happens when consonants

1. are always soft [th"], [ch"], [sch"] ai [ai" ] (2 letters, 2 sounds) ray [ray" ] (3 letters, 3 sounds) bream [l "esch" ] (3 letters, 3 sounds)
2. followed before the letters e, e, i, yu, i, b (excl., always hard [zh], [ts], [sh] and in borrowed words) mel [m "el"] (4 letters, 3 sounds) aunt [t"ot"a] (4 letters, 4 sounds) people [l"ud"i] (4 letters, 4 sounds) life [zh yz"n"] (5 letters, 4 sounds) circus [ts yrk] (4 letters, 4 sounds) neck [sh eyya] (3 letters, 4 sounds) tempo [t emp] (4 letters, 4 sounds)
3. come before soft consonants (some cases) pancake [bl"in" ch"ik]

Otherwise, consonant sounds will predominantly be hard.

Sibilant consonants include the sounds [zh], [sh], [h"], [sch"]. Speech therapists rule their pronunciation penultimately: the tongue must be strong and flexible to resist exhaled air and be held against the roof of the mouth in the shape of a cup. The last ones in line are always vibrating [p] and [p"].

Do schoolchildren need phonetics?

Without dividing into vowels, consonants, stressed and unstressed, of course, it is impossible. But the transcription is clearly too much.

Speech therapists are required to know phonetic analysis of words, and it can probably be useful to foreigners.

For students (from 1st grade!) who have not yet mastered the rules of spelling, a fairly in-depth study of phonetics only hinders, confuses and contributes to incorrect memorization of the spelling of words. It is “back” that the child will associate with the pronounced “run”.