PRE- or PR – it’s not a secret at all

Spelling of prefixes

Lesson objectives:

1) create conditions for showing interest in the topic of the lesson;

2) ensure the research nature of educational activities: observation, comparison, generalization;

3) promote independent work of students with different dictionaries, manuals, textbooks;

4) teach students to distinguish words that are close in sound but different in meaning;

5) enrich the vocabulary of high school students, paying attention to the meaning and spelling of borrowed and native Russian words.

LESSON STEPS

I. Poetic warm-up.

Exercise. Read the poem by heart; explain the spellings in the prefixes; Find examples of artistic tropes in the text. Prepare a poem for writing from memory.

(Don’t) be addicted to miracles –
Watch them, watch them!
(Don't) turn to heaven,
Keep your eyes on them,
Look at the regions,
Listen to the birds
Go to your relatives, -
Nothing (will) happen again.

(V. Shefner)

II. Vocabulary and spelling warm-up.

Exercise 1. Write down in the dictionary the words in which pre- And at- are not prefixes and their spelling cannot be explained by learned rules. Mark the words whose meanings you do not understand.

At-: reason, example, hello, diligent, adventure, nature, privilege (exclusive right), priority (primacy), primitive (simple, uncomplicated), prima donna (actress in the leading roles), fastidious (a person is too picky, with whims and caprices), compulsion.

Pre-: presidium, president, premiere, preparation, claim, contender, prevail (prevail), present (donate), prestige (authority), legend, stumbling block (interference).

Task 2. Determine the lexical meaning of words. Give examples by including words in phrases or sentences; if necessary, refer to L.P.’s dictionary. Krysina: Explanatory dictionary of foreign words. M.: EKSMO, 2005. Mark the words whose meaning you do not understand.

Dissect– prepare any organism or substance for scientific laboratory research;

preamble– introductory, explanatory part of an international treaty, law or other legal act;

presentation– public presentation of the created film, printed publication, enterprise, etc.;

preventive- warning something, protective;

privilege– pre-emptive right, preference.

Task 3. Determine the lexical meaning of phraseological units; if necessary, refer to the “Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language”, ed. A.I. Molotkov. If you can, give your own examples, including phraseological units.

I didn't like it– don’t like, be unpleasant to someone, cause irritation, annoyance.

Uncle Beltov did not like life in St. Petersburg, and he settled in Moscow. (A. Herzen)

Hold your tongue- talk less, chat, reason, keep quiet, shut up.

“You, Markusha, hold your tongue.” I'm the ones[= you] I won't let you lie!(M. Gorky)

Bite your tongue- shut up, refrain from speaking.

Then Ivan Ignatievich noticed that he had let it slip and bit his tongue.(A. Pushkin)

Consign (to) fire and sword- mercilessly devastate, destroying and burning. About the land, country, people.

Turn (turn) into hearing- listen attentively.

- Do you want to tell me something? - Yes. - Okay, I've turned into a rumor.

Task 4. Find synonyms with prefixes for these words pre-, pre-, pre-.

Limitless (limitless), future (upcoming), unfair (biased), exemplary (approximate), sad (regrettable), continuous (continuous).

Edge (limit), spectacle (performance), treason (betrayal), offense (crime), inclination to any activity, talent (vocation), refuge (haven), follower (adherent).

To get, buy (acquire), block (block), finish (stop), interfere (obstruct), be (stay), drive up to the station (arrive), please (like), overcome (overcome), highly praise (extol), devotion (affection), surpass (exceed), cuddle (cling), attract (attract), foreshadow (predict).

Task 5. Replace phrases with synonymous constructions with pre- And at-.

To act treacherously (treacherously), to treat unfairly (biased), to pass freely (unhindered), to go in a continuous stream (continuous), to be at a meeting (to be present), to treat without respect (with disdain), to break fidelity (to betray).

Task 6. Choose antonyms with prefixes pre- And at-, make sentences with them.

Move away (get closer); very little (very much); add (add); very evil (pre-kind); respect (despise); move away (bring closer); ugly (beautiful); subsequent (previous).

III. Updating previously acquired knowledge.

Remember the meanings of the prefixes, compare columns A and B.

A. Meaning of the prefix pre-	B. Meaning of the prefix at-
1.The highest degree of quality or action, “very”: good, most skillful, wonderful, prosper. 2. Value close to the value of the prefix re-: cessation, crime, stop, overcome, transformation. 3. Something new resulting from change, transformation	1. Accession, addition: sew; communion; involved. 2. Approximation: come, move. 3. Proximity to something: suburb, coastal. 4. Incomplete quality or action: open, suspend, hide, fancy, fastidious. 5. Bringing the action to completion: cook, come up with. 6. Related action: whistle, stamp. 7. Adaptation to something: pretense, addiction, habit, get used to, get used to

Exercise 1. Make up phrases with these words. Select the value of the prefix from the previous list, write it down in the table, indicating the number.

For example: a passing phenomenon – A2.

Task 2. Mark and remember the words where it is difficult to identify the prefix, as well as determine its meaning. Write down words of foreign language origin separately.

Obstacle, obstacles, hell, sin, neglect, contradict, bicker, throne, perverted, notorious, deceive, advanced, repose, persecute, teacher, present, limit, convey, reverend, adulterer, stumbling block, grovel, dissect, preamble, prelude , premiere, prestige, president, claim, prerogative, prevail, presidium, contender, precedent, prefect...

Joke, fastidious, handsome, device, decency, decent, boring, order, adventure, take a nap, oath, oppress, hangout, reason, quirk, claim, nature, example, hairstyle, regrettably, freedom, trailer, sign, follower, diligent, pleasant, private, primates, primitive, prima donna, privilege, priority...

IV. Practical work.

Exercise 1. Compose a text (no more than 10 sentences). Give it a title. Use words with prefixes pre-, pre-.

Task 2. Form nouns from these verbs and create phrases with them.

Sample. Get closer – spring is approaching.

Transform, join, touch, teach, force, welcome, land, hinder, transform, bicker, stop, pursue, overcome, neglect, try on.

Task 3. Sort out the words according to their composition.

Extol, redistribute, inviolable, surpass, overcome, overflowing, joined, impartial, unceasing, uninterrupted, unadapted, prejudice, intended, predawn, contact, assumption, continuous, unyielding, impregnable, implacable, boundless, unstoppable, impervious, satiation.

Task 4. Replace words with a prefix pre- similar words with the prefix re- and make up phrases.

Sample: overcome - to overcome oneself, to transform - a revolution.

Endure, criminal, betray, satiety, tradition, interrupt, stop, limit, incessantly, transform, exceed, transient, transform, surpass, predominance, do not stop.

Task 5. For these verbs, select the same root nouns, adjectives, adverbs (where possible) so that they retain prefixes pre- And at-. Make up a phrase with each word.

Sample: greet - send greetings, a friendly person, greet warmly, a solemn greeting.

Interrupt, call, hinder, attract, neglect, bow, transgress, force, transform, despise, land, reconcile, do not interrupt, betray.

Task 6. Sometimes prefixes are mixed pre- And at- with a pretext at. Open the brackets, indicate prepositions and prefixes.

1) Pavel served in the (at) station buffet. (At) the station buffet there was a cupboard. 2) People dreamed of (transforming) nature. (When) a new substance is formed, the temperature drops sharply. 3) It was an unexpected (transformation). (When) the ball rotates, the thread is stretched. 4) The photographs were developed (under) red light. We rested in a (beautiful) holiday home. 5) Everything happened (under) strange circumstances. He was a (very) strange man.

Make up similar pairs of sentences with the words:

when enlarged - exaggeration; if interesting - very interesting; with the following - pursuing; with the wise - wise; for road – roadside; for front-line - front-line; at the estate - homestead.

Task 7. Remember the names of words that are pronounced the same but spelled differently depending on their meaning (homonyms). Find a homonymous pair. Fill in the 2nd column of the table (see words for reference).

Come up with and write sentences with these words.

Words for reference: arrive (arrive), add (add), chapel (side altar in a church), receiver (apparatus), proceed (begin), pretend (cover), pretend (take on a different appearance), bow down (approaching something), gatekeeper (watchman), get used to (get used to), coming (coming for a while).

V. Explanatory cheating.

Exercise 1. Insert the missing letters.

Don’t ignore the twists and turns of fate: everything passes. The claims and claims of the candidate for the post of the candidate are unprecedented. The stumbling block seemed to him to be the fastidiousness of the young lady, from whom he had suffered a lot. Passionately and relentlessly overcome obstacles and obstacles.

Un_passionate, pr_strange, pr_gatekeeper, pr_endure, pr_close, pr_succeed, pr_zent, pr_mier, pr_mer, pr_put, pr_presented, pr_put, pr_stav, pr_vatization, pr_merivat, pr_reconcile, pr_serve, pr_conduct, pr_unpleasant, pr_vi legions, advantages, pr_raise, pr_whisper, pr_em, pr_n_rovit, greatly reduce, slightly reduce, increase, multiply, pro_decorate, indecency, hostility, pr_close, pr_raise, pr_offer, pr_raise, primitive, adventure, sin, underworld, pro_boutka, neglect, refuge, pr_kaz, pr_stizh, pr_predity, pr_kaz, pr_pretsya, pr_miracle, bring to life, creatively, follow the criminal, get to the point, old, kneeling, advanced age, lasting values, lasting pain.

Task 2. Copy the text, insert the missing letters, highlight the prefixes at- And pre-.

AT THE PR_ZIDET OF THE COMPANY

At the reception with the company's president there were many top specialists. The President was warmly greeted. The President sat down in a wonderful chair. The meeting of the presidium has begun. Everyone screamed and got up from their seats. Then the president adjourned the meeting and resumed it when everyone was silent. The President expressed his gratitude to the excellent architects for the reconstruction of the Presidential residence. Those present applauded so much that the President jumped out of his fancy chair. When everyone had left, the president lay down to rest on a huge, soft, soft sofa.

Try to write your own story with lots of words pre- – at-. Whose text contains the largest number of words with prefixes pre- And at-?

VI. Interesting task.

Let us recall the spelling song of F. Krivin (radio program “Baby Monitor”). Formulate the rules that the song reminded you of, and, if necessary, tell them to yourself or each other.

At- or pre-? Pre- or at-?
This is not a secret at all.

You will get an answer right away.

Has the train arrived, has the ship sailed,
An astronaut flew from the Universe -
About everyone who will come, fly, sail,
It is written at-, undoubtedly.

At- or pre-? Pre- or at-?
This is not a secret at all.
Look at the content of the word -
You will get an answer right away.

Screwed the screw, screwed the wheel,
Glued, sewed skillfully -
Remember what is written at- about everything,
What good hands did.

At- or pre-? Pre- or at-?
This is not a secret at all.
Look at the content of the word -
You will get an answer right away.

I bit my tongue, but didn’t quite bite it off,
Burnt does not mean it is burning.
Remember what's done, but not quite,
They write with a prefix at-.

At- or pre-? Pre- or at-?
This is not a secret at all.
Look at the content of the word -
You will get an answer right away.

Predlinny will reach the roof with his hand,
The greedy person will not give you candy.
Who is very this or very that -
Pre- we will write about it.

It rains continuously in October,
But rain is not a barrier for the literate.
Where they are very similar re- And pre-,
There's only pre- must be installed.

At- or pre-? Pre- or at-?
This is not a secret at all.
Look at the content of the word -
You will get an answer right away.

VII. Consolidation of knowledge.

1. Vocabulary dictation.

Elderly representative, unhindered stay in the city, acquire a radio, overcome obstacles, bizarre clouds, unquestioned authority, a very pleasant story happened, turn into an impartial observer, attend a reception, burnt seasoning, stop continuous negotiations, think about this legend, ignore the warning, quiet seaside town, incessant nagging, getting sick and lying down, a lovely garden plot, pursuing a criminal.

2. Explanatory dictation.

The geography teacher suggested that we study the nature of our native land. We do not have inaccessible mountains or impenetrable swamps, but we do have lovely picturesque corners, endless forest expanses, places associated with ancient legends.

Contact with nature is always wonderful! Wandering through the forest, we pick up oddly shaped roots and don’t neglect pine cones and feathers: all this will be useful for making toys. At rest stops we collect brushwood, build a huge fire, try to cook tastier food, but on a hike even burnt porridge is tasty. Then, having tidied up, making sure to keep the fire burning, we quieted down and listened to the sounds of the forest.

The teacher checks the degree to which students have mastered the topic and analyzes mistakes made in the dictation.

The results of the joint work are summed up.

VIII. Homework.

Exercise 1. Learn (if you forgot) the basic rule for spelling prefixes pre- And at-. Think about the meaning of the prefix.

Task 2. Remember the exception words (dictionary words) both borrowed and native Russian. Write these words in your notebook in the form of phrases in two columns.

Pre-	At-
overcome, contradict, unquestioning, neglect, grovel, obstacle, notorious (widely known, sensational, but doubtful), advantage, claim, presidium, president, contender, premiere, drug, punctuation (marks), throne, prestige, prelude	claim, claim, swear, oath, pick, fastidious, reconcile, irreconcilable, time, whimsical, unpretentious, priority, privilege, privileged, primitive, primitive, embellish, nature, deplorable, reason, example, hairstyle, decent, fancy

Task 3. Remember the spelling of which words is associated with differences in their meaning. Make lists of these words with examples. Determine their meaning.

Sample:

Reference:

Give - betray;

proceed - transgress;

bow down - bow down;

pretend - pretend;

pretend - pretend;

aisle - limit;

receiver - successor.

Remember that exaggerate written only with a prefix pre-.

Remember the spelling of words with prefixes pre- And at- in phrases: elderly(“approaching old age”) age, unapproachable(from attack) fortress, stumbling block(“interference, difficulty”), immutable law(“not subject to change, indestructible”), enduring significance(“durable”), vicissitudes of fate(“misadventures, changes, turns in events”).

N.N. TYULENEV,
Tomsk

Spelling words with prefixes PRE- and PRI-

In order to write words starting with PRE- or PRI without errors, you need to learn the following rule.

In most words, the choice of vowel I or E depends on the meaning of the prefix.

The prefix PRI- can mean:
1. Spatial contiguity, proximity: COASTAL, SCHOOL.
2. Approaching, joining: ARRIVE, LEAN, STICK.
3. Incomplete action: CLOSE THE DOOR, BEND, DECORATE.
4. Bringing the action to an end: SHOOT, IMAGINE.

The prefix PRE- can express:
1. A high degree of quality or action and have a meaning close to the meaning of the word “very”: WORST, PRECIOUS, PREVAIL.
2. A meaning close to the meaning of the prefix PERE-: TRANSFORM, TRANSFORM, BARRIER.

This rule has two notes:
1. It is necessary to distinguish between the spellings of words that are similar in sound, but different in meaning:
DESPITE (hate) – DESPITE (give shelter), BEND (kneel) – BEND (branch), SUFFER (difficulties, misfortunes) – BEAR (to circumstances), TRANSIENT (moment) – COMING (postman),
STAY (be) – ARRIVE (approach).
2. There are words in which the spelling of the vowel cannot be explained by the rule stated above. These are Russian words in which the prefix is ​​no longer singled out (for example, NATURE, REASON, CLAIM, DEVICE, PRELESTCHAT, PREPONA, PREPOSVOVITI), as well as borrowings (PRESIDIUM, PREAMBLE, PREPARATION, PRIVILEGE, PRIMITIVE, PRIVATE, PRIORITY). In such cases, to avoid mistakes, you need to use a dictionary.

Exercise

1. Korotkov didn’t hear, although he kept his ear to the keyhole. (M. Bulgakov, "Diaboliada")
2. Dasha climbed onto the stove with difficulty, covered herself with her coat, and pulled up her legs. (A. Tolstoy, “Walking through Torment”)
3. So, I got down and went to my unit. (A. Tolstoy, “Walking through Torment”)
4. Overcoming a headache, he got ready for the last fight. (A. Tolstoy, “Walking through Torment”)
5. This Kuzma Kuzmich, while still in the carriage, was looking at Dasha - somehow he liked her. (A. Tolstoy, “Walking through Torment”)
6. The siskin was constantly chirping and jumping, and the cage was constantly swaying and shaking. (According to I. Turgenev, “Fathers and Sons”)
7. He pushed his hat to the back of his head, holding the rifle. (A. Tolstoy, “Walking through Torment”)
8. Instead of sunflowers, luring the sun into the small windows of the huts, only rotten stems stick out. (A. Tolstoy, “Walking through Torment”)
9. At that moment the boat was sailing. (I. Turgenev, “On the Eve”)
10. Let grief give you strength. (A. Tolstoy, “Walking through Torment”)
11. Isn’t this property based on the fact that they have fewer traces of nobility than we do? (I. Turgenev, “Fathers and Sons”)
12. But I cannot feel inferior, the last of all. (A. Tolstoy, “Walking through Torment”)
13. Why assume in advance that I am an enemy? (A. Tolstoy, “Walking through Torment”)
14. You will have to give up all your habits; there, alone, you will have to work... (I. Turgenev, “On the Eve”)
15. I, despite numerous vices, have never known misfortune. (A. Tolstoy, “Walking through Torment”)
16. Further service record is enclosed with the passport. (A. Tolstoy, “Walking through Torment”)
17. At that moment A.V. entered the room, and the conversation stopped. (I. Turgenev, “On the Eve”)
18. Insarov read Elena’s note and immediately began to put his room in order. (I. Turgenev, “On the Eve”)
19. Agrippina walked as if tied, step by step - behind her husband. (A. Tolstoy, “Walking through Torment”)
20. I know a nasty tavern where they will give us a nasty little lunch. (I. Turgenev, “On the Eve”)
21. Kuzma Kuzmich lined up on the bench under the stove and also couldn’t fall asleep right away - he muttered, smacking his lips. (A. Tolstoy, “Walking through Torment”)
22. And you speak to him and look at him at the same time. (I. Turgenev, “Fathers and Sons”)
23. Ivan Ilyich, without moving, opened his eyelids just a little. (A. Tolstoy, “Walking through Torment”)
24. The expression in her eyes was charming. (I. Turgenev, “Fathers and Sons”)
25. Even if you have seven spans in your forehead, you haven’t mastered science, and you will always make a mistake. (According to A. Tolstoy, “Walking through torment”)
26. And the girl is written badly. (I. Turgenev, “Fathers and Sons”)
27. I advise you, my friend, to botanize: this is the best thing you can think of. (According to I. Turgenev, “On the Eve”)
28. You seem to be a smart person: why should we pretend? (A. Tolstoy, “Walking through Torment”)
29. And good men will definitely cheat your father. (I. Turgenev, “Fathers and Sons”)
30. The singer surrendered to the wave that lifted her, her face was transformed. (I. Turgenev, “On the Eve”)
31. Bring him to me, I’ll interrogate him myself. (A. Tolstoy, “Walking through Torment”)
32. Elena could no longer carelessly indulge in the feeling of her happiness. (I. Turgenev, “On the Eve”)
33. She put the lamp on the table, turned off the light, and sat down. (A. Tolstoy, “Walking through Torment”)
34. And N.P. took out the notorious brochure from the back pocket of his coat. (I. Turgenev, “Fathers and Sons”)
35. There he saw her for the first time, she seemed to him as red as spring. (A. Tolstoy, “Walking through Torment”)

The exercise was prepared by D. Zhuzhleva and B. A. Panov (“League of Schools”).

To decide how to correctly write the prefixes pre- and pri-, you need to learn to distinguish what lexical meaning they give to a particular word. This is in most cases.

Because there are also words that you just need to remember or check in a dictionary.

Pre- and pre-. Their semantics

1. The prefix pre- means:

a) The highest degree of quality (action) with the meaning “very” or “very”. For example: very much, exaggerate, elderly.

b) The meaning of the prefix pre- is almost the same as that of the morpheme re-. For example: overcome (overpower), block (block), transform (rebuild).

2. The prefix pri- means:

a) Adding to something. For example: additional payment, addition.

b) Approaching or being close to something. For example: suburb, coastal.

c) An action that occurs at the same time as another action. For example: sing and dance.

d) Incompleteness of action. For example: open slightly, sit down.

e) The perfect form of a verb formed from the imperfect, if its meaning does not change. For example: beat-nail, think-invent.

More examples

The examples given below eloquently demonstrate the need (for the correct spelling of words) to distinguish what the prefixes pre- and pri- mean. Despise (shelter) and despise (consider insignificant, unworthy), arrive (arrive) and abide (be somewhere), give (add) and betray (change), receiver (apparatus that receives electric current, etc.) and successor ( heir), proceed (begin) and transgress (violate), pretend (cover) and implement (carry out in reality).

However, there are words in which the prefixes pre- and pre- have unclear meaning. For example: freedom, neglect, habit, welcome, sentence, adventure, picky, apply, decent, swear. This also applies to words of foreign origin: privilege, drug, president, priority. Their spelling should be checked in a dictionary or memorized. In addition, there is a group of words in which the prefixes pre- and pre- were previously identified as a separate morpheme, but now they are not. These include: subject, advantage, limit, contradict, preclude, deceive, obstacle, punctuation (signs), bicker, obstacle, satiate, notorious, stumbling, abhor, fastidious, device, order, comely, primitive, decent, take communion, claim , affection, reason.

Spelling: prefixes pre- and pr-

The rule again depends on the semantics of these morphemes.

Meaning of prefixes	Examples
The prefix pre- means:
"very", "very"		prosper, calm, fine, downplay
the same as the prefix pere- (“in a different way”, “through”)		undergo, transformation, transitory
The prefix gives the following meaning:
addition		dowry, profit, appendage
approximation		arrival, affection, counter
incompleteness of action		lift, hold, smooth, press
formation of the perfect form of the verb from the imperfect while maintaining the meaning of the word		run, sew, invent
action happening at the same time as another		to smack, to smack, to smack
doing something in the interests of someone		save, hide, embellish

In order to write words starting with PRE- or PRI without errors, you need to learn the following rule.

In most words, the choice of vowel I or E depends on the meaning of the prefix.

The prefix PRI- can mean:
1. Spatial contiguity, proximity: COASTAL, SCHOOL.
2. Approaching, joining: ARRIVE, LEAN, STICK.
3. Incomplete action: CLOSE THE DOOR, BEND, DECORATE.
4. Bringing the action to an end: SHOOT, IMAGINE.

The prefix PRE- can express:
1. A high degree of quality or action and have a meaning close to the meaning of the word “very”: WORST, PRECIOUS, PREVAIL.
2. A meaning close to the meaning of the prefix PERE-: TRANSFORM, TRANSFORM, BARRIER.

This rule has two notes:
1. It is necessary to distinguish between the spellings of words that are similar in sound, but different in meaning:
DESPITE (hate) – DESPITE (give shelter), BEND (kneel) – BEND (branch), SUFFER (difficulties, misfortunes) – BEAR (to circumstances), TRANSIENT (moment) – COMING (postman),
STAY (be) – ARRIVE (approach).
2. There are words in which the spelling of the vowel cannot be explained by the rule stated above. These are Russian words in which the prefix is ​​no longer singled out (for example, NATURE, REASON, CLAIM, DEVICE, PRELESTCHAT, PREPONA, PREPOSVOVITI), as well as borrowings (PRESIDIUM, PREAMBLE, PREPARATION, PRIVILEGE, PRIMITIVE, PRIVATE, PRIORITY). In such cases, to avoid mistakes, you need to use a dictionary.

Prefixes “pre” and “at” in some words

1. Contempt/contempt

Everything is clear with the first word, but the second is used much less often. Contemplation is caring. To look after means to give shelter and food. In the dictionary this verb is marked “obsolete.” In the 18th–19th centuries, a charity house was an institution that dealt with guardianship and trusteeship.

The second word is easy to explain. There is a connotation of approaching, accepting, joining.

2. Betray/give

You can (but don’t need to) betray a friend, but give it meaning. In the second case, the motive of accession is again visible.

3. Bow/bow

You can bow your head or knees. And bend, for example, a branch to the ground (bring it closer, therefore at-).

4. Convert/pretend

You can make your dream come true. And here the prefix is ​​similar in meaning to re- (the dream is reborn and becomes reality). But you can close the gate (COVER, motive of incomplete action: close, but not completely).

5. Endure/endure

To endure is almost the same as to ENDURE. That is, to endure, wait out, survive. This means that a prefix is ​​needed.
And to be patient is to bring the action to an end and (again) to become closer to what you are enduring.

6. Transient/coming

Transient is that which passes, passes.
And the one who comes is the one who comes, approaches. For example, a train arriving at this platform. Or a child coming to kindergarten.

7. Multiply/multiply

These words are very difficult to distinguish; this is noted even in reference books. It is believed that to multiply is to multiply a lot, and to multiply is to add a little. But these are rather shades of the same meaning, so they are often confused.

8. Successor/Receiver

Dmitry Medvedev was once called the successor of Vladimir Putin - the powers of the president were transferred to him. But not a receiver! Remember: the receiver is a device, not a person.

For this purpose, in the Russian language there are four meanings of words, when writing or pronouncing which a person may have problems.

The first is the meaning of contiguity or proximity with or to something. These words are: “coastal” (village), “” (site).

Second - or joining something to something. Examples: “come” (to the city), “lean” (against the wall), “stick” (wallpaper).

The third is the meaning of incompleteness or incompleteness of some action. For example, “close the door” (the door behind you), “bend down” (entering the door), “embellish” (story).

Fourth – bringing any action to the end. Such words are “shoot” (a sick animal), “invent” (a play).

Cases in which the prefix “pre-” is written

There are two of these in the Russian language. The first is the meaning of a high degree of quality of something, some action, or something that is close to a combination with the word “very”. For example, the words “very bad” (a very bad person, perhaps), “” (very long, for example, debt), “prevail” (pressure over something).

The second is closeness in its meaning to “re-”. Words like “transform” (to change something), “transform” (to change something) and “obstruct” (to block something’s path).

All of the above rules have two very important exceptions.

The first of them refers native Russian speakers to the need to distinguish between words that are close in meaning, but different in spelling. Examples: “ ” (meaning “to hate someone or something”) and “to look after” (meaning to provide shelter), “bow” (for example, knees) and “bow” (branches closer to the ground), “endure” (what - difficulties or misfortunes) and “endurement” (to some existing circumstances), as well as “transient” (moment or moment) and “coming” (guest or employee).

The second describes other words that cannot be explained by all the other rules. It includes words in which the prefix has historically merged with the root and is not isolated. For example, “nature”, “reason”, “claim”, “device” and at the same time the words “to seduce”, “obstacle”, “to contradict”. And also some borrowed words: “presidium”, “preamble”, “preparation”, “privilege”, “primitive”, “private” and “priority”, which you simply need to remember and memorize.

If you have difficulty writing the last words, you should consult a Russian language dictionary.