Important events of Ivan Fedorov. Pioneer printer Ivan Fedorov brief biography

Name

Biography

The first printed book in which the name of Ivan Fedorov (and Peter Mstislavets, who helped him) is indicated was “The Apostle”, work on which was carried out, as indicated in the afterword to it, from April 19, 1563 to March 1, 1564. This is the first accurately dated printed Russian book. This publication, both in textual and printing sense, is significantly superior to the previous anonymous ones. The following year, Fedorov’s printing house published his second book, “The Book of Hours.”

After some time, persecution of printers began by copyists and part of the clergy, accusing Fedorov of Satanism and magic. After an arson that destroyed their workshop (later researchers believe that another printing house was burned), Fedorov and Mstislavets were forced to flee to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. There they were warmly received by Hetman Khodkevich, who founded a printing house on his estate Zabludov. The first book printed at the Zabludovskaya printing house by Ivan Fedorov and Pyotr Mstislavets was “The Teaching Gospel” () - a collection of conversations and teachings with interpretation of the Gospel texts. In 1570, Ivan Fedorov published the “Psalter with the Book of Hours,” which was also widely used for teaching literacy.

There is another explanation for Fedorov’s move to Zabludovo. Yes, academician M.N. Tikhomirov emphasized that the version of attacks by scribes and arson “is based only on Fletcher’s story... This legend... is extremely implausible. After all, the fonts and boards for engravings should have perished in the fire, and we know that Ivan Fedorov took them out... "Nowhere is there any indication of persecution of printing by the clergy. On the contrary, printed books were published “with the blessing” of Metropolitans Macarius and Athanasius. Moreover, Fletcher wrote... a quarter of a century later... according to rumors..." M.N. Tikhomirov explains Fedorov’s dismissal from printing by the fact that he, belonging to the white clergy and having been widowed, did not take monastic vows, according to the rules in force. At the same time, sending him to Zabludovo is explained by the political task of supporting Orthodoxy in the period before the conclusion of the Union of Lublin and was, in the opinion of M.N. Tikhomirov, committed with the consent or even on the instructions of Ivan IV.

To continue his printing business, Ivan moved to Lvov and here, in the printing house he founded, he printed the second edition of “The Apostle” (). The Lvov edition of “The Apostle” also contains an introductory word from Ivan Fedorov himself, where he talks about the persecutions (“Not from the Sovereign, but from many chiefs and priests, who plotted many heresies against us for the sake of envy”), which “... from lands, fatherland and our family were expelled to lands hitherto unknown.” The entrepreneurial activity of the pioneer printer was not particularly successful: in Lvov, he again faced competition from copyists who hindered the development of his business. A few years later, he was invited by Konstantin Ostrogsky to the city of Ostrog, where he printed, on behalf of the prince, the famous “Ostrog Bible,” the first complete Bible in Church Slavonic.

Ivan Fedorov was diversified; along with publishing, he cast cannons and invented a multi-barreled mortar with interchangeable parts. Between February 26 and July 23, 1583, he traveled to Vienna, where he demonstrated his invention at the court of Emperor Rudolf II. For some time (during 1583) he worked in Krakow, Vienna and, possibly, Dresden. He had close connections with the enlightened people of Europe. In particular, correspondence between Ivan Fedorov and the Saxon Elector Augustus was found in the Dresden archive (letter written on July 23, 1583). In 1575 he was appointed manager of the Derman Monastery.

An alternative theory of the beginning of printing in Ukraine

Almost all modern sources claim that Ivan Fedorov was the first printer on the territory of Ukraine. However, according to Ukrainian researchers Orest Matsyuk, Yakim Zapasko and Vladimir Stasenko, in the 15th century there was a printing house in Lviv, which in 1460 its owner Stepan Dropan donated to the monastery of St. Onufria. Over time, according to these researchers, its activities ceased. Thus, these three researchers claim that Ivan Fedorov only revived printing in the city. This point of view was first formulated by Hilarion Ogienko in his work “History of the Ukrainian Press” (Ukrainian. History of the Ukrainian Friendship) in 1925, and in Soviet times was developed by Orest Matsyuk. However, this alternative theory was severely criticized by another famous Ukrainian researcher, Yevgeny Nemirovsky. Studying the Chronicles of the Monastery of St. Onuphriya, Nemirovsky confirmed that Stepan Dropan actually donated money and land to the monastery, but there is no mention of the printing house in the Chronicles. Ogienko’s conclusion that Stepan Dropan was the first printer is based only on the fact that in 1791 the monks presented a number of claims to the Stavropegian brotherhood. Among their demands, the brothers also laid claim to the printing house, citing the fact that Stepan Dropan allegedly bequeathed it in 1460, which is not confirmed in the Chronicles. The appeal to the figure of Stepan Dropan by the monks, therefore, was nothing more than an unsuccessful tactical move in order to get the printing house. Evgeny Nemirovsky notes that in 1460 there were no printing houses in any European city except Mainz: “If books were printed in Lviv before 1460, then only the inventor of printing, Johannes Gutenberg, could have founded a printing house here.”

Memory


Monument to Ivan Fedorov in Lvov (architect A. Konsulov, sculptors V. Borisenko and V. Podolsky)		The building where Ivan Fedorov's books were published		St. Onufrievsky Monastery, where Ivan Fedorov was buried on December 5, 1583		Restored tombstone of Ivan Fedorov

In philately

Editions

Moscow Apostle.

Main article: Apostle 1564

1. Apostle. Moscow, printed from April 17, 1563 to March 1, 1564, 6 unnumbered sheets + 262 numbered (hereinafter we mean numbering in Cyrillic letters), page format no less than 285 x 193 mm, printing in two colors, circulation about 1000, not extant less than 47 copies. Electronic version .

2 and 3. Hourbook. Moscow, two editions (7/VIII - 29/IX and 2/IX - 29/X 1565), 173 (in the second edition 172) unnumbered sheets, format no less than 166 x 118 mm, printing in two colors, no less than 7 preserved copies.

4. The gospel is teaching. Zabludov, 8/VII 1568 - 17/III 1569, 8 unnumbered + 399 numbered sheets, format no less than 310 x 194 mm, two-color printing, no less than 31 copies have survived.

5. Psalter with a book of hours. Zabludov, 26/IX 1569 - 23/III 1570, 18 unnumbered sheets + 284 sheets of the first count + 75 sheets of the second count, format (based on a heavily cropped copy) no less than 168 x 130 mm, printed in two colors. A very rare edition: only three copies are known, all of them incomplete. For the first time in Kirillov printing, graphed tables were typed. Electronic version available.

6. Apostle. Lviv, 25/II 1573 - 15/II 1574, 15 unnumbered + 264 numbered sheets, format no less than 300 x 195 mm, two-color printing, circulation 1000-1200, at least 70 copies have survived. Reprint of the Moscow edition of 1564 with a slightly richer design. There is an electronic version of an almost complete copy.

7. Primer. Lvov, 1574, 40 unnumbered sheets, typeface 127.5 x 63 mm, two-color printing, circulation was supposedly 2000, but so far only one copy has been found (stored in the Harvard University Library).

8. Greek-Russian Church Slavonic reading book. Ostrog, 1578, 8 unnumbered sheets, typesetting strip 127.5 x 64 mm, printing in one color, for the first time by Ivan Fedorov typesetting in two columns (parallel Greek and Slavic text), also only one copy is known (kept in the State Library of Gotha , eastern Germany). This copy is bound together with a copy of the Primer of 1578 (see below), which is why they are often considered one book, referred to as Ostroh alphabet 1578 (see, for example, facsimile reprint: M.: Book, 1983). There is an electronic version of these two publications.

9. Primer. Ostrog, 1578, 48 unnumbered sheets, typeface 127.5 x 63 mm, printed in one color, the circulation was large, but only two incomplete copies have survived (one has already been mentioned, the second is kept in the Royal Library of Copenhagen). Repetition of the Lviv primer of 1574 with the added “Word on Letters” by Chernorizets Khrabra. There is an electronic version of this book and the previous one.

10. New Testament with the Psalter. Ostrog, 1580, 4 unnumbered + 480 numbered sheets, format no less than 152 x 87 mm, two-color printing, no information about the circulation, no less than 47 copies have survived.

11. Alphabetical subject Pointer to the previous edition (“A book, a collection of things…”). Ostrog, 1580, 1 unnumbered + 52 numbered sheets, typeface 122 x 55 mm, printed in one color, at least 13 copies survive (often filed at the end of the previous book, but clearly printed separately and issued as a special separate edition).

12. Chronology Andrei Rymsha (“Which is a short description of the old centuries”). Ostrog, 5/V 1581, two-page leaflet (the text is placed on the inner pages), type stripe approximately 175 x 65 mm. The only known copy is kept in the Russian National Library, St. Petersburg.

Book printers - contemporaries of Ivan Fedorov

The first books in Church Slavonic were published by Schweipolt Fiol in Krakow in 1491. These were: "Oktoich" ( "Antiphonary") and “Speaker of Hours”, as well as “Lenten Triodion” and “Colored Triodion”. It is assumed that Fiol released the triodion (without a designated year of printing) before 1491.

Notes

Before Fedorov, the printing of books in the Church Slavonic language was carried out by a doctor of medicine from Polotsk, Francis Skorina. Cm. Vladimirov P. V. Dr. Francysk Skaryna: His translations, publications and language. - St. Petersburg, 1888.
// Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional ones). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
Podokshin S. A. Francis Skaryna. - M.: Mysl, 1981. - 216 p. - P. 28.
Andrievsky A. The first Russian book printer. - 4th ed. with additions by Prof. A. M. Loboda. - Petersburg-Kyiv: Employee, 1910.
Keppen P.I. Tombstone of the first Russian printer // Bulletin of Europe. - M., 1822. - No. 14. - P. 160-161.
Kalaidovich K. F. Note about Ivan Fedorov // Bulletin of Europe. - M., 1822. - No. 11-12. - P. 279-302.
This version was first put forward by V.K. Lukomsky (in the collection “Ivan Fedorov the First Printer”, M. - L., 1935, pp. 167-175. It was later supported by E.I. Nemirovsky (“Essays on the history of the publishing brand”)
Nemirovsky E. L. Ivan Fedorov (about 1510 - 1583) / Rep. ed. A. A. Chekanov. - M.: Nauka, 1985. - 320 p. - (Scientific and biographical literature). - 50,000 copies.
Fletcher, J. Chapter 21. About church administration and clergy // About the Russian State = Of the Russe Common Wealth / Edited by Prince N.V. Golitsyn, translated by Prince M.A. Obolensky. - St. Petersburg. , 1911.
Tikhomirov M.N. The beginning of book printing in Russia // Russian culture of the X-XVIII centuries. M., 1968. P. 315-318.
“Seekers”, program “Bookworm of Grozny”
Zapasko Y., Matsyuk O., Stasenko V. The beginnings of Ukrainian medicine. - Lviv, 2000. - 222 p. (Ukrainian)
Stepan Dropan (Ukrainian)
Nemirovsky E. L. In the footsteps of the first printer" - Moscow: Sovremennik, 1983.
FEDOROV, IVAN FEDOROVICH- article from the Krugosvet encyclopedia
Russian Orthodox Old Believer Church: Resolutions of the Consecrated Council of the Russian Orthodox Old Believer Church (held in Moscow on October 20-22, 200...

For the first time, Ivan Fedorov began to print books; before him, they were copied by hand. In ancient times, books were highly valued. The first printing press was invented in the 15th century. By decree of Tsar Ivan the Terrible, the first printing house was built in Rus' in 1563. Church deacon Ivan Fedorov was appointed head of the printing house. Subsequently he became a pioneer printer.

According to surviving sources, it is known that the biography of Ivan Fedorov began in 1510 on May 2, he received an education at the University of Krakow and a bachelor's degree. Fedorov came from the Belarusian family of Ragozins. The book "Apostle" is the first to be published in 1564. First printer Fedorov and his partner Pyotr Mstislavets worked on this book for a year. The color of the capital letter of each chapter was red in this book, each chapter had a beautiful pattern with intertwined vine branches. The second book, printed by the pioneer printers, was called “The Book of Hours” and was used as a textbook for teaching children to read. The book was the last one published in Russia by Ivan Fedorov.

In Moscow, not everyone liked the creation of a printing house; many considered it a real blasphemy to print sacred scriptures on a printing press. With the advent of the printing press, the work of a monk-scribe became completely unprofitable. In 1566, a fire occurred in the printing house; it is believed that it was arson. Then Fedorov and his friend left Russia. Then Fedorov and Mstislavets continued their work in Lithuania. The printing house was located in the city of Zabludov and it was called drukarnya. Here in 1569 the joint book of Fedorov and Mstislavets “The Teacher’s Gospel” was published. After the book was published, Mstislavets moved to Vilna and opened his own printing house.

Ivan Fedorov, when he was left alone, began to print the “Psalter with the Book of Hours.” Hetman Khodkevich soon closed Fedorov's printing house. She was in his possession. In 1572, Fedorov opened a printing house in Lvov, where he printed “The Apostle,” and in 1574 he published “Azbuka” in Russian.

The pioneer printer died in Lvov in 1583 and was buried in the cemetery of the Onufrinsky Monastery. The remains were reburied in the narthex of the church in the 18th century. The death of Ivan Fedorov was like that of all people. On the tombstone at his grave it is written: “The Drukhar of books unprecedented before you.”

Wow!.. That's it!.. Be healthy!..

The name and basic facts of the biography of the pioneer printer Ivan Fedorov are probably known to many erudite people. But this man’s life path was much more difficult and more exciting than what is taught in schools. We invite you to get acquainted in more detail with how the first pioneer printer in Russia lived and worked.

Historical realities

The biography of the pioneer printer Ivan Fedorov should be considered in the context of the era in which he lived. So, the 15th century is the period of the reign of the harsh Ivan the Terrible. Russia lags significantly behind Europe; books are copied in the old fashioned way in monasteries by monks. And in the West, printing presses have been in use for many years, making painstaking work faster. Of course, to a modern person the massive structure - the invention of Johannes Gutenberg - will seem strange. The first printing press had bars that attached it to the floor and ceiling, a heavy press, under the force of which impressions were left on paper, as well as a set of letters - letters of the English alphabet in a mirror image. Page layouts were compiled from them.

Ivan the Terrible, not wanting to lag behind Europe, ordered the development of book printing, ordered a printing press, and Ivan Fedorov became the first employee of the ancient printing house.

The beginning of life's journey

A short biography and interesting facts about the pioneer printer Ivan Fedorov do not contain an exact date of birth. Therefore, researchers assume that he was born in the 20s of the 16th century. The place of birth is also shrouded in mystery, but it is believed that it is Moscow: it is not for nothing that he signed his name as “Moskvitin”. Information about his childhood and youth has not reached our days, which is understandable - when a person is just born, no one realizes that in the future his life will be of interest to his descendants, so the facts are not recorded anywhere.

However, the name of Fedorov became famous in 1564 - this is the date of birth of Russian official printing.

First printed book

In the development of the culture of Rus', the merits of the pioneer printer Ivan Fedorov are fully noted. In the short biography for children, special attention is paid to his first book, which appeared after a month of painstaking work by a talented innovator and in many ways resembled a handwritten one. This is the Apostles, also known as the Acts and Epistles of the Apostles. It is distinguished by the following features:

The presence of initial letters, which are a large letter, the first in a section, exquisitely decorated with ornaments. There are 22 of them.
The use of ornaments that make the book especially elegant and solemn.

Thanks to Fedorov’s efforts, the book was fully consistent with ancient Russian church traditions.

Follow up

After the appearance of the first printed book, Ivan Fedorov’s work continued. A year later, the Book of Hours was published. However, the innovators had to face fierce resistance from the monks, who did not accept printed books as such. The traditions turned out to be so strong that the biography of the pioneer printer Ivan Fedorov mentions the fact of the burning of the printing house and the need to leave Moscow. However, the work continued.

Life in Zabludovo

The biography of the pioneer printer Ivan Fedorov is especially interesting for children. It mentions that after leaving Moscow he settled in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, in Zabludovo, located on the territory of modern Poland. Thanks to the help of Hetman Khodkevich, who treated the innovator kindly, Fedorov established the production of church books. In 1569, the Master's Gospel was published. Soon after this, the pioneer printer parted with his friend and assistant Pyotr Mstislavets, but continued his favorite work. The Psalter from the Book of Hours was published. Further, difficult times begin in the biography of pioneer printer Ivan Fedorov. Due to illness, Khodkiewicz became disillusioned with publishing books, considering this activity unnecessary, and refused to support the innovator. But the desire to do what he loved turned out to be stronger, and difficulties did not break this man’s will.

Moving to Lviv

Left without the hetman's support, the founder of the printing business moved to Lviv. He needed money to open a printing house, but no one was in a hurry to help. However, at this moment the biography of the pioneer printer Ivan Fedorov becomes instructive: thanks to perseverance, he manages to get money and continue the business. In Lvov, the second edition of the famous “Apostle” was published, which, of course, was inferior in artistic and professional terms to the first version, but still has great historical value. The ABC, the first printed textbook in Russia, was also published here.

Heyday of activity

From the short biography of the pioneer printer Ivan Fedorov, we learn that, despite his willpower and efficiency, he was unable to get a stable profit, so financial difficulties forced the innovator to leave Lviv and move to the southwest of Rus'. Here, under the patronage of Prince Konstantin Ostrog, the great man managed to publish the first complete Bible in Church Slavonic, the Ostrog Bible.

last years of life

Work in Ostrog helped Ivan Fedorov partially solve his financial problems, so he got the opportunity to return to Lviv and begin work on opening a new printing house. Alas, this was not destined to come true; in 1583, the pioneer printer passed away. The new printing house was sold to moneylenders for debts; the eldest son and student of Ivan Fedorov tried to buy it back, but they did not have enough money. Book printing in Rus' fell asleep for 20 years, only to return in triumph.

A selection of interesting facts

The first printing press with movable type was invented by Guttenberg, a goldsmith by profession. However, due to financial difficulties, the creator was forced to enter into an unfavorable agreement with the moneylender Fust, which is why for some time it was believed that the credit for printing belonged to the latter.
While the name of the pioneer printer Fedorov is well known to many, few people know that it was he who began separating words with spaces, which made reading much easier. Before him, texts were written together, the end of the sentence was highlighted with a dot.
It was the first book printer who introduced some new letters and words into use.
Even a short biography of the pioneer printer Ivan Fedorov indicates that he was an incredibly educated and erudite person for his time, spoke several languages, and strived to bring his knowledge to the masses.
Ivan Fedorov’s assistant in creating printed books was his friend and associate Pyotr Mstislavets, information about whose childhood and youth has not survived to this day.
The biography of pioneer printer Ivan Fedorov mentions several interesting events from his personal life. So, it is known that he was married twice.
During the life of the first printer there were no surnames, so Fedorov is most likely an abbreviated patronymic “Fedorovich”. Thus, in the “Ostrog Bible” it is indicated that it was printed by John, Fedorov’s son.

The short biography of the first pioneer printer, Ivan Fedorov, is entertaining and instructive. This man, despite the fierce resistance of the clergy, managed to organize the publication of books, putting his whole soul into this matter.

Municipal autonomous educational institution-

secondary school No. 4

Iskitim, Novosibirsk region

Section for students of city schools and additional education associations

Report

"The pioneer printer Ivan Fedorov"

Completed by: Maksimova Lada Gennadievna

student of grade 6 "B"

Head: Tupaeva Valentina Viktorovna

teacher of Russian language and literature

highest qualification category

e-mail: [email protected]

I. Introduction

II. The first book printer Ivan Fedorov

2.1. Mysteries of the birth and personality formation of Ivan Fedorov

2.2. The emergence of book printing in Moscow

2.3. The great feat of Ivan Fedorov

III. Conclusion

IV. Bibliography

V. Applications

I. Introduction

Embedded in the shining vault of heaven,

You are standing, clerk, against the ancient wall,

The forehead is majestic, bronze-clean.

You are for Russia, for Ukraine

You hold the first printed sheet.

V. LUGOVSKOY

Russia is rich in outstanding talents. In any field of knowledge there are names that have glorified our country throughout the world. And descendants perpetuate the glorious deeds of their heroes in marble and granite, in bronze and cast iron. But time does not spare granite or marble, human memory is destroyed, names are forgotten... And only a book, carefully preserved by descendants, transmits invaluable information about the great deeds of the past from century to century. True, now, unfortunately, they read much less than 20-30 years ago. But can the living flesh of a book compare with the cold lines on a computer monitor? “A book is a great gift to man from God. It serves not only to convey historical information, but serves as a door to the future: what the ideals of young people will depend on what the books are like, which means our future depends,” said the Chairman of the Publishing Council of the Russian Orthodox Church, Metropolitan Kaluga and Borovsky Clement (Kapalin).

For me, any book is a living being, someone wise with whom you can talk on any topic. All the more joyful was the news that Orthodox Book Day had been established in our country. The decision to establish an annual Orthodox Book Day was made at a meeting of the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church on December 25, 2009. The holiday is dedicated to the date of publication of the first printed book in Rus' by Ivan Fedorov, “The Apostle,” which was published on March 1 (old style) 1564.

From the point of view of modern scientists, Fedorov’s biography has many dark spots, mysteries that make me want to solve them.

II. The first book printer Ivan Fedorov

2.1. Mysteries of the birth and formation of the personality of Ivan Fedorov

Scientists were unable to establish the exact date of birth of Ivan Fedorov. It is believed that he was born around 1510. Almost nothing is known about the early years of the pioneer printer. Some historians suggest that he studied at the University of Krakow, others mention his name, which was found in the lists of students at German educational institutions. One way or another, Ivan Fedorov was a highly educated man, a professional in his field. He not only possessed high literary merits, which were clearly manifested in his afterword to the Moscow Apostle, but also masterfully mastered the technique of two-color printing, knew foundry and even cast cannons. He also invented a multi-barrel gun with interchangeable parts.

In 1550-60, Ivan Fedorov was the clerk of the Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker of Gostunsky in the Moscow Kremlin, which has not survived. The most detailed information about the organization of the printing house was subsequently presented to the Apostle. Writing afterwords was a rule for handwritten texts. Ivan Fedorov also adhered to this tradition.

2.2.The emergence of book printing in Moscow

The emergence of book printing in the Moscow state coincided with the era of Ivan the Terrible. This was the time of consolidation of statehood and the final establishment of a monarchical centralized state. First of all, Grozny solved the political problems of Rus' in the East. In 1552 he conquered the Kazan kingdom, and a little later Astrakhan. Vast expanses inhabited by non-Orthodox peoples came under the rule of the Moscow Tsar. Their organic inclusion in the state required Christian enlightenment, and soon the Kazan diocese appeared, which required liturgical books. It would seem that the problem could be solved by traditional handwritten production, but the printing press had already been invented in Europe. Our tsar strove to look no worse than foreigners (Grozny was the first to be crowned king, the first of the Russian tsars to openly present himself as a universal tsar - the heir of Rome and Byzantium) and demanded that educational work be carried out. Metropolitan Macarius, continuing the tradition of the Novgorod rulers and Moscow metropolitans, expressed the educational aspirations of the 15th-16th centuries, which resulted in an extensive program - the ideological basis of the reforms of the era of Ivan the Terrible, which transformed Rus' from a Grand Duchy into a Kingdom (monarchy).

Based on the testimony of the first printer, it is believed that the printing house in Moscow was opened in 1563. To begin their typographic activities, Ivan Fedorov and Pyotr Mstislavets produced and cast one font using a half-chart design. Making a font is a labor-intensive job. First, a matrix was made - a convex shape for each letter was cut out in hard metal, and a copy was made by imprinting on softer metal. The resulting in-depth form was called a matrix. By pouring metal into it, we obtained letters in the required quantity. Then the text was typed from these letters, which required a jeweler's precision in observing the spaces between letters and words. “The Apostle” was published as a perfect work of printed art.

The first printed publications in medieval Europe continued the art of modern handwritten books. Johannes Gutenberg followed this path when he published the Bible in Mainz in 1455. When creating his first books, Ivan Fedorov could use his experience in the design of not only handwritten samples, but also printed books brought from abroad. Researchers have found that the text of the “Apostle” differs from the handwritten “Apostles” common at that time. This could only mean one thing - the text was carefully edited. Scientists admit that it was edited either in the circle of Metropolitan Macarius, or by the pioneer printers themselves, Ivan Fedorov and Peter Mstislavets.

The second book to come out of Ivan Fedorov’s Moscow printing house was “The Book of Hours,” published in two editions in 1565. The first of them was printed on August 7, 1565 and finished on September 29, 1565. Other printed materials were printed from September 2 to October 29. We learned to read from this book. We do not know of any other books published by Ivan Fedorov and Pyotr Mstislavets in Moscow. But they most likely existed, since some of them are mentioned by the 18th century bibliographer Bishop Damascus (1737-17950).

2.3 The great feat of Ivan Fedorov

In 1565, in Moscow, Ivan Fedorov and Pyotr Mstislavets published another book - “The Book of Hours”. Ivan Fedorov and his comrade in Moscow were very prominent and respected people. But the oprichnina introduced by Ivan the Terrible caused them great concern. “For the sake of envy, many heresies were plotted against us,” Ivan Fedorov later wrote, explaining his and Metislavets’s departure to Belarus, which then belonged to the Polish Lithuanian state. So Ivan Fedorov and Pyotr Mstislavets published only two books in Moscow, but this is quite enough for Ivan Fedorov to forever remain the first printer of Rus'. Having the ecclesiastical rank of deacon, Ivan Fedorov took from Moscow not only his wife and children, but also the tools and materials necessary to continue printing books. Soon Fedorov and Mstislavets were able to resume work in Lithuania, on the estate of Hetman Khodkevich in Zabludov. Here in 1569 the “Teaching Gospel” was printed. Unlike the Moscow ones, this book was not liturgical and was intended for home reading. From Khodkevich's estate, Ivan Fedorov moved to Lvov in 1572, despite the fact that Khodkevich, as a reward for his work, gave Fedorov a village where the pioneer printer could engage in farming and live comfortably. But Fedorov abandoned settled life, considering his printing activity an apostolic ministry. (Apostles, which translated from Greek means “sent”, were the disciples of Christ whom he sent around the world to tell about himself.) In Lvov, on February 14, 1574, the first accurately dated printed book in Ukraine, the so-called Lvov “Apostle”, was published; The font and some of the headpieces in this book were borrowed from the Moscow "Apostol", but the endings and patterned initials were made anew. In the same year, in Lvov, Ivan Fedorov first published a book for Russian children - “ABC”.

The second edition of the ABC was published in 1576 in the city of Ostrog, where Fedorov was invited by Prince Konstantin Ostrozhsky. In 1580, Fedorov released the New Testament Psalter in a small format, easy to read. This is the first book in Russian history that is accompanied by an alphabetical subject index.

But a real feat Ivan Fedorov did a colossal amount of work on

(or Fedorovich), otherwise Ivan Drukar - deacon, considered to be the first printer in Russia; mind. December 5, 1583 Now there is almost no doubt that F. in the strict sense of the word cannot be called a Russian pioneer printer: not to mention the fact that there is clear evidence of the existence of printing masters in Moscow earlier, several printed books are known to the bibliography, undoubtedly published before the appearance of its first edition and precisely in Moscow. Nothing precise is known about F.’s origins and life before acting as a typographer. Some guess that he was a Muscovite by birth, others give faith to the dark news about his origin from the village. Nikola Gostuni, Likhvinsky district, Kaluga province. He becomes known to history as the widowed deacon of the Nikolo-Gostun Kremlin Church, who, together with Peter Mstislavets, the Tsar and M. Macarius entrusted in 1563 with the establishment of a printing house in Moscow. This commission presupposes his complete knowledge of typographic art by that time and, on this side, fame to the Metropolitan and the Tsar, and the afterwords to the publications written by him testify to his erudition in patristic and modern literature. Where, when and under what conditions F. could learn his art, these questions remain open, although they are often raised in the subject literature. Its activities began in 1563, after a printing house was built with royal funds, tools and fonts were prepared, and assistants, “slanders,” were recruited or trained. On April 19 of this year, he, together with Peter M., began “first” to print the Apostle, which was published on March 1, 1564, in a very typographically perfect form. On September 2, 1565, the Book of Hours was begun and on October 29 of the same year, the last work of printers in Moscow. After this, something incomprehensible happened to them. Despite the patronage of the tsar (M. Macarius was no longer alive), the printers suffered persecution from the ignorant, were accused of heresy and, after the printing house was set on fire by enemies, they fled to Lithuania. This flight, presumably, was not very hasty, since the fugitives took with them a lot of government printing material, and F. took, in addition, his children, of whom there were several and among whom were minors (of whom the name of one eldest son is known , Ivan, who later helped his father in printing). In Lithuania, thanks to the efforts of the Lithuanian hetman G. A. Khodkevich, the printers received a good reception from the king and the lords of the Lithuanian Rada. This could have been at the end of 1565 or the beginning of 1566 in Vilna or in the middle of 1567 in Grodno, because at the implied time only in these years the Lithuanian diets were held in the indicated cities in the presence of Sigismund Augustus. Khodkevich sheltered the fugitives, kept them for a long time and even gave F. “a lot of everything” in the vicinity of Zabludov. Soon in Zabludov or, perhaps, in the aforementioned village, at the expense of the same hetman, F. opened a printing house, in which on March 17, 1569, together with Mstislavets, he printed the Teaching Gospel, and in 1570 alone - the Followed Psalter. Old age, illness and various difficulties forced Khodkiewicz to close the printing house. F. was forced to live for some time in his village and engage in agriculture, but, as he himself says, the attraction to “God’s chosen work,” through which he was called to scatter spiritual seeds throughout the universe and distribute spiritual food to everyone according to rank, did not allow him peace. In 1572, at the height of the pestilence, along a difficult and long road, enduring all kinds of hardships, with children and printing property, he was transported to Lvov. Here, with tears and humiliation, as alms, he begs a small amount of money from the poor part of the townspeople and, despite the opposition of the Lviv carpentry shop and the city council, who did not allow him to keep a carpenter who did not belong to the workshop and carry out the necessary carpentry work, he will equip the 1573 own topography and on February 15 of the following year published in Moscow type by the Apostle. Whether disputes with the workshop, or financial difficulties (in 1574 F. mortgaged his printing house for the first time) forced him on March 2, 1575 to enter the service of the prince. Konstantin Ostrozhsky was the “spravets” or “holder” (manager) of the Dermansky monastery that belonged to the prince. On March 25, 1575, he was in Lvov and issued a power of attorney to conduct his affairs, still calling himself a Lvov resident. On August 9 of the same year, an entry was made in the Lutsk city books about his promise as the ruler of the Derman monastery to give satisfaction for the robbery committed by the monastery people on the estate of the Spasovsky gentlemen. On August 16, he was personally present in the Lvov court. April 2, 1576 by order of Prince. Ostrozhsky, at the head of an armed crowd of monastic servants, raids the Spasovsky estate, as a result of which a complaint appears in the Lutsk city books against him for beating and robbing lords and their peasants. The same thing happens, without the prince’s order, on June 26 of the same year. Apparently, at the end of 1576 F. left Derman and moved to Ostrog. It seems that from here, no later than March 1577, he left for Turkey and Wallachia, in all likelihood on the instructions of Prince. Constantine, with the aim of acquiring in the local Greek and Bulgarian monasteries correct lists of sacred books for the publication of the Bible planned by the prince and inviting persons capable of editing the text of this publication. In April 1577, F. visited Lvov, where he left 300 zlotys to be sent to Krakow for paper supplied from there. There we meet him on June 15 of the same year, when he is present in court in the case of a certain Sedelnik, on October 22 of the same year, when his obligations to some Serb from Sochava are repaid, and on March 2, 1579, when he gives his son power of attorney to conduct his affairs and pledges the printing house with all accessories and books to the Lvov Jew Yakubovich. In 1580, F. worked in the princely Ostrog printing house, from where he published the Psalter with the New Testament and the famous Ostrog Bible that year. On May 5, 1581, he published the Chronology of Andrei Rymsha and on August 12 he reprinted the title page and the publication of the Bible. On February 3, 1582, he was already in Lviv permanently. His departure from Ostrog was preceded or was a consequence of some unpleasant scores with the prince. Konstantin, since the prince, upon F.’s arrival in Lvov, seized part of his property. In Lvov, F. is busy equipping a new drukarny. He orders his student, master Grin Ivanovich, who was brought from Ostrog, two new fonts, buys paper, looks for money for upcoming expenses, and so on. The sudden flight of Grin, who returned only on February 3, 1583, and other circumstances prevent him from finishing his preparations and getting down to business. In January 1583, he accepted an order in Krakow for the supply of a small copper cannon to the government, received from the king’s sums money for the return to Lvov and an allocation for the purchase there of the materials necessary for casting the cannon. It is unknown whether he fulfilled this order. In December of this year, F. died. A posthumous inventory of his property revealed a large stock of unprinted or defective copies of the Bible brought from Ostrog and some ready-made typesetting on one sheet of text, probably prepared for correcting the same Bible. The drukarnya, mortgaged by F. to the Jew Yakubovich, was bought in 1785 by the Lviv brotherhood and served as the foundation of the Lviv fraternal printing house; a new one, made by Green, was purchased by the Mamonichs for their printing house in Vilna.

Stroev, "Detailed description of old printed books of the biblical group. F.A. Tolstoy", M. 1829 - his, "Description of the old printed books of Tsarsky", M., 1836 - Sopikov, "The Experience of Russian Bibliography", Part I, St. Petersburg, 1904 - Karataev, "Description of Slavic-Russian books", St. Petersburg, 1883. - Ptashitsky S. L. And Sobolevsky A. I., "Collection of photographs from Slavic-Russian printed publications", part I, St. Petersburg, 1895 - Rumyantsev, "Collection of monuments relating to printing", vol. I, M., 1872. - Rovinsky, "Russian engravers and their works", M., 1870 - "I. Fedorov, the first Moscow typographer" ("Bulletin of Europe", 1813, part 71; 1822, part 123). - Sakharov P. I., “The first Russian typographers” (Collection for 1838, St. Petersburg). - Tromonin, "Sights of Moscow", M., 1844 - Borichevsky, “Historical view of the history of book printing in Russia” (Journal of the Ministry of Public Education, 1849, part 61). - Porudensky M., “Tercentenary of Moscow printing” (Modern Chronicle, 1864, No. 9). - Filaret,archbishop Chernig., "On book printing in Russia before Patriarch Nikon" ("Chernigov Diocesan News", 1867, No. 8-9). - Pogodin M. P., "Ivan Fedorov, the first Moscow printer" ("Magazine M.N. Pr.", 1870, parts 148-149, Nos. 4 and 6). - Gatsuk A., "Essay on the history of printing in Russia" ("Russian Bulletin", 1872, No. 5). - Viktorov A. E., “Were there no experiments in book printing in Moscow before the first printer Apostle?” (“Proceedings of the III Archaeological Congress”, K., 1874). - Makariy M., "History of the Russian Church", vol. IX. - Leonid, archim., "Gospel, printed in Moscow in 1564-1568." (“General. Love. Other Letters.”, 1883). - Ustinov M., "In memory of the first Russian typographer" ("Week", 1876, No. 41). - Lyakhnitsky, "The beginning of book printing in Russia", St. Petersburg, 1883 - Petrushevsky A. S., "Iv. Fedorov, Russian pioneer printer", Lvov, 1883. - Dmitrevsky A., "Deacon Iv. F., the first Russian book printer" (Orthodox Review, 1883, III, No. 11). - Ptaszycki St., "Iwan Fedorowicz" ("Rozprawa Wydz. Fil. Acad. Um.", t. XI), Kraków, 1884; the same in "Russian Antiquity", 1884, No. 3. - His, "Ivan Fedorov" ("Printing Art", 1903, July-August). - Bulgakov F., "Illustrated history of book printing", vol. I, St. Petersburg, 1889 - Malyshevsky A., "New data for the biography of Iv. F., the Russian pioneer printer" ("Readings of the General Nestor Chronicler", book 7, K., 1893 . ). -Vladimirov P. V., "The beginning of Slavic and Russian book printing in the XV-XVI centuries.", K., 1894 - Bozheryanov I., "Historical sketch of the printing business", St. Petersburg, 1895 - Golubinsky E. E., “On the question of the beginning of book printing in Moscow” (Theological Bulletin, 1895, February). - his, "History of the Russian Church", vol. II, floors. 2nd, M., 1900 - Note, ed. Moscow Imp. Archaeol. General on the occasion of collecting donations for the construction of a monument to F. (with a speech by I. E. Zabelin about F.), M., 1901 - Soloviev A., "The Sovereign Printing House and the Synodal Printing House in Moscow", M., 1902 - Ulanov V., "Book reading in Moscow", ("Moscow in its past and present", publishing house "Education", issue 6). - Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron. - Theological Encyclopedic Dictionary, vol. XII (Article Printing, Academician A.I. Sobolevsky).

N. Tub-v.

(Polovtsov)

Fedorov, Ivan (first printer)

The first Russian printer; see Ivan Fedorov.

(Brockhaus)

Fedorov, Ivan (first printer)

(born unknown - died 1583) - Russian. typographer, founder of book printing in Russia and Ukraine. He served as a deacon in one of the Kremlin churches in Moscow. After the opening of the printing house in 1563, joint work began. with assistant P. T. Mstislavets (see) for the printing of the “Apostle”, which appeared first in Russian. dated printed book. In March 1564, the printing of the Apostle was completed. In 1565, two versions of the Book of Hours were published. Fleeing from the persecution of reactionary elements who accused him of heresy, F. left with Mstislavets for Lithuania. Here, at the suggestion of Hetman G. A. Khodkevich, F. set up a printing house on his estate in Zabludov, where in 1569 he printed the Teaching Gospel, and in 1570 the Psalter. Then F. moved to Lvov. founded a new printing house there and published the “Apostle” and the first “ABC” with grammar in 1574. The publication of the ABC became known only in the 1950s, after one copy of it was discovered abroad (now located in the USA). Financial difficulties forced F. to accept the proposal of Prince V.K. Ostrozhsky to set up a printing house in the city of Ostrog. Here in 1580 he published the “New Testament” with the “Psalter”, in 1581 - the “Chronology” of Andrei Rymsha and the “Ostrog Bible”. Soon after this, F. returned to Lvov, where he died.

All F. publications represent first-class Russian monuments. typographic art of the 16th century; beautiful fonts, many decorations engraved on wood - headpieces, endings, capital letters, images of Luke and David, in the Zabludov, Lviv and Ostrog editions - the coats of arms of Chodkiewicz, Ostrozhsky and the city of Lviv, as well as the publishing mark of F. All editions are equipped with "prefaces" publishers and “afterwords” written by F. in lively colloquial language on behalf of the printer. These appeals to the reader are vivid journalistic. and patriotic works, in which F. told the history of his book printing in Moscow, Lithuania and Ukraine and gave a biographical account. information about yourself. In 1909, a monument to F. was erected in Moscow.

Lit.: Lebedyanskaya A.P., Materials for the bibliography of Ivan Fedorov, in the book: Ivan Fedorov, pioneer printer, M.-L., 1935; Zernova A. S., The beginning of book printing in Moscow and Ukraine, M., 1947; Sidorov A. A., Old Russian book engraving, M., 1951 (History of Russian drawing, vol. 1, see Chapter 3); him. Newly discovered publication by Ivan Fedorov, "Printing Production", 1955, No. 1; him, Letter to the editor, ibid., 1955, No. 3; Tikhomirov M. N., The beginning of Moscow book printing, in the book: Scientific notes of Moscow. state University, vol. 41, M., 1940; Protasyeva T.N., First editions of the Moscow press in the collection of the State. Historical Museum, M., 1955.

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