That she was born in water but is afraid of water. Born in water, but afraid of water

Born in water, but afraid of water.

Introduction

Among all the salts, the most important is the one
which we simply call salt.
A. E. Fersman

It would seem that nothing interesting could be said about such a banal thing as salt. The salt that is on every table is known and familiar, unknowable and mysterious. It is sold in any grocery store for literally pennies. Right. And why?

Because this “banal thing,” imagine, is of great importance. A person seasons his food with salt and cannot do without it. Salt is the only mineral that we eat in its pure form and which cannot be replaced. Moreover, all mammals on our planet consume salt in one form or another. And even today, in the age of technological progress, people could not do without it.

I wondered why salt can be found in every home, it is always put on the table in any decent cafe, but it is not in the school canteen. To find out, I decided to conduct research.

Object of study: salt

Subject of study: properties and uses of table salt

Relevance: Salt is an essential food product, but the amount of consumption must be respected, since its excessive consumption negatively affects human health. Therefore, we believe that this problem is relevant.

Target: Learn the history of the appearance of salt, study the composition of table salt and the cultivation of its crystals.

Tasks:

Analyze scientific information on this topic and find out what table salt is and what it consists of;

Grow a table salt crystal

Hypothesis: If we know that we can live without gold, then we can’t live without salt.

Research methods:

Analysis of theoretical material

Sociological survey

Experiment

Main part.

Chapter I The unknown in the known.

1.1 History of the appearance of salt.

Table salt, or, as chemists would say, sodium chloride, cannot be called an ordinary substance. Its properties are amazing and its fate is very interesting. This substance has not acquired such great importance today - it has always been so. The history of civilization is, to some extent, the history of salt, and you need to know your history.

The flame of the fire illuminated the entrance to the cave. People were sitting around the fire. Women roasted freshly skinned game over the fire, and men, tired from hunting, ate this half-raw meat, sprinkled with ash.

People did not yet know salt, and they liked the ash, which gave the meat a pleasant, salty taste.

The same taste, but even more pungent, was given to food by white powder, which women accidentally found on rocks near the seashore or on the shores of salt lakes.

Meat rubbed with white powder was preserved for a long time, just like meat dried over a fire or in the smoke of a fire. Therefore, white powder was highly valued and people began to look for it.

This is how salt entered human life.

Acquaintance with salt in different places could occur in different ways. Hunters, tracking down game, noticed how a wild deer or elk licked a transparent stone that looked like ice in the grass. But this ice did not melt either in our hands or in the sun. And when the hunters tasted it with their tongues, imitating the animal, they felt an unusually pleasant and pungent taste. They broke off pieces of stone and took it with them. It was rock salt. People who consumed salt felt more energetic, felt a surge of strength, and fatigue went away sooner.

A piece of salt was made a treasure of the tribe, and when the salt ran out they went in search of it.

It is difficult for us to imagine that in the past, in many countries, salt served as a significant source of replenishment of the treasury and was an important item of trade. In some countries, salt even served as a currency. The Venetian traveler Marco Polo, who visited China in 1286, described the coins used there from rock salt crystals. In some African countries, stillXIXcentury, rock salt bars were used as a currency. “Sol” was an allegorical name for the payment of Roman soldiers, and from this came the name of the small coin: in Italy “soldi”, in France “solid” and the French word “saler” - “salary”

In ancient Rome, caravans carrying salt slowly walked along the main trade road - Via Solaria, which meant “Salt Road”. The caravans were accompanied by detachments of warriors so that salt, a precious treasure, would not become the prey of robbers. In ancient times, salt was literally worth its weight in gold. The lack of salt also caused popular unrest. Salt riots are known in history.

Many folk proverbs say: “Salt is the head of everything, without salt is life-grass”, “There is no salt and there is no word”, “Without salt and the table is crooked” (Appendix 1)

Excavations have shown that ancient salt mines existed in the Slavic cities of the Galician land and in Armenia. Here, in the old adits, not only stone hammers, axes and other tools have been preserved to this day, but also wooden mine supports and even leather bags in which salt was carried 4-5 thousand years ago. All this was soaked in salt and therefore could survive to this day... (Appendix 2)

1.2. From the history of the development of salt deposits in Russia.

The development of deposits in Russia has its own history and legends.

A long time ago, in the dry Volga steppe, near Mount Big God Do, a Kazakh legend says, there lived a Bai. The bai's greatest wealth was his beautiful daughter. And she fell in love with the shepherd. Having learned about this, the Bai ordered his execution. The girl burst into tears. Days and weeks passed, tears flowed and flowed from her eyes. This is how the salt lake Baskunchak appeared in the steppe or is popularly called the “Lake of Tears”.

The history of salt mining in Rus' is reflected not only in ancient manuscripts, but also in the names of Russian cities: Solikamsk, Usolye Siberian.

For more than five hundred years, the city of Solikamsk has existed in the Urals, located along the banks of a tributary of the Kama River, the Usolka River. It has long been famous for its salt. Many millions of years ago there was a huge sea here. Finally the time came when the Permian Sea disappeared. What was left behind were layers of salt several hundred meters thick. From time immemorial, local residents, hunters, and fishermen have found salt springs and springs and used the brine. In 1430, Novgorod merchants Kalashnikovs built the first saltworks in Solikamsk. Brine was pumped out of the ground through wooden pipes and evaporated in large iron pans. Salt mining in those days was a profitable business. Salt was expensive. For a pood of salt they gave several poods of bread.

In Rus', salt has long been extracted from brines that were pumped out of the depths. The first mention of salt production dates back to 1037, when Prince Svyatoslav Olegovich in Novgorod ordered a salt tax to be collected from each saltworks.

The ancient method of extracting salt was vividly and accurately described in his story “On the Salt” by M. Gorky. The work of salt miners appears in it to be truly backbreaking. Salt was mined by hand. People stood knee-deep in water barefoot, the salt corroded their skin.

Old-style salt mines resemble deep adit wells

Already in the 20s, the hard and primitive work of salt miners was done away with; the shovel, pick and basket were replaced by salt harvesters, cutters, and vacuum evaporators. Mechanization of mining allowed our country to take one of the first places in the amount of salt produced.

Table salt reserves are located in the Urals (Verkhnekamskoye deposits in the Perm region, Iletskoye in the Orenburg region), in the Lower Volga region (Baskunchakskoye and Eltonskoye), in Eastern Siberia (Usolskoye in the Irkutsk region), in the Far East (Olekminskoye in the Republic of Sakha)

1.3 The structure of salt crystals. ( Appendix 3)

Table salt is the only material that is directly consumed as food. Pure table salt consists of sodium chlorideNaCI. In nature, salt occurs in the form of the mineral halite, rock salt. Table salt is used for food after industrial purification of halite.

Salt has a crystal lattice. And the salt “grains” themselves, similar to small cubes, suggest such a lattice structure.

Salts have different structures:

Coarse salt is used for cattle. Even animals need salt. Wild animals find and eat plants containing salt (Solanchiki)

Medium-crystalline salt is used for fermenting vegetables, salting and drying fish and meat.

Fine crystalline salt is used for cooking.

I learned that table salt is obtained by evaporating salt water.

It is first washed and then passed through a spinneret (Filter). Then it is evaporated. That's why it's called table salt.

Sterlitamak, which arose in 1766 as a salt pier, gave the name to one of the seven Ufa hills: Usolskaya Mountain, also called by Ufa old-timers as Mount Shikhan. It is likely that this hill got its name from the saltworks that were located at its base at that time. And salt was delivered here by barges from Sterlitamak. Translated from the Bashkir language into Russian, the word “shikhan” means “hill,” which is quite true.

As historians say, it is quite possible that the Sterlitamak region was a traditional meeting place and exchange of goods for tribes roaming the steppe expanses.

Lake Asly-kul is the largest in Bashkortostan: its area is 18 sq. km, the average depth is 5.1 m. Due to the predominance of table salt, the water in the lake is brackish, which determines its name. “Asy-kul” translated from Bashkir means “bitter lake”.

Here, in natural conditions, swans constantly live. Asly-kul is the largest fresh water reservoir in the Republic. The lake coast has always been a popular vacation spot for residents of the republic.

If the name Muldakkul does not mean anything to you, then you are simply accustomed to hearing about this lake as Salty. It is located in the Abzelilovsky district of Bashkortostan. The area of Muldakkul is quite large - 8 km. This lake is unique for our republic, and why?

Firstly, from the name it is clear that the water here is very salty. Because of this, there are no fish and no algae growing in Lake Muldakkul. The maximum you can find here are unpretentious snails or beetles, and among the flora - saltwort and antlers.

The second wonderful feature of Muldakkul is its healing salt mud. They are even used by local sanatoriums, not to mention the fact that the Yaktykul health resort was opened using the mud of Lake Solenoye. Krasnousolsk mineral springs are one of the seven wonders of Bashkortostan. The Gafuriysky district is considered one of the attractions of the republic. Krasnousolsk mineral springs, where the famous resort "Krasnousolsk" arose. There are many springs on the territory of the sanatorium. Flowing into the Usolka River, they make it salty, but in the upper reaches the river is fresh. At Usolka in the 16th century, salt was evaporated, since it was then very scarce, almost worth its weight in gold. Solovarny town is one of the first production facilities in Bashkortostan.

Yakutovsky salt spring. (Appendix 4). The source consists of small springs. When reaching the surface they form a small lake. The water is clear, tastes salty, and smells of hydrogen sulfide. The spring is fed by shallow waters in the salt karst area.

There are mineral springs near the city of Birsk. (Appendix 5) Seven are known today. The Birsky, Kalinnikovsky, Tukhtarovsky, Urzhumovsky springs are of greatest interest.

The first description of the Birsk mineral springs is from P.I. Rachkov (1762) N.A. Gurevich (1883), describing the Birskie springs, indicates that the salt deposit within the Ufa province appears in dissolved form, that is, in the form of lakes and springs. Both are located in the Birsky, Ufa and Sterlitamak regions.

Birsk mineral water has a salty-bitter taste and acts as a mild laxative. In winter the springs do not freeze.

In terms of their chemical composition, the Birsk springs are closest to some of the famous mineral springs of Bashkiria (Krasnousolsky, Askinsky and others)

The first special study of these sources was carried out in 1919. Analysis showed that the solid residue after evaporation contains 80% table salt. A repeated study (a chemical analysis was carried out) showed that the water in the springs contains a large amount of table salt, as well as potassium chloride, calcium and others.

The water temperature in the springs is about + 6 degrees all year round. Therefore, they do not freeze in winter.

Currently, in our republic, in the Ishimbay district in the village of Yar-Bishkadak, one of the largest rock salt mines in the entire Southern Urals is located. In terms of production level, the Yar-Bishkadak salt deposit ranks 3rd in Russia. The thickness of the layers is up to 790 meters. (Appendix 6)

A comprehensive lesson on familiarization with the surrounding world and drawing for the preparatory group

Program content:

Develop cognitive abilities, expand and consolidate children’s knowledge about the properties of water (using the example of experiments), tell and show children (using the example of experiments) about the properties of salt. Learn to establish connections and dependencies between natural phenomena. Continue decorating the starfish with salt. Cultivate a caring attitude towards the world around us, curiosity, and observation.

Material:

2 glasses of water, spoons, napkins, salt, raw egg, paper with a starfish painted on it.

Preliminary work:

Introduction to the properties of water, demonstration of experiments, viewing of color illustrations on the theme “From a drop to the ocean”, experiments with salt water and thread, conversations about the measure and its inhabitants.

Progress of the lesson:

(Music sounds quietly. Children are sitting at tables. The teacher drips water onto each child’s hands).

Educator: What happened to your palms?

Children: (answers)

Educator: They are wet, why? Today I invite you to talk about water. Tell me what is water needed for?

Children: (answers)

Educator:

You cannot live without water.

Can't wash or drink without water,

A leaf cannot bloom without water

They can't live without water

Bird, beast and man.

And that's why it's always

Everyone needs water everywhere.

Educator: You and I guys know about the properties of water and the signs of water. There are glasses of water on your tables, pay attention. Tell me, what shape did the water take in the glass?

Children: (answers)

Educator: That's right, the water took the shape of a glass. And if we pour water into a cube, what shape will it take? (in a plate, vase). This means that water does not have its own form.

Children: (answers)

Educator: What happens to the water in the river when you open the tap?

Children: (answers)

Educator: Notice what color the water is?

Children: (answers)

Educator: Does water have taste? Try the water. Is it possible to change the taste of water? With using what? (salt, sugar).

Children: (answers)

Educator Does the water have a smell? Try to smell it.

Children: (answers)

Educator: This means that water is a liquid, it can flow and splash. Water begins with the concept of “drop” and ends with the concept of “ocean”. The life of people, animals and plants depends on water. The fate of water on the planet depends on man.

Now we'll play.

The game is called: “Once upon a time there was a mother Tuchka.”

Once upon a time there lived a droplet with Tuchka’s mother. Mother Cloud sent them to earth to water the forests, fields, birds, and people. The droplets flew to the ground, jumped around, they became bored alone, they united into streams and ran in different directions (running in pairs). One day the streams met and became one big river (they run like a snake). The river flowed and fell into the sea (they make a circle), and the sea connected with the ocean.

Educator: Today I want to tell you about one sea. But first, guess the riddle: “There is water all around, but is there a problem with drinking? " Who knows where this happens?(in the sea).

Educator: Once upon a time, it was a large deep sea, fish, small ships, boats, boats swam in it. And now there is almost no water left in it. These guys are the Aral Sea. Looking at it from afar, it is fashionable to see white sand - this is salt. And this one appears on the shores of seas that are drying up. Salt is also mined in Sol-Iletsk, where many of you go on vacation. And salt is also mined on the site of the Aral Sea.

Show the children salt.

Educator: What color is salt?

Children: (answers)

Educator: What kind of salt is there? What does it consist of?

Children: (answers)

Educator: Why do we need salt? Without what is lunch tasteless?

Children: (answers)

Educator: Guys, remember the experiment we did with salt, water and thread. Who will tell what we did?

Children: (answers)

Educator: Show the children what happened with the thread, salt and water. Explain that the water evaporated, and the salt crystallized and remained along the edges of the glass and on the thread. And on the Aral Sea, in the same way, salt appeared on the edges of the shores.

Experiences:

Educator: There are glasses of water on the tables. We already know the taste of plain water. Let's try placing a raw egg gently into the water. What happened?

Children: (answers)

Educator: Yes, the egg sank. Now put 4 tablespoons of salt in another glass and stir well until the salt dissolves. Try the water, what is it like? What happened to the salt?

Children: (answers)

Educator: Yes, it is salty, the salt has dissolved. Now take an egg from a glass of fresh water and place it in a glass of salt water. What happened?

Children: (answers)

Educator: Remember who swam in Sol-Iletsk, the water pushed you out. An egg does not sink in salt water, and a person stays afloat in salt water.

You see guys -“Salt will be born in water, but it is afraid of water.”It dissolves in water, and when the water evaporates, the salt crystallizes and shines.

Fizminutka:

We quickly went down to the sea,

They bent down and washed.

1-2-3-4,

That's how nicely refreshed we were.

And now we swam together,

You need to do this manually:

Together once, this is breaststroke,

One, the other is a rabbit.

We went ashore to the steep shore,

All as one we swim like dolphins.

And we went home.

Drawing with salt “Starfish:

(The teacher shows how to sprinkle salt on a painted starfish).

Lesson summary:

Salt is white, dissolves in water, crystallizes, shines, sinks. That’s why they say: “He will be born in water, but he is afraid of water.”

A comprehensive lesson on familiarization with the outside world and drawing for children 6-7 years old

Program content:

Material:

2 glasses of water, spoons, napkins, salt, raw egg, paper with a starfish painted on it.

Preliminary work:

Progress of the lesson:

(Music sounds quietly. Children are sitting at tables. The teacher drips water onto each child’s hands).

Educator: What happened to your palms?

Children:(answers)

Educator: They are wet, why? Today I invite you to talk about water. Tell me what is water needed for?

Children:(answers)

Educator:

You cannot live without water.

Can't wash or drink without water,

A leaf cannot bloom without water

They can't live without water

Bird, beast and man.

And that's why it's always

Everyone needs water everywhere.

Educator: You and I guys know about the properties of water and the signs of water. There are glasses of water on your tables, pay attention. Tell me, what shape did the water take in the glass?

Children: (answers)

Educator: That's right, the water took the shape of a glass. And if we pour water into a cube, what shape will it take? (in a plate, vase). This means that water does not have its own form.

Children:(answers)

Educator: What happens to the water in the river when you open the tap?

Children:(answers)

Educator: Notice what color the water is?

Children:(answers)

Educator: Does water have taste? Try the water. Is it possible to change the taste of water? With using what? (salt, sugar).

Children:(answers)

Educator Does the water have a smell? Try to smell it.

Children:(answers)

Now we'll play.

The game is called: “Once upon a time there was a mother Tuchka.”

Once upon a time there lived a droplet with Tuchka's mother. Mother Cloud sent them to earth to water the forests, fields, birds, and people. The droplets flew to the ground, jumped around, they became bored alone, they united into streams and ran in different directions (running in pairs). One day the streams met and became one big river (they run like a snake). The river flowed and fell into the sea (they make a circle), and the sea connected with the ocean.

Educator: Today I want to tell you about one sea. But first, guess the riddle: “There is water all around, but is there a problem with drinking? " Who knows where this happens? (in the sea).

Show the children salt.

Educator: What color is salt?

Children:(answers)

Educator: What kind of salt is there? What does it consist of?

Children:(answers)

Educator: Why do we need salt? Without what is lunch tasteless?

Children:(answers)

Educator: Guys, remember the experiment we did with salt, water and thread. Who will tell what we did?

Children:(answers)

Experiences:

Educator: There are glasses of water on the tables. We already know the taste of plain water. Let's try placing a raw egg carefully in the water. What happened?

Children:(answers)

Educator: Yes, the egg sank. Now put 4 tablespoons of salt in another glass and stir well until the salt dissolves. Try the water, what is it like? What happened to the salt?

Children:(answers)

Educator: Yes, it is salty, the salt has dissolved. Now take an egg from a glass of fresh water and place it in a glass of salt water. What happened?

Children: (answers)

Educator: Remember who swam in Sol-Iletsk, the water pushed you out. An egg does not sink in salt water, and a person stays afloat in salt water.

You see guys - “Salt will be born in water, but it is afraid of water.” It dissolves in water, and when the water evaporates, the salt crystallizes and shines.

Fizminutka:

We quickly went down to the sea,

They bent down and washed.

That's how nicely refreshed we were.

And now we swam together,

You need to do this manually:

Together once, this is breaststroke,

One, the other is a rabbit.

We went ashore to the steep shore,

All as one we swim like dolphins.

And we went home.

Drawing with salt “Starfish:

(The teacher shows how to sprinkle salt on a painted starfish).

Lesson summary:

Salt is white, dissolves in water, crystallizes, shines, sinks. That’s why they say: “He will be born in water, but he is afraid of water.”

Born in water, but afraid of water.

Proverbs of the Russian people. - M.: Fiction. V. I. Dal. 1989.

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Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary

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