Year in Central Asia. The conquest of Turkestan by the Russian Empire

In 1853, Russian troops under the command of General Perovsky, having traveled 900 miles through waterless terrain, stormed the Kokand fortress Ak-Mechet, which covered all the routes to Central Asia. Three hundred Ural and two hundred Orenburg Cossacks took part in the campaign. The fortress was renamed Fort Perovsky and construction began on the Syr-Darya line, which was supposed to cover the territory from the Aral Sea to the Lower Urals from raids. In 1856, the construction of fortifications began from Fort Perovsky to Fort Verny, in order to cover 900 miles of the steppe and connect the Syr-Darya line and the Siberian line, to establish a connection between the Siberian, Ural and Orenburg troops, who now had to protect the territory of 3,500 miles. In 1860, the Kokand troops tried to capture Verny, but the Siberian and Semirechye Cossacks repulsed this attack. In 1864, Russian troops occupied Chimkent and defeated the Kokand people. The Kokand people gather the rest of their forces and go on a raid on the Russian troops in the fortress of Turkestan, but on the way they stumble upon a hundred Ural Cossacks of Yesaul Serov. In a three-day battle near Ikan, the Cossacks beat off the attack of the entire Kokand army. Of the 110 Cossacks, 11 survived, 47 were wounded, and 52 were killed.

In 1865, Russian troops, together with the Ural Cossacks, occupied Tashkent. The Turkestan region is established. In 1866, hostilities began against the emir of Bukhara, who claimed Tashkent. The raid of the Bukharans was repulsed. In 1868, the Russian troops of General Kaufman, which included the Ural Cossacks, went to Samarkand, and the Emir of Bukhara surrendered, recognized the protectorate of Russia.

Orenburg Cossacks during the conquest of Turkestan

In 1869, Russian troops from Transcaucasia landed on the eastern shore of the Caspian Sea. In 1873, a campaign was organized against Khiva, the largest center of the slave trade in Central Asia. Through the waterless desert, troops approach Khiva from three sides - from Turkestan, from the Orenburg line and from the Caspian coast. Siberian and Semirechensk Cossacks, 5 hundreds of Urals, 12 hundreds of Orenburgers, Kizlyar-Grebensky and Sunzha-Vladikavkaz regiments from the Terek and even part of the Yeysk regiment of the Kuban army take part in the campaign. During the campaign, nature itself was defeated. Then Khiva is taken by a two-day assault on May 28 and 29. In 1875, the Orenburg, Ural, Siberian and Semirechye Cossacks helped the Russian troops to capture Kokand.

Turkestan and the Trans-Caspian region, where Russian power is being strengthened, are separated by the Turkmen steppe, whose nomadic population continues to raid. Before the oasis, where the stronghold of the Turkmens - Geok-Tepe, stood, the desert lay for 500 versts. In 1877 and 1879 Russian troops twice unsuccessfully tried to occupy this fortress. In 1880, General Skobelev began a campaign against Geok-Tepe from the Caspian coast. Along with him are the 1st Labinsky, 1st Poltava and 1st Tamansky regiments of the Kuban Cossack army. A detachment of General Kuropatkin, which includes Orenburg and Ural Cossacks, is moving towards Skobelev from Turkestan. Detachments meet near Geok-Tepe. On December 23, 1880, the siege of the fortress begins; on January 12, 1881, it is taken by storm. For this battle, the 1st Taman Regiment of the Kuban was awarded the St. George banner. Thus, the whole of Central Asia was annexed to Russia.

Reasons for the conquest of Central Asia by Russia

On the eve of the conquest of Central Asia, three feudal states existed in this region: the Emirate of Bukhara, the Kokand and Khiva khanates. At the same time, there were semi-independent possessions, such as Shakhrisabz, Kitob, Falgar, Mastchokh, Kishtut, Mogiyon, Forob, Kulyab, Gissar, Darvaz, Karategin, Darvaz and Pamir possessions. All these khanates and possessions were at a low level of socio-economic development of the feudal system. Internecine wars led to the decline of agriculture, trade and crafts.

Under the conditions of the capitalist expansion of Asia and the development of colonial possession by the major powers, Central Asia attracted the attention of England and Russia as a future source of a market for goods, cheap raw materials and labor. The British East India Company in the middle of the 19th century enslaved Afghanistan and planned to start conquering the Central Asian states. This caused concern in Russia, which intended to subjugate this region in order to strengthen its geopolitical position in Central Asia. In 1847, the tsarist troops reached the banks of the Aral Sea, where they built the Raim fortress. Russia conquered the lands of Semirechye and in 1853 captured the Ak-machit fortress on the Sirdarya. This allowed Russia to open caravan and water trade routes to the states of the region. However, the defeat of Russia in the Crimean War of 1853-1856. stopped the further conquest of the region.

The main reasons for the conquest of Central Asia by Russia:

Russia was defeated in the Crimean War of 1853-1856. from Turkey with the participation of her allies England and France. Russia signed the humiliating peace treaty of Paris. The defeat significantly reduced Russia's international prestige in Europe. Therefore, government and military circles believed that the conquest of new possessions in Central Asia would increase the international prestige of Russia and would not allow England to strengthen its geopolitical influence in the region.

After the abolition of serfdom (1861), capitalist relations began to develop rapidly in Russia. The developing textile industry needed cheap raw materials, which were bought in European markets. In connection with the civil war in the USA (1861-1865), the cost of cotton increased several times. The conquest of Central Asia in order to turn the latter into a source of raw materials - cotton for the textile industry was one of the economic reasons for the conquest of the region.

The Russian industry was in dire need of new markets for its manufactured goods, as it could not compete in the markets of Western Europe. Therefore, the conquest of the countries of Central Asia made it possible for industrialists to open new markets for the sale of Russian manufactured goods.

After the defeat in the Crimean War, the Russian government lost confidence among its citizens. Therefore, in order to restore confidence within the country, a victorious conquest of the countries of Central Asia was necessary.

The beginning of hostilities of the tsarist troops against the Kokand Khanate and the Emirate of Bukhara

Decisive military actions of Russia against the Kokand Khanate began in 1864 from two directions - from Orenburg and Semirechye.

In 1864 the city of Chimkent was taken on May 17, 1865. city ​​of Tashkent. Civil strife in the Kokand Khanate and the Emirate of Bukhara facilitated the rapid advance of the Russian troops. The Emir of Bukhara Muzaffar (1860-1885) at that time undertook an aggressive campaign against the Kokand Khanate and captured the cities of Khojent, Uratyube and others. Inspired by easy victories, he sent his ambassadors to the Russian general with an ultimatum to leave Tashkent. The Russians ignored Muzaffar's demand. On May 8, 1866, the first battle between the Russian troops and the Bukhara army took place near Erjar, where the emir's troops were defeated and fled from the battlefield, leaving 11 cannons to the Russians. In the spring of 1866 Russian troops entered the territory of the Bukhara state and on May 20, 1866. occupied the Nov fortress, on May 24 - the city of Khujand, on October 2 - the city of Ura-Tyube and on October 18 - the city of Jizzakh. In the battles for these cities in Khujand, 2.5 thousand people died, in Uratyube - 2 thousand, in Jizzakh - 2 thousand people, the losses of the Russians during the capture of Uratyube amounted to: 17 people killed, 200 wounded. Unrest in the Kazakh steppes stopped further advances of Russian troops in 1866.

To manage the conquered territories of Central Asia, the Russian government formed in 1867. Turkestan Governor General, which included two regions - Sirdarya and Semirechensk. The first governor-general von Kaufmann was endowed with great powers, along with the creation of a civil administration, he also organized new military expeditions to conquer the region.

At the beginning of 1868 The Kokand Khan Khudoyor made peace with the tsarist government, recognizing himself as a vassal of tsarist Russia. Russian merchants were allowed free trade throughout the territory of the Kokand Khanate, and Kokand merchants - in Russia.

After the subjugation of the Kokand Khanate, Russian troops moved to Samarkand (1868). The Emir of Bukhara Muzaffar was completely unprepared to repel the Russian offensive. In the absence of the emir, the clergy of Samarkand at the tomb of Bahoviddin Naqshband declared a "holy war" against the "infidel" Russians. Emir Muzaffar was forced to enter under their pressure on the path of holy war. However, his outnumbered army was poorly armed against the regular Russian army, armed with modern artillery and firearms. The latter considered the war with the Russians to be another internecine war in the region, and by joining the strong (Russians) they hoped to receive dividends in their favor (military booty).

In the battle near the Chuponata hill on May 1, 1868, under the pressure of artillery salvos, the emir, leaving his troops, fled to his capital. Ahmad Donish in his work "Historical Treatise" describes the defeat of the Bukhara army near Samarkand. He criticizes the emir and mediocre military leaders who rushed to flee at the first volleys of Russian artillery. Residents of Samarkand did not take part in the resistance, indifferently accepting the change of power. On May 2, 1868, Russian troops entered the city of Samarkand without a fight.

In June 1868 Russian troops near the hills of Zirabulak inflicted the last decisive defeat on the Bukhara troops. The demoralized emir even wanted to abdicate and ask the Russian ruler for permission to make a hajj to Mecca.

However, the Russian Empire did not want discord and unrest in its southern possessions. The complete conquest of Central Asia was not included in the strategic plans of the Russian Empire, since it did not want to have direct borders with the Indian possessions of its main competitor, the British Empire.

June 23, 1868 between the emir of Bukhara and the Turkestan governor-general signed an agreement. According to this agreement, part of the territory of the emirate with the cities of Samarkand, Kattakurgan, Khojent, Uratyube, Jizzakh went to Russia. Russia received the right to navigate along the Amu Darya. The subjects of both states received the right to free trade, Russian merchants were allowed to pay duties on goods no more than 2.5%. Russia received the right to conduct a telegraph and mail service on the territory of the emirate. The emir had to pay 500 thousand rubles indemnity. Bukhara was deprived of the right to conduct an independent foreign policy.

The aggressive actions of the tsarist troops after the Treaty of 1868

The conquest continued in subsequent years. In August 1868, the Russians captured the city of Penjikent. In 1870, the "Iskandarkul expedition" was organized to conquer and explore the natural resources of independent possessions located in the upper reaches of the Zarafshan. In addition to the military, scientists were involved in the expedition: geographer A. Fedchenko, geologist D. Myshenkov, topographer L. Sobolev and others. The expedition annexed such possessions as Mogiyon, Kshtut, Falgar, Mastchokh, Fan, Yagnob to the Samarkand region of the Turkestan Governor-General.

In 1873, Russian troops launched an offensive against the Khiva Khanate. On May 29, 1873, Khiva was occupied by Russian troops. August 12, 1873 an agreement was concluded between Khiva and Russia, similar to the Bukhara one. Khiva became a vassal of Russia. In 1874-1875. anti-Russian unrest took place in the Kokand Khanate. General Kaufman demanded that the khan fulfill the requirements of the agreement, which caused discontent of the local feudal lords, headed by Khudoyorkhan's son Nasreddin. In 1875, the rebels overthrew the khan and elevated Nasreddin to the throne. Kaufman barely managed to defeat the rebels. On February 19, 1876, by the decree of the king, the Kokand Khanate was liquidated, and the Fergana region was formed on its territory, which became part of the Turkestan region. In 1884 By taking the cities of Merv and Kushka, Russia stopped hostilities in Central Asia.

Accession of Eastern Bukhara to the emirate

Emir Muzaffar, after being defeated by Russia, lost many territories and wanted to make up for these losses by subjugating the recalcitrant possessions of Eastern Bukhara. In this intention, Russia provided military assistance to the emir. In 1866-1867. the emir launched a military campaign against the Gissar bekstvo and captured the fortresses of Dehnav, Regar, Gissar and Fayzabad. Hissar bek Abdukarim dodkho fled to his ally Bek Baldzhuan and Kulyab Sarakhan. However, Sarahan, frightened by the emir's wrath, arrested and handed over the Gissar Bek to Muzaffar. After the execution of Abdukarim dodkho, the emir appointed his rulers in the Gissar bey and returned to Bukhara.

After the defeat of the emirate from Russia and the signing of a treaty against Emir Muzaffar, his son Abdumaliktur revolted, joined by the beks of Shakhrisabz and Kitab. Muzaffar asked for help in suppressing the uprising from the Governor-General of Turkestan Kaufman. In 1870, the main forces of the rebels were defeated by the joint actions of the Bukhara and Russian troops near the city of Karshi. Having subjugated Shakhrisabz and Kitab, the Bukhara troops headed by Yakubbek kushbegi went to Gissar and Kulyab, where Sarakhan again raised an uprising against the emir together with the leaders of the Uzbek tribes and feudal lords. Yakubbek kushbegi in Gissar, having defeated the rebel detachments, committed a brutal massacre, during which 5 thousand Hissars were executed. Sarahan, frightened, fled to Afghanistan. Yakubbek, having captured Gissar and Kulyab, replaced all the recalcitrant leaders and the feudal nobility with people loyal to the emir and himself became the ruler of these regions. Central Asian conquest royal army

In 1876, Bukhara and Russian troops took part in the capture of the Karategin bey. In 1877, the Bukhara commander Khudoynazar dodkho made an attempt to conquer the Darvaz bey, but was defeated. In 1878, after a long siege, Bukhara troops captured the fortress of Kaftarkhona, and then captured Kalai Khumb. Thus, all the beks of Eastern Bukhara came under the authority of the Emir of Bukhara.

"Pamir issue" and its solution between Russia and England

The last unresolved problem between England and Russia in this region was the Pamir issue. Russia, busy with the problem of strengthening its power in Turkmenistan, left the Pamirs unattended for some time. The emir of Afghanistan, Abdurakhmankhan, took advantage of this and in 1883 captured the possessions of the Western Pamirs Rushan, Shugnan and Wakhan. The inhabitants of the Pamirs several times turned to the Russian government with a request to take them into their citizenship. However, Russia did not want to aggravate relations with England. Only in 1891 did Russia take decisive action to liberate the Pamirs. In 1891-1892, a reconnaissance expedition of Colonel M. Ionov was sent to the Pamirs, which reached Murgab and organized a Russian post. Russian diplomats demanded that England withdraw Afghan troops from the Western Pamirs. Since, according to the Russian-English agreements of 1869-1873, the territories of influence of the powers were determined along the course of the Amu Darya, England was forced to force the Amir of Afghanistan to withdraw his troops from the Pamirs. In 1895, a joint Russian-English commission finally determined the boundaries. Thus, the annexation of the Pamirs in 1895 ended the conquest of Central Asia by the Russian Empire.

The conquest of Central Asia by Russia had a rather contradictory character. It finally divided the Tajik people into several parts: the northern part was included in the Turkestan Governor General, the right bank of the Amu Darya remained part of the Bukhara Emirate, and the left bank became part of Afghanistan. At the same time, it contributed to the emergence of new production relations, the emergence of a processing industry and progressive administrative and legal structures. Acquaintance with a new civilization and a more progressive society served as an impetus for a revision of the traditional foundations of society and a critical attitude towards it. The ultimate goal of Russian policy remained the assimilation of the local population, by imposing on them an alien worldview and values. A certain layer of people "thinking in Russian" was created to ensure the functioning of the local population and its acquaintance with Russia. As a result of these changes, a group of reformers formed in Central Asia, who sought to eliminate the region's lagging behind world progress. The new reformers (Jadids - “advocating innovations”) paid their main attention to the creation of new method schools, where, along with theological, secular sciences were also taught.



In 1924-1925, a process called the national-territorial delimitation took place in Central Asia. Its essence was that within the USSR, national administrative-territorial units were singled out, which received the status of autonomous SSRs, regions and districts.

So the Kirghiz, Uzbek, Turkmen, Tajik and other Soviet Socialist Republics were born. The separation of these formations within the Soviet Union played an important role in their future fate and, among other things, was reflected in subsequent relations with Russia.

As a result of the demarcation, not only the names have changed, but also the boundaries of many administrative-territorial units. As a result, it turned out that the indigenous peoples of many republics found themselves outside their homeland. During the era of perestroika, this gave rise to a number of territorial conflicts, many of which have not been resolved to this day.

However, the disengagement and the accompanying indigenization of the population also had positive aspects. Thus, residents of the Central Asian republics got the opportunity to advance to leadership positions, their national languages ​​were actively introduced into education and office work, and media publications in local languages ​​were encouraged.

At the end of the 1930s, these processes were curtailed, and the central authorities began to introduce the Russian language everywhere. Nevertheless, a large number of educated personnel were created from representatives of the national minorities of the USSR, as well as a number of educational institutions with non-Russian languages ​​of instruction.

History.RF talked about the pros, cons and consequences of the national demarcation with Tatyana Kotyukova, senior researcher at the Center for Comparative Historical Studies of the Post-Soviet Countries of the Institute of World History of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Candidate of Historical Sciences.

“They demarcated what they had without looking at ethnic groups”

- Tatyana Viktorovna, what role do you thinknational-territorial division played in the fate of the Asian republics? Today they are reaping rather positive or negative fruits of this process?

At the moment, we are all ready to perceive the countries of Central Asia, which used to be union republics, in the form in which they exist. But in this form, they historically never existed until the early 1920s. This structuring took place within the framework of the formation of the USSR: then these nation-states appeared within the boundaries in which they existed after 1991 until today. Therefore, this issue is really complex, and the topic is very large and has not yet been seriously studied. On this occasion, there were and still are two main positions. One of them boils down to the fact that the division of the peoples of the region into such “national apartments” is a moment leading to the destruction of a certain unity of the peoples of Central Asia. Such a term is still more correct, because, for example, the formation of the Kazakh SSR within the Soviet Union is a completely different process.

What does the disengagement of the USSR imply? What areas are we talking about here?

When we talk about national-territorial demarcation, we are talking about only four states of Central Asia. In Soviet times, the term “Central Asia and Kazakhstan” existed, and it was absolutely correct, because these are two completely different regions, which, in my opinion, are now not very reasonably united into one region of Central Asia, which is actually wider than post-Soviet states. It also covers Afghanistan, part of the territory of China (the so-called Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region), Mongolia, the south of Russian Siberia, which includes Altai, Buryatia, Tuva. You understand: where is Turkmenistan, and where is Tuva? These are completely different regions in terms of historical processes. Of course, they are somehow united by the fact that the Turkic-speaking population lives there, but still they are very different peoples. Therefore, it was believed that the national-territorial delimitation violates a certain unity of the peoples of the so-called Turkestan, which was part of the Russian Empire.

- Do you yourself adhere to this point of view?

No, I believe that this division was necessary, because the peoples that were part of pre-revolutionary Turkestan are very different peoples in their culture. This combination of sedentary agricultural peoples - Tajiks, Uzbeks - and peoples traditionally leading a nomadic lifestyle - these are Turkmens, Kazakhs, Kirghiz. And all these three peoples also differ from each other: the Kazakhs are the nomads of the steppes and plains, the Kyrgyz are the nomads of the mountains, and the Turkmens are the nomads of the deserts. That is, they have completely different specifics of farming. Therefore, in my opinion, this division was justified, and it justified itself very much already in the 1990s, when the Soviet Union collapsed and everyone received a certain “national apartment”, where, in general, without particularly violent interethnic conflicts, these The republics existed within the boundaries that they had defined in the 1920s.

Celebration of the proclamation of the Uzbek SSR. Photo. 1924

But you yourself said that as a result there was a separation of close ethnic groups and, on the contrary, a mixture of completely different peoples. Does this not mean that the disengagement was carried out illiterately?

The borders of these states, of course, do not correspond to the ethnic map of the region. But not even because the national-territorial delimitation was carried out so badly, but because the division took place only in those territories that the Russian Empire was able to annex to itself in the second half of the 19th century. If we talk about the formation of the state according to the ethnic principle of the titular nation, as it happens in Europe, then, for example, most of the ethnic Tajiks generally live outside of modern Tajikistan! More Tajiks live in Afghanistan than in Tajikistan. The situation is the same with the Turkmens who live on the territory of Turkmenistan, and in Afghanistan, and in Iran. The same is happening with the Uzbeks - they also inhabit the territory of northern Afghanistan. A large number of Kazakhs live in the territory of modern China and Mongolia. The situation with the Kyrgyz is also difficult - some of them live on the other side of the Chinese border, in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. The thing is that these formations were formed only on the part that went to the Russian Empire under various agreements, including with the British Empire at the end of the 19th century. Therefore, they demarcated what they had, and not on the principle that the state should unite all indigenous peoples. In this sense, of course, the ethnic map is very conditional and approximate. So there are a lot of arguments against this process here.

- How quickly did the union republics adapt to the changes? How did it technically happen?

Our political administrative map did not immediately begin to look like it does now. Until 1929, Tajikistan was an autonomous part of the Uzbek SSR, Kyrgyzstan was also an autonomous part of the Kazakh SSR. In general, only Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan initially received the status of independent union republics. But until the 1930s, this map continued to take shape, and in the end we got what we got: the four republics of Central Asia and Kazakhstan in their modern borders.

"Politics, resources and subtle blackmail"

- What benefits did the creation of these autonomous republics bring to the Soviet Union?

Take, for example, Karakalpakstan. Karakalpakstan is today already an autonomous entity within Uzbekistan. At first, it became part of the RSFSR and only after a while and after certain political decisions did it become part of the Uzbek SSR, thereby providing Uzbekistan with access to the Aral Sea. Today, only two states have access to it - Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. Apparently, this was done for political reasons, because from the point of view of their culture, economy and history of the formation of ethnogenesis, the Karakalpaks, of course, are closer to the Kazakhs than to the Uzbeks. But on the other hand, this provided the republic with certain economic resources and opportunities, and the Soviet authorities, as well as the local authorities, were obviously guided by this. Thus, the political map of the USSR was basically cut out according to the principle not so much of ethnic construction as of economic expediency. In a certain sense, it justified itself before the collapse of the USSR.

And then, after 1991? After all, when the Central Asian republics gained independence, conflicts were inevitable?

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, everyone was involved in the construction of independence in individual national state republics. Of course, issues related to some kind of territorial claims to each other began to be raised. But today it is possible to resolve even such complex, outdated issues as demarcation and recognition of mutual borders between Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan. This, among other things, contributed to the interethnic conflict within the Ferghana Valley. Its first outbreak occurred during the existence of the USSR in 1990. For Central Asia, in general, the economic issue is very important, because it is, after all, primarily an agrarian region, and it continues to be so, despite the industrialization of the times of the USSR. The use of water distribution plays an important role here. For example, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan are countries that lie at the source of the great Central Asian rivers, and already Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan use their water resources, since they are located downstream of these rivers. Within the framework of the unified economic economy of the era of the USSR, these issues simply did not arise, and after the collapse of the Union, of course, these problems exist. There is a certain subtle political blackmail on the part of, say, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan (these are mountainous states) regarding Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan, which are located in the flat part of Central Asia.

- In which regions are interethnic conflicts especially acute today?

- Of course, there is the problem of the Tajik-speaking population in Uzbekistan - this primarily concerns Samarkand and Bukhara. There is a problem of Kyrgyz-Uzbek interethnic relations on the territory of Osh, because Osh is part of the geographical Ferghana Valley, which is divided today between three states - Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. From the point of view of regional diplomacy, very subtle mechanisms should operate here.

What if the disengagement had not happened? How would this affect the current state of the Central Asian republics?

- As an expert, I am inclined to think that if the national-territorial delimitation had not been carried out in 1924, then in 1991 we would have received a “divorce” worse than the division of Yugoslavia. In my opinion, it would be a very terrible and bloody event. The variant of Czechoslovakia, when everyone gathered and peacefully dispersed, would not work here. I assure you that the historical contact zone of the peoples of the settled agricultural culture and the nomadic nomadic economy would have made itself felt in very unpleasant excesses.

Territorial delimitation was often accompanied by a process of indigenization, when representatives of national minorities were nominated for leadership positions, their national languages ​​were introduced into education and office work. What role did it play?

In this case, these were no longer national minorities, but representatives of the titular nations that formed these republics. According to official statistics, these titular peoples in the republics were (at least should have been) at least 75%. Indigenization, of course, was carried out, because it was necessary to create a national Soviet party elite. Within the framework of the RSFSR and, in particular, Central Russia, we can see a change of elites. The tsarist pre-revolutionary elite, by virtue of their noble origin, of course, had to give way to the proletariat. In Central Asia the situation was different. The Central Asian proletariat was absent in principle. Here was, rather, the working peasantry. In addition, there was a big problem with the knowledge of the Russian language. Some degree of Russification, knowledge of the Russian language and familiarity with European culture, with advanced revolutionary ideas and concepts, were, of course, only among the local elite. Actually, this is why this elite formed the basis of the new Soviet party and managerial class, which was actively brought up and created here. If we take the origin of all the first leaders, we will see that they all came from noble families. The same Faizulla Khodjaev (Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Uzbek SSR. - Approx. ed.) was the son of one of the richest merchants of Bukhara and put his father's fortune on the cause of the revolution.

“The Latin alphabet will alienate Asia from Russia in 15-20 years”

One of the main transformations in this sense was the change of writing and the transition to the Cyrillic alphabet. How did this affect the culture and consciousness of Soviet Asians? Was it convenient in comparison with the Latin alphabet?

- Tasks for the development of national languages ​​and the transition to the Cyrillic alphabet, which took place in 1929, - all this testified to the fact that the central government was seriously involved in the problems of this region, but at the same time wanted it to develop independently. The transition to the Latin alphabet, which was initially approved, of course, gave some grounds for rapprochement with the Republic of Turkey. However, according to the Soviet leadership, the same alphabet as in Turkey could, among other things, lead to a certain separatism. And then, as philologists say, the Latin alphabet in no way contributes to a better transfer of the phonetics of the Central Asian languages. In this sense, it is no better than the Cyrillic alphabet.

- Despite this, many countries are now returning to the Latin alphabet - for example, Kazakhstan.

- Yes, now in many republics there has been a reverse transition, but philologists say that this does not solve the problem. The same sound in Cyrillic is easily transmitted by one letter, and in the Latin alphabet by two letters - what's the difference? Not with anything. But now this is also a political trend aimed at de-Sovietization.

- What benefit did the Cyrillic alphabet bring to the Soviet republics?

- This contributed to the faster learning of the Russian language by the younger generation of the republics of Central Asia. I myself, as a teacher of history, taught students from Mongolia in one of the Moscow universities. And thanks to the fact that Mongolia has been using the Cyrillic alphabet since the 1920s, they very quickly learned the Russian language and began to speak and write it perfectly. I certainly cannot compare them with students from China and Vietnam. And now there is a certain mythical idea that since everyone speaks English, then in order to learn it more easily, you need to translate your own alphabet into Latin rails. Now Russia is not a kind of reference point for the Central Asian republics and an outlet to the world arena. These are, of course, very sad calls in every sense, but this process is underway, and it will be very difficult to oppose it. So far, only Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan are holding out. But this is due to the extreme weakness of the economies and the fact that they constitute the most dangerous frontier for an outside attack by Islamist terrorist forces. There were attempts to break through the gangs through the Afghan-Tajik border, through the Kyrgyz border. And, of course, the weakness of the economies of these states still retains a certain degree of focus on Russia - apparently, in anticipation of some kind of help at a critical moment. And Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan are independent states, they historically pursue a very independent line. Therefore, they can afford their own independent policy, even entering the single economic space with the Russian Federation. The process of romanization after some time will inevitably lead to the removal of these states from Russia; maybe, of course, not right away, but within the foreseeable 15-20 years, when a generation grows up that will already be studying the Latin alphabet, and not the Cyrillic alphabet, this will have a very strong effect, in my opinion.

The conquest of Central Asia differs sharply in its character from the conquest of Siberia. Seven thousand miles from the "Stone" to the Pacific Ocean were covered with a little over a hundred years. The grandchildren of the Cossacks Ermak Timofeevich became the first Russian Pacific navigators, sailing on boats with Semyon Dezhnev to the Chukchi land and even to America. Their sons, with Khabarov and Poyarkov, have already begun to cut down towns along the Amur River, having come to the very border of the Chinese state. Remote gangs, often only a few dozen brave fellows, without maps, without a compass, without funds, with one cross around their neck and a squeaker in their hand, conquered vast expanses with a rare wild population, crossing mountains that had never been heard of before, cutting through through dense forests, keeping the path all the way to sunrise, frightening and subduing the savages with a fiery battle. Reaching the bank of a large river, they stopped, cut down the town and sent walkers to Moscow to the Tsar, and more often to Tobolsk to the governor - to beat with their foreheads with new land.
Circumstances on the southern path of the Russian hero developed quite differently. Nature itself was against the Russians here. Siberia was, as it were, a natural continuation of northeastern Russia, and Russian pioneers worked there in climatic conditions, of course, though more severe, but generally familiar. Here - up the Irtysh and to the south and southeast of Yaik - stretched boundless sultry steppes, which then turned into salt marshes and deserts. These steppes were inhabited not by scattered Tungus tribes, but by numerous hordes of Kirghiz, who, on occasion, knew how to stand up for themselves and for whom a fire projectile was not a wonder. These hordes were dependent, partly nominal, on the three Central Asian khanates - Khiva in the west, Bukhara in the middle part and Kokand in the north and east.
When advancing from the Yaik, the Russians had to sooner or later collide with the Khivans, and when moving from the Irtysh, with the Kokandians. These warlike peoples and the Kirghiz hordes subject to them, together with nature, erected barriers to Russian advance here, which turned out to be insurmountable for private initiative. Throughout the 17th and 18th centuries, our mode of action on this outskirts was therefore not violently offensive, as in Siberia, but strictly defensive.
The nest of ferocious predators - Khiva - was, as it were, in an oasis, fenced on all sides for many hundreds of miles, like an impregnable glacis, by hot deserts. Khivans and Kirghiz organized constant raids on Russian settlements along the Yaik, ruining them, robbing merchant caravans and driving Russian people into captivity. The attempts of the Yaik Cossacks, people as brave and enterprising as their Siberian counterparts, to curb predators, were not crowned with success. The task greatly exceeded their strength. Of the brave men who went to Khiva, not one was able to return to their homeland - their bones in the desert were covered with sand, the survivors languished until the end of their days in Asian "bugs". In 1600, Ataman Nechay went to Khiva with 1000 Cossacks, and in 1605 Ataman Shamai - with 500 Cossacks. Both of them managed to take and destroy the city, but both of these detachments died on the way back. By constructing dams on the Amu Darya, the Khivans diverted this river from the Caspian Sea to the Aral Sea and turned the entire Trans-Caspian Territory into a desert, thinking of securing themselves from the West in this way. The conquest of Siberia was a private initiative of the brave and enterprising Russian people. The conquest of Central Asia became the business of the Russian state - the business of the Russian Empire.

fHTLEUFBOULYE RPIPDSCH

BCHPECHBOYE UTEDOEK BYY TELP PFMYUBEFUS RP UCHPENKH ENH IBTBLFETH PF RPLPTEOYS UYVYTY. UENSH FSHCHUSYU - CHETUF PF "LBNOS" DP FYIPZP PLEBOB VSCHMY RTPKDEOSCH U OEPPMSHYN CH UFP MEF. CHOHLY LBBLPC ETNBLB FYNPZHEECHYUB UFBMY RETCHSHCHNY THUULYNY FYIPLEBOULYNY NPTERMBCHBFEMSNY, BRMSCHCH ABOUT Yuemobi U UENEOPN DETSOECHSHCHN CH YUHLPFULHA ENMA Y DBCE H bNETYLH. yI USHCHOPCHSHS U iBVBTPCHSHCHN Y rPSTLPCCHN UFBMY HCE THVYFSH ZPTPDLY RP bNKhT-TELE, RTYDS L UBNPK ZTBOYGE LIFBKULPZP ZPUHDBTUFCHB. хДБМЩЕ ЧБФБЗЙ, ЪБЮБУФХА МЙЫШ Ч ОЕУЛПМШЛП ДЕУСФЛПЧ ПФЧБЦОЩИ НПМПДГПЧ, ВЕЪ ЛБТФ, ВЕЪ ЛПНРБУБ, ВЕЪ УТЕДУФЧ, У ПДОЙН ЛТЕУФПН ОБ ЫЕЕ Й РЙЭБМША Ч ТХЛЕ, РПЛПТСМЙ ПЗТПНОЩЕ РТПУФТБОУФЧБ У ТЕДЛЙН ДЙЛЙН ОБУЕМЕОЙЕН, РЕТЕЧБМЙЧБС ЮЕТЕЪ ЗПТЩ, П ЛПФПТЩИ ТБОШЫЕ ОЙЛПЗДБ ОЕ УМЩИБМЙ, РТПТХВБСУШ YUETE DTENKHYUE MEUB, DETTSB RHFSH CHUE ABOUT CHPUIPD, HUFTBYBS Y RPDYYOSS DYLBTEK PZOEOOOSCHN VPEN. dPIPDS DP VETEZB VPMSHYPK TEL, POY PUFBOBCHMYCHBMYUSH, THVYMY ZPTPDPL Y RPUSCHMBMY IPDPLCH H nPULCHH L gBTA, B Yubee Ch fPVPMSHUL L CHPECHPDE - VYFSH YuEMPN OPCHPK YENMYGEK.

UPCHUEN YOBYUE UMPTSYMYUSH PVUFPFSFEMSHUFCHB ABOUT ACOPN RHFY THUULPZP VPZBFShCHTS. rTPFICH THUULYI ЪDEUSH VSCHMB UBNB RTYTPDB. UYVYTSH SCHMSMBUSH LBL VSC EUFEUFCHEOOOSCHN RTPDPMTSEOOYEN UECHETP-CHPUFPYUOPK tPUUYY, Y THUULIE RYPOETSC TBVPFBMY FBN CH LMYNBFYUEULYI HUMPCHYSI, LPOEYUOP, IPFSH Y VPMEE UHTTPCHSHCHHI, OPY CH PCHOSCHCHHI. 'DEUSH TSE - CHCHETI RP yTFSHCHYH Y OB AZ Y AZP-ChPUFPL PF SYLB - RTPUFYTBMYUSH VEEVTETSOSCHE UFERY, RETEIPDYCHYE OBFEN CH UPMPOYUBLY Y RHUFSHCHOY. UFERY LFY OBUEMSMMY OE TBBTP'OEOOOSCHE FHOZKHUULIE RMNEOB, B NOPZPYUYUMEOOOSCHE PTDSH LYTZYHCH (225), RTY UMHYUBE HNECHYI RPUFPSFSH ЪB UEVS Y LPFPTSCHN PZOECHPK UOBTSD VSHCHM OEH DYLCH. yFY PTDSCH OBIPDYMYUSH CH ЪBCHYUYNPUFY, YUBUFSHHA OPNYOBMSHOPK, PF FTEI UTEDOEBBYBFULYI IBOUFCH - YCHSCH ABOUT ЪBRBDE, VHIBTSHCH CH UTEDOEK YUBUFY Y LPLBODB ABOUT UCHETE Y CHPUFPL.

RTY RTPDCHYTSEOYY PF SYLB THUULYE DPMTSOSCH VSHMY TBOP YMY RPDOP UFPMLOHFSHUS U YICHYOGBNY, B RTY DCHYTSEOYY PF yTFSHCHYB - U LPLBODGBNY. yFY CHPYOUFCHEOOOSCHE OBTPDSCH Y RPDCHMBUFOSHCHE YN LYTZYULYE PTDSC CHNEUFE U RTYTPDPK UFBCHYMY ЪDEUSH THUULPNKh RTPDCHYTSEOOYA RTEZTBDSCH, DMS YUBUFOPZP RPYYOB PLBBCHYYEUS OERTEPDPMINSCHNY. CHEUSH XVII AND XVIII PEOPLE PVTB DEKUFCHYK OB LFPK PLTBOE VSCHM RPFPNKH OE VKhTOP OBUFHRBFEMSHOSHCHN, LBL CH uYVYTY, B UFTPZP PVPTPOYFEMSHOSCHN.

ZOEDP UCHYTERSHI IIEOYLPCH - IYCHB - OBIPDYMPUSH LBL VSC H PBYUE, PZTBTSDEOOOPN UP CHUEI UFPTPO ABOUT NOPZYE UPFOY CHETUF, LBL OERTYUFHROSCHN ZMBUYUPN, TBULBMEOOSHNY RHUFSHCHOSNY. IYCHYOGSC Y LYTZYЪSHCH HUFTBYCHBMY RPUFPSOOSCHE BRING ABOUT THUULYE RPUEMEOIS RP SYLH, TBBPTSS YI, ZTBVYMY LHREYUEULIE LBTBCCHBOSCH Y HZPOSMY THUULYI MADEC CH OECHPMA. rPRSHCHFLY SIGLYYI LBBLPCH, MADEK, UFPMSh CE PFCHBTSOSCHI Y RTEDRTYYNYUYCHSHI, LBL YI UYVYTULYE UPVTTBFShS, PVCDBFSH IIEOYLPCH, KHUREIPN OE HCHEOYUBMYUSH. BDBYUB OBYUYFEMSHOP RTECHSHUYMB YI UYMSCH. yЪ IPDYCHYI ABOUT IYCHKh HDBMShGPCH OY PDOPNKh OE RTYCHEMPUSH CHETOKHFSHUS ABOUT TPDYOKH - YI LPUFY CH RHUFSHCHOE BUSHCHRBM REUPL, HGEMECHYE DP LPOGB DOK UCHPYI FPNYMYUSH CH BYBFULYYI "LMPR". h 1600 ZPDH ABOUT iYCHH IPDM BFBNBO oEYUBK U 1000 LBBLPC, B CH 1605 ZPDH BFBNBO yBNBK - U 500 LBBLPC. yN PVPYN HDBMPUSH CHSKFSh Y TBIPTYFSH ZPTPD, OP PVB LFY PFTSDB RPZYVMY ABOUT PVTBFOPN RHFY. KHUFTPKUFCHPN RMPFYO ABOUT bNH-dBTSHE YCHYOGSC PFCHEMY FFH TELH PF lBURYKULPZP NPTS CH bTBMSHULPE(226) Y RTECHTTBFYMY CHEUSH BLBURYKULYK LTBC CH RHUFSHHOA, DKHNBS PVEUREYUYNEVSH. rPLPTEOYE UYVYTY VSHMP DEMPN YUBUFOPZP RPYYOB PFCHBTSOSCHI Y RTEDRTYYNYUYCHSHI THUULYI MADEK. bchpechboye utedoek bjy UFBMP DEMPN tPUUYKULPZP ZPUHDBTUFCHB - DEMPN tPUUYKULPK yNRETYY.

OBYUBMP THUULPZP RTPOILOPCHEOYS CH UTEDOAA BYA. pF VELPCHYUB DP RETPCHULPZP

rPRSCHFLB RETCHPZP YЪ THUULYI YNRETBFPTPCH RTPOILOHFSH CH UTEDOAA byYA BLPOYUYMBUSH FTBZYYUEULY. pFTSD VELPCHYUB(228), PFRTBCHMEOOSHK DMS PFSCHULBOYS UHIPZP RHFY CH YODYA, CHEUSH UFBM CETFCHPK IYCHYOULPZP CHETPMPNUFCHB. PDOPK Y BDBYU REFT RPUFBCHYM ENH: "rMPFYOSCH TBBPVTBFSH Y CHPDSH BNKh-dBTSHY TELY RBLY CH lBURYKULPE NPTE PVTBFYFSH, RPOECE EMMP OHTSOP". dPKDS DP iYCHSCH, VELPCHYU RBM CETFCHPK CHETPMPNUFCHB IYCHYOULPZP IBOB Y UPVUFCHEOOPZP MEZLPNSHUMYS. iBO YYASCHYM ABOUT UMPCHBI RPLPTOPUFSH, RTEMPTSYM ENH TBDEMYFSH UCHPK PFTSD ABOUT OEULPMSHLP NEMLYI RBTFYK DMS HDPVUFCHB TBNEEEOYS H UFTBOE. rPUME EFPZP IYCHYOGSHCH CHOEBROSCHN OBRBDEOYEN CHSCHTEEBMY YI RPTPOSH. «рТПРБМ, ЛБЛ вЕЛПЧЙЮ РПД иЙЧПК», - УФБМЙ ЗПЧПТЙФШ У ФЕИ РПТ, Й ОБ ГЕМЩИ РПМФПТБУФБ МЕФ НЕЮФБ РТПОЙЛОХФШ Ч уТЕДОАА бЪЙА УП УФПТПОЩ лБУРЙС ВЩМБ ПУФБЧМЕОБ, Б ТБУРТПУФТБОЕОЙЕ ТХУУЛПК ЗПУХДБТУФЧЕООПУФЙ ОБ АЗП-ЧПУФПЛ ЧППВЭЕ РТЙПУФБОПЧЙМПУШ ОБ ЧЕУШ XVIII ЧЕЛ(229) .

pDOPCTENEOOP U VELPCHYUEN, LBL NSC HCE OBEN, VSCM DCHYOHF YUYVYTY CHCHETI RP yTFSHCHYH PFTSD VKHIZPMSHGB(230) . Gluudigys bfb yemb techmshfbfpn UPDBOIE UIVITULPK MYOOI - lptdpob rpufpch Рppch ytfyschy ytfyschy ptlb about Unerbmbfyul Yufsh -Lbneoptul Vkhulei vkhuli otzheli puphdei puphdei otzembdeoma puphdei otzembdeom h RPUMEDHAEYE DEUSFIMEFIYS uyvytulbs MYOYS VSHMB RTPDMEOB DP LYFBKULPK ZTBOYGSCH Y OB OEK CHSHUFTPEOP H PVEEK UMPTSOPUFY 141 HLTERMEOYE - LPTDPO ABOUT TBUUFPSOYY PDOPZP RETEIPDB DTHZ PF DTHZB.

rTYLTSCHCH, FBLYN PVTBYPN, UYVYTSH, THUULPE RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHP UFBMP IOETZYUOP HLTERMSFSH UCHPA CHMBUFSH CH rTYHTBMSHE. bCHPMTSULYE UFERY BUEMEOSHCH, ZTBOYGSCCH U CHPMZY Y lBNSCH RTPPDCHYOKHMYUSH ABOUT SYL, Y ENMY SIGLLYI LBBLPC VSCHMY CHLMAYUEOSCH CH ZPUHDBTUFCHEOOHA UYUFENKH. ч 1735 ЗПДХ ПУОПЧБО БДНЙОЙУФТБФЙЧОЩК ГЕОФТ УФЕРОЩИ ЧМБДЕОЙК - пТЕОВХТЗ, Б Ч 1758 ЗПДХ ХУФТПКУФЧПН пТЕОВХТЗУЛПЗП ЛБЪБЮШЕЗП ЧПКУЛБ РПМПЦЕОП ОБЮБМП пТЕОВХТЗУЛПК МЙОЙЙ, УРЕТЧБ ХЮТЕЦДЕООПК ЧДПМШ РП сЙЛХ, ОП ХЦЕ Ч 1754 ЗПДХ ЧЩОЕУЕООПК ЧРЕТЕД - ОБ йМЕГЛ.

fBL OBNEFIMPUSH DCHB OBUFHRBFEMSHOSHCHI RMBGDBTNB tPUUYY - UYVYTULYK Y PTEOVKhTZULYK.

чФПТБС РПМПЧЙОБ XVIII ЧЕЛБ Й ОБЮБМП XIX РТПФЕЛМЙ Ч ХУФТПКУФЧЕ ЛТБС, ЧУЛПМЩИОХЧЫЕЗПУС МЙЫШ ТБЪ, РП РПМХЮЕОЙЙ МБЛПОЙЮЕУЛПЗП ХЛБЪБ йНРЕТБФПТБ рБЧМБ: «дПОУЛПНХ Й хТБМШУЛПНХ ЛБЪБЮШЙН ЧПКУЛБН УПВЙТБФШУС Ч РПМЛЙ, ЙДФЙ Ч йОДЙА Й ЪБЧПЕЧБФШ ПОХА!» ьЛУРЕДЙГЙС ЬФБ, УПЧЕТЫЕООП ОЕРТПДХНБООБС Й ЮТЕЧБФБС ЗЙВЕМШОЩНЙ РПУМЕДУФЧЙСНЙ, ВЩМБ ПФНЕОЕОБ бМЕЛУБОДТПН I. у ОБЪОБЮЕОЙЕН УЙВЙТУЛЙН ЗЕОЕТБМ-ЗХВЕТОБФПТПН уРЕТБОУЛПЗП(231) РТПВХДЙМБУШ Ч ЬФЙИ ЛТБСИ ТПУУЙКУЛБС ЧЕМЙЛПДЕТЦБЧОПУФШ. h 20th 30th ZPBI THUULIE RPUFSH RPUFEREOOP RTPDCHYOKHMYUSH ABOUT 600 - 700 CHETUF PF uYVYTULPK MYOYY Y UFBMY DPUFYZBFSH zPMPDOPK UFERY. LYTZYULYE PTDSCH UFBMY RETEIPDYFSH CH THUULPE RPDDBOUFCHP. about UYVYTULPK MYOYY FFPF RTPGEUU RTPIPDYM ZMBDLP, OP ABOUT PTEOVKhTZULPK CH "nBMPK PTDE" CHURSHCHIOKHMY CHPMOEOYS, RPDDETSBOOSCHE iYCHPK. l LPOGH 30-I ZPDCH RPMPTSEOIE ЪDEUSH UDEMBMPUSH UCHETIEOOOP OEUOPOUOSCHN.

uFPV PVC-DBFSH IIEOILPC. yNRETBFPT OYLPMBK rBCHMPCHYU RPCHEMEM PTEOVKhTZULPNKh ZEOETBM-ZKhVETOBFPTH ZEOETBFPTKh ZTBZhKh rEPCHULPNKh (232) RTEDRTYOSFSH RPIPD ABOUT iYChKh. h DERBVTE 1839 ZPDB retpchulyk U PFTSDPN CH 3000 Yuempchel RTY 16 PTHDYSI CHSHCHUFKHRIM CH RPIPD FKhTZBKULYNY UFERSNY. MAFSHCHE NPTPJSCH, VKhTBOSCH, GYOZB Y FYZH PUFBOCHYMY PFTSD, DPIYEDYK VSCHMP DP bTBMShULPZP NPTS. ёETZYEK RETPCHULPZP HDBMPUSH URBUFY PUFBFLY PFTSB, MYYYCHYEZPUS RPYUFY RPMPCHYOSCH UCHPEZP UPUFBCHB. rPUME RETCHPZP RPIPDB VELPCHYUB CHFPTPK THUULYK RPIPD CH UTEDOAA BYA LPOYUYMUS OEHDBYUK, YUFP CHUEMIMMP CH IYCHYOGECH HCHETEOOPUFSH CH UCHPEK OEHSCHYNPUFY Y OERPVEDYNPUFY.

CHUE GENERAL CHOYNBOYE PVTBFIMPUSH ABOUT BYNITEOYE LITZYHCHCH. h 1845 ZPDH pTEOVKhTZULBS MYOYS VSCHMB CHCHOEUEOB CHRETED, OB TEL YTZY Y FKhTZBK, ZDE RPUFTPEOSCH HLTERMEOYS LFPZP YNEOY. NBMHA PTDH NPTsOP VSHMP UYUYFBFSH PLPOYUBFEMSHOP OBNYTEOOOPK. h 1847 ZPDKh NSCH DPUFYZMY bTBMSHULPZP NPTS, ZDE HYUTEDYMY ZHMPFYMYA. at 1850 ZPDB ЪBYECHEMYMBUSH Y UYVYTULBS MJOYS, ZDE UFBMY HUTETSDBFSHUS CH UENYTEYUSHE LBYUSHY UFBOIGSHCH, BLTERMSCHYE OB OBNY LYTZYULHA UFERSH.

чОПЧШ ОБЪОБЮЕООЩК ПТЕОВХТЗУЛЙН ЗЕОЕТБМ-ЗХВЕТОБФПТПН ЗТБЖ рЕТПЧУЛЙК ТЕЫЙМ РТЕДРТЙОСФШ ПРЕТБГЙА РЕТЧПУФЕРЕООПК ЧБЦОПУФЙ: ПЧМБДЕФШ ЛПЛБОДУЛПК ЛТЕРПУФША бЛ-нЕЮЕФШ(233) , ЪБРЙТБЧЫЕК Х бТБМШУЛПЗП НПТС ЧУЕ РХФЙ Ч уТЕДОАА бЪЙА Й УЮЙФБЧЫЕКУС УТЕДОЕБЪЙБФУЛЙНЙ ОБТПДБНЙ ОЕРТЙУФХРОПА.

h LPOGE NBS 1853 ZPDB PO CHSHCHUFKhRYM U pTEOVHTZULPK MYOYY U 5000 YUEMPCHEL Y 36 PTHDYSNY Y 20 YAOS UFPSM RETED UYMSHOP HLTERMEOOOPK LTERPUFSHHA, RTPKDS 900 CHETUF H 24 DOS. 27 YAOS RETPCHULYK YFHTNPCHBM BL-NEYUEFSH Y PCHMBDEM LPLBODULYN PRMPFPN L CHEYUETH 1 YAMS, ABOUT RSFSC DEOSH VPS. OBY KhTPO ABOUT RTYUFKHRE - 11 PZHYGETPCH, 164 OYTSOYI YUYOB. lPLBODGECH RPEBCEOP MYYSH 74 YuEMPCHELB.

BL-NEYUEFSH VSCHMB RETEYNEOPCHBOB CH ZhPTF retpchulyk, UFBCHYK LTBEHZPMSHOSCHN LBNOEN OPCHPHYUTETSDEOOOPK uShT-dBTSHYOULPK MYOYY. Maois BFB Obchi VCh BCHBOZBTDPN PTEOVKHTZULPK Moyi Yo Chembush at the Ф Ф rtupkh lptdpopn hltermeyk PF BTBMSHULPZP DP Oytsozhdo)

h OETBCHOPN VPA 18 DElbVTS FPZP TSE 1853 ZPDB ZBTOYYPO REPCHULB ZETPKULY PFTBYIM CH DCHEOBDGBFSH TB RTECHPUIPDYCHYE UYMSCH LPLBODGECH, RSHCHFBCHYIUS CHCHTCBFSH bl-neyuefsh Yb Tkhuullyi. zBTOYPO RPD OBYUBMSHUFCHPN RPDRPMLPCHOYLB pZBTECHB UPUFPSM YЪ 1055 YuEMPCHEL RTY 19 PTHDYSI. lPLBODGECH VSHMP 12000. vMEUFSEEK CHSCHMB'LPK pZBTECH Y LBRYFBO yLHRSH PRTPLYOKHMY CHUA PTDH, RPMPTSYCH DP 2000 Y CHSCH 11 OBNEO Y CHUE 17 PTHDYK OERTYSFEMS. OBY KhTPO - 62 YUEMPCELB.

LPMRBLPCHULYK Y UETOSECH

l OBYUBMH OPCHPZP GBTUFCHPCHBOIS ZPMPCHCHNY RHOLFBNY THUULPZP RTPDCHYTSEOIS H UTEDOAA BYA SCHMSMYUSH UP UFPTPOSCH pTEOVKhTZB - retpchul, B UP UFPTPOSCH UYVYTY - FPMSHLP UFP ЪBMPOSCHOK CHET. NECDH LFYNY DCHHNS RHOLFBNY OBIPDYMUS RTPTSCHCH, UCHPEZP TPDB CHPTPFB YYTYOPA CH 900 CHETUF Y PFLTSCHFSCHE DMS Obvezpch LPLBODULYI ULPRYE CH THUULYE RTEDEMSCH. yFY LPLBODULYE ULPRYEB PRYTBMYUSH ABOUT MOYA LTERPUFEK BTEL - YUYNLEOF - BHMYE-bFB - RYREL - FPLNBL. oEPVIPDYNP VSHMP LBL NPTsOP ULPTEE BLNLOHFSH LFY CHPTPFB Y PZTBDYFSH OBYI LYTZYHCH PF LPLBODULPZP CHMYSOIS. rPFPNKh U 1856 ZPDB PUOPCHOPK ЪBDBYuEK tPUUYY UFBMP UPEDYOEOYE MYOYK USCHT-dBTSHIOULPK Y uYVYTULPK. About PDOPN Yu ФЗ okrtbchmeyk NSHEMI 11 PTEOVKHTZULYA MYOKOSHOSHKA VBFBMSHPOPCH, KHTBMSHULYA PTEOVKHTZULYA LBLPCH, B about DTHZPN - 12 KOBRBDOPUVITULYYA VBFBMSHPOVPHPSPHPSP. yFY ZPTUFY MADEK VSCHMY TBVTPUBOSHCH ABOUT DCHHI ZTPNBDOSHCHI ZHTPOFBI, PVEYN RTPFSTSEOYEN UCHCHCHIE 3500 CHETUF.

PRETBGYS "UPEDYOEOYS MYOYK" VSCHMB UBDETSBOB URETCHB (DP 1859 ZPDB) HUFTPKUFCHPN LYTZYYPCH, B BLFEN MYLCHYDBGYEK OBYEUFCHYS LPLBODULYI RPMYUE ABOUT UYVYTULHA MOYA.

obYUBMSHOILPN HZTPTSBENPZP TBKPOB - BYMYKULPZP LTBS - VSHCHM RPDRPMLPCHOYL lPMRBBLPCHULYK (234) . h LPOGE MEFB 1860 ZPDB LPLBODULYK IBO UPVTBM 22000 CHPYOPCH DMS FPZP, YUFPV HOYUFPTSYFSH CHETOSHCHK, RPDOSFSH ABOUT THUULYI LYTZYULHA UFERSH Y TBZTPNYFSH CHUE THUULYE RPUEMLY UENYUSH. RPMPTSEOYE DMS THUULPZP DEMB ABOUT LFPK PLTBYOE UMPTSYMPUSH HZTPTSBAEE. lPMRBLPCHULYK NPZ UPVTBFSH H CHETOPN PLPMP 2000 LBBLPC Y MYOEKGECH. rPUFBCHYCH CHUE ABOUT LBTFH, FFPF LPFMSTECHULYK fHTLEUFBOB DCHYOHMUS ABOUT CHTBZB Y CH FTEIDOECHOPN VPA ABOUT THE BODY LBTB-lPUFEL (хЪХО-bZBYU) OBZPMPCHH TBBYM LPLBODGECH. RTY LBTB-LPUFELE THUULYY VSCHMP CHUEZP 1000 YUEMPCEL RTY 8 PTHDYSI. h RPUMEDOYK DEOSH OBJI MYOEKGSCH RTPYMY U VPEN 44 CHETUFSHCH. FFYN VMEUFSEIN DEMPN uYVYTULBS MYOYS VSCHMB PVEUREYUEOB PF OERTYSFEMSHULYI RPLHYOEOYK. pDOCHTENEOOP PFTSD RPMLPCHOYLB gynnetnbob tbjptime lterpufy fplnbl y ryrel. h 1862 ZPDKh ZOEETBM lPMRBBLCHULYK CHSM LTERPUFSH NETLE Y HFCHETDYMUS CH RYRELE. tPUUYS UFBMB FCHETDPK OPZPK CH UENYTEYUSHE, YEE CHMYSOIE TBURTPUFTBOIMPUSH ABOUT LYFBKULYE RTEDEMSHCH.

l FFPNH READING PFOPUYFUS YNEOEOYE OBYEZP CHZMSDB ABOUT OBBYUEOOYE UTEDOEBYBFULYYI BCCHPECHBOIK. rTETSDE NSC UYUYFBMY RTPDCHYTSEOYE OB AZ DEMPN CHOKHFTEOOOEK RPMYFYLY Y OBDBYUKH CHYDEMY CH PVEUREYUEOYY UFEROSHCHI ZTBOYG. FERETSH TSE OBYB UTEDOEBYBFULBS RPMYFYLB UFBMB RTYPVTEFBFSH CHEMILPDETTSBCHOSCHK IBTBLFET. TBOSHIE H ZMHVSH NBFETYLB OBU FSOHM MYYSH FTSEMSHCHK TPL. фЕРЕТШ ЦЕ ПВТБЭЕООЩН ОБ АЗ ЧЪПТБН дЧХЗМБЧПЗП пТМБ УФБМБ ХЗБДЩЧБФШУС УЙОЕЧБФБС ДЩНЛБ рБНЙТБ, УОЕЦОЩЕ ПВМБЛБ зЙНБМБКУЛЙИ ЧЕТЫЙО Й УЛТЩФЩЕ ЪБ ОЙНЙ ДПМЙОЩ йОДПУФБОБ... ъБЧЕФОБС НЕЮФБ ПЛТЩМЙМБ ДЧБ РПЛПМЕОЙС ФХТЛЕУФБОУЛЙИ ЛПНБОДЙТПЧ!

obyb DYRMPNBFIS PUPOBMB PZTPNOHA RPMYFYUEULHA CHSHZPDH FHTLEUFBOULYI RPIPDCH, RTYVMYTSBCHYI OBU L YODYY. chTBTSDEVOPE L OBN PFOPYOYE BOZMYY UP READING CHPUFPYuOPK CHPKOSHCH Y PUPVEOOP U 1863 ZPDB PRTEDEMYMP CHUA THUULHA RPMYFYLH CH UTEDOEK BYY. оБЫЕ РТПДЧЙЦЕОЙЕ У ЛЙТЗЙЪУЛЙИ УФЕРЕК Л БЖЗБОУЛЙН ХЭЕМШСН СЧМСМПУШ ЪБНЕЮБФЕМШОЩН ПТХДЙЕН РПМЙФЙЮЕУЛПЗП ДБЧМЕОЙС - ПТХДЙЕН, УФБЧЫЙН ВЩ ОЕПФТБЪЙНЩН Ч ТХЛБИ ВПМЕЕ УНЕМЩИ Й ЙУЛХУОЩИ, ЮЕН ВЩМЙ ТХЛЙ ДЙРМПНБФЙЙ бМЕЛУБОДТБ II.

* * *

teyeop VShchmp OE PFLMBDSHCHBFSH UPEDYOEOYE uyvytulpk y uscht-dbtshyoulpk MYOYK(235) Y PVYAEDYOYFSH CHPNPTSOP ULPTEEE OBY CHMBDEOYS. CHEUOPA 1864 ZPDB OBCHUFTEYUH DTHZ DTHZH CHSHCHUFHRYMP DCHB PFTSDB - PF CHETOPPZP RPMLPCHOYL yuETOSECH U 1500 VPKGBNY Y 4 PTHDYSNY - Y PF RETPCHULB RPMLPCHOYL CHETECHLYO(236) UPPCHYBNY.

rTPKDS ryyrel, yuETOSECH CHSM YFHTPNN 4 YAOS LTERPUFSH bHMYE-bFB YCH YAME RPDPYEM L yuynleofh, ZDE 22-ZP YUYUMB CHSHCHDETSBM VPK U 25000 LPLBODGECH. CHETECLYO FEN CHTENEOEN CHSM 12 YAMS LTERPUFSH fHTLEUFBO Y CHSHUMBM MEFHYUYK PFTSD DMS UCHSKY U yuETOSECCHN. FFPF RPUMEDOYK, UYUYFBS UCHPY UYMSCH (7 TPF, 6 UPFEO Y 4 RHYLY) OEDPUFBFPYUOSCHNY DMS PCHMBDEOYS UYMSHOP HLTERMEOOOSCHN yuYNLEOFPN, PFUFKhRYM CH fHTLEUFBO pVB THUULYI PFTSDB, UPEDYOYCHYUSH, RPUFKHRYMY RPD PVEEE LPNBODPCHBOYE FPMSHLP UFP RTPYCHEDEOOOPZP CH ZEOETBMSCH yuETOSECHB Y, PFDPIOHCH, OBRTBCHYMYUSH CH RPMPCHYOE UEOFSVTS RPD Yuynleof. 22 UEOFSVTS yuETOSECH YFHTNPCHBM uYNLEOF, PCHMBDEM YN Y PVTBFIYM CH VEZUFCHP LPLBODULHA BTNYA. x yuETOSECHB VSHMP 1000 YuEMPCHEL Y 9 PTHDYK. YuYNLEOF ЪBEYEBMP 10000 GENERAL FTPZHEY: 4 OBNEOY, 31 PTHDYE, NOPZP DTHZPZP PTHTSYS Y TBOOSCHI CHPEOOSHCHI RTYOBDMETSOPUFEK. x OBU CHSHCHVSHMP Y UFTPS 47 YuEMPCHEL.

lPLBODGSC VETSBMY H fBYLEOF. yuETOSECH TEYYM OENEDMEOOP YURPMSHЪPCHBFSH NPTBMSHOPE CHEYUBFMEOYE YUYNLEOFULPK RPVEDCH Y DCHYOKHFSHUS ABOUT fBYLEOF, DBCH MYSH CHTENS TBURTPUFTBOYFSHUS NPPMCHE. 27 UEOFSVTS PO RPDUFKhRYM RPD UYMSHOP HLTERMEOOSHK fBYLEOF Y 1 PLFSVTS YFKhTNPCHBM EZP, OP VSHCHM PFVYF Y PFUFKhRYM CH fKhTLEUFBOULYK MBZETSH.

chPURTSOKHCHYE DHIPN LPLBOGSHCH TEYMYMY BUFBFSH THUULYI CHTBURMPI Y CH DElbVTE 1864 ZPDB UPVTBMY DP 12000 ZPMCHPTEEPCH DMS CHOEBROPZP OBRBDEOYS ABOUT fHTLEUFBO. OP LFB PTDB VSCHMB PUFBOPCHMEOB CH FTEIDOECHOPN PFYUBSOOPN VPA H ILBO U 4 RP 6 DERBVTS ZETPKULPK UPFOEK 2-ZP hTBMSHULPZP RPMLB EUBHMB uETPCHB, RPCHFPTYCHYEZP DEUSH BULETBOULYK RPDCHYOB. yb 110 LBBLPC RTY 1 EDYOPTPZE HGEMEMP 11, 52 HVYFP, 47 TBOEOP. CHUE RPMHYUYMY ZEPTZYECHULYE LTEUFSHCH. p UPRTPFYCHMEOYE LFPK ZPTUFY ZETPECH UMPNYMUS RPTSCHCH LPLBODGECH, Y SOY, OE RTJOSCH VPS U CHCHUMBOOSCHN ABOUT CHSHCHTHYULH THUULYN PFTSDPN, CHPCHTBFYMYUSH CHPUCHPSUY.

CHEUOPA 1865 ZPDB HYUTETSDEOB FHTLEUFBOULBS PVMBUFSH, Y yuETOSEC OBOBYEO VSCHM HER CHPEOOSHCHN ZHVETOBFPTPN. at PFTSDPN CH 1800 YuEMPCHEL Y 12 PTHDYK PO CHSHUFKHRYM RPD fBYLEOF Y 9 NBS TBBYM RPD EZP UFEOBNY LPLBODULIE UYMSCH. tsYFEMY fBYLEOFB PFDBMYUSH RPD CHMBUFSH VHIBTULPZP NYTB, CHSHUMBCHYEZP FKhDB UCHPY CHPKULB. TEYCH HRTEDYFSH VHIBTGECH, yuETOSECH RPUREYYM YFHTNPN Y ABOUT TBUUCHEFE 15 YAOS PCHMBDEM fBYLEOFPN UFTENIFEMSHOPK BFBLPC. h fBYLEOFE, YNECHYEN DP 30000 BEIFOYLPCH, CHSFP 16 OBNEO Y 63 PTHDYS. OBY KhTPO - 123 YUEMPCELB. ъBOSFYE fBYLEOFB PLPOYUBFEMSHOP HRTPYUYMP RPMPTSEOYE tPUUYY CH UTEDOEK BYY.

rPDYOEOYE vHIBTSC

KHUREIY UETOSECHB Y TBURTPUFTBOOYE THUULPZP NPZHEUFCHB ABOUT LPLBOD UYMSHOP CHUFTECHPTSYMP VHIBTH. FP IBOUFCHP VSHMP DP UYI RPT PZTBTSDEOP PF THUULYI LPLBODULYNY ENMSNY, UFBCHYNY UEKYUBU THUULYNY PVMBUFSNNY. NYT RTEFEODPCHBM ABOUT fBYLEOF, UUSCHMBSUSH ABOUT CHPMA EZP TSIFEMEK, OP DPNPZBFEMSHUFCHB EZP VSCHMY PFCHETZOHFSCH. RPMPTSYCH PCHMBDEFSH fBYLEOFPN UYMPK, NYT CHEUOPA 1866 ZPDB UPVTBM H THUULYI RTEDEMPCH DP 43000 CHPKUL. zeOETBM yuETOSECH UCHPA PYUETEDSH TEYM OE DPTSYDBFSHUS HDBTB, B VYFSH UBNPNKH - Y CH NBE DCHYOHM ABOUT VHIBTH PFTSD ZEOETBMB tPNBOPCHULPZP(237) CH 3000 VPCHP RTY 20 PTHDYSI.

lBNRBOYS 1866 ZPDB ZEOETBMB tPNBOPCHULPZP VSCHMB UPLTHYFEMSHOPK. 8 NBS PO TBYM VHIBTULYE CHPKULB RTY YTDTSBTE, 24-ZP PCHMBDEM iPDTSESFPN, 20 YAMS RTYUFKHRPN CHSM hTB-FAVE, B h FTEI LFYI VEURPEBDOSCHI YFKhTNBI THUULYE CHPKULB, MYYCHYYUSH 500 Yuempchel, RPMPTSYMY ABOUT NEUFE 12000 BYBFPCH. RPD yTDTSBTPN RETEVYFP 1000 VHIBTGECH Y CHSFP 6 PTHDYK. RTY YFHTNE iPDCEOFB RETEVYFP 3500 rTY hTB-FAVE RETEVYFP 2000, CHKSFP 4 OBNEOY, 32 PTHDYS, OBY RPFETY - 227 YUEMPCHEL. oblpoeg, Ch UBNPN LTPCHBCHPN DEME, RTY dTSYBLE, YЪ 11000 VHIBTGECH MEZMP 6000, YЪ 2000 THUULYI HVSHCHMP FPMSHLP 98. hЪSFP 11 OBNEO Y 43 PTHDYS.

rPFETCH dTSYBL, VHIBTGSCH VETSBMY L UCHPEK UFPMYGE - UBNBTLBODH Y RPUREYMY CUFKHRIFSH H RETEZPCHPTSH P NYTE. h VEITEHMSHFBFOSHCHI RETEZPCHPTBI RTPIYEM CHEUSH 1867 ZPD. vHIBTGSCH YI OBNETEOOP ЪBFSZYCHBMY, UFTENSUSH CHSHYZTBFSH CHTENS Y OBVTBFSH OPCHHA BTNYA, tPUUYS CE RTPCHEMB LBRYFBMSHOHA BDNYOYUFTBFICHOKHA TEZHPTNH. ч ЬФПН, 1867 ЗПДХ фХТЛЕУФБОУЛБС ПВМБУФШ ВЩМБ РТЕПВТБЪПЧБОБ Ч фХТЛЕУФБОУЛПЕ ЗЕОЕТБМ-ЗХВЕТОБФПТУФЧП, УПУФБЧЙЧЫЕЕ Ч БДНЙОЙУФТБФЙЧОПН ПФОПЫЕОЙЙ ДЧЕ ПВМБУФЙ - уЕНЙТЕЮЕОУЛХА (ЗПТПД чЕТОЩК) У ЧПЕООЩН ЗХВЕТОБФПТПН ЗЕОЕТБМПН лПМРБЛПЧУЛЙН Й уЩТ-дБТШЙОУЛХА (ЗПТПД фБЫЛЕОФ) У ЗЕОЕТБМПН тПНБОПЧУЛЙН. PTVTBPCHBO FHTLEUFBOULYK ChPEOOSHCK PLTHZ, Y CHPPLB about the VEP FetThyfptyy-7-K Pteovchtzulik y 3-u uvytulik Myokoshchezhe Myokoshchezhm Myokoschev-tchetokhfsch Chu 1-udemlpchkhi 12 miyokhoshchi Fktleuflei, Fkhtleufoli, Fkhtleufoli, Fkhtleufoli, RETCHSHCHN FHTLEUFBOULYN ZOETBM-ZHVETOBFPTPN VSCHM OBOBBYEO ZEOETBM ZHPO LBHZHNBO (238), UETOSC VSCHM PFPCHBO.

yuEMPCHEL PFCHEFUFCHEOOOSCHI TEYOYK Y CHPMECHPK CHPEOBYUBMSHOIL, ZEOETBM ZHPO lBKHZHNBO UTBKH PGEOYM PVUFBOPCHLH. rTYNYTYFEMSHOBS RPMYFYLB OE HDBMBUSH, ЪMBS CHPMS vHIBTSC UFBMB PYUECHIDOPK - LFH ЪMHA CHPMA OBDMETsBMP UMPNYFSH. h LPOGE BRTEMS 1868 ZPDB "lBHZHNBO U PFTSDPN CH 4000 YFSHCHLPC Y YBYYEL RTY 10 PTHDYSI DCHYOHMUS PF fBYLEOFB L ubnbtlbodkh, ABOUT RPDUFHRBI L LPFPTPNH NYT UPVTBM DP 60.000

2 NBS 1868 SPDB Reipfb Zeoetbmbs ZPMPCHEECHB (239) RP ZTHDSh Chopde Chopde Khotymb Khotbchybo about Zmbby Ortysphemshulyi RPMYUE, HDBTIMB about Oyi Chushchly UBNBTLBOD BLTSCHM CHPTPFB VEZHEIN Y UDBMUS THUULYN. h VPK RTYYMPUSH YDFY UTBYH TS RP RETEIPDE TEL. UPMDBFSCH OBVTBMY RPMOSSHE ZPMEOYEB CHPDSH, TBHCHBFSHUS TSE Y CHSCFTSIYCHBFSH CHPDH OE VSMP READING. OBYY MYOEKGSCH UFBOCHYMYUSH ABOUT THLYY, Y FPCHBTEY FTSUMY YI ЪB OPZY. rPUME LFPZP UTBYKH RPYMY CH YFSHCHLY ABOUT VHIBTGECH. Ibmbfoyle Teyymy, UFP RPUFIMI WELTEF THUULPK FLFILE, YE NEPHUFS RTYA KOBTBVHMBLE, RPDPKDS about THCEKOCHK BSCHUFTEM, TSDSHSHYA FLAMI UPBDIA KLABDEYA KBBDEYA rP UPCHETOYY FFPZP PVTSDB CH RPVEDE OYLFP OYI OE UPNOECHBMUS.

PUFBCHYCH YDEUSH ZBTOYYPO, LBKHZHNBO DCHYOKHMUS DBMSHYE OBAZ U ChPKULBNY zPMCHBYUECHB Y TPNBOCHULPZP. 18 NBS PO PRTPLYOKHM VHIBTGECH RTY lBFFB-lKhTZBOE, B ъBTBVHMBL - RETCHBS RTPVB YZPMSHYUBFSHCHI CHYOPCHPL LBTME, TSEUFPLBS VPKOS, CH LPFPTPK RETEVIFP DP 10000 VHIBTGECH, ZHUFSHCHE NBUUSCH LPFPTSCHI OBY PZPOSH LPUYM, LBL FTBCHH. OBIY RPFETY CHUEZP 63 YUEMPCELB. CHUEZP CH FFPN DEME RTPFYCH 2000 THUULYI DEKUFCHCHBMP 35000 CHPKUL NYTB. rPFTSUEOOOSCHK NYT BRTPUIM BNBO. vHIBTB RTYOBMB OBD UPVPK RTPFELFPTTBF tPUUYY, HUFHRYMB tPUUYY UBNBTLBOD Y CHUE ЪENMY DP аBTVBHMBBLB.

h UBNSCHK DEOSH TEYFEMSHOPK BLTBVHMBLULPK VYFCHSHCH - 2 YAOS - CH OBYEN FSHMKH RTEDBFEMSHULY CHPUUFBM UBNBTLBOD. L ChPUUFBCHYN RTYUPEDYOYMYUSH RPMYUYEB CHPYOUFCHEOOOSHI ZPTGECH-YBITYUSVGECH, Y 50000 IYEOILPC BFBLPCBMY GYFBDEMSH, ZDE BUY ZETPKULYK THUULYK ZBTOYMSPO (700 YuEMPCHEL) NBKPTB yFENBKPTB. yEUFSH DOEK BEYFSCH UBNBTLBODB OBCHUEZDB PUFBOHFUUS VMYUFBFEMSHOPK UFTBOIGEK CH MEFPRYUSI Y FTBDYGYSI FHTLEUFBOULYI CHPKUL. 7 YAOS CHETOKHCHYKUS YJ-RPD ъBTVKhMBLB lBKHZHNBO CHSHCHTHUYM LFYI ITTBVTEGPCH Y RPUFKHRIM U UBNBTLBODPN U RTYNETOPK UFTPZPUFSHHA. ZETPKULBS UFPKLPUFSH ZBTOYPOB, PFVYCHYEZP STPUFOSHCHE RTYUFKHRSHCH 2 Y 3 YAOS, RPCHEMB L FPNKh, UFP YBITYUSVGSC, PFYUBSCHYUSH CH KHUREIE, HCE 4-ZP YUYUMB KHYMY L UEVE CH ZPTSHCH. NSC MYYYMYUSH 150 YEMPCHEL. dBMSHOEKYE BFBLY UBNBTLBODGECH PFVICHBFSH UFBMP MEZUE. lBHZHNBO CH OBLBBOYE (UBNBTLBODGSH RTYUSZOHMY ABOUT RPDDBOUFCHP tPUUYY Y RTYUSZH LFH OBTHYMYMY) RTYLBBM UTSEYUSH ZPTPD.

pDOPCTENEOOP U RPDYOEOYEN tPUUY VHIBTULPZP IBOUFCHB CHURSHCHIOHMP CHPUUFBOYE DKHOZBO CH LYFBKULPN fHTLEUFBOE. BOBTIIYS LFB CHSHCHCHBMB VTPTSEOYE CH UNETSOPC YUBUFY THUULPZP UENYTEYUSHS, Y DHOZBOULYK UHMFBO UFBM CHEUFY UEVS CHSHCHCHCHBAEE. h 1869 ZPDH ZEOETBM lPMRBBLPCHULYK RTEDRTYOSM LLUREDYGYA CH LYFBKULYK fHTLEUFBO, B CH 1871 ZPDH PLLHRITCHBM lHMShDTSH. vPMSHYHA YUBUFSH LFPK RTPCHYOGYY tPUUYS CHP-CHTBFYMB CH 1874 ZPDH LYFBA, RPUME FPZP LBL LYFBKGSCH HRTBCHYMYUSH U ChPUUFBOYEN.

h 1869 ZPDKh RTPYYPYMP CHBTSOPE UPVSHCHFYE - tPUUYS HFCHETDYMBUSH ABOUT CHPUFPYUOPN VETEZH lBURYKULPZP NPTS. h lTBUOPCHPDULPN ЪBMYCHE CHSHCHUBDYMUS ZEOETBM uFPMEFPCH (240) U PFTSDPN Ch 1000 Yuempchel ChPKUL lBCHLBULPK BTNYY. fBLYN PVTBBPN, YUETE RPMFPTBUFB MEF CHPЪPVOCHMEOB VSCHMB RPRSCHFLB VELPCHYUB RTPOILOHFSH CH UTEDOAA BYA PF LBURYS. FHF NSC UFPMLOKHMYUSH U OPCHSCHN ITBVTSCHN Y TSEUFPLYN CHTBZPN - FKhTLNEOBNY, OBUEMSCHYNY BLBURYKULYE UFERY Y RHUFSHCHOY. ChPCHEDEOYE OBNY CH 1870 ZPDH lTBUOPCHPDULB RPUMHTSYMP DMS OII RPCHPDPN L OERTYSJOEOOOSCHN DECUFCHYSN. h 1871 ZPDKh UPUFPSMBUSH OBNEOYFBS TELPZOPUGYTPCHLB LBRYFBOB ULPVMECHB PF ltbuopchpdulb DP iYCHYOULPZP UBTSCHLBNSHCHYB Yuete RHUFSHHOA HUFSH-hTF. ULPVEMECH RTPYECHEM NBTYTHFOHA UYENLH HUFSH-hTFB, RTPKDS 760 CHETUF H 6 MILKINGS U PITBOPK CHUEZP YYEUFY DTSYZYFCH. h 1874 ZPDKh ЪBOSFCHE OBNY ABOUT CHPUFPYUOPN VETEZH lBURYS ЪENMY UPUFBCHYMY BLBURYKULYK PFDEM, RPDYUOYOEOOSHK LBCHLBULPNKh ChPEOOPNKh PLTHZH.

iYCHYOULYK RPIPD Y RPLPTEOIE lPLBODB 1873 - 1876 ZPDHR

pDOB MYYSH IYCHB DP UYI RPT OE YJCHEDBMB UYMSCH THUULPZP PTHTSYS. uUYFBS UEVS ЪBEEEOOOSCHNY RHUFSHCHOYEK, RPNOS DCHHLTBFOHA OEHDBYUH THUULYI RPIPDPCH OB YI PBYU, IYCHYOGSH OE TSEMBMY RTELTBEBFSH TBVBPECH, ZTBVECEK Y RTYVSHMShOPK TBVPFPTZPCHMY. ABOUT CHUE RTEDUFBCHMEOYS ZEOETBMB LBKHZHNBOB IYCHYOULYK IBO MYVP OE PFCHEYUBM, MYVP PFCHEYUBM DETPUFSNY, UYUYFBS, UFP "VEMSHCHE THVBIY" DP iYCHSHCHOE DPKDHF.

фПЗДБ Ч ЛПОГЕ ЪЙНЩ 1873 ЗПДБ ВЩМП ТЕЫЕОП РТЕДРТЙОСФШ ОБ иЙЧХ РПИПД ЮЕФЩТШНС ПФТСДБНЙ У ФТЕИ УФПТПО: УП УФПТПОЩ фХТЛЕУФБОБ - лБХЖНБО У 6000 ЮЕМПЧЕЛ РТЙ 18 ПТХДЙСИ, УП УФПТПОЩ пТЕОВХТЗБ - ЗЕОЕТБМ чЕТЕЧЛЙО У 3500 ЮЕМПЧЕЛ РТЙ 8 ПТХДЙСИ Й УП УФПТПОЩ лБУРЙКУЛПЗП НПТС ДЧБ ПФТСДБ - nBOZSCHYMBLULYK RPMLPCHOYLB mPNBLYOB U 3000 YuEMPCHEL Y 8 PTHDYSNY Y LTBUOPCHPDULYK RPMLPCHOYLB nBTLPCHPCHB(241) U 2000 YuEMPCHEL Y 10 PTHDYSNY - PVB YЪ ChPKKHLBP LBCHLB RP UPEDYOEOYY CHUEI PFTSDCH H YICHSC CHUE LFY UYMSCH, DP UYI RPT CH fHTLEUFBOOE OEUMSHCHIBOOSCHE (DP 15000 VPKGPC RTY 44 PTHDYSI), DPMTSOSCH VSCHMY RPUFHRYFSH RPD LPNBODH LBHZHNBOB.

CHETECHLYO, LPFPTPNH OBDMETSBMP YDFY RP OBYVPMEE DMYOOPNH NBTYTHFH, HCE H RPMPCHYOE ZHECHTBMS FTPOHMUS OEVPMSHYNYNY RETEIPDBNY U nVshch ABOUT bNH-dBTSHA UCHEPLBURYKULYNY UFERSNY. fHTLEUFBOULYK PFTSD (LPMPOOSCH lBHZHNBOB Y zPMCHBYUECHB) CHSHUFKHRIM 13 NBTFB. BLBURYKULYK Y lTBUOPCHPDULYK - CH RPMPCHYOE NBTFB, B nBOZSCHYMBLULYK - CH RPMPCHYOE BRTEMS.

fHTLEUFBOULPNKH PFTSDKH, CHSHUFKHRYCHYENKH YЪ dTSYBLB, RTYYMPUSH CHSCHCHEUFY CHUA FSTSEUFSH LPOFIOEOFBMShOPZP LMYNBFB - URETCHB TEELIK IPMPD, UBFEN CH BRTEME HTSBUOSCHK JOPK. у РПМПЧЙОЩ БРТЕМС РТЙЫМПУШ ЙДФЙ РП ВЕЪЧПДОПК РХУФЩОЕ, ЪБРБУЩ ЧПДЩ ЧЩЫМЙ, МАДЙ УФБМЙ ХНЙТБФШ, Й, ЛПЗДБ ПФТСД 21 БРТЕМС РТЙЫЕМ Ч ХТПЮЙЭЕ бДБН-лТЩМЗБО (ЮФП ЪОБЮЙФ «РПЗЙВЕМШ ЮЕМПЧЕЛБ»), ЗЙВЕМШ ЕЗП ЛБЪБМБУШ ОЕЙЪВЕЦОПК. UMHYUBKSP PFLTSCHFSHCHE LPMPDGSCH URBUMY CHPKULB, Y lBHZHNBO OERTELMPOOP YEM CHRETED. 12 NBS ON CHCHEM ABOUT bNKh-dBTSHA, DBM CHPKULBN PFDSHI Y OBRTBCHYMUS L IYCHE.

dChKhN BLBURYKULYN PFTSDBN RTYIPDYMPUSH RTEPDPMEFSH 700-CHETUFOKHA RHUFSHHOA HUFSH-hTF U HER REUYUBOSCHNY USCHRHYUNY VBTIBOBNY. lTBUOPCHPDULPNKh PFTSDH YFP PLBBMPUSH OE RP UYMBN, Y PO CHSCHOKHTSDEO VSHM CHETOHFSHUS, UPUMKHTSYCH, PDOBLP, FKh UMHTsVKh, YuFP HDETTSBM UCHPYN DCHYTSEOYEN OBYVPMEE CHPYOUFMEO OPE YOGL.

нБОЗЩЫМБЛУЛЙК ПФТСД (ЗДЕ ОБЮБМШОЙЛПН ЫФБВБ ВЩМ РПДРПМЛПЧОЙЛ уЛПВЕМЕЧ) РЕТЕЫЕМ хУФШ-хТФ Ч РСФЙДЕУСФЙЗТБДХУОЩК ЪОПК, ЙНЕС ЮБУФЩЕ УФЩЮЛЙ У ИЙЧЙОГБНЙ Й ФХТЛНЕОБНЙ, Й 18 НБС ВМЙЪ нБОЗЩФБ УПЕДЙОЙМУС У пТЕОВХТЗУЛЙН ПФТСДПН ЗЕОЕТБМБ чЕТЕЧЛЙОБ. 20-ZP Yuyumb Chetechlyo Y mPNBLYO(242) YNEMY ЪDEUSH HRPTOSHCHK VPK U YICHYOGBNY, RPMPTSYCH YI DP 3000, B

28 NBS OBYUBMUS YFKhTN ZPTPDB, Y CHUMED YB LPLBODPN Y VHIBTPK RPLPTYMBUSH Y IYCHB. иЙЧЙОУЛЙК ИБО РТЙЪОБМ УЕВС «РПЛПТОЩН УМХЗПК» ТХУУЛПЗП гБТС, ПУЧПВПДЙМ ЧУЕИ ОЕЧПМШОЙЛПЧ Ч РТЕДЕМБИ УЧПЕК УФТБОЩ Й ХУФХРЙМ тПУУЙЙ ЧУЕ ЪЕНМЙ ОБ РТБЧПН ВЕТЕЗХ бНХ-дБТШЙ, ЗДЕ Л ЧБУУБМШОПНХ ПФОЩОЕ ИБОУФЧХ ВЩМ РТЙУФБЧМЕО ТХУУЛЙК ЮБУПЧПК - ЖПТФ рЕФТПБМЕЛУБОДТПЧУЛ.

TBOSHIE, YUEN CHETOKHFSHUS CH FHTLEUFBO, LBKHZHNBO RTEDRTYOSM LBTTBFEMSHOHA LLUREDYGYA ABOUT FHTTLNEO-KPNHDPC Y RPLPTYM YI, RPMPTSYCH CH DEMBI 14 Y 15 YAOS UCHCHCHYE 2000 YuEMPCHEL. h LFPN DEME VSCHMP HOYUFPTSEOP LBL TB FP RMENS, UFP CHSHCHTEBMP PFTSD VELPCHYUB(243) .

FFPF iYCHYOULYK RPIPD VSCHM UBNSCHN FTHDOSHN Y CHUEI NOPZPFTHDOSCHI FHTLEUFBOULYI RPIPDCH. VENETOSCHI MYYOYOYK, LPFPTSHCHN RPDCHETZMYUSH DEUSH TPFSCH MYOEKOSHCHI VBFBMSHPOCH Y LBCHLBULYI RPMLCH, OE CHSHCHDETSBMB VSCH OILBLBS BTNYS CH NYTE. HUFSH-hTF Y bDBN-lTSCHMZBO - FBLBS CE RPVEDB OBD UBNPK RTYTPDPK, LBL nHFFEOULBS DPMYOB Y ftBSOPCH RETECHBM. CHPEOOSHCH Y RPMYFYYUEULIE DBTCHBOYS ZOEETTBMB LBHZHNBOB CHSCCHYMYUSH EEE TB H RPMOPN UCHPEN TBNETE. б РП ТСДБН МЙОЕКГЕЧ Й ЛБЪБЛПЧ ​​РЕТЕДБЧБМПУШ ЙНС ЗЕТПС ЬФПК ЬЛУРЕДЙГЙЙ - НПМПДПЗП, ВЕЪХРТЕЮОП ЭЕЗПМЕЧБФПЗП 30-МЕФОЕЗП РПМЛПЧОЙЛБ зЕОЕТБМШОПЗП ЫФБВБ, ПФЮБСООПК ПФЧБЗЕ Й ОЕЧПЪНХФЙНПК ТЕЫЙФЕМШОПУФЙ ЛПФПТПЗП ЙЪХНМСМЙУШ ЧУЕ. YuETE YUEFSHCHTE ZPDB YNS LFP OBMB CHUS tPUUYS.

* * *

рПДЮЙОСС УЧПЕНХ ЧМЙСОЙА УТЕДОЕБЪЙБФУЛЙЕ ЗПУХДБТУФЧБ, тПУУЙС ПУФБЧМСМБ ЬФЙН ИБОУФЧБН РПМОХА ЧОХФТЕООАА УБНПУФПСФЕМШОПУФШ, ФТЕВХС МЙЫШ РТЙЪОБОЙС УЧПЕЗП РТПФЕЛФПТБФБ, ХУФХРЛЙ ОЕЛПФПТЩИ ЧБЦОЩИ Ч УФТБФЕЗЙЮЕУЛПН ПФОПЫЕОЙЙ ПВМБУФЕК Й РХОЛФПЧ Й РТЕЛТБЭЕОЙС ТБВПФПТЗПЧМЙ.

pF FFK HNETEOOPK MYOYY RPCHEDEOYS RTYYMPUSH, PDOBLP, CHULPTE UDEMBPSH PFUFHRMEOYE Y RPLBBFSH OBOBCHYNUS VSCHMP BYBFBN, YUFP CHEMYLPDHYYE - OE UMBVPUFSH. h 1875 ZPDKh Ch PDOPN y FTEI OBYI RTPFELFPTTBFPCH, LPLBODE, CHURSHCHIOKHMY VEURPTSDLY. iHDPST - IBO LPLBODULYK VETSBM CH fBYLEOF, B CHMBUFSH HЪKHTRYTPCHBM VEL rHMBF, UCHYTERSCHK OEOBCHYUFOIL tpuuy. h LPOGE YAMS Y OBYUBME BCHZHUFB 1875 ZPDB YBKLY LPLBODGECH UCHETYMY TSD OBRBDEOYK ABOUT THUULIE RPUFSCH NETSDH iPDTSEOFPN Y hTB-FAVE, B 8 BCHZHUFB 15-FSHCHUSYUOPE ULPRYEE OBRBMP, OB and VPDTSMPOP.

OETZYUOSCHK lBHZHNBO TEBZYTPCHBM OENEDMEOOP. xCE 11 BCHZHUFB ZEOETBM zPMPCHBYECH TBBYM 6000 LPLBODGECH X AMSHZHBZBTB, B 12-ZP CHCHUFKHRIMY Y fBYLEOFB Y ZMBCHOSHE UIMSH LBKHZHNBOB (4000 RTY 20 PTHDYSI). CHUS LPOOYGB, 1000 YBYEL, VSCHMB RPTHYUEOB RPMLPCHOYLH ULPVMECHH.

THUULYE DCHYOKHMYUSH CH IPDTSEOFULPN OBRTBCHMEOYY. rHMBF-IBO U PZTPNOPC BTNYEK (DP 60000) RPDTSYDBM THUULYI X nBITBNB ABOUT USCHT-dBTSHE. 22 BCHZHUFB THUULIE ABOUT RPIPDE PFVYMY BFBLY ULPRYE LPLBODGECH, B 24-ZP CH ZEOETBMSHOPN UTTBTSOYY RTY nBITBNE OBOEUMMY UPLTHYYFEMSHOPE RPTBTSEOYE LP-LBODULPK BTNYY. nBITBN - HDBT UFTEMLCH CH MPV CHTBZH, LPOOYGSCH ULPVMECHB - CH FSM. 3000 LPLBODGECH RPMPTSEOP ABOUT NEUFE Y CHSFP 46 PTHDYK. GENERAL RPFETY CHUEZP 5 HVYFSHCH Y 8 TBOEOSCHI. dPTPZB ABOUT LPLBOD, UFPMYGH IBOUFCHB, VSHMB PFLTSCHFB. 26-ZP, RPUME DOECHLY X nBITBNB, lBHZHNBO CHSHUFKHRIM FKDB Y 29 BCHZHUFB PCHMBDEM lPLBODPN VEI VPS.

PUFBFLY TBYFSHCHI LPLBODULYI CHPKUL UPVTBMYUSH ABOUT CHPUFPL IBOUFCHB - X nBTZEMBOB Y PYB. yI CHPZMBCHYM bVDHTTBINBO bCHFPVBYuY. lBHZHNBO DCHYOKHMUS ABOUT nBTZEMBO, PFLTSCHCHYK ENH CHPTPFB. bVDHTTBINBO VETSBM, VTPUYCH UCHPK MBZETSH, B EZP ChPKULP VSHMP TBUUESOP OZOBCHYN EZP ULPVMECHSHCHN. LPLBOD HUFKHRIM tPUUYY ENMY RP RTBCHPNKh VETEZH OBTSCHNB, UPUFBCHYCHYE OBNBOZBOULYK PLTHZ. "OBTSCHN" - OE UFP YOPE, LBL UTEDOEE FEYUEOOYE TEL USCHT-dBTSHY (CH CHETIOEN UCHPEN FEYUEOOYY YNEOHAHAEEKUS FBLTSE fBTBZBEN). OE UNEYYCHBFSH U "OBTSCHNULYN LTBEN" CH UYVYTY.

MYYSH FPMSHLP THUULYE RPLYOKHMY RTEDEMSCH IBOUFCHB, LBL H UEOFSVTE CHUE POP PRSFSH VSCHMP PICBYUEOP CHPUUFBOYEN. rHMBF-IBO Y bVDHTTBINBO RTPCHP'ZMBUIMY CH BODYTSBOE "ZBBBCCHBF" - UCHSEOOHA CHPKOH Y CH OEULPMSHLP DOK UPVTBMY DP 70000 RTYCHETTSEOGECH. ZEOETBM LBHZHNBO DCHYOHM RPD BODYTSBO PFTSD ZEOTBMB FTPGLPZP(244) . RPPDKDS L BODYTSBOKH, ZOEETBM FTPGLYK 1 PLFSVTS RTEDRTYOSM YFHTN, PFMYUBCHYKUS OCHETPFSFOCHN PTSEUFPYOYEN. rPEBDSH ЪDEUSH OILPNKh OE VSMP DBOP, ZHBOBFILY HER Y OE RTPUYMY. BODYTSBO VSHCHM TBZTPNMEO BTFYMMETYEK, REIPFB Y LBBLY DPVYMY CHTBZB. OBYY RPFETY CHUEZP 5 PZHYGETPCH Y 58 OYTSOYI YUYOPCH. rPCHUFBOGECH RETEVYFP DP 4000.

h TEHMSHFBFE BODYTSBOULPZP YFHTNB lPLBOD LBBMUS ЪBNYTEOOCHN. THUULYE EZP BCBLKHYTPCHBMY, YCH DElbVTE CHURSHCHIOHM OPCHSHCHK NSFETS. MYLCHYDYTPCHBFSH FFPF CHATSHCHCH - FTEFYK RB RPMZPDB - VSCHMP RPTKHYUEOP OBYUBMSHOILKH obNBOZBYULPZP PLTHZB, FPMSHLP YuFP RTPI'CHEDEOOPNKH CH ZEOETBMSCH ULPVMECHH. ULPVEMECH KHUFTENYMUS ABOUT rHMBF-IBOB, bbuechyezp h nBTZEMBOE, PE CHSHCHOCHTsDEO Vshchm ChPChTBFYFSHUS: H FSCHMH X OEZP ChPUUFBM obnbozby. FFPF ZPTPD VSM UPTTSEO, Y NSFETS RTEUEYUEO CH BTPDSHCHIE. 'BFEN ULPVEMECH CHP'PVOCHYM UCHPA LUREDYGYA. 31 DELBVTS AT TBZTPNYM 20000 LPLBODGECH RTY vBMSCHLYUBOULIYI BTCHBMBI, B 4 SOCHBTS 1876 ZPDB ZEPTZYECHULYE TPTSLY MYOKOSCHI VBFBMSHPOCH CHFPTYUOP RTPFTHVIMY RTYUFKHBR body.

about FFPF TB IBOUFCHP VSCHMP HUNYTEOP PLPOYUBFEMSHOP, PY Y nBTZEMBO YYASCHYMY RPLPTOPUFSH. 28 SOCHBTS UDBMUS bWDHTTBINBO. rHMBF-IBO RPKNBO Y b CHETUFCHB OBD THUULYNY RMEOOILBNY RPCHEYEO. 12 ZHECHTBMS lPLBOD CHSKF, Y RPUMEDOYK IBO LPLBODULYK shod-yDDYO CHSCHUMBO CH tPUUYA. lPLBOD-ULPE IBOUFCHP RETEUFBMP UHEEUFCHPCHBFSH Y RTYUPEDYOEOP ULPVEMECHCHN L tPUUY RPD OBYNEOPCHBOYEN zhETZBOULPK PVMBUFY.

bibm-felyoulje RPIPDSH 1877 - 1881 ZPDHR

фХТЛНЕОУЛЙЕ УФЕРЙ ПЗТПНОЩН ЛМЙОПН ЧДБЧБМЙУШ Ч ОБЫЙ УТЕДОЕБЪЙБФУЛЙЕ ЧМБДЕОЙС, ТБЪДЕМСС ъБЛБУРЙКУЛЙК ЛТБК Й фХТЛЕУФБО Й РЕТЕУЕЛБС ЧУЕ ОБЫЙ ЛБТБЧБООЩЕ РХФЙ, ФБЛ ЮФП УППВЭЕОЙС НЕЦДХ лТБУОПЧПДУЛПН Й фБЫЛЕОФПН РТЙИПДЙМПУШ РПДДЕТЦЙЧБФШ ЮЕТЕЪ пТЕОВХТЗ. y CHUEI FKHTLNEOULYI RMNEO PUPVEOOOPK UCHYTERPUFSHHA Y CHPYOUFCHEOOPUFSHHA PFMYUBMYUSH FELIOOGSHCH, PVYFBCHYYE CH PBYUBI BIBM-FELIOULPN Y NETCHULPN. rTEUFITS LFYI YUEYUEOGECH UTEDOEK BYY UFPSM CHSHCHUPLP PF lBVHMB DP FEZETBOB.

utbkh CE RPUME OBYEK CHSHCHUBDLY Y BLMBDLY ltbuopchpdulb PUFTSHCHE YBYLY FELYOGECH CHPURTPFYCHYMYUSH THUULPNKH RTPDCHYTSEOYA CH BLBURYKULYK LTBC. CHMBDEOYS YI VSCHMY FTHDOP DPUSZBENSCH - PF NPTS bibm-feljoulyk PBYU PFDEMSMY 500 CHETUF VECHPDOPK Y RHUFSHCHOOPC UFERY. rPLPTEOYE LFPZP "PUYOPZP ZOEEDB" VSCHMP OBUFPFSFEMSHOP OEVPVIPDYNP Y UFBMP OB PUETEDSH UEKYUBU TS RP HUTETSDEOYY CH 1874 ZPDKh BLBURYKULPK PVMBUFY. pDOBLP FTEREFBCHYBS RETED BOZMYEK THUULBS DYRMPNBFIS, PRBUBSUSH FPZP, "UFP NPZHF RPDHNBFSH H mPODPOIE", OBUFPSMB ABOUT RPMHNET. teyeop Vshchmp MYYSH HFCHETDYFSHUS ABOUT LTBA PBYUB CH HTPYUE LYYIM-BTCHBF - YOSCHNY UMPCHBNY, PUYOPE ZOEEDP OE KHOYUFPTSYFSH, B FPMSHLP RPFTECHPTSYFSH.

oEXDBYOOBS YDES VSCHMB EEE OEHDBYOOEE CHSHCHRPMOEOOB. iPDYCHYYK CH 1877 ZPDKH ABOUT LYYYIM-bTCBF ZOETBM mPNBLYO OE TBUUYUYFBM UTEDUFCH UOBVCEOYS Y, SBOSCH HLBBOOSCHK TBKPO, DPMTSEO VSCHM UREYOP TEFITPCHBFSHUS CHCHYDH OEDPUFBFLB RTPDCHSM. h 1878 ZPDKh YFBV lBCHLBULPZP PLTHZB RTEDRYUBM ZOEETBLYOH MTEDRTYOSFSH "HUYMEOOHA TELPZOPUGYTPCHLH" bIBM-fELIOULPZP PBYUB. ьФП ВЩМ ВПМШЫПК РУЙИПМПЗЙЮЕУЛЙК РТПНБИ: ДЧЙЦЕОЙЕ ЛТХРОПЗП ТХУУЛПЗП ПФТСДБ ФХДБ Й ОБЪБД ВЩМП ЙУФПМЛПЧБОП ЛБЛ ОЕХДБЧЫЙКУС РПИПД, Й ЧП ЧУЕИ ПЛТЕУФОЩИ ЪЕНМСИ УФБМЙ ЗПЧПТЙФШ, ЮФП «ФЕЛЙОГЕЧ ОЙЛФП ОЕ НПЦЕФ РПВЕДЙФШ - ДБЦЕ ТХУУЛЙЕ».

fPZDB CH 1879 ZPDKh CH fYZHMYUE TEYMYMY RTEDRTYOSFSH UETSHEKHA PRETBGYA. DMS RPLPTEOIS BIBM-FELIOULPZP PBYUB VSCHM OBOBBYEO UVPTOSHCHK PFTSD, LHDB CHPYMY VBFBMSHPOSC UMBCHOSCHI RPMLCH LBCHLBULPK ZTEOBDETULPK, ​​20-K Y 21-K DYCHYYK. pFTSD FFPF - UYMPA DP 10000 YUEMPCHEL - VSCHM CHCHETEO ZETPA lBTUB ZEOETBMH mBBTECH.

zeOETBM MBTECH RPCHFPTYM PYVLKH MPNBLYOB CH 1877 ZPDH - PO RTEOEVTEZ HUFTPKUFCHPN RTPDCHPMSHUFCHEOOOPK YUBUFY UNPZ RPFPNKh DCHYOHFSH CH RPIPD Ch BCHZKHUFE 1879 ZPDB MYYSH RPCHPCHMEYH. ABOUT RHFY L FELIOULPNKh PRMPFKh ZEPL-FERE mBBTECH ULPOYUBMUS, YCH LPNBODPCHBOYE CHUFKHRIM UFBTYK ZEOETBM mPNBLYO. рТЙ РПЗТЕВЕОЙЙ мБЪБТЕЧБ ЛПМЕУБ РХЫЛЙ, РТПЙЪЧПДЙЧЫЕК УБМАФ, ТБУУЩРБМЙУШ, ЮФП ВЩМП ЧУЕНЙ ЙУФПМЛПЧБОП ЛБЛ ДХТОПЕ РТЕДЪОБНЕОПЧБОЙЕ (ЧУМЕДУФЧЙЕ ЮТЕЪНЕТОПК УХИПУФЙ ЧПЪДХИБ РПДПВОПЗП ТПДБ БЧБТЙЙ ДЕТЕЧСООЦУ МБЖЕФПЧ Й РПЧПЪПЛ УМХЮБМЙУШ Ч ЬФЙИ НЕУФБИ ЮБУФП). FFPF RPUMEDOYK (MPNBLYO) "L UPSUKH OETBUYUEFMYCHP UFI DPVBCHYM EEE FPTPRMMYCHPUFSH". 28 БЧЗХУФБ ПО РПДУФХРЙМ Л УФЕОБН зЕПЛ-фЕРЕ У 3000 ХУФБМЩИ МАДЕК, У ЪБНПТЕООЩНЙ ЧЕТВМАДБНЙ Й 12 ПТХДЙСНЙ, ОЕ РПЦЕМБМ ЧЩУМХЫБФШ ДЕРХФБГЙЙ, ИПФЕЧЫЕК ЙЪЯСЧЙФШ ВЩМП РПЛПТОПУФШ, ЫФХТНПЧБМ ФЕЛЙОУЛХА ЛТЕРПУФШ, ВЩМ ПФВЙФ У ХТПОПН Й РПУРЕЫОП ПФУФХРЙМ, ЕДЧБ ОЕ РПЗХВЙЧ ЧУЕЗП ПФТСДБ. OBY KhTPO CH FFPN KHRPTOPN DEME - 27 PZHYGETPCH Y 418 OYTSOYI YUYOPCH, UBNSCHK OBBYUYFEMSHOSHCHK BY CHUE FHTLEUFBOULYE CHPKOSHCH.

FFB OEHDBYUB UYMSHOP RPLPMEVBMB RTEUFITS tPUUYY ABOUT CHPUFPL. "VEMSCHE THVBIY" VSCHMY RPVETSDEOSCH! iYCHYOGSH Y RETUYSOE MBTBDUFCHPCHBMY (YN, CHRTPYUEN, UBNYN UPMPOP RTYIPDYMPUSH PF DETYLYI OBVEZCH FELYOGECH). eee VPMEE MILPCHBMY BOZMYUBOE, FPMSHLP UFP RPFETERCHEYE UBNY RPTBTSEOIE PF BZHZBOULYI CHPKUL. NSCH UFBMY RPMHYUBFSH NOPTSEUFCHP PVIDOSHI UPCHEFPCH Y OBUFBCHMEOYK P FPN, LBL UMEDHEF CHPECHBFSH U FELIOGBNY - PF VHIBTULPZP NYTB, PF IYCHYOULPZP IBOB, PF RPZTBOYUOSCHI RETUYDUOLPCHTCHVET. NYT VHIBTULYK UPCHEFPCHBM YDFY ABOUT ZEPL-FERE OE NEOEE LBL UP UFPFSCHUSYUOPK BTNYEK. iYCHYOULYK IBO RTEDMBZBM CHPPVEE PFLBBFSHUS PF DBMSHOEKYI RTEDRTYSFYK RTPFYCH ZEPL-FERE. RETUYSOOE BLMYOBMY OE UIPDYFSHUSS U FELIOGBNY CHTHLPRBYOKHA, "FBL LBL ITBTEE Y UIMSHOEE FELYOGECH OEF OILPZP ABOUT EDUCATION".

LPNBODHAEYN BLBURYKULYN PFTSDPN VSCHM OBOBYEO ZOEETBM FETZHLBUCH. PO RTYCHEM CHPKULB CH RPTSDPL, RPDVPDTYM YI, OP CHULPTE UDBM UCHPA DPMTSOPUFSH RP VPMEOY. YNPK 1879 ZPDB CH REFETVKhTZ RPUFKHRBMY TBMYUOSCHE RMBOSH Y RTPELFSHCH. rMBO fetzhlbupchb RTEDHUNBFTYCHBM, OBRTYNET, RPLPTEOYE biBM-fELIOULPZP PBYUB CH 4.5 ZPDB RTY UBFTBFE 40 NYMMYPOCH THVMEK. yFBV lBCHLBULPZP PLTKhZB FPTS RTEDUFBCHYM UCHPK RMBO, OBUFBYCHBS ABOUT OBOBYUEOYY LPZP-OYVHDSH y "UCHPYI" ZEOETBMPCH. OBNEYUBMYUSH CHUECHPЪNPTSOSCHE LBODIDBFHTSCH.

oP zPUHDBTShOE UZMBUIMUS OY U PDOIN Y FYI RTPELFCH. PO HCE OBNEFIYM UCHPEZP LBODYDBFB - Y CHSCCHBM L UEVE YJ NYOULB 37-MEFOEZP LPNBODYTB IV BTNEKULPZP LPTRHUB ZEOETTBM-MEKFEOBOFB ULPVEMECHB. Yu Komnozp DFPTGB ZetPK Rmechoschi, Cheskhb, Cheshya RPMOPNPYUSHNOSHN Obmshoylpn Yluudigyy, UBDSUSH CHBZPO, RPUMBM Yu Refuchtz, LTBK RP Fiberus MBPK MBPKM RTKCHK

* * *

u YUHCHUFCHPN ZMHVPLPK ZTHUFY OBJYOBEN NSCH PRYUBOYE VMEUFSEEZP FELIOULPZP RPIPDB ULPVMECHB CH 1880 - 1881 ZPDBI - RPUMEDOEK LBNRBOY VEMPZP zeOETBMB. h RETCHSHCHK Y, KhChSCH, CH RPUMEDOIK TB PO CHSHCHUFKHRIM ЪDEUSH UBNPUFPSFEMSHOSHCHN CHPEOBYUBMSHOILPN. MPCHUB VSCHMB EZP LYOVKHTOPN, YEKOPCHP - TSCHNRYLPN, ZEPL-FERE UFBMP EZP rTBZPK, B FTEVIY ENH OE VSCHMP DBOP...

ZMBPNNNEPN RPMLPCHPDGB, LBL YUOFYOLFPN ZPUHDBTuFCHOOOPZP YUMPCHELB - Kommersant BYEKB BYYY, Ulpwemech Uppvipdnphhovipsfsh bibm -felpzp. OP NYOYUFETUFCHP YOPUFTBOOSCHI DEM, UFTBYBUSH "DHTOPZP CHEYUBFMEOYS CH BOZMYY", OBUFPSMP OB PZTBOYUEOYY LUREDYGYY PDOIN MYYSH BIBM-FELIOULYN PBYUPN"

7 NBS 1880 ZPDB ULPVEMECH CHCHUBDYMUS X YULYYMSTB. bB 4 CHETUFSHCH PF VETEZB PO URKHUFIM CH NPTE UCHPEZP VEMPZP VPCHPZP LPOS, VMBZPRPMKHYUOP DPRMSHCHCHYEZP. тЕЛПЗОПУГЙТПЧБЧ УП УЧПЙНЙ ВМЙЦБКЫЙНЙ УПФТХДОЙЛБНЙ - ОБЮБМШОЙЛПН ЫФБВБ РПМЛПЧОЙЛПН зТПДЕЛПЧЩН(245) Й ЛБРЙФБОПН 2-ЗП ТБОЗБ нБЛБТПЧЩН(246) - РПВЕТЕЦШЕ нЙИБКМПЧУЛПЗП ЪБМЙЧБ, ПО ЧЩВТБМ НЕУФП ЪБЛМБДЛЙ Й ХЛБЪБМ ОБРТБЧМЕОЙЕ ъБЛБУРЙКУЛПК ЦЕМЕЪОПК ДПТПЗЙ, РТЙЛБЪБЧ ОЕНЕДМЕООП ЦЕ РТЙУФХРЙФШ Л ТБВПФБН.

UYMSCH FELYOGECH YUYUYUMSMYUSH DP 50000 (YB PTHTSYE CHSMYUSH PF NBMB DP CHEMYLB), YJ LPYI DP 10000 PFMYUOSCHI LPOOYLPCH. pZOEUFTEMSHOPE PTHTSYE YNEMPUSH X RPMPCHYOSCH CHPYOPCH (BOZMYKULYE CHYOFPCHLY, BICHBYOOOSCHE TKHUULIE Y UCHPY, UFBTSHCHE UBNPRBMSCH PZTPNOPZP LBMYVTB, VYCHYE U UPYOYLB OB 2000 YBZHR). PUFTSHCHE YBYLY Y LYOTSBMSCH VSCHMY X CHUEI. ABOUT CHUE CHPKULP YNEMBUSH MYYSH PDOB RHYLB, UFP, CHRTPYUEN, OE VEURPLPYMP PFCHBTsOPZP Y HNOPZP fschLNB-UETDBTS - FELIOULPZP ZMBCHOPLPNBODHAEEZP. PO RPMPTSYM RPMECHSHCHI UTBTSOYK OE DBCHBFSH, B PFUYTSYCHBFSHUS CH LTERPUFY ZEPL-FERE - PZTPPNPN LCHBDTBFE H CHETUFH UFPTPOPK, UFEOSCH LPFPTPK, FPMEYOPK CH 3 UBTSEOY, OE VPSMYUSH PZOS THUULPKY BTFY. рТЙ ЧЩМБЪЛБИ ЦЕ Й Ч ТХЛПРБЫОЩИ УИЧБФЛБИ ВЕЫЕОБС ПФЧБЗБ ФЕЛЙОГЕЧ (ОБДЧЙЗБЧЫЙИ РБРБИЙ ОБ ЗМБЪБ Й ВТПУБЧЫЙИУС ПЮЕТФС ЗПМПЧХ Ч УЕЮХ) Й ЙИ НБУФЕТУЛПЕ ХНЕОЙЕ ЧМБДЕФШ ПТХЦЙЕН ДПМЦОП ВЩМП ЧНЕУФЕ У ПЗТПНОЩН ЮЙУМЕООЩН РТЕЧПУИПДУФЧПН ДБФШ ЙН РПВЕДХ, ЛБЛ Ч РТПЫМПН, 1879 ЗПДХ. LTPNE FPZP, FELYOGSC VSHCHMY HCHETEOSCH, UFP THUULIE, LBL Y CH RTEDSHCHDHEYE LBNRBOY, CH LPOGE LPOGPCH DPMTSOSCH VHDHF PFUFHRYFSH RP OEDPUFBFLH RTPDCHPMSHUFCHYS.

pTZBOYHS UCHPK PFTSD, ULPVEMECH RTYOSM YJCHEUFOHA "FHTLEUFBOULHA RTPRPTGYA" - THUULBS TPFB TBCHOB 1000 OERTYSFEMEK. x OEZP VSHCHMP 46 TPF, B ZMBCHOPE - LBCHLBULYI CHPKUL (RPMLPCH 19-K Y 21-K DYCHYYK) Y 11 ULBDTPOPCH Y UPFEO - CHUEZP 8000 YFSCHLPCH Y YYBYEL. h RTPPMTSEOYE CHUEK LBNRBOY UYUEF CHEMUS ULPVMEMECHCHN YULMAYUYFEMSHOP ABOUT TPFSCH, BOE ABOUT VBFBMSHPOSHCH, LBL FP YNEMP NEUFP PVSCHUOP. about FFPF PFTSD ULPVEMECH RPFTEVCHBM 84 PTHDYS - RP 8 PTHDYK ABOUT FSHCHUSYUKH VPKGHR, UFP CHDCHPE RTECHSHCHYBMP PVSCHYUOKHA OPTNKH Y RPLBSHCHCHBMP OBYUEOYE, LPFPTPE VEMSCHK ZEOETBO HDEMSM.

UADB, hbbleburikulik LTBK, Ulpvemech Cheshftevpchbm Chue Opchyol Chopeoopk Feiyoil - Rchmeneffsh (247), Prfyuulha y, umelftaulha uzobmybgya, hilpmakele Podtethams. пО ОЕ РТЕОЕВТЕЗБМ ОЙЛБЛЙН УТЕДУФЧПН, ЛПФПТПЕ НПЗМП ВЩ ИПФШ УЛПМШЛП-ОЙВХДШ УВЕТЕЮШ УЙМЩ УПМДБФБ ОБ РПИПДЕ Й ЛТПЧШ ЕЗП Ч ВПА (НЩ НПЦЕН ЧЙДЕФШ ЧУА ТБЪОЙГХ НЕЦДХ ПФЛТЩФЩН ХНПН уЛПВЕМЕЧБ Й ХЪЛЙН ДПЛФТЙОЕТУФЧПН дТБЗПНЙТПЧБ - ТБЪОЙГХ НЕЦДХ РПМЛПЧПДГЕН вПЦШЕК НЙМПУФША Й ТХФЙОЕТПН ЧПЕООПЗП ДЕМБ).

pTZBOYBGYS RTPDPPCHPMSHUFCHEOOOPK YBUFY - LFPK CHEYUOPK DP UYI RPT OBYEK BIIMMEUPCHPK RSFSH - CHUEGEMP TEIANITHEFUS MBLPOYYUEULPK DYTELFYCHPK ULPVMECHB: "LPTNYFSH DP, YUFFUSFSHPMB Y FOY TSB". DPCHPMSHUFCHYE CHPKUL UTBYKH CE UFBMP CHEMYLPMEROSCHN Y PUFBCHBMPUSH FBLYN CHEUSH RPIPD. мЙИПК ТХВБЛБ иЙЧЙОУЛПЗП РПИПДБ, РПТЩЧЙУФЩК ОБЮБМШОЙЛ ЛПООПК РБТФЙЙ лПЛБОДУЛПК ЧПКОЩ РТЕПВТБЪЙМУС ЪДЕУШ Ч ТБУЮЕФМЙЧПЗП, РТПОЙЛОХФПЗП УПЪОБОЙЕН ПФЧЕФУФЧЕООПУФЙ РПМЛПЧПДГБ - РПМЛПЧПДГБ, УПЮЕФБАЭЕЗП У ПЗОЕООПК ДХЫПК ИПМПДОЩК ХН, ОЙЛПЗДБ ОЕ ДЕМБАЭЕЗП ЧФПТПЗП ЫБЗБ, ОЕ ЪБЛТЕРЙЧ РЕТЧПЗП, РПДЮЙОСАЭЕЗП ВЩУФТПФХ Й ОБФЙУЛ РЕТЧПК ЧПЙОУЛПК ДПВТПДЕФЕМЙ - ЗМБЪПНЕТХ.

* * *

h RETCHHA PUETEDSH ULPVMECH RPMPTSYM PCHMBDEFSH LYYIM-bTCCHBFULYN TBKPOPN Y FBN UPDBFSH VBH DMS DEKUFCHYK RTPFYCH ZEPL-FERE. 23 NBS ULPVEMECH CHSHCHUFKHRIM YЪ YUYLYYMSTB Y 31-ZP ЪBOSM chBNY (CH LYЪYM-bTCHBFULPN PBYUE). preTBFYCHOBS VBB VSCHMB FBLYN PVTBBPN PDOIN - OP CHEMYLPMEROP TBUUYUYFBOOSCHN - ULBYULPN CHSHCHEUEOB OB 400 CHETUF CHRETED, Y CHUEZP 100 CHETUF PFDEMSMP THUULYI PF ZEPL-FERE. THUULIE UFBMY H vBNY FCHETDPK OPZPK. lbl tb h pbyue rpuremb rpuesoobs felyogbny ryeoygb, y pvymshobs tsbfchb pveureyuymb chpkulb imevpn FHF CE, ABOUT NEUFE. ULPVEMECH OBM, UFP DEMBM, Y RTYLBBM TBCHEUFY DEUSH PZPTPDSH. BDBYUB UOBVTSEOYS LFYN DP YUTECHSHCHYUBKOPUFY HRTPEBMBUSH, Y ULPVEMECH "UBUFBCHYM RHUFSHHOA LPTNYFSH LUREDYGYA".

тБЪТЕЫЙЧ РТПДПЧПМШУФЧЕООЩК ЧПРТПУ, ЪБМПЦЙЧ ОБДЕЦОЩК ЖХОДБНЕОФ РПД ЪДБОЙЕ ЬЛУРЕДЙГЙЙ, уЛПВЕМЕЧ РЕТЕЫЕМ Л УМЕДХАЭЕНХ ЬФБРХ - ТБЪЧЕДЛЕ РТПФЙЧОЙЛБ, «ЮФПВЩ ОЕ ВЩФШ Ч РПФЕНЛБИ» (У ФЕЛЙОГБНЙ ДП УЙИ РПТ ЕНХ ОЕ РТЙИПДЙМПУШ ЧПЕЧБФШ). at FFK GEMSHA PO TEYM RTEDRTYOSFSH TBCHEDSCHCHBFEMSHOSHCHK OVEZ ABOUT ZEPL-FERE, OBTPYuOP CH LTPIEYUOSCHK PFTSD, YUFPVSHCH O RPCHFPTYFSH RUYIPMPZYUEULPK PYVLY, DPRHEOOOPK MPNKh 88ZOHCHN1. 1 YAMS PFTSD CHSHCHUFKHRIM Y 8-ZP VMBZPRPMKHYUOP CHPCHTBFYMUS CHCHBNY. tBCHEDLB HDBMBUSH VMEUFSEE. ULPVEMECH CHSM U UPVPK 700 YuEMPCHEL U 8 PTHDYSNY Y 2 RHMENEFBNY. dPKDS DP ZEPL-FERE, PO PVPYEM LTERPUFSH U NKHSHCHLPK UP CHUEI UFPTPO Y PFTBYM U UBNSCHN OEOBYUYFEMSHOSCHN DMS OBU HTPOPN OBFYUL FELYOGECH.

PUEOSHA ULPVEMECH PVPTKHDPCHBM CHURPNPZBFEMSHOHA VBH ABOUT RETUYDULPK FETTYFPTYY (PFLMPOYCH CH FP TSE CHTHENS RTEDMPTSEOYE RETUPCH OBN RPNPYUSH LBL OE UPPFCHEFUFCHPCHBCHYEE DPUFPYOUFCHH tPUUYY). BY CHUE EEE OBDESMUS RP ЪBOSFYY ZEPL-FERE RPKFI ABOUT NETCH Y RPLPTYFSH tPUUY CHEUSH LTBC DP BZHZBOULPK ZTBOYGSCHCH.

24 OPSVTS, LPZDB ChPKULB VSCHMY CHUEN PVEUREYEOSHCH DMS OYNOEK LBNRBOY, VSCHM PYASCHMEO RPIPD RPD ZEPL-FERE. at 24-ZP RP 28-E THUULIE FTPZBMYUSH YЪ chBNY RPYEMPOOP, Y L RPMPCHOE DElbVTS X eZSO-vBFSHCHT-lBMShch H 10 CHETUFBI PF FELIOULPK FCHETDSHCHOY UPVTBMPUSH HCE 5000 VPKGPC RTYY 47. 11 DElbVTS UADB RTYVSHM Y fHTLEUFBOULPZP PLTHZB PFTSD RPMLPCHOYLB lHTPRBFLYOB CH UPUFBCHE 700 YuEMPCHEL Y 2 PTHDYK. RPUSCHMLB PFTSDB lHTPRBFLYOB YNEMB VPMSHYPE NPTBMSHOPE OBBYUEOYE DMS RMNEO UTEDOEK BYY, RPLBBCH, UFP FELOYOGSC HCE OE CH UIMBI RTERSFUFCHBFSH UPPVEEOSN fHTLEUFBOB UBLBURYKULYN. FELIOULYK RPIPD EEE VPMEE UVMYYIM ULPVEMECHB U LHTPRBFLYOSCHN:

“at OIN UHDSHVB RPTPDOYMB NEOS VPECHSHCHN VTBFUFCHPN UP CHFPTPZP YFKhTNB bodytsbob, Ch

DEM. 23 DERBVTS X OBU HVYF ZOEETBM REFTKHUECHYU(248) . 28 Delbvts OPYUSHE FELEOGSH CHOEHROP KHDBTIMYA hbiyly, venhbmyush h Ftboy, YTHVIMY 5 PZHYGETPCH 120 OITOI Yuiopch (RPUFY Chui Khvysh 30), Kommersant BryutpoPULPULPULPULPULPULPULPULPULPULPULPULPULPULPULPULPULPULPULPULS 29 DERBVTS, RTY CHSKFIY LPOFTBRTPYEK, NSC MYYYMYUSH 61 YuEMPCHELB, B ChP CHTHENS CHSHCHMBLY 30 DERBVTS RPFETSMY 152 YuEMPCHELB Y EEE 1 RHYLKH. fELYOGSC HCHEMY U UPVPK VPNVBTDYTB bZBZHPOB OYLYFYOB (21-K BTFYMMETYKULPK VTYZBDSHCH) Y RPFTEVCHBMY, YUFPVSHCH PO OBHYUYM YI PVTBEBFSHUS U PTHDYSNNY. oEUNPFTS ABOUT OEYEMPCHEYUEULIE NHYUEOYS Y RSHCHFLY, FFPF ZETPK PFLBBMUS Y RPZYV. OP OILPZDB OE RPZYVOEF EZP YNS! FELYOGSC FBL Y OE URTBCHYMYUSH U FTHVLPK, Y UFTEMSHVB YI YY BICHBYOOOSCHI PTHDYK OBN CHTEDB OE RTYUYOSMB, FBL LBL UOBTSDSC OE TBTSCHCHBMYUSH.

29-ZP RP ЪBOSFYY LHTPRBFLYOSCHN "CHEMYLPLOSCEULPK LBMSCH" (LPOFTBRTPYEK RTPFYCHOYLB) VSCHMY RPCHEDEOSCH NIOOSCHE TBVPFSCH, LPFPTSCHN FELYOGSC RP OEJOBOYA OE RTERSFUFCHCHBMY. rTY PFVYFYY CHSCHMBLY 4 SOCHBTS NSCH MYYYMYUSH PRSFSH 78 YUEMPCHEL. FELYOGSCHOE YNEMI RPOSFIS P NYOOPN DEME Y DBCE TBPCHBMYUSH, UMSCHYB YKHN TBVPFSCH. "THUULYE OBUFPMSHLP ZMHRSHCH, UFP TPAF RPDENOSCHK IPD, - ZPCHPTYMY POI, - LPZDB POI UFBOHF PFFHDB CHSCHMEEBFSH PYO OB DTHZYN, NSC YI RPPDYOPYULE Y YYTHVYN!"

hFTPN 12. SOCHBTS 1881 ZPDB RP UYZOBMH ULPVMECHB VSCHMB CHPTCCHBOB NYOB. ChЪTSCHCH OECHEPSFOK UYMSCH BUSHCHRBM CHUA LTERPUFSH Y PYEMPNYM FELYOGECH. ChPKULB TYOKHMYUSH ABOUT YFHTN Y PCHMBDEMY FELIOULYN PRMPFPN RPUME TSEUFPLPK UICHBFLY. LPOOYGB RP RSFBN RTEUMEDPCHBMB VEZHEIE FPMRSHCH, DPCHETYYCH YI TBZTPN. OBY KhTPO ABOUT RTYUFKhRE - 398 YuEMPCHEL, FELYOGECH RPZYVMP RTY CHATSHCHCHE, BLPMPFP ABOUT YFKhTNE Y RPVYFP CH RTEUMEDPCHBOY DP 8000 - FTEFSHS YUBUFSH ЪBEYFOILPCH ZEPL-FERE. bryetpogshch PFVYMY UCHPE OBNS.

BIBM-FELIOULYK PBYU UNYTYMUS. FSHLNB-UETDBTSH Y HGEMECHYE UVBTYYOSCH RTYUSZOHMY ABOUT RPDDBOUFCHP tPUUYY Y VSCHMY PFRTBCHMEOSCH DERHFBGYEK L zPUHDBTA, NYMPUFYCHP YI RTYOSCHYENH. at OYNY PVPYMYUSH MBULCHP. "FELYOGSH FBLYE NPMPDGSCH, - ZPCHPTYM RTP OII ULPVEMECH, - UFP UCHEUFY OEULPMSHLP UPFEO FBLPK LBCHBMETYY RPD CHEOH - OE RPUMEDOEE DEMP". bBOSFYEN CH ZHECHTBME BUIBVBDULPZP PLTHZB LBNRBOYS BLPOYUYMBUSH. ULPVEMECH RPMHYUYM ZEPTZYECHULHA JCHEODH. oEDPMZP ENH DPCHEMPUSH HER OPUIFSh...

* * *

h 1882 - 1884 ZPBI RPD THLPCHPDUFCHPN ZEOETBMB BOOEOLPCHB(249) VSCHMB UPPTKhTSEOB BLBURYKULBS CEMEOBS DPTPZB PF lTBUOPCHPDULB OB NETCH. 1 SOCHBTS 1884 ZPDB TSYFEMY NETCHB UBNY RTYUSZOHMY ABOUT THUULPE RPDDBOUFCHP. оП ОБЫБ ДЙРМПНБФЙС, ПРСФШ УТПВЕЧ, ЪБФСОХМБ ДЕМП У РЕТЕИПДПН Ч ТХУУЛПЕ РПДДБОУФЧП ПЛТБЙО нЕТЧУЛПЗП ПБЪЙУБ ОБ ЗТБОЙГЕ У бЖЗБОЙУФБОПН, «ДБВЩ ОЕ ЧЩЪЩЧБФШ ПУМПЦОЕОЙК У бОЗМЙЕК» (ПЛТБЙООЩЕ ЬФЙ ИБОУФЧБ УБНЙ НЕЦДХ ФЕН РТПУЙМЙУШ Л тПУУЙЙ!). tPVPUFSH LFB, LBL CHUEZDB, RTYOEUMB PVTBFOSHCHE TEHMSHFBFSCH. CHYDS LPMEVBOYE tPUUYY, BZHZBOULYK NYIT, RPDUFTELBENSCHK BOZMYEK, OBMPTSYM ABOUT LFY ENMY UCHPA THLKH. FP YNEMP UMEDUFCHYEN PUFTSHCHK Y BFSTSOPK DCHHIMEFOIK LPOZHMYLF U bZHZBOYUFBOPN Y BOZMYEK.

yUKHCHUFCHKhS ЪB UPVPK NPZHYUHA RPDDETTSLH, BZHZBOGSH UFBMY CHEUFY UEVS U LBCDSCHN NEUSGEN CHUE VPMEE CHSHCHCHCHBAEE Y DETLP. ъБОПУЮЙЧПУФШ ЬФБ УДЕМБМБУШ Ч ЛПОГЕ ЛПОГПЧ ОЕУФЕТРЙНПК, Й 18 НБТФБ 1885 ЗПДБ ОБЮБМШОЙЛ ъБЛБУРЙКУЛПК ПВМБУФЙ ЗЕОЕТБМ лПНБТПЧ ОБОЕУ БЖЗБОГБН ОБ ТЕЛЕ лХЫЛБ РТЙ фБЫ-лЕРТЙ УПЛТХЫЙФЕМШОПЕ РПТБЦЕОЙЕ Й РТПЗОБМ ЙИ ЪБ ЙИ ЗТБОЙГХ. x LPNBTCHB VSHMP 1800 YUEMPCEL Y 4 PTHDYS. bZhZBOGECH VSHMP 4700 PFVPTOSHCHI CHPYOPCH (BZhZBOGSH DCHBTsDSH RPVETSDBMY BOZMYUBO - CH 1841 Y 1879 ZPDBI). NSC MYYYMYUSH 9 HVYFSHCHI Y 45 TBOEOSCHI Y LPOFKHTSEOSHCHI, BZHZBOGECH RETEVYFP UCHCHCHCHIE 1000 Y CHSFCH CHUE VSCCHYE HOYI 8 PTHDYK Y 2 OBNEOY. FP VSHMP EDYOUFCHEOOPE CHPEOOPE DEKUFCHIE H RTBCHMEOYE gBTS-NYTPFCHPTGB.

BOZMYS UFBMB HZTPTSBFSH OBN ChPKOPK Y RPFTEVPCHBMB FTEFEKULPZP TBVYTBFEMSHUFCHB. OP ZPTYUBLPCHULYE CHTENEOB RTPYMY, Y bMELUBODT III, HNECHYK TBZPCHBTYCHBFSH U EKHTPRK, LTHFP PFCHETZOHM BOZMYKULIE DPNPZBFEMSHUFCHB, RPLBBCH LFYN, YuFP CHPKOSHCHOE UFTBYFUS. h mPODPOE OENEDMEOOP TSE UVBCHYMY FPO, Y DEMP BLPOYUMPUSH FBL, LBL FPZP BIPFEM THUULYK gBTSH!

pF YODYY tPUUYA PFOSHOE UFBMP PFDEMSFSH 150 CHETUF BZHZBOULYI ZPT ... h 90-I ZPBI OBNY VSCHM RTEDRTYOSF TSD TELPZOPUGYTPCHPL Y OEVPMSHYYI RPIPPDCH CH RBNYT (OBYVPMEE OBYUYFEMSHOSHCHK - RPMLPCHOYLPHK). h FYI LUREDYGYSI CHRECHSHCHE RTPSCHYMY UEVS LBRYFBOSH LPTOYMPCH (250) Y ADEOYU (251) .

* * *

fBL UCHETYMPUSH RPLPTEOYE UTEDOEK BYY. FP, UFP PLBMBPUSH OE RP RMEYUKH ZPRMYFBN NBLEDPOULYI ZHBMBOZ bMELUBODTTB, VSCHMP PUHEEUFCHMEOP UFEROSLBNY-MYOKKGBNY PTEOVKHTZULYI Y BRBDOPUIYVYTULYI VBFBMSHPOCH!

ZBOTSPK ЪDEUSH VSCHMB BL-NEYUEFSH, ZKHOYVPN - ZEPL-FERE. gygyboch jdeush YNEOHHEFUS retpchulyn, lpfmstechulyk - lpmrblpchulyn, etnpmpch - yuETOSECHCHN, chptpogpch - lbhzhnbopn, vBTSFYOULYK - ulpvemechshchn.

lBCHLBULBS CHPKOB - DEMP FTEI RPLPMEOYK Y YUEFCHETFPK YUBUFY THUULPK CHPPTHTSOOOPK UYMSCH. rTPFICHOIL ABOUT lBCHLBE VSHCHM VPMEE NPZHEEUFCHEO Y YNEM RPDDETTSLH Y'CHOE. fHTLEUFBOULYE RPIPDSCH - DEMP PDOPZP RPLPMEOYS Y ZPTBDDP NEOSHYYI UYM. йДЕКОПЕ ЦЕ ЙИ УИПДУФЧП РПМОПЕ: УХТПЧБС, ОЕРТЙЧЩЮОБС РТЙТПДБ - ФБН ЗПТЩ, ЪДЕУШ УФЕРЙ Й РХУФЩОЙ, ДЙЛЙК, ЖБОБФЙЪЙТПЧБООЩК РТПФЙЧОЙЛ, МЙИЙЕ ЛПНБОДЙТЩ, РПУФПСООПЕ ОЕТБЧЕОУФЧП УЙМ - ПФФХДБ УМБЧОБС РТЙЧЩЮЛБ ОЕ УЮЙФБФШ ЧТБЗПЧ.

fBLFILB CH PUOPCHE FB CE - RTECHPUIPDUFCHP DHIB OBD NBFETYEK. NEFPDSH OEULPMSHLP TBOSFUS - ABOUT OYI CHMYSEF RTYTPDB, CHMYSEF Y FEIOILB. ZPTOBS NEUFOPUFSH Y ZMBDLPUFCHPMSHOSHE THTSSHS DEMBAF ZMBCHOSCHN PTHTSYEN LBCHLBULPK REIPFSCH YFSHCHL. TBCHOYOSCH U PFMYUOSCHN PVUFTEMPN Y ULPTPUFTEMSHOSHE CHYOFPCHLY CHSHCHDCHYZBAF H FHTLEUFBOE ABOUT RPYUEFOPE NEUFP ЪBMPCHSHCHK PZPOSH. vPECHPK RPTSDPL LBCHLBULPK REIPFSCH - LPMPOOB CH BFBLE, FHTLEUFBOULPK - TPFOPE LBTE, OEKHSCHYNSHE, PE CHUE UFPTPOSCH PEEFYOYCHYYEUS LHYULY "VEMSHI THVBI". “THUULYE RTSNP TsZHF MADEK YODBMEBL!”, “THUULYK UPMDBF RMAEF PZOEN!” - H PFUBSOYY ZPCHPTSF LPLBODGSHCH Y VHIBTGSCH, IYCHYOGSHCH Y FELYOGSHCH. OP DEMP ЪDEUSH, LBL Y ABOUT lBCHLBE, TEYBEF Y ЪBCHETYBEF ZTBOEOSCHK UINCHPM CHPIOULPZP DHIB, LPFPTSCHN FHTLEUFBOULBS REIPFB CHMBDEEF OE IHCE LBCHLBULPK. h IYCHYOULPN Y FELIOULPN RPIPDBI ULTERMEOP VSCHMP VPECPE VTBFUFCHP FHTLEUFBOULYI Y LBCHLBULYI RPMLCH. pF iychsch Y ZEPL-FERE POP U YUEUFSHHA VSMP RTPOEUEOP ULCCHPЪSH PZOEOOSHCH VKhTY MPDY Y ChBTYBCHSCH, UP UMBCHPA CHOPCSH OBREYUBFMEMPUSH RPD UBTSCHLBNSCHYEN Y ETEKHNPN.

bB LBLIE-OYVHDSH FTYDGBFSH MEF YULTPNOSCHI, LBL VSH GBVSHCHFSHCHI UFEROSHCHI ZBTOYPOOSCHI CHPKUL UPDBMYUSH CHPKULB, CH LPFPTSCHI UMHTSYFSH UFBMP BYBCHYDOPK YuEUFSHHA. ChPKULB, BLBMEOOSHCH CH FTYDGBFYMEFOEK VPECHPK YLPME, ZDE LBTsDBS TPFB, LBTsDSHK CHCHPD TEYBMY TPUUYKULHA CHEMYLPDETSBCHOKHA BDBYUH. yI VSCHMP OENPZP - DCHBDGBFSH MYOEKOSHCHI VBFBMSHPOCH, CHSHCHUPLP DETTSBCHYI UCHPY OBNEOB CH RPLPTEOOPN YNY DMS tPUUY LTBA, RTCHCHLYI CHUEZDB CHUFTEYUBFSH LFY OBNEOB ZTPNPCHCHN "hTB!". y FFP YI "hTB!" ОЕУМПУШ ЪБ ЗПТЩ Й НПТС, ЪБ НОПЗЙЕ ФЩУСЮЙ ЧЕТУФ ЪБУФБЧМСМП ФТЕРЕФБФШ НЙТПЧХА ДЕТЦБЧХ - вТЙФБОУЛХА ЙНРЕТЙА, ЪБУФБЧМСМП ЕЕ ЧУЕ ЧТЕНС ДЕТЦБФШ Ч РПМОПК ВПЕЧПК ЗПФПЧОПУФЙ ДЧХИУПФФЩУСЮОХА БОЗМП-ЙОДЙКУЛХА БТНЙА ЙЪ УФТБИБ РЕТЕД ФЕНЙ ДЧБДГБФША ВБФБМШПОБНЙ, ДПЛБЪБЧЫЙНЙ, ЮФП ДМС ОЙИ ОЕФ ОЙЮЕЗП ОЕЧПЪНПЦОПЗП.

vpechsche pfmyyuys bb rplpteoye fhtleufbob ineaf rpmly:

73-K REIPFOSHCHK LTSCHNULYK RPML - OBLY ABOUT YBRLY IB ZEPL-FERE (KhCE YNEM GB BLBDOSCHK LBCHLB CH 1864 Z .;

74-K REIPFOSHK uFBCHTPRPMSHULYK RPML - ZEPTZYECHULYE FTHVSHCH BY ZEPL-FERE;

81-K REIPFOSHCHK BRIETPOULYK RPML - ZEPTZYECHULPE OBNS IB YICH CH 1873

82-K REIPFOSHK dBZEUFBOULYK RPML - OBLY ABOUT YBRLY UB ZEPL-FERE;

83-K REIPFOSHCHK UBNKhTULYK RPML - ZEPTZYECHULYE FTHVSHCH YB ZEPL-FERE (YNEM IB dBZEUFBO), OBLY ABOUT YBRLY OB IYCHKH Y ZEPL-FERE (YNEM BY YEYUOA CH 1857 - 1859 ZZ.);

fHTLEUFBOULYE UFTEMLPCHSHCHE (RP MYOEKOSHCHN VBFBMSHPOBN) RPMLY:

1-K - OBBLY ABOUT YBRLY IB VHIBTH CH 1868

2-K - ZEPTZYECHULPE OBNS IB BKHMYE-bFB CH 1864

4-K - ZEPTZYECHULPE OBNS IB YFKhTN fBYLEOFB, OBLY ABOUT YBRLY IB 1853 Z. (BL-NEYUEFSH) Y 1864 Z., ZEPTZYECHULYE TPTSLY IB YFKhTN bodytsbob;

5-K - OBLY ABOUT YBRLY IB VHIBTH 1868 Z. Y ZEPL-FERE;

6-K - ZEPTZYECHULPE OBNS IB PVPTPOH uBNBTLBODB CH 1868 Z.;

8-K - ЪOBLY ABOUT YBRLY ЪB iYCHKH CH 1873 Z .; 9-K - ЪOBLY ABOUT YBRLY ЪB VHIBTH CH 1868 Z .;

13-K - ЪOBLY ABOUT YBRLY ЪB IYCHKh Y ZEPL-FERE;

16-K DTBZHOULYK fCHETULPK RPML - OBLY ABOUT YBRLY OB ZEPL-FERE (YNEM OB BRBDOSCHK LBCHLB CH 1864 Z.). lHVBOULIE LBYUSHY RPMLY:

1-K fBNBOULYK - ZEPTZYECHULYK IFBODBTF ЪB ZEPL-FERE (YNEM ЪB 1826 - 1829 ЗЗ.);

1-K rPMFBCHULYK - OBLY ABOUT YBRLY IB ZEPL-FERE (YNEM OB BRBDOSCHK LBCHLB CH 1864 Z.);

1-K MBVYOULYK - ЪOBLY ABOUT YBRLY ЪB ZEPL-FERE. FETULYE LBYUSHY RPMLY:

1-K LYMSTP-ZTEVEOUULPK Y 1-K UHOTSEOULP-chMBDYLBCHLB-ULYK - ZEPTZYECHULYE FTHVSHCH IB YICH CH 1873 Z. hTBMSHULYE LBBYUSHY RPMLY:

2-K - OBLY ABOUT YBRLY ЪB ILBOSHCH CH 1854 Z., YICH CH 1876 Z .. nBITBN CH 1875 Z.