What are the antonyms? Antonyms: examples of words, concept, exercises

selection of an antonymic pair is a very complex act of mental activity for a child with general speech underdevelopment. In order to help him in mastering the antonymic pair, it is necessary to be guided by the principle of clarity, to guide the child throughout the entire correctional period to study the differences between the two concepts using the example of pictures, objects, and outdoor games, and to develop a desire to use words in everyday life. practical material is provided for the acquisition of antonyms by children with special needs development disorders when studying some lexical topics

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Acquisition of antonyms by preschool children with special needs development.

Mastery of the native language and speech development is one of the most important acquisitions of a preschooler and becomes the general basis for the education and training of the individual. In modern speech therapy literature, a word is considered as a sign denoting the result of cognition and thinking. The main feature of the word is the unity of its lexical and grammatical meanings. Words in a language are part of a single lexical system. Semantic fields are formed around the word. In this regard, the study of antonymy allows us to identify the peculiarities of the organization of the core of the semantic field and the accuracy of the meaning of the word. Completing tasks for selecting antonyms requires the child to have a sufficient volume of vocabulary, the formation of the semantic field in which the given word is included, the ability to identify a differentiated semantic feature in the structure of the meaning of the word, and compare the word according to an essential semantic feature. These tasks can only be completed successfully if the word is actively searched for its opposite meaning. The correct search for a word is carried out only when the child has formed a certain antonymic series.

When carrying out speech therapy work on the development of vocabulary, it is necessary to take into account modern linguistic and psycholinguistic ideas about the word, the structure of the meaning of the word, the patterns of vocabulary formation in ontogenesis, and the characteristics of vocabulary in preschool children with speech pathology.

Taking into account these factors, vocabulary formation is carried out in the following areas;

Expanding the volume of the vocabulary simultaneously with expanding ideas about the surrounding reality, the formation of higher mental functions (thinking, perception, ideas, memory, attention, etc.);

Clarification of the lexical meanings of words;

Activation of the dictionary, improvement of word search processes, translation of words from a passive dictionary to an active dictionary.

When working on antonyms, it is first advisable to use techniques for working on isolated words, then with the same words in sentences and coherent statements.

In children with general speech underdevelopment, substitutions of adjectives are observed, the essential features of which are size, height, width, thickness, but are not differentiated: tall-long, low-small, narrow-small, narrow-thin, short-small, fluffy-soft and others .

With such a mixture, it is necessary to disassemble antonymic series using clarity.

So, selecting an antonymic pair is a very complex act of mental activity for a child with general speech underdevelopment. In order to help him in mastering the antonymic pair, it is necessary to be guided by the principle of clarity, to guide the child throughout the entire correctional period to study the differences between the two concepts using the example of pictures, objects, and outdoor games, and to develop a desire to use words in everyday life.

Below is practical material for the acquisition of antonyms by children with ODD when studying some lexical topics (materials from Pozhilenko E.A., Lalaeva R.I. and some of our own adapted materials were used)

1. Autumn

1. Spring

In spring nature comes to life, and in autumn it freezes.

The water in the stream is muddy, but in the river it is clear.

In winter the snow is white, and in early spring (gray)

1. Winter

• Insert the correct word.

In frosty weather the snow is crumbly, and in thaw it is sticky.

We go up the mountain on skis, and from the mountain we go down.
In winter the cold comes, and with the arrival of spring the cold (ends).

1. Summer

1. Wild animals.

• What word is missing? Complete the sentences.

In the fall, bears, hedgehogs, and badgers fall asleep, and in the spring they wake up.

In summer the bear is well-fed, and in spring (hungry).
The fox has fluffy fur, while the moose has smooth fur.

1. Pets.

1. Garden. Fruits. Berries.

• Complete the sentence.

Banana is sweet and pomegranate is sour.
The apple is hard and the apricot is soft.
The currant bush is tall, and the strawberry bush is low.
Kiwi skin is rough, while plum skin is smooth.

Strawberries were frozen and then (thawed).
Apricots grow high and strawberries grow low.

1. Birds.

1. Vegetables. Garden.

• Complete the sentences.

There are ripe and (unripe) tomatoes

Carrots are sweet and onions are bitter.

Raw potatoes are hard, but boiled ones are soft.

Dill is sown thickly, and carrots (rarely).

Potatoes are planted in the spring and dug in the fall.

1. Transport City

1. Furniture

• Complete the sentences
  The chair is hard, and the sofa is (soft).
  We sat on the chair, then (got up).

The chair was dropped, then (picked up).

The back of the chair is at the top, and the legs are at the bottom.

1. House.

• Make sentences with wordsbuild, destroy, outside, inside.

The old house was destroyed and a new one was built.

The walls are painted on the outside and wallpapered on the inside.

1. Clothes, shoes.

1. Dishes. Food.

• Tell me what word is missing.

The borscht is poured into a deep plate, and the porridge is placed into... a (small) plate.

An enamel pan is durable, but a porcelain cup... (fragile).

Milk is liquid, and sour cream is thick.

When it's hot, it's nice to eat (cold) ice cream, and when it's cold, it's nice to drink (hot) tea.

1. Family.

• Answer which word is missing.

The younger brother is hardworking, and the older one is lazy.

The sister is obedient, and the brother is impudent.

If you quarrel, you need to quickly (make peace).

1. My body. Human.

• Complete the sentences.

If you are asked, you must (answer).
First he got sick, and then he (recovered).
There is no need to be sad, you need to (rejoice).

Antonym is a word that has the opposite meaning of another word and creates a semantic contrast in a pair of lexical units.

Antonyms in Russian

Two words with contradictory meanings form an antonymous pair. A word can have more than one antonym, which is due to the polysemy of lexical units in the Russian language. For example, the antonym of the word “light” (luggage) in the literal sense is “heavy”; in a figurative meaning, its antonymic connection with other words is observed: light (wind) - strong (wind), easy (task) - difficult (task).

Antonyms act as one part of speech; often refer to an adjective, since the antonymic relationships of words are based on common qualitative features (good - bad). Vivid contrasting concepts are also expressed by nouns (good - evil), adverbs (easy - difficult), etc. Not all words provide for the presence of antonyms, for example, some specific nouns (house, apple), colors do not imply contradictory words.

The reverse concept of an antonym is a synonym. Hot and cold are antonyms, while hot and hot are synonyms.

Types of antonyms

Depending on the nature of the connection between words that have opposite meanings, the following types are distinguished:

• linguistic, or dictionary, antonyms - antonyms built on the literal meaning of a word, for example: find - lose;
• additional, or complementary, antonyms are words whose opposite meanings are achieved by negating other words, for example: untruthful (implying “false”);
• contextual, or relational, antonyms are words that acquire antonymic meaning only within the context. The words “teacher” and “student” are not antonyms, but are contrasted in the context of their relationship.

Based on their morphological structure, they distinguish between single-root (come - leave) and multi-root (deep - shallow) antonyms.

Meaning of antonyms

Antonyms are common in folklore as a lexical antithesis, given their semantic binary position (Learning is light, and ignorance is darkness). Antonyms are widely used in oratory, fiction, and journalistic literature as a tool for enhancing the expressiveness and contrast of speech.

An example of the use of antonyms in literature

They got along. Wave and stone
Poetry and prose, ice and fire
(A. S. Pushkin; “Eugene Onegin”)

Antonyms are used by writers in the title to emphasize the antithetical structure of the work: “Poetry and Truth” by J. V. Goethe, “Cunning and Love” by F. Schiller, “The Splendor and Poverty of Courtesans” by O. de Balzac, “Red and Black” by Stendhal, “ Crime and Punishment" by F. M. Dostoevsky, "War and Peace" by L. N. Tolstoy, "Thick and Thin" by A. P. Chekhov, "The Prince and the Pauper" by M. Twain.

The use of antonyms in speech to express differences in qualities, objects, and phenomena that are homogeneous in nature is called antonymy. Antonymy underlies a number of stylistic figures built on the contrast of lexical meanings (oxymoron, chiasmus).

The word antonym comes from Greek anti – against and onyma, which translated means name, word.

In meaning, but words belonging to the same part of speech. They have different spellings and sounds. It is very easy to determine the meaning of one antonym through another; it is enough to give it the form of negation. For example, a direct antonym for the word talking is not being silent, sad is not cheerful and so on. In this article we will take a closer look at the concept of “antonyms” and find out their types.

General information

Due to the richness of the Russian language, there are many nuances and subtleties in any part of speech. It is not without reason that numerous textbooks on linguistics are studied in schools and some higher educational institutions.

1. It is noteworthy that due to polysemy, antonyms of the same word differ in different contexts. For example: old boar - young boar, old car - new car, old cheese - fresh cheese and so on.
2. Not every lexical unit has antonyms. For example, words do not have them sew, institute, book and so on.
3. The main feature is the opposition of words that can mean:

• signs of an object ( smart - stupid, evil - good);
• social and natural phenomena ( talent - mediocrity, heat - cold);
• states and actions ( disassemble - collect, forget - remember).

Types of antonyms

They vary in structure.

• Single-root antonyms are words that are opposite in meaning, but have the same root. For example: love - dislike, progress - regression. They are formed by attaching prefixes (not-, without/s-, re-, de-, and so on).
• Different-root antonyms are words that are polar in meaning and have different roots. For example: big - small, black - white.

In turn, the first type is also divided into: antonyms-euphemisms (loyally express the opposite, difference, for example: significant - insignificant) and enantiosemes (express opposition with the same word, for example: view(in the sense of seeing) and view(in the sense of skipping).

Another group is also distinguished: contextual antonyms are words that differ in meaning only in a specific case. For example, in the author's performance: she had not the eyes- A eyes.

The meaning of antonyms is as follows.

• Opposite: they denote the polarity of actions, phenomena or signs. As a rule, between such antonyms you can put a word with a neutral meaning: joy- apathy - sad, positive- indifference - negative.
• Vector: they denote multidirectional actions: put on - take off, open - close.
• Contradictory: indicate the polarity of objects, phenomena and signs, each of which excludes the other. It is impossible to put a neutral word between them: right left.

In a sentence, antonyms play a stylistic role and are used to make speech more expressive. They are often used as an antithesis (opposition, contrast). Example: “He who was nobody will become everything.” Sometimes antonyms form an oxymoron (combining the incompatible). Example: "Hot Snow", "Living Corpse".

Antonyms are widely used not only in the titles of works, but also in proverbs and sayings.

" is of Greek origin and is translated as "countername".

Antonyms are words with opposite meanings that express it using paradigmatic connections.

Antonyms are a very interesting phenomenon of language, because... in the human mind are stored in the form of an antonymous pair.

Despite the fact that antonyms are opposed to each other with all their content, their semantic structure is highly homogeneous. As a rule, antonyms differ in one differential feature.

For example, a pair of antonyms “-” has common semantic features (quality, mood) and only one differential one (positive and negative mood).

Due to the homogeneity of the semantic structure, antonyms have almost completely identical combinability.

Types of antonyms

There are 2 types of antonyms:

1) multi-rooted and single-rooted.

Single-root antonyms usually form unprefixed and prefixed words. Examples: friend - foe; bad - not bad; enter - exit; approach - move away.

Antonyms with different roots are completely different in their appearance. Examples: stale - fresh; life death.

2) gradual, non-gradual and vector antonyms.

Gradual antonyms express opposition, which presupposes the existence of intermediate stages between two extreme points. Examples: brilliant - talented - gifted - average abilities - mediocre - mediocre; - capable - intelligent - intelligent - average abilities - stupid - limited - stupid - stupid.

Non-gradual antonyms name concepts between which there is not and cannot be an intermediate degree. Examples: true - false; alive - dead; free - busy; married - single.

Vector antonyms denote the opposite direction of actions, signs, qualities and properties. Examples: forget - remember; increase - decrease; supporter - opponent.

Cold and hot, shallow and deep, useful and harmful, independent and dependent, summer and winter, love and hate, joy and sadness, take off and land, start and end, good and bad, serious and frivolous. What do you think these words are? Antonyms! We will present examples of such words, as well as the concept of “antonym” itself, in this article.

Antonyms: concept

So, in the vocabulary of the modern Russian language there is such a thing as “antonyms”. Examples of words with opposite meanings can be given endlessly. Sweet - bitter; cute - disgusting; rise - fall; vanity - peace. These words are called antonyms.

The examples of words given above prove that only words that are the same part of speech can be called antonyms. That is, the words “love” and “hate”, “always” and “often”, “lighten” and “dark” are not antonyms. Can the adjectives “low” and “happy” be called antonyms? No, because words can only be compared based on one characteristic. And in our case there are two of them. In addition, if antonyms denote some quality, then they must possess or not possess this quality in equal measure. Thus, “frost” and “warmth” are not complete antonyms, since frost is a high degree of cold, and heat is an average degree of temperature above zero.

Antonyms-nouns: example words

In Russian, antonyms-nouns are found quite often. It should be noted that nouns that have antonyms have a connotation of quality in their meaning.

For example: integrity - unprincipledness; minus plus; income - losses; output - input; ascent - descent; day Night; light - darkness; word - silence; dream - reality; dirt - cleanliness; captivity - freedom; progress - regression; success - failure; youth - old age; purchase - sale; beginning - ending.

Adjectives with opposite meanings

Among adjectives you can find the largest number of pairs of antonyms.

Examples of words: empty - full; daytime - nighttime; perky - sad, happy - unhappy; light heavy; simple - complex; cheap - expensive; paid - free; confident - uncertain; main - secondary; significant - trifling; real - virtual, native - alien; obstinate - flexible; excited - calm; smooth - rough; artificial - natural; beloved - unloved; raw - dry.

Adverbs

In this regard, adverbs are in no way inferior to adjectives. There are also many antonyms among them.

Examples of words: easy - difficult; cheap - expensive; immediately - gradually; stupid - smart; banal - original; long - not for long; enough is not enough; intelligible - indistinct; right - wrong, cold - hot.

Antonym verbs: examples of words in Russian

There are also verbs with opposite meanings in the Russian language.

For example: scold - praise; take - give; work - idle; to get sick - to get better; get better - lose weight; refuse - agree; to accustom - to wean; notice - ignore; lose - find; increase - decrease; earn - spend; bury - dig up; leave - return; say goodbye - say hello; turn - turn away; iron - wrinkle; take off - put on; dress - undress.

Thus, almost all parts of speech are rich in antonyms. They can be found even among prepositions: in - from, on - under, etc.

Exercises

To consolidate the material you have learned, it is useful to perform several exercises.

1. Read a poem by a famous children's poet and find all the antonyms in it:

Here's a chat for the guys:

When they are silent, they do not speak.

When they sit in one place,

They don't travel.

What is far is not close at all.

But high, not very low.

And how to arrive without leaving.

And eat a nut, since there are no nuts.

Nobody wants to lie standing.

Pouring from empty to empty.

Don't write on white chalk

And don’t call idleness business.

2. Insert antonyms instead of dots:

1. ... feeds a person, but ... spoils him.
2. ... ... doesn't understand.
3. ...in body, yes...in deed.
4. ...for food, yes...for work.
5. ... saddled, but... galloped.
6. Day to day there is strife: today... and tomorrow...
7. Prepare the cart... and the sleigh...
8. One brother... and the second...
9. Today the sea... but yesterday it was completely...
10. Alyosha has an easy character: he remembers... and forgets...
11. You're always like this..., why today...?
12. The root of the teaching..., but the fruits...

Exercise #1: are silent - they speak; far close; high - low; come - leave; lie down - stand; idleness is business.

Exercise #2:

1. Labor, laziness.
2. Full, hungry.
3. Small, big.
4. Healthy, sickly.
5. Early late.
6. Warm, frosty.
7. In winter, in summer.
8. Silent, talker.
9. Stormy, quiet.
10. Good evil.
11. Cheerful, joyful.
12. Bitter, sweet.