Formation of perfective verbs from verbs. Perfect and imperfect forms of the verb

Verbs come in perfect and imperfect forms. Types of verbs differ in meaning.

Imperfect verbs

Imperfect verbs what to do?:

sit, talk, play

Imperfective verbs have three tense forms: past, present and future complex. In any tense form, they denote a repeated or ongoing action, without indicating whether the action has been completed. For example:

(what did you do?) pushed - past tense, perhaps the action was repeated several times and it is unknown whether the desired result was achieved;

(what are they doing?) read - present tense, ongoing action, since it is not known how long the action has already lasted and how much longer it will last;

(what will I do?) I'll draw - future complex tense, perhaps the action will be repeated and there is no indication that it will be completed;

Imperfective verbs can also denote actions that have begun, are beginning, or will begin:

lit, I’m lighting, I’ll be lighting

Perfect Verbs

Perfect Verbs answer the question in a vague manner what to do?:

Perfective verbs have two tense forms: past and future simple tense. In any temporary form, they denote a completed (finished) and non-repeating action. For example:

(What did you do?) sat down - past tense, the action is completed and was done once, that is, not repeated;

(what will they do?) let's talk - future simple tense, the action will be done completely and will not be repeated.

Perfective verbs can also denote actions that have already begun or are about to begin:

I started talking, I'll talk

Formation of species

From imperfective verbs, perfective verbs can be formed in different ways. Let's consider the methods of education:

Adding a prefix:
write - under write, sit - before sit
By dropping suffixes, for example:
Yes va t - give, saved A t - save
Replacing suffixes, for example:
double willow t - double And yeah, decide A t - decide And uh, jump A t-jump Well t
By replacing suffixes and alternating sounds in the root:
about now t - pros you oh, oh s X A t - zas O X Well t

Aspect pairs of verbs

Many verbs can have a perfective or an imperfective form. Two forms of the same verb form species pair.

An aspectual pair of verbs is often formed by forming one aspect from another, for example:

talk - talk

decide - decide

Some species pairs have different stems, but mean the same action:

Individual aspect pairs of verbs differ only in stress:

fall asleep - fall asleep

cut - cut

cut off - cut off

Some verbs, depending on the sentence in which they are used, can be either imperfect or perfect:

Anna now (what is she doing?) telegraphs sister about the time of arrival.(present tense, imperfective)

Tomorrow (what will she do?) telegraphs about his departure.(future tense, perfect form)

Such verbs are called two-species, These include: telegraph, take possession, spend the night, wound, marry, execute and some others.

Goals:

Know: that verbs differ into types according to questions and meaning.
Be able to: master the method of action to recognize verb types; show the differences between perfective and imperfective verbs, the possibilities of functioning of verbs in speech.

During the classes

I. Organizational moment.

II. Checking homework.

III. Work with text.(Presentation, slide 1)

April – real in..shares 4 . The ravines began to sparkle with melt water. The first spring 3 rain is drizzling on the snow. The puddles and floods in the lowlands spread wide..shortly. The spring waters are touching. Ice is coming.

Insert missing spellings.
Syntactic analysis of the sentence.
Morphological analysis of words.

(Slide 2)

– What words in this text carry the main semantic load?
(Verbs)

– Write down the verbs whose composition corresponds to these patterns:

– What questions do these verbs answer?

(What did they do? What are they doing?)

– Which verb denotes the completion of an action?

(Started playing- have already done, completed the action).

– Which verb denotes the incompleteness of an action?

(They are getting started - they are just getting started, the action has not been completed).

– Let’s write the aspect above the verbs: perfect aspect – imperfect aspect.

The following technique will help in determining the type of verb: if the question begins with a letter with (what to do? what will it do?) – perfective verb.

– Indicate the perfect and imperfect verbs in this text.

IV. Working with a table. (Slide 5)

– Which questions are answered by imperfective verbs, and which by perfective verbs?

– What tenses can imperfective verbs take? Perfect looking?

V. Reading paragraph 112.

VI. A moment of rest.(A melody sounds). (Slides 6–8)

– Listen to the text, title it.

Each season has its own music.

The snow has faded. In an explosive stream, silver balls hastily roll down from the roofs. Sings melodiously, the drops tick loudly. The beating icicles quietly chime and shatter into pieces, like dropped crystal. And in the bushes you can hear the frequent ringing of a silver bell. This is filled with oatmeal.

A ray of sunshine plays the quiet music of spring everywhere, and the birds and water sing along with it.

VII. Fixing the material.

(Cards with text in front of each student).

Determine the type of verbs.

Morning. The smell of flowers gently flows from the mountains. The sun has just risen. There is still dew glistening on the leaves of the trees and on the stems of the grass. The road seems soft like velvet, and you want to stroke it with your hand.

VIII. Find and correct errors in the use of verbs. (Slide 9)

I finished reading the book and went to bed.
The students were late at school, but still solved the problem.
It took me a long time to rewrite the essay.
The child cried bitterly and did not calm down.
The audience applauded warmly, and the pianist played another piece.

IX. Homework. P. 112, ex. 647, words on pp. 240–256 learn. (Slide 10)

The type of verb is one of the topics in the school curriculum that students forget or even “fly by.” Without a doubt, if you do not understand the easy rules of this section, you will not be able to understand the other, more complex ones. Students often confuse an imperfect verb with a perfect verb, but they have no idea how easy and simple everything is, you just need to clearly sort out what is what.

A form is a unit without which not a single verb in the Russian language can exist. It is worth remembering that it can always be determined! In some cases, the answer is on the surface, and in others you have to dig deeper. In our language there are two types of verbs: perfect (SV) and imperfect (NSV).

Perfect view

This is a type that denotes an already completed action; most often we use it in the past tense. If we draw a parallel with the English language, there a completed action can be indicated by such tenses as Past Simple and Present Perfect. We must take into account that SV verbs direct us to the result, the end of the action or its beginning. For example: “He read the book.” How can you tell that it is not an imperfective verb? You just need to ask the question: “What did you do?” Teachers give this hint to children in almost all schools, explaining that if the predicate in a question has the prefix “s”, then it is a perfective verb.

This type can also be used in the future tense, questions to check: “what will (will) do?” etc.

You should take into account the fact that SV completely lacks the present tense, so if you see a verb of this tense, know that it is NSV.

Imperfect species

An imperfect verb denotes the duration of an action without emphasizing the result. The process can be regular, that is, someone does something every day. Or simply repetitive, in other words, someone does something infrequently. English also has tenses that denote process, for example, Present Continuous. Adverbs in a sentence can also “give away” the imperfect form of the verb. Examples: constantly, often, always, regularly, usually, long - they all indicate the absence of an end to the action.

To easily identify an imperfective verb, you just have to ask it the question: “What to do?” (the question lacks the letter “c” indicating SV, therefore it is NSV). For example: Marina loves to sing (what to do?).

Verbs of this group can be either present tense (what is (am I doing) doing?, etc.), or future tense (what will be doing (will I be doing)?, etc.) and past tense (what did (do)?, etc.). d.).

One-aspect verbs and verbs with two forms

Many verbs in the Russian language have a pair of the opposite form (davit (SV) - davit (NSV)). They are formed by alternating vowels and consonants of letters and syllables:

o/a - late/late (SV/NSV);
o/s - sigh/sigh (SV/NSV);
I / them - raised / will raise (SV / NSV);
u/im - took out/took out (SV/NSV);
d/f - accompanied/sees off (SV/NSV);
t/h - answered/will answer (SV/NSV);
p/pl - strengthened/strengthened (SV/NSV);
st/sh - treated / will treat (SV/NSV).

In addition to such verbs, there are also single-type verbs, which in no case can have a pair; they have only one of two forms: imperfect or perfect. Among them: to be, to be present, to be absent, to be inactive (NSV only), and also: to scream, to be needed, to gush, to find yourself (SV only).

Examples of imperfect and perfect verbs

As it turned out, NSV and SV are quite easy to find on a question, but most often students begin to understand the topic only after the teacher explains it with examples.

Imperfect view: boils, takes, cares, will play, cut, looked for, sawed, interfered, will sleep, etc.

Perfect form: water, kill, put away, bought, disappeared, moved, opened, sat down, etc.

These are just some examples of perfective and imperfective verbs.

The methods for forming species are as follows.

Imperfective verbs are formed from perfective verbs using the suffixes -a-, -я-: finish - finish, accelerate - accelerate; -yva-, -iva-: put aside - put off, give away - give away; -va-: put on - put on, give - dawad/gb.
Perfective verbs are formed, as a rule, by attaching prefixes to imperfective verbs: na-, po-, o- (ob*, obo-), for-, u-, etc. For example: draw - draw, whiten - whiten, to become decrepit - to become decrepit, to get angry - to become angry, to choke - to strangle, to sting - to sting.

Sometimes the perfect form of verbs is formed using the suffix -nu. For example: drip - drop, swallow - sip.
In some cases, species pairs are formed from different roots. For example: take (nesov.) - take (owls), catch (nesov.) - catch (owls), put (nesov.) - put (owls).
Often, when forming verb types, there is an alternation of vowels and consonants in the root. For example: start (sov.) - begin (nesov.); squeeze (sov.) - compress (nesov.); freeze (sov.) - freeze (nesov.), etc.
Exercise 249. In the text below, find the verbs and determine their type.
Beyond the Khrebtov Pass, south of Goryachiy Klyuch, a small ten-man detachment of Lieutenant Kuguelov operated for quite a long time. He made his way to the fascist rear, brought “tongues”, mined roads. In October, Kuguelov performed a brilliant operation that cost him his life.
Here is how it was. One foggy October night, Lieutenant Kuguelov led his detachment to the rear of the Nazis. The hunters passed the “neutral” village of Pyatigorskoye, went deeper into the forest and by dawn reached a wide road near Goryachiy Klyuch... The sun had already risen. Single enemy soldiers were moving along the road, occasionally carts loaded with mines passed, messengers and motorcyclists rushed by... But then a large headquarters bus appeared in the distance. Kuguelov knew that officers usually travel in such comfortable buses, and ordered his men to get ready.
The bus was slowly approaching. The road went uphill, and you could hear that the driver was driving a heavy car, first or second speed... When the bus approached the place where the hunters were sitting, Kuguelov gave a signal. Grenades were thrown at the car...
V. Zakrutkin.
Exercise 250. Rewrite the verbs below, dividing them into three columns: in one - imperfective verbs, in the other - perfect, in the third - bi-aspect.
Charge, distinguish, strengthen, convince, win, manifest, dress, push, marry, erase, inscribe, certify, throw, drown, divide, cancel, offer, arrest, frighten,
command, listen, wound, swoop, see, telegraph, issue, extract, vernalize, sow, sing.
Exercise 251. From the perfective verbs below, using the suffixes -iva-, -ыва-, form imperfective verbs. Place emphasis. Explain the features of the formation of the form, using information about the alternation of vowels in the root.
Strengthen, wrinkle, touch, calm, make healthy, call, break out, soak, flood, prick, grind, weed, cut out, feed, trample, earn, finish, honor.
Exercise 252. Match the following aspect pairs of verbs with the prefix you-. Indicate in what form this prefix is stressed and in what form it is unstressed.
Reveal - identify, carry out - carry out, subtract - subtract, select - select, take out - take out, cut out - cut out, express - express, rake out - rake out, clean out - ^ clean out.
Exercise 253. Make the following sentences using the verb pairs below. Indicate how these verbs differ (meaning, stress, aspect).
Cut - cut, scatter - scatter, pour - pour, fill - fill.

More on the topic § 77. Formation of verb types:

§ 24. The grammatical struggle for recognition of the category of aspect and against the old theory of times in the first third of the 19th century.
§ 38. Teaching of acad. Fortunatova on the meanings of the perfect form of a Russian verb

Verbs of different types, with the exception of certain special cases, are formed as follows:

1) Imperfective verbs are formed from perfective verbs using suffixes:

-and I-):save - saved A t, step - step A uh, captivate – captivity I t;

-va-; give - yes va yea, put on shoes va ty, put on - clothes va t;

-yva-, -iva-:see - look yva thaw, thaw - thaw willow t.

Note. When forming imperfective verbs using a suffix -A- (-I-) in the roots of some of them alternations of sounds are observed:

a) vowels: proposal O live - sentence A go, zap e roar - zap And army, dear O whine - ass s shut up, close - deputy s roll;

b) consonants: answer T it - answer h oh, about st it - about sch come on, get up V it - stood up ow yat.

In individual verbs, aspectual forms are characterized by more complex differences in stems, for example: squeeze - squeeze, squeeze - squeeze and so on.

When forming verbs using suffixes -yva, -willow- usually alternate radically O With A: nonsense O oppression - nonsense A nods, smiles O years - rask A barks and so on.

Only some verbs do not have this alternation: opoz O rit – oppress O squeal, squeal O rit-prishp O roar, choke O kick - stale O sing, uzak O Uzak thread O nivat, overdue O read - overdue O read and some etc.

2) Verbs of the perfect form, usually with a connotation of instantaneity and one-time occurrence, are formed from verbs of the imperfect form by means of a suffix -Well-: jump – jump Well t; swing - swing Well t.

Note. Before the suffix -Well- Some verbs lack the last consonants of the root: move - move, splash - splash, throw - throw, whisper - whisper, drown - drown.

3) Perfective verbs can be formed from imperfective verbs using prefixes: do - With do, write - on write, go blind - O go blind, turn gray - By to grow gray, to build – By build and so on.

Most often, prefixes form perfective verbs with a new lexical meaning: write - V write, re write, With write, under write, above write and so on.

Only in a small number of cases do prefixes do not add any other meaning to verbs other than the perfective aspect, thus forming the forms of one verb (perfective and imperfective): write - on write; do – With do and so on.

4) In some cases, pairs of perfective and imperfective verbs are formed from different roots: speak(imperfect) – say(perfect); catch(imperfect)– catch(perfect); take(imperfect) -take(perfect).

5) There are verbs that are used in the same forms both in the meaning of the imperfect and in the meaning of the perfect form. Such verbs are called bi-aspect. These include the words: execute, marry, exploit, mobilize, militarize, telegraph and some etc. Compare: I've already used my vacation(owl species).– When I used this device, I noticed its design(non-Soviet species).

Note. From verbs with suffix -ova- Paired imperfective verbs can be formed by adding a suffix -yva-, but only when the emphasis falls on A in the suffix - ova -: arrests A t – to arrest, bargain A t – to trade; therefore from verbs such as R A give, p A to tow. h e to work, such formations are impossible.

Form "use" (from use) incorrect and not accepted in literary speech; verb use used in the meaning of both perfective and imperfective forms.

From verbs with suffix - ova - having a prefix You - (transferring the stress to itself), paired verbs with a suffix -yva- are formed if, when this prefix is dropped, the emphasis is transferred to A in the suffix -ova-: uproot Eve t (cramp Eve t) – uproot, extort ovate(bargain ova t) – bargain; But nurture (pestle ova t) – suffixed form -yva- not formed.

6) Some verbs do not have paired verbs of another type. So, there are no imperfective verbs with verbs rush, rush, say, need and etc.; on the contrary, there are no perfective verbs with verbs prevail, be present, limp, pace and etc.

Exercise 250. Next to the perfective verb, write an imperfective verb, forming it using suffixes:

-and I-: 1) neglect - neglect, harness, captivate, settle, bloom, rake; 2) take - collect; shake, start, stretch; 3) send – send; snatch, call, wait, create; 4) move – move; touch, pull, splash, throw, whisper, drown; 5) shut up - shut up; unlock, relax, fall asleep; 6) to conduct – to see off; block, respond, absorb, return, invite, notify, prepare; 7) burn out – burn out; boil;

-va-; forget - forget; put on, develop, overcome, stand up, confess, teach;

-yva-, -iva-:split - split; weed out, repent, order, demarcate, earn, stir, look in, block.

251. Match the prefixless imperfective verb with a paired perfective verb (i.e., with the same lexical meaning) from the data in the exercise.

1) Boil the soup - boil, finish, digest, boil; 2) build a house - rebuild, complete, build, build; 3) sing a song - sing, finish singing, sing, sing; 4) wash your hands - wash, wash, wash, wash; 5) draw a portrait - finish drawing, draw, redraw, sketch.

252. Write by inserting the missing letters; highlight the verbs and indicate their type.

Wow, it's hot!.. We collected mushrooms before noon.

They came out of the forest - just towards

A blue ribbon, twisted...wait, long...oh,

Meadow river: they jumped off in a crowd,

And the empty brown heads above the river... oh,

What porcini mushrooms are there in a forest clearing!

The river resounded with laughter and howling:

Here a fight is not a fight, a game is not a game...

And the sun bathes them in half-hot heat.

Home, kids! It's time for lunch.

We're back. Everyone has a basket full,

And how many pa...Kazov! Got caught with a scythe

We caught a hedgehog and got a little lost...

And did you see the wolf... oh, what a scary one!

The hedgehog is offered flies and boogers,

I gave him my root milk -

Doesn't drink! retreated...

(N.A. Nekrasov.)

253. Write by inserting the missing letters; indicate what type of verbs are taken when describing and calm narration and what type - when depicting the rapid development of events.

I was driving home from hunting in the evening alone on a racing boat. It was still eight miles to the house; my kind trotting mare ran briskly along the dusty road..., snoring occasionally and moving her ears; the tired dog, as if tied, was... one step behind the rear wheels. The storm was coming. Ahead, a huge purple cloud slowly rose from behind the forest; Long gray clouds were rushing above me and towards me; the willows moved and babbled anxiously. The stuffy heat was suddenly replaced by damp cold; the shadows quickly grew thicker. I hit the horse with the reins and went down into the ravine; crossed a dry stream, all overgrown with wicker, climbed the mountain and drove into the forest. The road lay ahead between thick hazel bushes, already filled with darkness; I moved forward with difficulty. The droshky jumped over the solid roots of hundred-year-old oaks and lindens, constantly crossing deep longitudinal ruts - traces of cart wheels; my horse began to stumble. A strong wind suddenly began to hum in the heights, the trees began to rage, large drops of rain began to knock, splashed on the leaves, lightning flashed, and a thunderstorm broke out. The rain poured down in streams. I walked at a pace and was soon forced to stop.

(I. S. Turgenev.)

254 . Write down, indicating the type of verbs in which letters are missing.

1) A breath of living force touched the mother’s heart, waking him up. 2) There is nothing that does not concern honest people. 3) The words easily emerged from the depths of her heart and formed into a song. 4) Drawing images dear to her, she put all the power, all the abundance of love into her words. 5) Egor threw his head back, closed his eyes and froze. 6) Everything strangely froze in gloomy stillness. 7) Nikolai finished speaking, took off his glasses, wiped them, looked at the glasses in the light and began to wipe them again. 8) The man walked slowly, leaning firmly on a stick. 9) For three days, Nilovna’s heart trembled, freezing every time she remembered that some scary strangers would come to the house. 10) Mother carefully collected the pieces of the torn drafts of the proclamations and burned them.