Open lesson on the history of ancient civilizations and the world around us. The ancient world - the birth of the first civilizations, presentation for a lesson on the world around us (grade 4) on the topic

1. Insert the missing words into the text.

era Ancient world is the birth of the first civilizations . The first began to appear cities. To organize and protect the lives of different people, it was necessary have laws, maintain an army, collect taxes . This is how they appeared states .

Continue the sentences.

People began to depend less on nature, as they learned to make tools from gland. Another important invention of this time was wheel. We still use many achievements of the Ancient world, for example: the ability to handle and use fire for cooking and heating the home.

Determine and write in the table which of the ancient civilizations the given illustrations belong to. Using additional literature, fill in the second column of the table (draw or describe other features of civilizations).

2. Write in the crossword puzzle the names of ancient civilizations that are the inventors of the following achievements:

1. Alphabet of vowels and consonants (Hellas).
2. A calendar in which the year is 365 days (Egypt) .
3. Familiar images of numbers from 0 to 9 (India) .
4. Silk fabrics (China) .
5. Latin language (Rome) .

Add the word “Interfluve” to the crossword puzzle in any suitable place and write down the inventions of this civilization

6. First writing (cuneiform)

3. “Use Roman numerals to mark on the “river of time” (p. 31) the centuries of the Ancient World. Mark the years of the following events:

776 BC - the first Olympic Games in history;
74 BC - slave uprising led by Spartacus.
These inventions of the ancient world influenced the development of mankind. Come up with a symbol that you understand for each invention and draw it in a frame, and then on the “river of time” in the right place.

The appearance of iron tools (end of the 2nd millennium BC)
Invention of the wheel (turn of the 3rd-2nd millennium BC)

4. Complete the tasks on the contour map (see pages 84-85).

Draw the border of the civilized world.
Color the territories of civilizations of the Ancient World with different colors

Write in which parts of the world the civilizations of the Ancient World are located.

Africa. Asia. Europe

Emphasize the civilization that occupied a large area.

The world of primitive tribes
World of Ancient Civilizations

Come up with symbolic images of architectural monuments of the Ancient World (see pp. 54-55 of the textbook). Place them on the territories of those civilizations where these structures were built.

5. Look carefully at the pictures. What do you think ancient people would have done? Draw or write a continuation of this story from the moral point of view of the Ancient World.

Most likely, the inhabitants of the Ancient world would have caught a captured stranger and turned him into a slave. They believed that people of other cultures are not civilized people, that they are savages. Therefore, they were sure that they could only be slaves.

Continue the sentence.

Position (opinion) I wouldn't want to be treated the same way
Argument(s) because I am a free civilized person and I need to be treated as an equal person .

Think about what you, a person of the 21st century, would do in a similar situation. Draw or write a continuation of this story from the point of view of a modern person.

In the modern world, in such a situation, you need to contact the police so that the thief is detained and the suitcase is returned to the tourist. In modern society, the law applies to all people equally. It doesn’t matter whether it’s a visitor or one of our own, in any case he is under the protection of the law.

Draw a conclusion.
Position (opinion) I believe that modern people must treat all people with respect, regardless of their nationality, race or religion.
Argument(s) because then people will be able to travel around the world and not fear for their safety.

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Slide captions:

The ancient world - the birth of the first civilizations

In the modern world, do we use a calendar, hourglass, numbers, alphabet? Which of the above do you think are ancient objects? “What achievements of the Ancient World do we still use today?” What is the Ancient World? Could a clock, calendar, letters, numbers appear in a primitive society?

What objects could have appeared in the era of the Ancient World? What knowledge do we lack? We know We don’t know What are the purposes of a clock, calendar, letters, numbers? How does the era of the Ancient World differ from the era of the Primitive World? The Ancient World - the second era of world history What objects could have appeared in the era of the Ancient World?

Civilization is a new, higher stage of human development, different countries with their own special culture. The main signs of civilization: State (king, taxes, army) Cities Writing

Ancient Rome Ancient Greece Ancient Egypt Mesopotamia Ancient China Ancient India

Ancient Rome Ancient Rome is located on the Apennine Peninsula. The capital is the city of Rome, founded in 753 BC. on the banks of the Tiber River by the twins Romulus and Remus, sons of the Vestal Virgin Rhea Silvia and the god of war Mars. The city was founded on the top of the Capitoline Hill, where administrative buildings subsequently appeared: the Senate, the Tribune. The Romans were brilliant builders and architects. Rome was built according to an ideal layout. Open squares alternated with straight avenues and streets that intersected at right angles; the squares were decorated with statues. There are many interesting events in the history of Rome: the life of Gaius Julius Caesar, the uprising of Spartacus, the Punic Wars

Ancient Rome They invented the water mill, Tironian marks (in the modern sense - shorthand), concrete; and the Romans’ habit of salting greens led to the formation of the word “salad.” Multi-story houses. Multi-storey buildings appeared in Rome not at all because of a good life. The problem of overpopulation was already familiar in those distant times. The only way out of the situation was high-rise buildings that were rented out. The poor lived under the very roof. They had to climb right up to the roof using an external staircase that started right on the street. These apartments were so low and cramped that it was only possible to walk through the rooms while bending over.

Ancient Rome Sewerage. The impurities were constantly washed away through an inclined pipe with water from a nearby thermal source. This was the first full-fledged sewer system, also known as the “Cloaca,” the diameter of the main tunnels of which reached 7 meters. Double-glazed windows. Of course, glass was not invented by the ancient Romans. But it was they who brought window craft to perfection. The world's first regular window design measuring 1 x 1.7 m was located under the vault of the changing room of the baths in Pompeii and consisted of a bronze frame with frosted glass. At the same time, the inhabitants of Ancient Rome realized that the main part of the warm air escapes through the window, and if you place two glasses, one behind the other with a distance of five centimeters, then the house becomes much warmer.

Ancient Rome Triumphal arches are also a Roman architectural innovation, possibly borrowed from the Etruscans. Arches were built for various reasons - both in honor of victories and as a sign of the consecration of new cities. However, their primary meaning is associated with triumph - a solemn procession in honor of victory over the enemy. Passing through the arch, the emperor returned to his hometown in a new capacity. The arch was the border between one's own and another's.

Egypt is an ancient state that existed in the Lower Nile Valley. The territory of Egypt was a narrow ribbon of fertile soil stretching along the banks of the Nile. On both sides the valley was bordered by mountain ranges. At first the country was divided into Upper and Lower Egypt. The ancient Egyptians grew barley, wheat, grapes, figs and dates, and raised large and small livestock. In 3 thousand BC. The royal power was significantly strengthened and strengthened. This was reflected in the most famous monuments of Ancient Egypt - the pyramids. Ancient Egypt

Ancient Egypt 1. Ancient Egypt made a huge contribution to world culture. The Egyptians found a more suitable material for writing than clay - papyrus. This is a reed that grows in abundance along the banks of the Nile River. They wrote with drawing-like signs called hieroglyphs. The Egyptians called them “divine speech.” They attached important religious and magical significance to the letters. 2. The Egyptians built their homes from clay, silt and straw. Later they learned to make bricks from clay, bake them in the sun and build houses from them.

Ancient Egypt 3. The Egyptians grew wheat, barley, and flax, from which they wove linen and sewed clothes. Cattle were raised. The Egyptians hunted on land from chariots and on water from boats. They hunted hippos with harpoons and ropes. 4. The tallest and oldest is the Pyramid of Cheops. It reaches 146 meters in height. This is the only wonder of the world that has survived to this day. It was built over 20 years. 100 thousand people worked on its construction and six and a half million tons of stones were used.

Ancient Egypt 5. There were medical schools in Egypt. Ancient Egyptian doctors had a good understanding of how the human body works. Belief in the afterlife led the Egyptians to embalming (mummification) of the bodies of the dead. 6. The Egyptians wore light linen clothes that were not hot. Both men and women used cosmetics. Rich people wore wigs and jewelry made of gold and semi-precious stones.

BELIEFS IN ANCIENT EGYPT ACCORDING TO THE BELIEFS OF THE EGYPTIANS, MAN CONSISTED OF A BODY (CHET), A SHADOW (HAYBET), A NAME (RAN) AND AN INVISIBLE DOUBLE (KA). BELIEF IN AN AFTERLIFE WAS REFLECTED IN THE RELIGION OF THE EGYPTIANS. THE SUN GOD IS RA, THE BELOVED GOD IS OSIRIS. A COMPLEX EMBALMMING PROCEDURE WAS USED TO ENTER THE KA INTO THE MUMMY. THIS IS WHY PRESERVING THE BODY AS A MUMMY WAS SO IMPORTANT

Ancient China They made silk fabric (even books were made from this material, but they were very expensive). They invented a cheap material - paper. They invented the compass. They learned to grow tea. The single coin of China. The Great Wall of China.

Ancient Greece Ancient Greece was located in the south of the Balkan Peninsula and included the islands of the Aegean and Ionian seas. From 8th century BC The Greeks called themselves Hellenes. The population of Ancient Greece was engaged in agriculture, gardening (especially growing grapes and olives), and cattle breeding (preference was given to small livestock - goats). Crafts were also developed. In historical times, the territory of the Hellenes was divided into many small states. The largest policies were Sparta and Athens. The ancient Greeks believed in many gods: Zeus, Athena, Apollo, Neptune, Hera, Artemis, Hermes and others. Ancient Greece gave the world the Olympic Games.

Ancient Greece 1. Sparta, even in peacetime, was like a military camp. The sons of Spartan citizens entered schools at the age of 7, where they underwent severe training. To teach boys to endure the hardships of military service without complaint, they were brutally flogged in churches once a year. At the same time, the boys should not even moan. The greatest attention was paid to the development of strength, endurance, courage, the ability to obey and command. Boys were also taught correct speech (it had to be clear and concise - concise), reading and writing, playing musical instruments, and choral singing. The girls were raised in the family, they were also necessarily developed physically. Young men at the age of 20 began military service, which lasted until the age of 60.

Ancient Greece 2. In another Greek state - Athens, named after the goddess Athena - the Goddess of war, wisdom, knowledge, arts, crafts, courage and courage were revered, but they attached great importance to the arts and sciences. The art of oratory - eloquence - was especially valued. It was specially taught to boys in gymnasiums.

Ancient Greece 3. Above all, the ancient Greeks valued scientific knowledge, which amazed even their descendants. One of the most famous Greeks, Archimedes, was a scientist, mathematician, mechanic, and the founder of theoretical mechanics and hydrostatics. He made many discoveries: the law of floating bodies, named after him, invented a screw for lifting water to land. Pythagoras was a mathematician, geometer, philosopher, religious and political figure. He is credited with studying the properties of integers, proving the Pythagorean theorem, and more. The writers Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides became famous for their plays. The historian Herodotus is called the “father” of history. Great philosophers were Socrates, Plato, Aristotle. The theater also came to us from Greece Archimedes Pythagoras

Ancient Greece 4. The art of mosaic was born in Ancient Greece, where images were made from multi-colored pebbles. In Ancient Greece, they painted ceramic vessels: amphorae (sharp-bottomed vessel), kylix (elegant bowl), kraters (large vessel). The subjects for painting were legends, myths, scenes from everyday life, and athletic competitions.

Ancient Greece Now the vases are giants, now the dwarfs are vases And each vase with a drawing has a story! A hero in a chariot flies to war. The Argonauts are sailing to a foreign country. Perseus kills the Gorgon Medusa. But Artemis, the goddess of the hunt, shoots at someone with a well-aimed bow. And this is Orpheus playing the lyre. And this is a sports trophy being awarded. The ancient Greeks plied the seas, They found time for sports, And they also invented the Olympic Games in ancient days! Ancient Greek theater in Pergamon..

In the city of Olympus, pan-Greek sports competitions - the Olympic Games - were held every 4 years. They celebrated in honor of the god Zeus. Competitions were held in running, wrestling, and chariot racing. The winner's head was crowned with a laurel wreath. During the Olympic Games all hostilities ceased. Artists and poets came here. The custom of reading literary works and reciting poetry was established here. During the Olympics, the Greek states announced the conclusion of important treaties and sealed them with oaths at the altars of the gods.

Mesopotamia The large cities of Mesopotamia were the centers of states that appeared more than 5 thousand years ago. During excavations in Mesopotamia, archaeologists found many clay tablets covered with wedge-shaped icons, which turned out to be the oldest writing system on Earth. It turns out that the Sumerians opened the era of written history and found a means of expressing speech in the form of symbols. The Sumerians used tablets made of soft clay as a writing material, on which they pressed icons - “wedges” with a special stick. Each icon represented a whole word. The tablets were fired for strength. Cuneiform used 700 characters, so few people knew it. The profession of a scribe was very respected.

Mesopotamia They established order in society and regulated relations between people. The laws are carved on a basalt slab found by archaeologists in 1901. contained 282 articles. In the laws you can find information about the purpose of their creation, about the peculiarities of the Babylonian economy, about the development of society, about slavery, trade, the army, and many others. The Sumerians invented the wheel, the plow, the irrigation system, the bow for hunting, they began to grow wheat, flax, peas, and grapes for the first time; thousands of years ago the Sumerians knew mathematics and astronomy. From the 10th century BC. they use iron extensively.

The development of ancient Indian architecture has some peculiarities. Monuments that existed before the 3rd century BC. e., have not survived to this day, since wood served as the building material. From the 3rd century BC. e. stone is used in construction. Large stupa No. 1, where the relics of Buddha are kept Cave temple in Ajanta (Gupta Empire) Ancient India

Ancient Indian art Buddha statue Ancient fresco from the Ajanta Temple (under the Guptas) Decimal digits Chess

Lesson summary: What is the era of the Ancient World? What civilized countries existed in the era of the Ancient World? What is the main difference between the era of the Ancient World and the era of the Primordial World?

Lesson summary: What surprised you during the lesson? What did you acquire, feel, think? Have you discovered something new for yourself? What was more successful? Why did we need this lesson? Rate your work in class: Green – I was active and happy with my work. Yellow - I tried, but I didn’t succeed. Red – I didn’t work well enough. Draw a circle of the selected color next to the topic of the lesson in the “Workbook”

+ [Read the topic of the lesson]

Lesson topic: “The Ancient World - the Birth of the First Civilizations”

What interesting thing did you notice in the title of the lesson topic? Do you understand all the words? (We don’t know what civilization is)

Vocabulary work (reading a new word in parts and together, observing the emphasis). A sign with a new word is hung on a magnetic board.

civilization civilization

Can you define the word "civilization"? Open the textbook on p.53. There is a drawing below. "The transition from primitive society to civilization." Looking at this diagram, try to compose a story according to plan.

Plan.

1. Where did people of primitive society and civilization live?

2. Who controlled the people?

3. How were messages and knowledge transmitted?

You will work in groups.

Work in groups on cards.

Card No. 1

People of primitive society lived in ……………. .

The people were governed by the elder ………….. .

Messages and knowledge were transmitted to …………….. .

Card No. 2

People of civilization lived in ………………. .

People were controlled by ………….. .

Messages and knowledge were transmitted using …………. .

The answers are listened to.

Let's read the topic of the lesson again.

How does the era of the Ancient World differ from the era of the Primitive World? (Cities, states, writing appear)

On the board under the question there is a sign “cities, states, writing appear”

Guys, look, what is the shape of the pink line? (Shaped like a step)Teacher: Try to give a definition, complete the phrase.

Civilization is……a stage of human development.

Let's check our assumption with the textbook. Read p.53, paragraph 2. Find the definition of civilization. (New, higher stage of human development)

So, in the era of the ancient world, cities, states, and writing appeared. These are the main signs of civilization.

On the deska sign appears under the first question

+ But the word "civilization" has another definition.

Open the textbook on pp. 54-55, let's look at the map.

Look at the symbols on the map.

What is marked with different colors on the map? (Ancient civilizations)

+ What civilizations are located in Europe? (Ancient Rome, Ancient Greece)+ What are the civilizations of the Ancient East?( Ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, Ancient China, Ancient India)

+ note, Where exactly was each ancient civilization located? (along the banks of rivers, seas)

+ The civilizations of Ancient Europe were located along the shores of the Mediterranean Sea, and the civilizations of the Ancient East were located along the banks of large rivers: the Nile, Tigris, Euphrates, Indus, Yellow River and Yangtze.

Look at the illustrations that are placed around the map. Name the civilizations and architectural monuments for which they became famous.

+ Are the architectural structures similar to each other? Why? (No, everyone is different, because different countries, different cultures)

+ Compare the clothes of people of different Ancient civilizations. What can you say about the clothes? Why? (No, everyone is different, because different countries, different cultures)+ Compare writing. What can you conclude?( Each country has its own writing system. Different countries, different culture).

We compared with you architectural structures, clothing, and writing. So what conclusion can you come to? (Each civilization had its own special culture)+ So what is civilization? Let's try to give a second definition to this concept. Finish the sentence.Civilizations are different……..with their own special…….

Teacher:Let's check our assumption in the textbook p.53, paragraph 3.

On the deskunder the first question a sign appears withsecond definition.

Guys, what question did we answer?(What is the difference between the era of the Ancient World and the era of the Primitive World?)

+ What question do we still need to answer? (Which of the presented objects appeared in the era of the ancient world?)+ We can find the answer on p.56. Review the table. "Inventions of civilizations of the Ancient World."

+ But in the era of the ancient world, technology also developed. Pay attention to the figure “Inventions of Civilizations of the Ancient World” on p. 57.

What did people invent in the era of the Ancient World? (The iron ax, wheel, sailing and rowing ships appear in the Ancient World)+ What technical achievements of the ancient world helped people move long distances?( Chariots, sailing and rowing ships)+ Sailing on sailing and rowing ships, it was possible to make long voyages and travels. Troops on war chariots could travel long distances and suddenly attack the enemy. The appearance of the iron ax made people's work easier. It took a whole day to cut down a tree with a stone axe, but with an iron ax it could be done in a few minutes. Thus, technological achievements in the ancient world rose to a higher level of development.+ What question did we answer?( Yes) Under the question “Which of the presented objects appeared in the era of the ancient world?” a sign appears

Read the topic of the lesson. What questions did we answer today?

1. Insert the missing words into the text.

Continue the sentences.

2. Write in the crossword puzzle the names of ancient civilizations that are the inventors of the following achievements:

Add the word “Interfluve” to the crossword puzzle in any suitable place and write down the inventions of this civilization

6. First writing (cuneiform)

3. “Use Roman numerals to mark on the “river of time” (p. 31) the centuries of the Ancient World. Mark the years of the following events:

776 BC - the first Olympic Games in history;
74 BC - slave uprising led by Spartacus.
These inventions of the ancient world influenced the development of mankind. Come up with a symbol that you understand for each invention and draw it in a frame, and then on the “river of time” in the right place.

The appearance of iron tools (end of the 2nd millennium BC)
Invention of the wheel (turn of the 3rd-2nd millennium BC)

4. Complete the tasks on the contour map (see pages 84-85).

Draw the border of the civilized world.
Color the territories of civilizations of the Ancient World with different colors

Write in which parts of the world the civilizations of the Ancient World are located.

Africa. Asia. Europe

Emphasize the civilization that occupied a large area.

The world of primitive tribes
World of Ancient Civilizations

Come up with symbolic images of architectural monuments of the Ancient World (see pp. 54-55 of the textbook). Place them on the territories of those civilizations where these structures were built.

5. Look carefully at the pictures. What do you think ancient people would have done? Draw or write a continuation of this story from the moral point of view of the Ancient World.

Continue the sentence.

Position (opinion) I wouldn't want to be treated the same way
Argument(s) because I am a free civilized person and I need to be treated as an equal person .

Think about what you, a person of the 21st century, would do in a similar situation. Draw or write a continuation of this story from the point of view of a modern person.

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Slide captions:

The ancient world - the birth of the first civilizations Do we use a calendar, hourglass, numbers, alphabet in the modern world?

In the modern world, do we use a calendar, hourglass, numbers, alphabet?
Which of the above do you think are ancient objects?
What is the Ancient World?
Could a clock, calendar, letters, numbers appear in a primitive society?

What objects could have appeared in the era of the Ancient World?

What objects could have appeared in the era of the Ancient World?
What knowledge do we lack?

Civilization is a new, higher stage of human development, different countries with their own special culture

The main signs of civilization:

State (king, taxes, army)
Cities
Writing

Ancient Rome Ancient Greece

Ancient Egypt

Mesopotamia

Ancient China

Ancient India

Ancient Rome

Ancient Rome is located on the Apennine Peninsula. The capital is the city of Rome, founded in 753 BC. on the banks of the Tiber River by the twins Romulus and Remus, sons of the Vestal Virgin Rhea Silvia and the god of war Mars.

The city was founded on the top of the Capitoline Hill, where administrative buildings subsequently appeared: the Senate, the Tribune. The Romans were brilliant builders and architects. Rome was built according to an ideal layout. Open squares alternated with straight avenues and streets that intersected at right angles; the squares were decorated with statues.

There are many interesting events in the history of Rome: the life of Gaius Julius Caesar, the uprising of Spartacus, the Punic Wars

Ancient Rome They invented the water mill, Tironian marks (in the modern sense - shorthand), concrete; and the Romans’ habit of salting greens led to the formation of the word “salad.”

Multi-story houses.

Multi-storey buildings appeared in Rome not at all because of a good life. The problem of overpopulation was already familiar in those distant times. The only way out of the situation was high-rise buildings that were rented out. The poor lived under the very roof. They had to climb right up to the roof using an external staircase that started right on the street. These apartments were so low and cramped that it was only possible to walk through the rooms while bending over.

Ancient Rome Sewerage. Sewage was constantly washed away through an inclined pipe with water from a nearby thermal source. This was the first full-fledged sewer system, also known as the “Cloaca,” the diameter of the main tunnels of which reached 7 meters.

Double-glazed windows.

Of course, glass was not invented by the ancient Romans. But it was they who brought window craft to perfection. The world's first regular window design measuring 1 x 1.7 m was located under the vault of the changing room of the baths in Pompeii and consisted of a bronze frame with frosted glass. At the same time, the inhabitants of Ancient Rome realized that the main part of the warm air escapes through the window, and if you place two glasses, one behind the other with a distance of five centimeters, then the house becomes much warmer.

Egypt is an ancient state that existed in the Lower Nile Valley.

The territory of Egypt was a narrow ribbon of fertile soil stretching along the banks of the Nile. On both sides the valley was bordered by mountain ranges.

At first the country was divided into Upper and Lower Egypt.

The ancient Egyptians grew barley, wheat, grapes, figs and dates, and raised large and small livestock.

In 3 thousand BC. The royal power was significantly strengthened and strengthened. This was reflected in the most famous monuments of Ancient Egypt - the pyramids.

Ancient Egypt

2. The Egyptians built their homes from clay, silt and straw. Later they learned to make bricks from clay, bake them in the sun and build houses from them.

Ancient Egypt

3. The Egyptians grew wheat, barley, and flax, from which they wove linen and sewed clothes. Cattle were raised. The Egyptians hunted on land from chariots and on water from boats. They hunted hippos with harpoons and ropes.

4. The tallest and oldest is the Pyramid of Cheops. It reaches 146 meters in height. This is the only wonder of the world that has survived to this day. It was built over 20 years. 100 thousand people worked on its construction and six and a half million tons of stones were used.

6. The Egyptians wore light linen clothes that were not hot. Both men and women used cosmetics. Rich people wore wigs and jewelry made of gold and semi-precious stones.

BELIEFS IN ANCIENT EGYPT

ACCORDING TO THE BELIEFS OF THE EGYPTIANS, MAN CONSISTED OF A BODY (CHET), A SHADOW (HAYBET), A NAME (RAN) AND AN INVISIBLE DOUBLE (KA). BELIEF IN AN AFTERLIFE WAS REFLECTED IN THE RELIGION OF THE EGYPTIANS. SUN GOD – RA,

FAVORITE GOD – OSIRIS. A COMPLEX EMBALMMING PROCEDURE WAS USED TO ENTER THE KA INTO THE MUMMY. THIS IS WHY PRESERVING THE BODY AS A MUMMY WAS SO IMPORTANT

Ancient China

They made silk fabric (even books were made from this material, but they were very expensive).
Invented a cheap material - paper
The compass was invented
Learned how to grow tea

Single coin of China

Chinese Wall

Ancient Greece

Ancient Greece was located in the south of the Balkan Peninsula and included the islands of the Aegean and Ionian seas.

From 8th century BC The Greeks called themselves Hellenes.

The population of Ancient Greece was engaged in agriculture, gardening (especially growing grapes and olives), and cattle breeding (preference was given to small livestock - goats). Crafts were also developed.

In historical times, the territory of the Hellenes was divided into many small states.

The largest policies were Sparta and Athens.

The ancient Greeks believed in many gods: Zeus, Athena, Apollo, Neptune, Hera, Artemis, Hermes and others. Ancient Greece gave the world the Olympic Games.

Ancient Greece

1. Sparta, even in peacetime, was like a military camp. The sons of Spartan citizens entered schools at the age of 7, where they underwent severe training. To teach boys to endure the hardships of military service without complaint, they were brutally flogged in churches once a year. At the same time, the boys should not even moan. The greatest attention was paid to the development of strength, endurance, courage, the ability to obey and command. Boys were also taught correct speech (it had to be clear and concise - concise), reading and writing, playing musical instruments, and choral singing. The girls were raised in the family, they were also necessarily developed physically. Young men at the age of 20 began military service, which lasted until the age of 60.

Ancient Greece

2. In another Greek state - Athens, named after the goddess Athena - the Goddess of war, wisdom, knowledge, arts, crafts, courage and courage were revered, but they attached great importance to the arts and sciences. The art of oratory - eloquence - was especially valued. It was specially taught to boys in gymnasiums.

Ancient Greece

3. Above all, the ancient Greeks valued scientific knowledge, which amazed even their descendants. One of the most famous Greeks, Archimedes, was a scientist, mathematician, mechanic, and the founder of theoretical mechanics and hydrostatics. He made many discoveries: the law of floating bodies, named after him, invented a screw for lifting water to land. Pythagoras was a mathematician, geometer, philosopher, religious and political figure. He is credited with studying the properties of integers, proving the Pythagorean theorem, and more. The writers Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides became famous for their plays. The historian Herodotus is called the “father” of history. Great philosophers were Socrates, Plato, Aristotle. The theater also came to us from Greece

Ancient Greece

4. The art of mosaic was born in Ancient Greece, where images were made from multi-colored pebbles. In Ancient Greece, they painted ceramic vessels: amphorae (sharp-bottomed vessel), kylix (elegant bowl), kraters (large vessel). The subjects for painting were legends, myths, scenes from everyday life, and athletic competitions.

Ancient Greece

Either the vases are giants, or the dwarfs are vases, and each vase has a drawing and a story! A hero in a chariot flies to war. The Argonauts are sailing to a foreign country. Perseus kills the Gorgon Medusa. But Artemis, the goddess of the hunt, shoots at someone with a well-aimed bow. And this is Orpheus playing the lyre. And this is a sports trophy being awarded.

The ancient Greeks plied the seas, They found time for sports, And they also invented the Olympic Games in ancient days!

Ancient Greek theater

in Pergamon...

Mesopotamia

The large cities of Mesopotamia were the centers of states that appeared more than 5 thousand years ago.

During excavations in Mesopotamia, archaeologists found many clay tablets covered with wedge-shaped icons, which turned out to be the oldest writing system on Earth. It turns out that the Sumerians opened the era of written history and found a means of expressing speech in the form of symbols. The Sumerians used tablets made of soft clay as a writing material, on which they pressed icons - “wedges” with a special stick. Each icon represented a whole word. The tablets were fired for strength. Cuneiform used 700 characters, so few people knew it. The profession of a scribe was very respected.

Mesopotamia

They established order in society and regulated relations between people. The laws are carved on a basalt slab found by archaeologists in 1901. contained 282 articles. In the laws you can find information about the purpose of their creation, about the peculiarities of the Babylonian economy, about the development of society, about slavery, trade, the army, and many others.

The Sumerians invented the wheel, the plow, the irrigation system, the bow for hunting, they began to grow wheat, flax, peas, and grapes for the first time; thousands of years ago the Sumerians knew mathematics and astronomy.

From the 10th century BC. they use iron extensively.

Great Stupa No. 1,

Where are Buddha's relics kept?

Cave temple at Ajanta (Gupta Empire)

Ancient India

Ancient Indian art

Buddha statue

Ancient fresco from

Ajanta Temple (under the Guptas)

Decimal digits

Lesson summary:

What is the era of the Ancient World?
What civilized countries existed in the era of the Ancient World?
What is the main difference between the era of the Ancient World and the era of the Primordial World?

Lesson summary:

What surprised you in the lesson?
What did you gain, feel, think?
What new things have you discovered?
What was more successful?
Why did we need this lesson?
Green – I was active and happy with my job.
Yellow - I tried, but I didn’t succeed.
Red – I didn’t work well enough.

Draw a circle of the selected color next to the topic of the lesson in the “Workbook”