Spelling verb suffixes. Spelling of suffixes Spelling of an unstressed suffix is ​​checked by the stem of the indefinite form

E.A. Makovey, Russian language teacher, Municipal Educational Institution Secondary School No. 1, Adygeisk,
A.I. Arkhipova, professor of Kuban State University

§ 3. Spelling of suffixes

Suffix - lat. suffixus - “attached”; literally: “substituted to the root” - a significant part of a word, which usually serves to form words.

3.1. Spelling n-nn in suffixes of different parts of speech
3.1.1. Н and НН in adjectives formed from nouns

Choice N or NN in adjectives formed from nouns, it is determined by which word and with the help of which suffix the given adjective was formed.
Rat poison; living room; remarkable nature.

Find out from which noun the word is formed

Write NN	Write N
If one H is at the base of a noun, and the second H is a suffix of an adjective: truth - true	If you see the suffix -IN-: beast - bestial
If you have suffixes -ENN- / -ONN-: foliage(s) - deciduous station(s) - station Exceptions: windy but without windy under windy	If you have suffixes -AN- / -YAN-: silver) - silver leather) - leather Exceptions: glass tin wood constant nameless

The rule also applies to short adjectives (the road ShowPicture("image011.gif"); is deserted).

3.1.2. N and NN in full verbal adjectives and participles

Dried laundry; crazy speed; sold product.

In full verbal adjectives and participles NN is written if any of the conditions noted below exist.
Writing conditions NN:

Note! Exceptions forged, chewed and wounded can be written with two Hs when they are accompanied by dependent words (see condition 2)) or prefixes (see condition 1)). TO A sword crafted by a gunsmith (gunsmith is a dependent word). A soldier wounded in the shoulder (in the shoulder is a dependent word). SHACKED HANDS (prefix C-). Wounded finger (PO- prefix). Pay special attention to words with several roots such as raw smoked and frozen. The presence of two roots in itself is not a condition for double H. Freshly frozen. SERIOUSLY WOUNDED. In order for two Hs to appear in the suffix of such words, one of the conditions noted in the rule must appear. Freshly cut (prefix C- before the root -KOSH-). It often happens that a word contains several conditions for writing NN. Tiled bathroom - prefix OB-, suffix -OVA-, dependent word tiled.

3.1.3. Н and НН in short verbal adjectives and short participles

She is modest and well-mannered...a; she was brought up in a boarding school; she is always collected..and organized..and.

3.1.4. N and NN in adverbs ending in -O / -E and in nouns formed from adjectives and participles

Neftyan..ik; captive..ik; confused..about spoke; excited..o listened.

All such words are formed from forms ending in -І / -ОY (from participles or adjectives). The same number of Ns are written in them as the Ns were in the corresponding form in -Y / -OY.

Kryvennik (from the adjective hryvnia);
He spoke with concern (concerned from the sacrament).

3.2. Spelling noun suffixes
Most noun suffixes should be memorized. Some suffixes have special spelling rules.

3.2.1. The spelling of these suffixes should be remembered.

3.2.2. Selection -CHIK- / -CHIK-

3.2.3. Selection of suffixes -EK- / -IK-

The choice is made according to the form of the genitive case (there is no WHOM? WHAT?).

3.2.4. Selection -EC- / -IC-

3.2.5. Selection -USHK- / -YSHK-

3.3. Spelling adjective suffixes

Most adjective suffixes should be memorized.
Some suffixes have special spelling rules.

3.3.1. The spelling of these adjective suffixes should be memorized.

-chat-	-ist-
membranous freckled Remember: plank	fleshy rich

3.3.2. Selection of suffixes -K- and -SK-

3.3.3. Choice of suffixes -iv-, -ev-

3.4. Spelling verb suffixes

3.4.1. In the indefinite form of the verb and in the past tense forms the same verbal suffix is ​​usually written:
hope - hoped;
try it on - try it on.

When this suffix is ​​in an unstressed position, it should be remembered.

Distinguish Verbs become weak(become powerless yourself) and weaken(someone, something) and others starting with the prefixes O- + -WITHOUT-/-BESS- ( deforest, deforest; depopulate, depopulate, etc.).

Compare:

Wed. future tense forms (spelling depends on conjugation):
become weak - become weak, become weak
weaken - weaken, weaken

For example: The travelers will soon become exhausted. Diseases will weaken anyone.

3.4.2. Choice of -EVA- / -OVA- and -YVA- / -IVA- in verbs

Investigate, advise, postpone.

Note!
According to a special rule, verbs are written with stressed -BA-. Before the stressed -BA- the root vowel is usually written,
verified by stress:
sing - sing; give - give.

3.5. Spelling of participle suffixes

3.5.1. Spelling suffixes of active present participles

Dormant nature; believing in yourself; creeping bush.

3.5.2. Spelling suffixes of present passive participles

Inaudible..my; open..my; drawing..my.

3.5.3. Spelling of the vowel before -В- / -ВШ- in suffixes of active past participles

Has grown.. gone; believed; settled...

3.5.4. Spelling of a vowel before Н/НН in suffixes of passive past participles

Exhausted; painted; crowned..

3.6. Spelling suffixes of gerunds
Zate..in; believe..in; outpost..in.

In perfective participles, the same vowel is written as in the suffix of the indefinite form of the corresponding verb.
See - having seen;
Listen - after listening.

3.7. Spelling of suffixes -A and -O in adverbs formed from short adjectives
We arrived before dark..; packed tightly..; stands on the left..

The suffix in adverbs formed by the prefix-suffix method from short adjectives can be determined by substituting the word “window” under the appropriate preposition:
for a long time (from the window);
on the right (from the window).

Note!
This rule should not be applied to adverbs formed in a suffixal way from full adjectives: trustingly (from gullible), soulless (from soulless), hidden (from hidden). In such adverbs, the adverbial suffix -O is written at the end.
Dry - formed from the short adjective dry using the prefix DO- and the suffix -A (to the window).
Intelligible - formed from the full adjective intelligible using the adverbial suffix -O.

1. Indicate the word with an alternating vowel in the root 1) saying 2) chagrin 3) wealth 4) lightning 2. In which word is the spelling of the consonant in

prefix does not depend on the subsequent consonant sound? 1) bloated 2) remembered 3) reduce 4) avoid

3. In which word does the spelling of the suffix obey the rule: “In a short participle, one N is written”? 1) sandy 2) nightingale 3) caused 4) scary

4 Indicate the erroneous judgment 1 In the word VIEW all sounds are voiced 2 In the word SWEETness the number of letters and sounds is the same 3 In the word WEALTH of sounds there are fewer than letters 4 In the word PORTFOLIO the softness of the consonant [l] in writing is indicated by the letter b

Which verb forms are presented in this list: melet, moliv, meleya, we pray, they become shallow, I grind, you pray, you grind, you grind? Distribute all forms into groups with

according to which verb they refer to. Write an indefinite form and a singular imperative for each verb.6.

1.Which verb (which verbs) belongs to the 1st conjugation? 1) introduce yourself 2) feel unwell 3) rest 4) rear up

2. At the end of which verb (which verbs) should I write I?

1) fights bravely

2) expansion seam

3) see the sea

4) some game

3. At the end of which verb (which verbs) should you write e?

1) go out the gate

2) dry your feet

3) you write wonderful letters

4) shout as loud as possible

help urgently! 1. Write down an active participle in which the spelling of the vowel in the suffix depends on the conjugation

original verb:

And half an hour later he was already racing on a motorcycle through the city, past a metallurgical plant rumbling in the reflections of the flame, in the smoke and soot, sandwiched between the smoky steep bare mountains. (Savin V.)

2. Write down the active present participle, in which the spelling of the unstressed vowel in the suffix is ​​determined by the fact that it is formed from a verb of 1st conjugation: The path was completely lost. Creeping lime trees and dwarf birch trees with darkened, twisted trunks began to appear. It became difficult to walk, at every step we had to make our way through continuous thickets, go around more and more often we came across large mossy stones, as if thrown from the mountain in ancient times by fairy-tale giants playing out. (Savin V.)

3. Write down the active present participle, in which the spelling of the suffix is ​​determined by the fact that it is formed from a verb of the second conjugation:

The old man got down from the bed, put several logs into the red, hot stove, breathing with heat, and again climbed up to the ceiling, where his ears burned, like in a bathhouse. (Savin V.)

4. Write down the active present participle, in which the spelling of the unstressed vowel in the suffix is ​​determined by the fact that it is formed from a verb of the first conjugation:

When the light-loving aspen forest rises, shade-tolerant fir trees will go under its canopy, timidly clinging to the aspens, little by little they will overtake the aspens, strangling with their shadow the light-loving tree with its ever-quivering leaves... (Prishvin M.)

5. Write down the active participle in which the spelling of the unstressed vowel inthere was a high forest, to the left there was a wild, inaccessible swamp forest, turning into huge swamp spaces. In the forest, on the sun spots on the lingonberries, some moving shadows began to appear to us, and, raising my head up, I guessed that it was kites there silently flying from pine to pine. (Prishvin M.)

6. Write down the active present participle, in which the spelling of the suffix is ​​determined by the fact that it is formed from a verb of the second conjugation:

The wobbly table, littered with folders, was covered with a torn piece of green cardboard, dotted with ink blots and dotted with illegible inscriptions and meaningless drawings. (Rybakov A.)

Verb spelling is not as easy a topic as it seems at first glance, and many people understand this. Vowels and consonants in the root, endings, prefixes - all this requires special attention. Suffixes in the indefinite are also far from being so simple. Conjugation, type of verb - they are influenced by very, very many things. But you can easily cope with this, if you have the desire. Let's try to understand what exactly the spelling of verb suffixes depends on, and what kind of suffixes they are in general.

Basics

Any Russian language lesson “Indefinite form of the verb” would begin with a definition of the corresponding concept. The infinitive (and this is what it is called scientifically) is the initial, zero form, given in dictionaries and not having any morphological characteristics. So, it lacks the indefinite form of the verb: tense, person, number and mood, but it has the perfect ( answer) or imperfect ( reply) view; category of pledge - real ( pronounce) and passive ( must be pronounced); recurrence ( turn out to be) and irrevocability ( run). This word form answers the questions what to do? And what to do? And one of its main features are suffixes in the infinitive form of the verb: - whoa, whoa-. Some linguists identify suffixes such as - there is- And - sti-.

How do you understand that this is an infinitive?

We seem to have sorted out the definition. What's next? What is the form of the verb? Is it possible to somehow understand that this is an infinitive and not something else? Easily! We take the verb we need, for example, read, and look at it (those parts of the word from which it consists). In this case there is our suffix - t-, in addition, we ask a question about the verb: read - what to do? And the second sign matches. To be completely sure, you can try to determine the person, number and time - and this is impossible. But the view ( what to do?- imperfect), reflexivity (no postfix -sya- - and pledge ( read- I do it myself - valid) are found without difficulty.

Another example is the verb blinking. There is no suffix we need here, and when we try to ask a question, it answers what am I doing?- again not what we need. It is already clear that in this example there is also a face (I blinking- first), and number (singular), and tense (present), as well as aspect (imperfect), and recurrence (irrevocable), and pledge (active). That is, this word form is not an infinitive.

Before determining the infinitive form of a verb, you need to check it for the presence of basic morphological features. If they are not there, great, we have an infinitive, but if there is person, number and tense, then this is simply an inflected form of the verb.

Does it end with an infinitive?

Another very difficult issue for many is the spelling of verb endings, which depends on the conjugation. It’s not a very easy question - first determine what conjugation the verb belongs to, and to do this you need to put the verb in our indefinite form, see what it ends in, based on this, if possible, decide on the conjugation and only then put the ending in personal form of the verb. With the infinitive everything is much simpler.

The endings of verbs in the indefinite form is a topic that does not exist. Now many will frown in confusion: after all, somehow we define the same conjugation, we are looking at the ending for this? No no and one more time no. That same vowel before infinitive suffixes is another suffix, although some linguists define it as an ending. Mandatory for memorization: since there are no morphological features, then there cannot be endings for verbs in an indefinite form. The infinitive is characterized by the presence of only suffixes.

Suffix, not ending

Let's return to final, infinitive-defining suffixes. What determines which one is correct for the verb? Of course, for a native Russian speaker this is not a problem at all - we intuitively feel what to use, but for those who study the great and mighty as a foreign language, such a choice can be very difficult.

Suffix - you- usually under stress ( carry, carry), and it also occurs in words derived from these, when a prefix appears in them that pulls the emphasis ( TAKE OUT, TAKE OUT) - most often this is a prefix - You-.

-t- in turn occurs where there is no accent ( talk, laugh).

Availability - there is- And - sti- typical for verbs whose stem ends in - d, t- (I will fall - fall, weave - weave), the second suffix also exists in verbs whose personal form ends in - b- (row - row).

Of course, there are a number of cases where suffixes in the indefinite form of the verb do not obey the basic rules, for example, swear - swear, grow - grow, but in this situation we can say that these verbs are peculiar exceptions, so that, no matter how sad it may be, they need to be remembered.

Making the task more difficult

In general, consider only the standard ones - t, tee, whose, sti, is- as suffixes in the infinitive form of the verb, speaking about the spelling of this part of speech, it is not very correct. There are also suffixes - ova, eva- And - willow, yva-, the choice of which is also associated with certain difficulties. They occur in words such as, for example, confess, talk, lay down and so on.

Spelling in this case requires placing this very verb in the first person singular (this is what corresponds to the pronoun I). If the required form ends with - wow, wow-, then you should select the suffixes - ova/eva- (pursue-pursue, fight-fight), if on - yay, yay-, then the suffixes will go - willow, yva- (I bury-bury, I insist-insist).

Now let's complicate things a little more

We can continue the topic of spelling suffixes with another interesting rule. Those verbs that end in stressed - wat-, retain the same vowel before the suffix in the infinitive without this ending that comes before this suffix in the conjugated form of the verb ( pour-fill).

In addition, there are interesting words that do not quite follow the general rule. In the indefinite form of the verb, a compound suffix is ​​written in them - go crazy-: to become numb, to become dumbfounded and so on.

A bit of a nightmare

Another “favorite” topic for almost all schoolchildren is spelling the suffix before - t, tee, whose, sti, is-, on which the choice of verb conjugation usually depends. Of course, sometimes it is obvious, but sometimes, in words like glue, everything is not as simple as we would like.

In this case, you will have to delve deeper into conjugations. As you know, verbs have a first and a second conjugation. Both of them influence the choice of ending in personal forms of the verb. The problem is that sometimes the ending in the personal form is obvious, but what to write before the infinitive suffix is ​​not always clear. In this case, we take the controversial verb and begin to conjugate it. If the endings in the conjugated forms correspond to the endings of the first conjugation ( -Yu, -eat, -eat, -eat, -eat, -yut/-ut), then you should write those suffixes by which the first conjugation is determined - - yat, yat-, if the second ( -u, -yu, -ish, -it, -im, -ite, -yat/-at), then, accordingly, -it. For example, the same glue - glue, glue, glue- thus, since they correspond to the endings of the second conjugation, you need to write the suffix of this very second conjugation - it.

Finish line: soft sign in the infinitive

Now let's move on to the last of the particularly important aspects concerning the infinitive. Certain difficulties are caused by a soft sign in the indefinite form of a verb - the hero of a huge number of Internet memes in the style of “the pain of any literate person.” In general, it’s very difficult to say why such a simple topic seems so difficult, but oh well, we’ll figure it out.

Whether it is worth writing a soft sign in the infinitive or not is very easy to determine. We take a verb, preferably in the third person singular (this is what corresponds to pronouns he she it), and ask him a question. If the question what is he doing?, then there will be no soft sign either in this form or in the infinitive ( he studies - what does he do? - studies), if the question what to do?, then, accordingly, the soft sign will appear in both forms ( he wants to study - what to do? - study). Of course, it all depends on the context. As can be seen from the example, the same verb can be written both with and without a soft sign. Shall we try again?

I can not sleep.

Laughing during a serious conversation is stupid.

Why don't we go for a walk?

He is too lazy to go outside again.

He refuses, refusing in this situation is the only way out.

Conclusion

The verb is a multifaceted and complex part of speech; working with it includes a huge number of nuances and little things that should always be taken into account. Verb suffixes are definitely one of the most difficult topics in spelling, but still, if you remember the basic rules, everything will become much easier.

Let us repeat once again everything that was said above. Firstly, infinitives do not have any endings, they are suffixes and nothing more. Its choice depends on the stress (under stress - you-, without him - t-) and from the consonant with which the stem of the verb ends (if - d, t, b-, then, most likely, the infinitive will be endowed with suffixes - sti, is-). Next, about writing suffixes - yva/iva- And - ova/eva-. If a verb in the first person singular ends in - yu/yuyu-, then we write - ova/eva-, if in this form there is - yva/iva-, then we save the corresponding suffix. The real war unfolded over the definition of the consonant preceding the infinitive suffix. Here we determine the conjugation by conjugating the verb, and based on it for the first conjugation with endings - eat, eat, eat, eat, ut/ut- we write - at/yat/et-, if the endings are in the personal form of the verb - ish, it, im, it, at/yat- - choose between - it/it-. And lastly: when the verb answers the question what to do?, we write a soft sign in the infinitive when answering a question what is he doing?, we can do without it.

Help 80 points
1. From the text, write down a verb in which the spelling of the unstressed suffix is ​​determined by the final vowel of the stem of the indefinite form:

Sherstnev was not offended: old Vishnev was known in the detachment, he helped detain more than one violator, and he was one of the first to be awarded a border medal. (Rudov V.)

2. From the text, write down a verb in which the spelling of the unstressed suffix is ​​determined by the final vowel of the stem of the indefinite form:

One day I approached a doe with a fawn, but they sensed me and ran away into the red autumn grasses. I recognized this from the tracks: the tracks in the swamp were filling with water before my eyes. (Snegirev G.)

3. From the sentence, write down a verb in which the spelling of the unstressed suffix is ​​determined by the final vowel of the stem of the indefinite form:

It was a large room, hung with colorful flags and garlands, which we cut and glued ourselves. (Rekemchuk A.)

4. From the text, write down a verb in which the spelling of the unstressed suffix is ​​determined by the final vowel of the stem of the indefinite form:

The month, almost full, floated quietly over the sea. In its light the ship seemed large and ghostly; The lights on the masts turned deathly yellow, the stars melted coldly in the sky. (Sokolov-Mikitov I.)

5. From the sentence, write down a verb in which the spelling of the unstressed suffix is ​​determined by the final vowel of the stem of the indefinite form:

The bell rang piercingly, and immediately the school began to shake - the corridors were filled with children's screams and the clatter of many feet. (Rudov V.)

6. From the text, write down a verb in which the spelling of the unstressed suffix is ​​determined by the final vowel of the stem of the indefinite form:

The lieutenant, naturally, was worried about his subordinate, he insured him as best he could, mentally thanked him for the daring attack and hoped that from minute to minute the intruders would stop resisting - after all, there was no way to retreat. (Rudov V.)

7. From the text, write down a verb in which the spelling of the unstressed suffix is ​​determined by the final vowel of the stem of the indefinite form:

Surov estimated that the group would reach the trail in ten to fifteen minutes, not earlier, and if by that time Sherstnev had not detained the stranger, then they would have to launch a search over a large area covered with forest, bushes, cut up by drainage ditches and collapsed trenches of the last war. And this is very difficult. Everything now depended on Sherstnev. (Rudov V.)

8. From the text, write down a verb in which the spelling of the unstressed suffix is ​​determined by the final vowel of the stem of the indefinite form:

Only towards night, after sunset, George came. In his net, a small gray lump lay one hazel grouse. It was obvious that the guy was tired and worn out. (Savin V.)

9. From the text, write down a verb in which the spelling of the unstressed suffix is ​​determined by the final vowel of the stem of the indefinite form:

Genka, stunned, widened his eyes in shock. All the guys looked at Misha, dumbfounded. (Rybakov A.)

10. From the text, write down a verb in which the spelling of the unstressed suffix is ​​determined by the final vowel of the stem of the indefinite form:

In any case, the menacing clouds hanging over the family life of Gray Owl completely dissipated on that significant evening. The couple still worked hard at the fishery, but when they returned home, they stopped all conversation about their profession. (Prishvin M.)

1. In the indefinite form, verbs most often have the following suffixes: -a- (hear, do); -I- (sow, bark); -e- (to see, to offend); -and- (nursing, nagging).

Remember: 1) the suffix -e- is never written after the vowel letters of the root in the infinitive. In this position, only the suffix -я- or -и- (stand, water, milk) can be stressed. In an unstressed position, the suffix -I- is written in the verbs to win, start, repent, bark, cherish, toil, hope, soar, sow, melt, tea, smell, and the suffix -i- - in the verbs to build, cost, rest, double, triple, glue;

2) after soft consonants (except h) in an unstressed position, the suffix -I- is written in the verbs bow, cough, and the suffix -e- in the verbs see, offend, depend, hate, freeze;

3) in suffixes of past tense verb forms the same vowel is retained as in the infinitive. For example: recover - recovered, bark - barked, glue - glued.

2. Suffixes -yva- (-iva-), -ova- (-eva-).

In verbs with the suffix -ыва- (-iva-) (always unstressed), which have the meaning of an imperfect form (sometimes also of multiple actions), they are written before the letters s or and, for example: roll up, smear, see; overwhelm, talk, jump, hear, twist, beg, insist.

Verbs with the suffix -yva- (-iva-) should be distinguished in writing from verbs with the suffix -ova- (-eva-). Verbs of these two types form the present tense in different ways: verbs in -ovat (-evat) have the 1st person form in -y (-yu) (in the absence of -ov-, -ev-), for example: I’m talking – talking , I manage - to manage, I envy - to envy, I confess - to confess, I preach - to preach, I scourge - to scourge, I grieve - to grieve; for verbs na -yvat (-iva), the 1st person form ends in -yu (-ivayu) (with the preservation of -ыв-, -ив-), for example: I inspect - inspect, deploy - deploy, reconnoiter - reconnoiter, inspect - visit.

3. Vowels before -va-. In imperfective verbs with the suffix -va-, having the 1st person form in -va-yu, unstressed vowels before v are checked according to the general rule, for example: overcome-t (overcome), obsolete-t (obsolete) , wash down (write down), sing up (sing down), sow (sow), start (start), freeze (freeze), stop ( catch).

However, in the following verbs starting with -va-t (in the 1st person -va-yu), a special suffix -eva- is written with the letter e in place of an unchecked unstressed vowel: eclipse, prolong-t, corrupt (eclipse , extend, corrupt), get stuck, get stuck (get stuck, get stuck); overwhelm, exhort, intend, doubt.

4. -e(t), -i(t). There is a difference between verbs ending in -et and -it. Verbs na -et (in the 1st person -еyu) - intransitive I conjugation - have the meaning 'to become something, to acquire a characteristic', for example: to weaken, to weaken 'to become powerless, to lose strength', to desuffocate, to become severe 'to become severe' . Verbs in -it (in the 1st person and absent) - transitive II conjugations - have the meaning 'to make something, to endow with a characteristic', for example: to weaken, to weaken 'to make someone powerless, to deprive someone of strength', to anesthetize, to neutralize , despirit, weaken. Compare the same suffixes under stress in verbs like (by) whiteness and (by) whiteness, (about) weakness, (time) fun.

5. -ene(t), – eni(t). The acquisition of some attribute, the transition to another state is also expressed in intransitive verbs of the first conjugation in -ene-t, in which the unstressed vowel before n is conveyed by the letter e: freeze, ossify, stiffen, numb, travenet, torfen, bloody, glazed, frenzied , dumbfounded, numb. Correlative transitive verbs of the second conjugation in -eni-t, denoting endowment with a characteristic, are also written with the letter e: chill, numb, ossify, bloody, frenzied, numb, etc. The spelling of verbs in -enet and -enit does not agree with the spelling of the corresponding relative adjectives in which (if any) the letter i is written in the suffix before n: ice, bone, blood, grass, wood, etc.