Direct speech in quotation marks and punctuation marks. Sentences with direct speech, examples

§ 47.1

Direct speech stands out in quotation marks, if it goes to line(to selection): Vladimir Sergeevich... looked at his man with bewilderment and said in a hasty whisper: "Go find out who it is"(T.).

If direct speech begins from a paragraph, then before starting it is placed dash:

...Nikita, bowing to the ground, said:

- Sorry, father.(M.G.).

§ 47.2

Regardless of the place occupied in relation to the author's words, in quotation marks inner speech, unspoken thoughts stand out: I look after him and think: “Why do such people live?”(M.G.); “There’s still something pathetic about her,” - I thought(Ch.).

§ 47.3

In quotation marks sounds transmitted in writing are highlighted (for example, echo): “Aw, Where You?" - the echo repeated loudly; The announcer's voice sounded clear: “We are passing on the latest news.”

To convey a telephone conversation in writing, punctuation that is more common for dialogue is used - dash between replicas (see § 51).

§ 47.4

In newspaper texts, quotation marks are often omitted when speaking directly: The French President said: The exchange of views was useful; Why is this happening?- asks the newspaper.

§ 47.5

Direct speech following the author's words is preceded by a colon, and the first word of direct speech is written with capital letters. Question and exclamation marks and ellipses are placed before the closing quotation marks, and dot- after them. For example: Finally I told her: “Do you want to go for a walk on the rampart?”(L.); Lying on the bale and plan, he twitched his arms and legs and whispered: "Mother! Mother!"(Ch.); They shouted: “Two... Orderlies... Look, look - it’s still flying... Climb under the cars...”(A.T.); The hostess very often addressed Chichikov with the words: "You took very little"(G.).

§ 47.6

If direct speech begins with a paragraph, then a colon is not always placed after the preceding author’s words.

1) Colon put if the author's words contain a verb with the meaning of speech-thought ( speak, say, tell, notice, address, exclaim, shout, whisper, ask, inquire, answer, insert, interrupt, speak, begin, continue, confirm, explain, agree, assent, remind, advise, reproach, decide, think etc.) or a noun close in meaning or formation to verbs of speech-thought ( question, answer, words, exclamation, voice, whisper, sound, cry, thought and so on.).

In addition, in the function of words introducing direct speech, verbs are used that denote the speaker’s feelings, his sensations, and internal state ( remember, rejoice, be sad, be surprised, be offended, be indignant, be horrified etc.), as well as verbs denoting facial expressions, gestures, movements ( smile, grin, laugh, laugh, sigh, frown, come up, run up, jump up and so on.). Both verbs allow the possibility of adding verbs of speech to them ( rejoiced and said: was surprised and asked; smiled and answered; ran up and exclaimed etc.), therefore they are perceived as words introducing direct speech. For example:

A) He looked with a grin:

- It’s okay, it’ll heal before the wedding.

b) While they were digging out the wheels stuck in the sand, a policeman approached us:

- Who are they?

V) The mother frowned:

- Did you get a bad grade again?

G) Everyone was horrified:

- Is that really true?

d) The old man got angry:

- Get out of here immediately!

e) The children ran towards their mother: - Mama!

and) This time he got angry:

- You won’t get another gram!

h) Snatching a log, she began to hit it on the basin:

- Climb! Get up!

Wed: On one of these... days Zabrodsky came running: “Dmitry Alekseevich, it has begun!..”(Er.)

Colon is also placed in cases where the author’s words do not contain verbs of speech or verbs replacing them with the above meanings, but the situation shows that direct speech is being introduced: ...And he said to him: “This is our common house.”(Ch.); ...And he: “Get away, you drunken face!”(M.G.); ...And he: “I’m a writer. Not a prose writer. No, I’m in touch with the muses"(M.).

2) The colon is not placed if the words are inserted and said, and asked, and exclaimed etc. is impossible or difficult:

A) Nobody wanted to leave.

- Tell us something more about your travels.

b) My words clearly confused him.

- So you don't trust me?

V) He had no other choice.

- I accept your terms.

G) The mother's eyebrows furrowed.

- I don't allow you to do this.

d) The little driver's eyes sparkled.

e) - Wonderful! Renovated to perfection!

Wed: This morning she took money from my pocket before going to the bakery, and attacked this little book and pulled it out. “What do you have?” (Sh.) A colon is also not placed if direct speech is concluded between two sentences from the author, and the second of them contains words introducing direct speech:

He tore out several pieces of paper from the notebook and handed them to me.

- Write down my comments in detail, - he said in a calm voice.

§ 48. Direct speech before the author’s words

If direct speech comes before the author’s words, then after it there are comma (interrogative) or exclamation mark, ellipsis) and dash: the author's words begin with lowercase letters: “Mother probably isn’t sleeping, and I’m not coming back from work,” - thought Pavel(BUT.); “Do you know grandpa, mom?” - the son says to the mother(N.); “Don’t make noise, go quietly, soldier!” - the old man spoke to Olenin in an angry whisper.(L.T.); "I would like to buy peasants..." - said Chichikov, he faltered and did not finish his speech.(G.).

The same when formatting direct speech from a paragraph:

- Flattery and cowardice are the worst vices, - Asya said loudly(T.);

- Well, Natalya, haven’t you heard about your husband? - interrupted the Kashulinskaya daughter-in-law, turning to Natasha(Sh.);

- Hurry, hurry to the city for a doctor! - Vladimir shouted(P.);

- Sleep, grandson, sleep... - the old woman sighed(Ch.).

Notes: 1. After the closing quotation marks only dash(regardless of what punctuation mark ends direct speech) in cases where the subsequent author’s words contain a characteristic of direct speech, its assessment, etc. (the author’s remark begins with the words he says this, he points out this way, this is what he said, this is how he describes and so on.): "Nothing happened" - so spoke the mind; "It happened" - so spoke the heart; “There is nothing more beautiful than these snowy peaks” - This is how one traveler describes this area; “Be careful and careful!” - that's what he told me goodbye. The same if the connecting structure follows: “Every vegetable has its time” - This folk wisdom is passed down from century to century. - Hurry, the school is on fire! - And he ran home to wake people up.

§ 49. Author's words inside direct speech

§ 49.1

If the author's words appear inside direct speech (set off in quotation marks), then quotes are placed only at the beginning and at the end of direct speech and are not placed between direct speech and the author’s words (such punctuation was found in the works of writers of the 19th century): “I came to command,” Chapaev stated, - instead of fiddling with papers"(Furm.).

Notes: 1. A special case of punctuation when breaking words enclosed in quotation marks (names of literary works, various enterprises, etc.) is found in the following example: “Spade…” is this “…queen”?(interlocutor’s remark in response to the statement that the presented text is an excerpt from “The Queen of Spades”). 2. Direct speech is not highlighted in quotation marks in the following cases: 1) if there is no exact indication of who it belongs to, or if a well-known proverb or saying is given: They said about Ivashka Brovkin: strong(A.T.); It’s easier to be sick at home and it’s cheaper to live; and it’s not for nothing that it says: houses and walls help (Ch.); 2) if direct speech is given in a form that indirect speech with the same lexical composition can have: But it occurs to me: Is it really worth telling my life? (T.); 3) if in the middle of direct speech is inserted the word speaks playing the role of an introductory word indicating the source of the message: I'll die speaks, and thank God, speaks; I don't want speaks, live(T.); I say I want to kill the gendarmerie sergeant himself with a pistol(Versh.); 4) if in the middle of a sentence, which is a message from a periodical press, an indication of the source of the message is inserted (such an insertion is highlighted by one commas): The speaker's speech the correspondent continues, evoked warm support from the majority of those present. The same if the speaker’s statement is conveyed approximately (thereby losing the character of direct speech): The proposed project, the speaker indicated, has already been tested in practice.

§ 49.2

If at the point where direct speech is broken by the author’s words there should be no punctuation mark or there should be a comma, semicolon, colon or dash, then the author’s words are highlighted on both sides commas and dashes, after which the first word is written with lowercase letters: "We decided - the assessor continued, - with your permission to stay here overnight"(P.) - there would be no sign at the site of the rupture; "No, - Ermolai said, - things are not going well; we need to get a boat"(T.) - there would be a comma at the place of the break; “We’ll have to spend the night here,” said Maxim Maksimych, “You can’t cross the mountains in such a snowstorm.”(L.) - at the place of the break there would be a colon.

§ 49.3

If there should be a dot where the direct speech breaks with the author’s words, then the author’s words are preceded by comma and dash, and after them - dot and dash; capital letters: “I am not connected with anyone or anything, - he reminded himself. “Reality is hostile to me.”(M.G.); “You want to cripple me, Lenochka, - Voropaev shook his head. “Well, can I get there?”(Paul.)

§ 49.4

If in place of the break in direct speech by the author’s words there should be interrogative or Exclamation point, then this sign is preserved before the author’s words and is placed after it dash; the author's words begin with lowercase letters followed by dot and dash; the second part of direct speech begins with capital letters: “So your name is Pavka? - Tonya broke the silence. - Why Pavel? It doesn’t sound nice, it’s better Pavel”(BUT.); “Here it is, the end of the world! - exclaimed Mokhov. - Great! I’ve never traveled this far before!”(Already)

§ 49.5

If in place of the break in direct speech the author’s words should have been ellipsis, then it is saved before the author’s words and placed after it dash; after the words of the author are placed or comma and dash(if the second part of direct speech does not form an independent sentence, it begins with lowercase letters), or dot and dash(if the second part is a new sentence, begins with a capital letter): "No need…- With Vershinin said, - no need, guy!(Vs.Iv.); “Wait... - Morozka said gloomily. - Give me a letter..."(F.) 6. If in the author’s words inside direct speech there are two verbs with the meaning of a statement, of which one refers to the first part of direct speech, and the other to the second, then after the author’s words are placed colon and dash, and the first word of the second part begins with capital letters: “I’m not asking you,” the officer said sternly and asked again: “Old woman, answer!”(M.G.); “I humbly thank you, - responded Meshkov, humbly took off his cap, but immediately put it on again and bowed, adding hastily: - Thank you very much, comrades"(Fed.).

§ 50. Direct speech within the author’s words

A) Father Vasily raised his eyebrows and smoked, blowing smoke from his nose, then said: "Yes, that's how it is" sighed, paused and left(A.T.) - a comma separates homogeneous predicates said And sighed, between which there is direct speech; ...Sofya Karlovna kissed Manya again and said to her: “Go for a walk, my baby,” she trudged behind her screens(Lesk.) - a comma closes the adverbial phrase, which includes direct speech; Boris comes up to me and says: “Well shot, great” but his eyes sparkle, full of envy(Kud.) - a comma separates parts of a complex sentence connected by an adversative conjunction But; Arriving at the dacha in a large company... my brother suddenly said: “Bear, let’s go to billiards” and they locked themselves in and played billiards for three hours(Sim.) - comma before the conjunction And in a complex sentence;

b) …She said: “Nowadays, they say, they don’t do much science at the university anymore.” - and called her dog Suzette(L.T.) - dash before the conjunction And with homogeneous predicates; At this point he was completely stupefied: “Your Honor, Father Master, how are you... am I even worth it...” - and suddenly cried(Adv.) - a dash after the ellipsis, which ends direct speech; To my question: “Is the old caretaker alive?” - no one could give me a satisfactory answer(P.) - a dash after a question mark, which ends direct speech; And only when he whispered: "Mother! Mother!" - he seemed to feel better(Ch.) - a dash after the exclamation mark, which ends direct speech; Don't say: "Hey, dog!" or “Hey, cat!” - two lines separated by a non-repeating conjunction or;

V) When the clerk said: “It would be nice, master, to do this and that,” - "Yes, not bad" - he usually answered(G.); When a man came to him and, scratching the back of his head with his hand, said: “Master, let me go to work, let me earn some money,” - “Go,” - he said(G.) - a comma and a dash separate two remarks from different persons located inside the author’s words.

Note. Genuine expressions inserted into the text as sentence elements are highlighted in quotation marks, but they are not preceded by a colon: This “I don’t want” struck Anton Prokofievich(G.); The orderly's assumption is that “The platoon commander got drunk and is sleeping somewhere in a hut,” gathered more and more supporters(F.); He remembered the proverb "You're chasing two hares - You won’t catch a single one.” and abandoned the original plan; With a scream "Save the Children!" the young man rushed into the burning building. But if before the original expression there are words sentence, expression, inscription etc., then before them is placed colon: Above the gate stood a sign depicting a portly cupid with an overturned torch in his hand, with the caption: “Plain and painted coffins are sold and upholstered here...”(P.); Fast trains with signs on the cars rushed past the station: "Moscow - Vladivostok"; Parse the sentence: “Lightning flashed and thunder roared.”

§ 51. Punctuation marks in dialogue

§ 51.1

If dialogue lines are given every from a paragraph, then it is put in front of them dash:

- So the German is calm?

- Silence.

- Rockets?

- Yes, but not very often(Kaz.).

§ 51.2

If the cues follow in selection without indicating who they belong to, then each of them is concluded in quotes and separates from the neighboring one dash: “So are you married? I didn't know before! How long ago?” - "About two years". - "On whom?" - “On Larina.” - “Tatyana?” - “Do you know her?” - “I’m their neighbor”(P.).

§ 51.3

“You can’t see it?” - the master repeated. “Not to be seen,” the servant answered a second time.(T.);

“How are you doing?” - asked Ekaterina Ivanovna. “Nothing, we live little by little,” answered Startsev (Ch.);

“Will you allow me to go to the first company?” - said Maslennikov, diligently, more than usual, stretching out in front of Saburov. “Go,” said Saburov. “I’ll come to you soon too.”(Sim.).

§ 51.4

If one replica is interrupted by another, and then a continuation of the first replica follows, then after the first part and before the beginning of the second, put ellipsis:

- I requested…

- You didn't ask for anything.

- ...at least a minute of attention.

§ 51.5

If a subsequent remark repeats words from the previous one, belonging to another person, and they are perceived as someone else’s text, then these words are highlighted in quotation marks:

Kupavina. Ah, this is finally funny. Why be a lawyer when there is nothing.

Lynyaev. How about “nothing”?

Kupavina. Okay, nothing, blank paper(Acute);

Silan. Walk a little, it’s better for you...

Kuroslepov. Yes,« take a walk a little"! All your consideration...(Sharp).

Wed: “If you are free, come see me.” - "Like this " you will be free" ? After all, every minute counts for me”; “Believe me, you are still dear to me.” - “Yours” roads “Totally inappropriate,” she got angry.

If the words repeated in the subsequent remark are not perceived as someone else’s text, then they are not highlighted in quotation marks:

Lynyaev. Alas!

Murzavetsky. What is “alas”? What is it, dear sir, alas?(Ostr.) - first alas - repetition of a word from someone else’s text, the second - a word from one’s own text.

§ 51.6

A special form of constructing a dialogue is expressed in the fact that punctuation marks are used as independent remarks - mainly question marks and exclamation marks:

A) - I will not answer.

- What will this give you?

- It won't give anything. We'll find out everything.

b) - “You’re crazy,” said Proshkin, seeing my second copyright certificate for the invention.

This peculiar use of them is explained by the fact that “the meaning of exclamation and question marks is so definite and generally accepted that it turns out to be possible with the help of these signs to express surprise, doubt, indignation, etc. ... even without words” (cf. § 2, p. 6 and § 3, paragraph 7).

§ 52. Paragraphs in direct speech

§ 52.1

He grabbed the pole, told Dina to hold it, and climbed. It broke off twice—the block was in the way. Kostylin supported him and somehow made it to the top. Dina pulls him by the shirt with her little hands, with all her might, laughing herself.

Zhilin took the pole and said:

- Take it to its place, Dina, otherwise they’ll miss it, - they'll kill you(L.T.).

But if the sentence introducing direct speech begins with a connecting conjunction and, but etc., then it is not highlighted in a separate paragraph:

They talked some more and began to argue about something. AND Pakhom asked what they were arguing about. And the translator said:

“Some people say that you need to ask the foreman about the land, but you can’t do it without him.” And others say it’s possible without it(L.T.).

§ 52.2

- Well, I’m very glad,” said the wife, “so now, look, take the medicine carefully.” Give me the prescription, I'll send Gerasim to the pharmacy. - And she went to get dressed.

He didn't catch his breath while she was in the room and sighed heavily when she left.(L.T.).

- When? - many exclaimed. And meanwhile their eyes were fixed in disbelief on the hunchback, who, after a moment of silence, stood up, saddled his horse, put on his horn, and rode out of the yard (L.).

§ 52.3

- “I’m sure,” I continued, “that the princess is already in love with you.” He turned red to his ears and pouted(L.).

§ 52.4

If between two remarks of the same speaker there is text from the author, then neither this text nor subsequent direct speech is usually separated into separate paragraphs:

- This formula may have a different form,” the professor explained. He leisurely walked up to the blackboard, took the chalk and wrote something new for us.

“This is another option,” he said.

In poetic texts, there are also cases when direct speech, interrupted by the author’s words (remark), is a continuation of the previous one, or when his action is described between two remarks of the same person: in the first case dash placed on the right, at the end of the line, in the second - on the left, at the beginning of the line (like a paragraph): You demand a lot, Emilia!- (Silence.) Who would have thought that such a fool, So insensitive... nature is boring!..(L.) You are a scoundrel, and I will mark you here, so that everyone will consider it an insult to meet you.

(Throws cards in his face. The prince is so amazed that he does not know what to do.) - Now we're even(L.).

In verses, after direct speech ending before a space, there is no dash.

§ 52.5

If direct speech is a dialogue that occurred earlier, it can be formatted either in paragraphs or in selection, but the punctuation changes depending on whether the listener interrupts the narrator or not. If he interrupts, then the conversation that took place earlier is given from paragraphs and in quotes, so that the phrases of the narrator and the listener are not mixed with the dialogue given by the narrator. For example:

-

"We'll have to stay for a while." "Why? Something happened?"

-

- I'll tell you now.

Another option: the words of the previously occurring dialogue are given in selection to the words and says between phrases contained in quotes, is put dash:

...The traveler began his story:

- This was at the very height of our hike. The guide came up to me and said: “We’ll have to stay for a while.” - "Why? Something happened?"

- Did anything really happen? - one of those listening to the traveler could not stand it.

- I'll tell you now.

If the listener does not interrupt the narrator, then the dialogue given in the story can also be framed in two ways: either by dash from paragraphs, or in selection, Moreover, in this case, the remarks are enclosed in quotation marks and separated by the sign dash. Wed:

a) ...The traveler began his story:

- This was at the very height of our hike. The guide came up to me and said:

- We'll have to stay for a while.

- Why? Something happened?

- There was a landslide in the mountains.

- Are there any unpleasant consequences?

- I'll find out the details. But it is already known that there are victims.

b) ...The traveler began his story:

This was at the very height of our hike. The conductor came up to me and said: “We’ll have to stay for a while.” - "Why? Something happened?" - “There was a collapse in the mountains.” - “Are there any unpleasant consequences?” - “I’ll find out the details. But it is already known that there are victims.”

Those present listened attentively to the traveler's story.

If the dialogue given in the replica is accompanied by the author’s words, then it is given in selection and stands out in quotation marks:

Balzaminov. ...They look and smile, and I pretend to be a lover. Only once we meet Lukyan Lukyanovich (I didn’t know him then), and he says: “Who are you chasing here?” I speak: "I'm behind the eldest." And he said so at random...(Sharp)

§ 52.6

If direct speech conveying unspoken thoughts is given after the author’s words, then it does not stand out from the paragraph:

Everything was going smoothly. Suddenly he caught himself and thought: “ Is there some kind of catch here? »

A) Everything was going smoothly.

“Isn’t there some kind of catch here,” he thought?

b) Everything was going smoothly.

“Isn’t there some kind of catch here?” - he thought.

§ 52.7

If a long story with many paragraphs is being transmitted, then dash is placed only before the first paragraph (neither before intermediate paragraphs nor before the last dash):

- The work of our expedition went like this,” the geologist began his story.- B A detailed plan was developed, routes were outlined..[The story continues.]

These are the preliminary results of the expedition.

§ 53. Punctuation and graphic design of text in plays

§ 53.1

Prose text in plays is given to match the name of the character (the latter is highlighted in font); A dot is placed after the name of the character:

Anna Pavlovna. Where is Viktor Mikhailovich? Lisa. Left. (L.T.)

§ 53.2

In poetic texts, there is no period after the name of the character, given on a separate line and left out in the middle:

Nina

Death, death! He's right - there's fire in the chest - all hell.

Arbenin

Yes, I served you poison at the ball. (L.)

§ 53.3

Act one

The theater represents the front room of a rich house in Moscow. Three doors: the outer one, to Leonid Fedorovich’s office and to Vasily Leonidovich’s room.

Staircase up to the inner chambers; behind her is a passage to the buffet. (L.T.)

§ 53.4

In remarks placed next to the name of the character and highlighted in a different font (usually italics) in brackets, a period is placed after the bracket:

Manefa (To Glumov). Run away from the bustle, run away.

Glumov (with a lean look and with sighs). I'm running away, running away. (Sharp)

§ 53.5

Remarks in the text relating to a given person, if the remark is followed by a new phrase from the same person or if the remark ends with a remark, begin with a capital letter, italicized in brackets, with a period inside the bracket:

a) E p i h o d o v. I will go. (Bumps into a chair, which falls.) Here… (As if triumphant.) You see, excuse the expression, what a circumstance, by the way... (Ch.)

b) A n f i s a (seeing Lynyaev). Oh, you’re... you’re on your own. (Goes to the garden.)(Sharp)

If the remark is in the middle of the character’s phrase, it begins with a lowercase letter and is italicized in brackets, without a period:

N i k i t a. Now I'll go (looks around) left.

§ 53.6

In poetic texts, remarks relating to a given person, if adjacent to the name of the character, are given in italics in brackets without a dot; if the actor’s remarks come in the middle (or at the end of the text), they are highlighted on a separate line and given in italics in brackets with a dot:

Arben (listens)

You're lying! He is here

(points to the office)

And, surely, he sleeps sweetly: listen,

how he breathes.

(To the side.)

But it will stop soon.

Sl u g a (to the side)

He hears everything... (L.)

§ 53.7

A remark relating to another character is usually typed in a smaller font and included in a red line, without brackets:

Lyubov Andreevna. Where are you! Just sit...

Firs enters; he brought a coat.(Ch.)

§ 53.8

If in the middle of one person’s remark there is a remark relating to another person or a remark of a general nature (for example, It's getting dark or Songs are heard), then the remark is turned off, as usual, in a red line, without brackets, and the continuation of the speech of the previously speaking person (before the remark) is given on a new line without a paragraph, and the name of the character is not repeated:

SERGEY PETROVICH. Come with me to the house.

The clatter of dishes is heard in the kitchen.

So dinner is prepared for us.

The name of the character is repeated in cases where there is a remark relating to him:

Lyubov Andreevna. You needed giants... They are only good in fairy tales, but they are so scary.

Epikhodov passes at the back of the stage and plays the guitar.

Lyubov Andreevna (thoughtfully). Epikhodov is coming. (Ch.)

§ 53.9

If a poetic line is split into parts (in one line the speech of several characters is given), then this line is formatted as a “ladder”, that is, the beginning of the text of the second character’s remark will be at the level where the text of the previously speaking person’s remark ended:

1st po nter

Ivan Ilyich, let me put it.

B a n c o m e t

If you please.

1st po nter

One hundred rubles.

B a n c o m e t

2nd po nter

Well, good luck. (L.)

Direct speech is someone else's speech, accurately reproduced and conveyed on behalf of the person who spoke it. Sentences with direct speech include two components: the speech itself and introducing words, which indicate who this speech was said (the words of the author).

To highlight direct speech in a sentence, punctuation marks are used: dashes or quotation marks. The placement of punctuation marks depends on the design of direct speech.

1.1. start a paragraph, then it should be preceded by a dash:

“Everything is forgiven for work,” Vedeneev says dryly. (Panova)

1.2. formatted as a line and separated by quotation marks:

“Maksim Maksimych, would you like some tea?” - I shouted at him through the window (Lermontov)

Note: Both rules are valid when constructing a dialogue:

- Svetlana, where is the piece of chocolate that I left on the table?

- The cat ate it.

- Why did you let her? (L.A.Barto)

“How, how?.. Could you turn it up?.. What is this song?..” - “I accidentally remembered this one... My father once sang. You can come up with something else...” - “We don’t need anything else, let’s do this one!” (according to B. Chirkov)

2.1. before direct speech, then a colon is placed after the author’s words, direct speech begins with a capital letter and ends with the punctuation mark required by the nature of the statement:

Raising Alka in her arms and showing the sea, Natka quickly said: “Alka, look how fast the big ship is!” (A. Gaidar)

Once, when Gianni Rodari was visiting the Krasnodar children, one boy asked him:

- Why is it cold in winter and warm in summer?

2.2. after direct speech, at the end of which a suitable sign is placed (a question or exclamation mark, an ellipsis or a comma, but not a period), then follows a dash and the words of the author, starting with a lowercase letter:

“You’re lying, you won’t catch me!” - Metelitsa said solemnly.

“Is it necessary to be an optimist?” - Tanya asked once. “Preferably, because an optimist is smarter than a pessimist,” Andrey answered cheerfully (K.A. Ketlinskaya)

Note: As can be seen from the last example, the peculiarity of placing a comma after direct speech is that it is placed not inside the statement, but after the closing quotation mark.

2.3. inside direct speech, breaking the latter into two parts. There are some peculiarities of writing punctuation marks here.

• if direct speech is a single sentence and must be continued after a break, then the author’s words on both sides are highlighted with a comma and a dash, after which the first word is written with a small letter:

“Is it really,” I thought, “my only purpose on earth is to destroy other people’s hopes?” (Lermontov)

• if the statement consists of several sentences, and the author’s words appear after one of them, then the exclamation and question marks, the ellipsis at the end of this sentence are preserved, the period is replaced by a comma. This is followed by a dash, the author’s words with a small letter, a dot, a dash, and direct speech continues with a capital letter:

“We have nothing to shoot here,” Popko’s voice answered on the phone. “I myself am surprised, why did he bounce?” (L.S. Sobolev);

“Frost! – Baklanov shouted after those leaving. “Still, don’t lose sight of each other.” (Fadeev)

• if the author’s words contain verbs that have the meaning of statements and relate to different parts of broken direct speech, then a colon and a dash are placed before its second part:

“Let’s go, it’s cold,” said Makarov and asked gloomily: “Why are you silent?” (Bitter).

2.4. before and after direct speech, which, in fact, breaks the author's speech. In this case, after the first part of the author's words there is a colon, an opening quotation mark, direct speech, a punctuation mark necessary for the meaning (except for a period), a closing quotation mark, a dash, and the second part of the author's words. If direct speech was supposed to end with a period, then a comma is placed after the closing quotation mark instead:

To my question: “Is the old caretaker alive?” - no one could give me a satisfactory answer (Pushkin);

Arriving at the dacha in a large group, my brother suddenly said: “Mishka, let’s go to billiards,” and they locked themselves in and played billiards for three hours. (Simonov).

In Russian, any “foreign” speech expressed verbatim and included in the author’s text is called direct. In conversation, she stands out with pauses and intonation. And in a letter it can be highlighted in two ways: in one line “in selection” or by writing each remark from a paragraph. Direct speech, to form it correctly, is a rather difficult topic for children. Therefore, when studying rules alone, it is not enough; there must be clear examples of writing such sentences.

How to highlight dialogue in writing

Direct speech “dialogue”, punctuation marks and the formatting of conversations in writing is a rather complex topic that needs to be properly understood. Firstly, remarks belonging to different persons are most often recorded from a paragraph. For example:

- Look into that nest over there: is there anything there?

- There is nothing. Not a single egg!

- Are there any shells near the nest?

- There are no shells!

- What's happened!? It's not like some kind of animal is in the habit of stealing eggs - we need to trace it!

Two persons, designed using paragraph marking, in which each new paragraph with a remark from one of the interlocutors must always begin with a dash and a capital letter. Replies may consist of one or more exclamation or interrogative types.

Secondly, direct speech, after which punctuation marks are placed in a special order, can be written in one line. To format the dialogue in this way “in a selection” without indicating who exactly they belong to, each of them must be enclosed in quotation marks and highlighted with a dash. For example:

“Well, what are you doing?” - “I’m afraid, what if the ladder falls?” - “The ladder won’t fall, but you might drop the basket with eggs!”

If one of the statements is followed by author's notes, the dash before the next phrase is omitted. And a comma and a dash are placed before the author’s words.

“She’s sleeping,” Tanya said. “Show me where he sleeps!”

Direct speech before and after the author's text

If, in writing a conversation between several people, the author’s preliminary words are included, then a colon is placed after them. Moreover, it is also mandatory in cases where there is no verb that determines the continuation of the conversation, but direct speech is clearly visible. For example:

Mother smiled:

- You are my smart girl!

This phrase can also be written in one line, only then you need to use quotes: For example:

The mother smiled: “My good girl!”

It is worth noting that unspoken thoughts or inner speech of the author are always highlighted in quotation marks, regardless of where in the sentence it is located. Echo sounds are also placed in quotation marks in writing. For example:

“Now I’d like some hot tea,” he thought.

I stand and think: “Why is this rain?”

"Hey, people?" - the echo repeated loudly.

Before writing words of direct speech, always put a colon after the author’s words and open quotation marks. The remark always begins with a capital letter, an exclamation point is placed before the closing quotation marks, or a period is placed only after the quotation marks.

Special cases of formatting direct speech

There are some cases where after the words of the author there is direct speech, the punctuation marks in which are slightly different from those described above. Namely, if in the absence of a verb denoting the subsequent remark, it is impossible to put the words “and said”, “and thought”, “and exclaimed”, “and asked” and the like, in such cases a colon is not placed after the author’s notes. For example:

Nobody wanted to leave.

- Tell us another story!

My words confused everyone.

- So you don't trust us?

How to highlight a quote in an email

Quotations given in the text are distinguished using approximately the same rules. If it is not given in full, then an ellipsis is placed where the words are missing. As a rule, quotations are always separated by commas, even if they are similar to Before a quotation with the first words omitted, they begin to be written with an ellipsis and, if it is located in the middle of a sentence, then with a lowercase one. Here, as in the case of direct speech, colons and dashes are used, which are placed according to already known rules regarding the location of the quotation.

Author's notes inside direct speech

In the case where the author’s words need to be inserted into direct speech in the text, the statements are enclosed in quotation marks along with the author’s notes. For example:

“I’ll go to my grandmother,” the kid said, “and that’s all!”

There are cases when quotation marks are not used at all, commas are used instead:

• If there is no clear identification of the person to whom the remark belongs, or when a well-known proverb is used in the text.
• When it is difficult to determine whether we are talking directly or indirectly.
• If the statement includes the word “says”. For example: He says, I’ll show you again!
• If the statement contains an indication of the source. Most often this applies to periodicals. For example: The speech from the stage, the correspondent notes, blew up the hall with applause.

If, when breaking statements, direct speech should not have ended with any sign, or a comma, dash, colon or semicolon was provided, then a comma and a dash are placed before the author’s words, and a period and a dash are placed at the end. Then the rest of the replica is written in capital letters. For example:

“I’ll be gone for a few minutes,” said Helen. “I’ll be there soon.”

In cases where in the first part of direct speech there should have been a question or exclamation mark before the break, it is placed before the dash and the author's words, after which they put a period and then direct speech continues after the dash. The ellipsis with colon is also preserved.

Instead of a conclusion

Direct speech, which is not so difficult to learn, is found very often in literary works. Therefore, books can be a good visual aid for studying this topic. After all, visual perception, together with knowledge of the rules, can well consolidate knowledge on the topic “Direct Speech” in memory.

Punctuation marks, sentence patterns with the location of direct speech and quotations in the text are studied at school for many years, which is understandable, because this section of the Russian language is quite voluminous and has many subtleties. However, the basic rules that are most often used in writing are not that difficult to remember.

Someone else's speech- these are statements of other persons included in the author's narrative. Words that introduce someone else's speech are called author's words or author's words.

Methods of transmitting someone else's speech

To transmit someone else's speech, there are the following methods:

1) sentences with direct speech to convey it without changes.

For example: Misha asked: “ Vitya, please give me this book».

2) complex sentences with indirect speech to convey someone else’s speech with changes.

For example: Misha asked so that Vitya gives him a book .

3) simple sentences with an addition naming the topic of someone else’s speech.

For example: And for a long, long time grandfather about the plowman's bitter lot he spoke sadly.(N. Nekrasov.)

4) sentences with introductory words and introductory sentences to convey the source of the message.

For example: As the poets say, the autumn of life has begun.(K. Paustovsky.)

Different ways of transmitting someone else's speech are syntactic synonyms and can replace each other.

Sentences with direct speech

Direct speech- this is a verbatim reproduction of a statement by a person or group of people included in the author’s text.

In direct speech, the features of someone else's speech are preserved, therefore it can contain verbs in the form of the 1st and 2nd persons of the indicative and imperative mood, 1st and 2nd person pronouns, addresses, incomplete sentences, interjections and particles.

Direct speech can include not one, but several sentences.

The grammatical connection between the author's statement and direct speech is expressed by intonation. In addition, this connection is made with the help of verbs that introduce direct speech: spoke, noticed, shouted, etc. These are verbs with the lexical meaning of speaking and thinking. Here are some of them: speak, tell, say, repeat, order, notice, ask, whisper, ask, answer, exclaim, shout, think, assume, decide, dream.

Often the work of words that introduce direct speech is performed by verbs that denote the way a message is conveyed or the feelings that accompany speech.

For example: telegraph, signal, be offended, rejoice, laugh, receive a telegram: A fire was flashing on the shore: “Sail here! » (Flashing accompanies the action called).

Verbs that introduce direct speech in the composition of the author's speech can be located before direct speech, or after it, or in the middle of it.

For example: The water in the streams sang: “Spring is coming!” “Will the ice on the river break soon?” - Vova asked. “We need to prepare,” the guys decided, “birdhouses for the arrival of starlings.”

Sometimes verbs introducing direct speech may be missing.

For example: But Griboyedov is easy-going, he waves his hand carelessly:- Let's not worry about it too much. Time will take care of itself. (Yu. Tynyanov.)

Direct speech diverse. It could be:

1. People's speech:

a) people’s statements are the usual composition of direct speech.

For example: “Well, guys,” said the commandant, - now open the gate, beat the drum. Guys! Forward, on a sortie, follow me! (A. Pushkin.)

It was cold, I didn’t sleep for three nights, I was exhausted and started to get angry. " Lead me somewhere, robber! To hell with it, just to the point!- I shouted.(M. Lermontov.)

And mom clasped her hands and said: “ Don't be upset, Denis, about the mice. No and no need! Let's go buy you some fish! Which one do you want, huh?» (V. Dragunsky.)

The owner of the beast wiped his wet face with his palm and suggested to the owner in a dull and menacing voice: - Buy the skin, manager. (K. Paustovsky.)

b) verbatim transmission of another person’s statement as part of direct speech.

For example: ... Lyubochka herself wanted to write to you, but she already tore up the third sheet of paper and said: “ I know what a mocker dad is: if you make even one mistake, he will show everyone" Katya is still sweet, Mimi is still kind and boring. (L. Tolstoy.)

2. Inner speech that is, people's thoughts.

For example: It used to be that you stand in the corner, so that your knees and back hurt, and you think: “ Karl Ivanovich forgot about me; It must be calm for him to sit on an easy chair and read his hydrostatics - but what does it feel like for me?» (L. Tolstoy.) Lord, how much I expected from this journey! " I may not see anything in detail, I thought, but I have seen everything, been everywhere; but from everything seen, something whole will be formed, some kind of general panorama...» (F. Dostoevsky.)

3. Various inscriptions, quoting someone else's text.

For example: “My dear old man,” read by Tatyana Petrovna, - I’ve been in the hospital for a month now. The wound is not very severe - and in general it is healing. For God's sake, don't worry and don't smoke cigarette after cigarette. I beg you! (K. Paustovsky.) K. Chukovsky writes: “ The imagery of Nekrasov's poetry was its greatest strength».

4. Statements of various creatures and objects , which human fantasy gives the ability to think and speak: statements of animals and their inner speech, statements of mythical creatures, plants, objects of inanimate nature.

For example: When it became completely dark, Kashtanka was overcome by despair and horror. She pressed herself against some entrance and began to cry bitterly.<...>If she were a person, she would probably think: “ No, it’s impossible to live like that! You need to shoot yourself!» (A. Chekhov.)

Sadko entered the white stone room:
The king of the sea sits in his chamber,
The king's head is like a hay heap.
The king says these words:
- Oh, you, Sadko the merchant, a rich guest!
For a century you, Sadko, traveled on the sea,
He did not pay tribute to me, the king.

(Bylina "Sadko".)

PUNCTION MARKS FOR DIRECT SPEECH

In the text, direct speech is highlighted using quotation marks or dashes.

Direct speech is highlighted in quotation marks if it is in a line, without a paragraph (it can appear after the author’s words, before them, or inside them).

We present punctuation marks in sentences with direct speech in the table:

The scheme is proposed by me with direct speech	Example
"P", - a. "P?" - A. "P!" - A. “P...” - ah.	« Flattery and cowardice are the worst vices", Asya said loudly. « Don't you write poetry?“Pyotr Ivanovich suddenly asked. « Oh, it's deep here!“- she said with a laugh. « Don't scare me...“- she asked indifferently.
A: "P". A: “P?” A: “P!” A: “P...”	Here Mishka says: “ No need to argue. I'll try now». Alyonka says: “ I bet it won't work?» The bear shouts: “ It's working out great!» The hostess very often addressed Chichikov with the words: “ You took very little...».
III. Direct speech is broken by the words of the author: If there is no sign at the break site or there is a comma, semicolon, colon or dash, then the author’s words are highlighted on both sides by a comma and a dash, after which the first word is written with a lowercase letter; If there should be a period at the place of the break, then a comma and a dash are placed before the author’s words, after them - a period and a dash, and the second part of direct speech begins with a capital letter; If there is a question or exclamation mark, or an ellipsis at the break in direct speech, then these marks are preserved before the author’s words and a dash is placed after the corresponding mark. After the author's words there is a dot and a dash, the second part of direct speech begins with a capital letter. If the author's words contain two verbs of speech or thought, one of which refers to the first part of direct speech, and the other to the second, a colon and a dash are placed before the second part of direct speech and it begins with a capital letter.
"P, - a, - p." “P, - a. - P". "P? - A. - P". "P! - A. - P". “P... - ah. - P".	« Today, - said my sister, - we need to leave». « We will have to spend the night here,” he said. - You can’t cross the mountains in such a snowstorm». « What are you saying? - exclaimed Marya Gavrilovna.- How strange it is!» « Hello comrades! - he shouted to them. - Great». « No need... - said Vershinin. - No need, guy». « Let's go, it's cold, - Makarov said and asked gloomily: - Why are you keeping silent?» « What should I do? - he thought, and said out loud:- Okay, I'll go with you.».
A: “P” - a. A: “P?” - A. A: “P!” - A.	He said over his shoulder: “Follow me,” and without looking back he walked down the corridor. To my question: “Is the old caretaker alive?” - no one could give me a clear answer. They order him: “Shoot!” - and he shoots.

DIALOGUE. PUNCTION MARKS IN DIALOGUE

Transmitting someone else’s thought while preserving its form and content is also characteristic of dialogue

Dialogue is a conversation between two or more persons.

Dialogue(from Greek dialogos- “conversation, conversation”) is a natural form of direct communication.

The words of each person participating in the conversation are called replicas. The author's words may accompany the remark, or they may be absent. Each line of dialogue usually begins on a new line, is preceded by a dash, and no quotation marks are placed.

The dialogue consists of several replicas (of several, but not less than two). Here is the dialogue between the children, conveyed by M. Prishvin:

This spring, there was still snow in the dense spruce forests at the end of April, but in the swamps it is always much warmer: there was no snow there at that time at all. Having learned about this from people, Mitrasha and Nastya began to gather for cranberries.

Nastya, starting to get ready, hung a large basket over her shoulder on a towel.

- Why do you need a towel? - asked Mitrasha.

- What about it? - Nastya answered. - Don’t you remember how mom went to pick mushrooms?

- For mushrooms? You understand a lot: there are a lot of mushrooms, so it hurts your shoulder.

- And maybe we’ll have even more cranberries.

You see how the dialogue is structured: for every statement contained in a replica of one person, there is necessarily an answer in a replica of another person. The replicas are related to each other in content: they seem to cling to each other. And each of the replicas is constructed as a sentence of direct speech. Punctuation marks are placed in them according to generally accepted rules.

The dialogue is formatted in two ways:

1. Replies each begin in a new paragraph, are not enclosed in quotation marks, and each is preceded by a dash.

For example:

- Will you come?

- Don't know.

2. Replies follow in a line.

For example:

“So are you married? I didn't know before! How long ago?” - "About two years". - "On whom?" - “On Larina.” - “Tatyana?” - “Do you know them?” - “I’m their neighbor”(A.S. Pushkin).

If there are no author’s words between the lines of the dialogue when transmitting it in writing, and the lines themselves are enclosed in quotation marks, then a dash is placed between these lines.

For example: <...>The clerk could not come to his senses. “Well,” the general continued, “tell me: where did you meet Dubrovsky?” - “At two pines, father, at two pines.” - “What did he tell you?” - “He asked me, whose are you, where are you going and why?” - “Well, what about after?” - “And then he demanded a letter and money.” - "Well". - “I gave him the letter and the money.” - “And he?.. Well, what about him?” - “Father, it’s my fault.” - “Well, what did he do?..” - “He returned the money to me and the letter and said: go with God, give it to the post office.”(A. Pushkin.)

In the text nearby there may be sentences of direct speech in quotation marks and sentences - lines of dialogue, highlighted with a dash.

For example:

Spring has come... The bees have woken up from their winter sleep...

The bees flew to the cherry: “ Sweet cherry! Do you have a flower for the hungry bees?“Come see me tomorrow, my dear,” the cherry tree answers them. - Today I still don’t have a single open flower on me.(K. Ushinsky.)

This text contains two sentences of direct speech. The first comes immediately after the sentence of the author's speech, adjacent to it. A dash is placed before the second sentence of direct speech, since this sentence begins a paragraph.

SENTENCES WITH INDIRECT SPEECH

Sentences with indirect speech serve to convey someone else's speech on behalf of the speaker, and not the one who actually said it. Unlike sentences with direct speech, they convey only the content of someone else's speech, but cannot convey all the features of its form and intonation.

Sentences with indirect speech are complex sentences consisting of two parts (the words of the author and indirect speech), which are connected by conjunctions that, as if, so that, or pronouns and adverbs who, what, which, how, where, when, why, etc. , or a particle.

Direct speech can take any position in relation to the author’s words, indirect speech always follows after the author’s words.

For example: I was told, that it was my brother.... (A. Pushkin.) She demanded so that I would look into her eyes and ask if I remember the minnows, our little quarrels, picnics. (A. Chekhov.) We talked about How do the birds I caught live? (M. Gorky.)

Direct speech can be replaced with indirect speech.

Indirect speech with conjunctions that seem to express the content of narrative sentences in someone else's speech.

For example: The hunter said what he saw on the lake of swans. The hunter said as if he saw swans on the lake. Hydrologists reported that in search of new sources of fresh water they explored hundreds of lakes in the steppes.

Compare: « I'll be waiting for you somewhere nearby"- said Valya.(A. Fadeev.) - Valya said, that she will be waiting for me somewhere nearby.

Indirect speech with conjunction to expresses the content of incentive sentences in someone else's speech.

For example: The captain ordered for the boats to be launched. The pike can barely breathe and asks Ivan Tsarevich, so that he would take pity on her and throw her into the blue sea.

Compare: Ivan Fedorovich... asked: “ Name, Lyuba, all the members of the headquarters and describe each of them». (A. Fadeev.) - Ivan Fedorovich asked, for Lyuba to name all the members of the headquarters and describe each of them.

Indirect speech with pronouns and adverbs what, who, which, how, where, where, when, why etc. or whether a particle expresses the content of interrogative sentences in someone else’s speech.

For example: I asked what time it was. We asked those we met where they were going. I asked my friend did he solve this problem?.

Compare: « Are you thinking of playing hide and seek with me?“- said Vanya with annoyance.(A. Fadeev.) - Vanya said with annoyance, Am I thinking about playing hide and seek with him?.

A question conveyed in indirect speech is called an indirect question. There is no question mark after an indirect question.

When replacing sentences with direct speech with sentences with indirect speech, special attention should be paid to the correct use of personal and possessive pronouns, since in indirect speech we convey other people's words on our own behalf. It is also important to understand that not all features of someone else's speech can be conveyed indirectly.

For example, in indirect speech there cannot be appeals, interjections, forms of the imperative mood and many other forms characteristic of oral speech. When translating direct speech into indirect speech, such words and forms are either omitted altogether or replaced by others.

For example: The teacher said: " Alyosha, go get some chalk" - The teacher told Alyosha, so he can go get some chalk.

“We’re talking, we’re talking...” or punctuation rules for direct speech

All our words that form monologues, dialogues and polylogues are direct speech in. Another thing is how to correctly formulate this statement, correctly inserting it into the author’s thoughts in the letter. What is the difference between indirect and direct? And what punctuation marks are used to indicate it in Russian? Details in this article.

In contact with

Direct speech in Russian: what is it?

In fact, direct speech is called words of the speaker that are inserted verbatim in the author's thoughts. This format is distinguished by individuality and belongs to the person whose words are reproduced. A person can use dialectisms, observe pauses, or saturate his statements with introductory constructions.

Attention! The introduction of this speech type does not provide for any additional conjunctions or pronouns.

The formatting of direct speech is usually highlighted using quotation marks or as a separate paragraph. As a variation, this can also include citation - this is the selection of the author's speech in quotation marks.

What is direct speech?

Design rules

How to write direct speech? The best way to remember punctuation is through diagrammatic rules.

Decoding of symbols: “P” – direct speech, “A” – words of the author.

For a better understanding, here are examples for the left column of the diagrams:

1. He shouted: “It’s starting to rain!”
2. He asked: “Has it started to rain yet?”
3. He thought: “It will rain soon...”
4. He shrugged: “It still rained.”

1. "We are going to walk!" – she laughed.
2. "We are going to walk?" – she asked.
3. “We’re already walking,” she answered on the phone.

And last are the examples for the right column of the diagrams:

1. He smiled: “Lunch was very tasty!” – and closed his eyes with pleasure.
2. She looked at him: “Do you really think so?” – and was very surprised.
3. He thought, looking into the distance: “Maybe you’re right...” and shook his head.
4. She ran up to him: “Dad, take a maple leaf,” and held it out with her little hand.

“P, – a. - P".

In such complex cases, the entire statement along with the author's words is placed in quotation marks.

Example: “I’ll come later,” he said. “Have dinner without me.”

Important! This speech type is not a member of the sentence!

Punctuation schemes

How to format the dialogue correctly?

Dialogue is the exchange of remarks between two people, so in writing this type of speech is formalized without quotes, and each replica is written on a new line. Before the beginning of the statement there is also a dash.

Diagram of an example dialogue:

Where "R" is a replica.

Same verbal example:

– We went on an excursion today.

- To the paleontological museum.

- Great!

– Yes, it was very interesting!

Sometimes you can find an unusual dialogue that is drawn out into a line. This is done because the lines are very short. These dialogues are formatted according to the same rules as the inclusion of author’s words.

For example:

- Who's there? – she asked. - It's me!

If a sentence contains two constructions with direct speech and each is based on its own verb, then a dash is placed before the beginning of the “second” construction.

“Let’s go, it’s already getting dark,” he said and quietly asked: “Aren’t you cold?”

And the most interesting case is the following design, when several remarks, this can be both a dialogue and a polylogue (exchange of remarks by several people), follow each other in a line. Moreover, it is not indicated who owns these words, whether they are the words of the author or the heroes of the conversation. In this case, each replica is written in separate quotation marks and with a dash.

“P, – a, – p?” - "P". - "P?" - "P". - "P?" - "P".

For example:

“Tell me, grandma, this is what I asked,” I asked, “do you need any more help around the house?” – “Thank you, grandson, there is still work for you.” - “Which one, grandma?” - “Yes, screw the door to the closet.” - “How long has it been falling off?” - “It’s been two days already, it’s so inconvenient.”

Design of dialogues

Attention! Dash and hyphen are not identical. A dash is placed inside sentences or at the beginning of dialogue, and a hyphen divides only words into component parts.

Varieties: quotation and improperly direct speech

As mentioned above, quotation differs from direct speech in Russian in that the latter can be indirect. And the most important difference is that a quote with its uniqueness can also be member of the proposal. The only similarity between a quotation and a given speech type will be quotation marks: both are always formalized in writing with them.

Punctuation rules for quoting:

• If a quotation becomes an indirect statement or another part of a sentence that fits organically into the text, then it is placed in quotation marks and written with a lowercase letter. When analyzing a sentence, such a quote is also parsed, like the author’s words. For example: “It was immediately clear to those who acted as independent judges on the show who was who, and they did not allow themselves to be deceived.
• If a quotation becomes a part of a sentence, then it is written with a capital letter and is highlighted with quotation marks when writing. Such quotation is also not considered direct speech.

For example: “The love boat crashed into everyday life” - this line is more than 80 years old.

Standing apart is the improperly direct construction, which looks like a fragment of a narrative conveying thoughts, emotions, mood or attitude the depicted character. However, such direct speech with special intonation does not stand out in any way: neither syntactically nor punctuationally. The author of this technique in the literature is A.S. Pushkin, to speak and at the same time think for his character. This speech position is a translation of someone else's thoughts.

For example: This is his house. It is dilapidated, no one has been there for a long time. And here is the front door. God! How could he live here? There is a layer of dirt on the floor, the wallpaper is torn. A real hole!

This construction, naturally, is related to the author, therefore all pronouns and verb forms were chosen precisely from his position, but still such improperly direct speech has lexical and stylistic features that are inherent in our speech type. For example, the use of colloquial .

Examples of direct speech

When Andrei arrived home, his determination little by little evaporated... he looked out the window: Moscow was beautiful like spring. The townspeople admired the first dandelions...Where is Anna now? What is it like for her in a foreign land? Completely gone. What is she doing? Andrey returned to the computer and began typing the message again.

Mikhail Bakhtin first began to study the problem of this type of narration, and Voloshinov already spoke about its two-accent nature and the polyphony of such a tone of narration. Uspensky proposed to combine these constructions with the hero’s internal monologue and designate them as intermediate stage of transition of direct speech into indirect.

Sentences with direct speech. Punctuation marks in them

Sentences with direct speech. Ways to formulate someone else's speech

Conclusion

Thus, the answer to the question, what is direct speech, is the complete conviction that this is a rather important part of text fragments, since it absorbs not only the stylistic features of the speaker and reflects his individuality, but also conveys character traits, and also contributes to better understanding of the meaning. This type of speech makes the text more alive, saturates it with emotions and brings the reader closer to reality. And it’s not at all difficult to format it if you memorize simple punctuation rules schematically.